[1]

A PROJECT REPORT ON

AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

WITH VISITOR COUNTER

IN THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENT FOR THE DEGREE

OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING By

AKSHAY (07020102003)

Under the guidance of

Ast. Prof. TARUN BHATT

AMRAPALI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES

SHIKSHA NAGAR LAMACHUR, HALDWANI (263139)

U.K Technical University; Dehradun.

April, 2011

[2]

TABLE OF CONTENT

Certificate 3

Abstract 4

Declaration 5

Acknowledgement 6

Objective 7

Introduction 8

Component used- Part A 10

Component used-Part B 11

555 integrated circuit 12

IC-555 Astable operation 15

Schematic for constant HV power supply 16

Condenser Microphone 19

Capacitor 21

Piezo buzzer 22

Relay 23

Telemetry circuit explanation 25

Working of telephone cradle switch 26

Dual tone multiple frequency encoder 30

Working of system 32

C program embedded code 37

Applications 40

Bibliography 41

[3]

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Project Report entitled “AUTOMATIC

ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER WITH BIDIRECTIONAL

VISITOR COUNTER ” that is submitted by AKSHAY in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree B.Tech in

Department of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION of U.K

technical University, is a record of the candidate own work carried

out by him under my own supervision. The matter embodies in thesis

is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other

degree.

Date: Project Coordinator:

(prof. Y.K SAH)

Project guide:

(ast. Prof TARUN BHATT)

[4]

ABSTRACT

The fear of theft and burglary always annoys many people. When lock and keys

become less safe, one can seek the help of electronic security systems.

Such a portable security system is described here.

This electronic setup auto activated whenever the intruder enters to the

unauthorized no entry area. It auto activate the landline number and redial the last

dialed number from the conventional telephone. All we need is to do minor

changes to activate this telephone as it works as to become auto dialer circuit.

Thus whenever the intruder enters to the area, it activates the sensor circuit

of either sound activation or infrared light beam obstruction circuit, the redial

circuit become active and give a ring tone to the receiving end. It may be a mobile

phone or any landline phone or even police control room.

4

[5]

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

another person nor material which to a substantial extend has been accepted for the

award of the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other

institute of the higher leaning except where due acknowledgement has been made

in the text.

Signature:

Name: AKSHAY

Roll No.: 07020102003

Date:

[6]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I am deeply indebted to my mentor Ast. Prof. SATYJEET DAS

who inspiration has been unfailingly available to me at all stages of my training.

This has fueled my enthusiasm even further and encouraged me to boldly step into

what was a totally dark and unexplored expanse before me.

I would like to thank Prof. Y.K SAH for his efforts, who was always ready with a

positive comment, whether it was an off-hand comment to encourage me or

constructive piece of criticism.

In course of present work it has been my privilege to receive help and assistance of

my friends. I take great pleasure in acknowledge my debt to them.

I wish to thank my parents for their undivided support and interest who inspired

me and encouraged me to go my own way, without whom I would be unable to

complete my project. At last but not the least I want to thank my friends who

appreciated me for my work and motivated me and finally to God who made all the

things possible.

Signature:

Name: Anubha Upreti

Roll no. 07020102007

Date:

[7]

CHAPTER :- 1 Project Overview

[8]

1. Introduction Of Project

1.1 Project Definition:

Project title is “AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

WITH BIDIRECTIONAL VISITOR COUNTER “.

The objective of this project is to make a controller based model

to count number of persons visiting particular room and accordingly

light up the room. Here we can use sensor and can know present

number of persons.

In today’s world, there is a continuous need for automatic

appliances with the increase in standard of living, there is a sense of

urgency for developing circuits that would ease the complexity of

life.

Also if at all one wants to know the number of people present in

room so as not to have congestion. This circuit proves to be helpful.

[9]

1.2 Project Overview

This Project “Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor

Counter using Microcontroller is a reliable circuit that takes over the

task of controlling the room lights as well us counting number of

persons/ visitors in the room very accurately. When somebody enters

into the room then the counter is incremented by one and the light in the

room will be switched ON and when any one leaves the room then the

counter is decremented by one. The light will be only switched OFF

until all the persons in the room go out. The total number of persons

inside the room is also displayed on the seven segment displays.

The microcontroller does the above job. It receives the signals

from the sensors, and this signal