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570-577 QUIZ 1. The ___________ Points were Wilson’s plans for
international peacekeeping.
2. Wilson wanted to establish a __________ of ___________ as an international peacekeeping body.
3. True/False: Congress approved passage for #2.
4. The “Great _____________” is the movement of half a million blacks into Northern cities looking for work.
5. The ________ Scare was the fear of radicals that permeated throughout the Untied States following WWI.
1
First World War and the Great Depression
Unit 12
The “Big Stick” America Around the World
3
– Roosevelt and “Civilization”– Justifying Intervention
– Protecting the Open Door in Asia– Roosevelt mediated end to conflict– Japan began to cease trade with America– “Great White Fleet”
– The Iron Fisted Neighbor– Ending European intervention in S. America– “Roosevelt Corollary”
“Speak softly, but carry a big stick”
Theodore Roosevelt
5 The United States and Latin America, 1895-1941
The Panama Canal
6
– Panama was part of Colombia
– Increase trade with Asia
– Tensions with negotiations
– USA financed a revolution in Colombia to secure the Canal
Diplomacy and Morality
7
Taft and “Dollar Diplomacy” Nicaragua Occupied
Diplomacy and Morality Intervention in Haiti and
the Dominican Republic Regime change in Mexico Veracruz Incident Pershing Expedition
Important because it lays the groundwork for a strained U.S.-Mexico relationship that plays a role in World War I.
Woodrow Wilson (Library of Congress)
© 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
8
© 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
9
© 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
10
Origins of World War I
11
Gavrilio Princip Franz Ferdinand Executed Allies v. Central Powers
The Road to War
12
Promoting the War in Australia (Private Collection)
The Collapse of the European Peace
Allies v. Central Powers Mobilization for War
Germany supports A-H Germany declares war on
France and Russia Britain declares war on
Germany
13
Wilson’s Neutrality
14
The Road to War– Wilson’s Neutrality
Sympathy with Britain Not really neutrality…… Submarine Warfare
The Lusitania in New York City (Library of Congress)
America Enters the War
15
Preparedness Versus Pacifism
Pacifists and Interventionists
A War for Democracy “Peace Without Victory” Zimmerman Telegram Germany continues unrestricted
submarine warfare The Election of 1916
The Military Struggle
16
Limited damage from U-boats
Bolshevik Revolution Russia removes itself from
war
America implements draft
AEF under Gen. Pershing
Argonne Forest
Nov. 11, 1918 – War finally ends.
WWI Recruiting Poster by James Montgomery Flagg (NARA)
Chapter Twenty-one: America and the Great War
© 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
17America in World War I: The Western Front, 1918.
New Technology of Warfare
18
Trench Warfare Tanks and Flamethrowers Airplanes Submarines
Appalling Casualties
© 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
19
Organizing the Economy for War
20
Liberty Bonds Americans lent the
government $23 billion! War Industries Board
Bernard Baruch Taxation Committee on Public
Information Espionage and Sedition Acts Suppressing Dissent
“liberty cabbage” and “liberty sausage”
Selling Liberty Bonds (NARA)
© 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
21
22
Women Industrial Workers (NARA)
The Search for a New World Order
23
The Fourteen Points Recommendations for new
boundaries and nations
International principles
Proposal for a “League of Nations”
Wilson’s Idealistic Vision
Allied Resistance Which two countries most
opposed these peace offerings?
The Paris Peace Conference
24
The Paris Peace Conference Self interest, unease, and threat
of communism pervaded the conference
Vindictive, allied powers imposed heavy reparations
Why were these reparations a bad idea?
The League of Nations was formed
Woodrow Wilson (Library of Congress)
The Ratification Battle
25
Henry Cabot Lodge resisted
Wilson traveled around U.S. supporting it, fell ill
The Senate rejected approval of the Treaty Why?
“I have found that you get nothing in this world that is worthwhile without fighting for it.”
Woodrow Wilson
Society in Turmoil
26
The Unstable EconomyThe Unstable Economy It was difficult for society to adapt
to peace
5 million lost jobs, 100,000 businesses went bankrupt
Wages weren’t rising with inflation
Unions were not being recognized
Demands of African Americans
27
Black participation in war increased their determination in society
“Great Migration” caused heightened racial tensions
Chicago Race Riot 38 dead, 537 injured
Universal Negro Improvement Assoc. Encouraged black nationalism
True Sons of Freedom (Library of Congress)
28African American Migration, 1910-1950
© 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
29
© 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
30
UNIA Pamphlet
© 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
31
The Red Scare
32
Popular Fear of Radicalism Creation of Communist International
Palmer Raids 6,000 people arrested
Sacco and Vanzetti trials What happened to them?
The Retreat from Idealism Disillusionment and Reaction Election of 1920 – Warren G. Harding
wins
Anarchists Bomb Wall Street New York 1920
© 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
33
1919 Labor Unrest/Radicalism
© 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
34
“A Return to Normalcy”
© 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
35
The Great Depression
Chapter 23
36
1928 election
Herbert Hoover (Rep) Quiet and reserved Takes credit for
economic success in 1920s
Offers no plans for change
Al Smith (Dem) Career politician Offers change in
economic and social policy
Catholic
Result:
© 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
38
The Coming of the Great Depression Soaring Stock Market
Too easy to gain credit What does this mean?
The Great Crash Oct. 29, 1929 16 million shares of stock traded “Black Tuesday”
Wall Street (Licensed for Use)
39
Stock Market Crash!!!!Black Thursday: October 24, 1929Black Thursday: October 24, 1929 12 million shares sold Drastic drop in prices
Black Tuesday: October 29, 1929Black Tuesday: October 29, 1929 Massive attempt to sell drops prices of stocks 16 million stocks dumped in one day Stocks become worthless Dow Jones Industrial average lost 25% of value
Stock Market Crash!!!!
Impact of the crash:1929-1933 Value of stocks nationally:
$89 billion to $19 billion
Unemployment: 3.2% to 25.2%
Interest rates: 5% to .6%
GDP: $104 billion to $59 billion
10,000 banks close
Result?Great
Depression(1929-1941)
Causes of the Great DepressionCauses of the Great Depression
Poor Economic Diversification America relied too much on auto and construction
Uneven Distribution of Wealth People didn’t have enough money…
International Debt Structure What were the issues?
Too much credit Buying on margin, speculation
43
Progression of the Great Depression
Banking Crisis 1930-1933 over 9,000
banks collapsed Money supply shrank
drastically
Plunging GNP Plunged 25% 25% of the workforce was
unemployedThe Unemployed, 1930 (Library of Congress)
44
Hoover’s Philosophy Depressions were normal,
healthy part of business cycle
Depression will correct itself
Belief in “rugged Individualism” and voluntary action
Government should do as little as possibleNo No Direct ReliefDirect Relief
PROBLEM: Depression does not “fix itself”
Hoover asks businesses to voluntarily hold wages and employment
Economy continues to collapse
Democrats win 1930 Congressional Elections
Farmers rioting & destroying crops
Starvation & Homelessness haunts US
Hoover Acts: Too Little, Too Late
Authorizes public works projects to build dams, bridges, roads
1932: Reconstruction Finance Corp. (RFC) Emergency financing to banks, RR companies, railroads
and other large businesses.
1933: Federal Home Loan Bank Act Lowered mort. Rates for homeowners. Allowed farmers to refinance their loans
CRITICISM:This aid goes to big companies and banks, does not “trickle down” to average citizens
Construction of a Dam by William Gropper
Hoover does direct some government aid to major construction projects, such as the
Boulder Dam (now called Hoover Dam)
Gassing of Bonus Army 1932 – 10,000-20,000 veterans
march on Washington D.C. WHY?
Patman Bill was rejected, army told to go home
2,000 men refused to move, they were forced to by the U.S. Army
More than 1,000 people were gassed and their possessions were burned
VIDEO
IMPACT? Hoover’s popularity falls
lower. Helps FDR win in 1932.
Election of 1932 SETTING: 11 million unemployed Depression since Oct. 1929
ISSUES: Stay the Course
VS. New Deal
What were the major differences?
CANDIDATES: Hebert Hoover, incumbent,
Republican FDR, Democrat
OUTCOME: Landslide victory for FDR
(472 to 59) mandate for radical reform
http://www.xtimeline.com/__UserPic_Large/1673/ELT200709271233124376602.PNG
http://www.xtimeline.com/__UserPic_Large/1673/ELT200709271233124376602.PNG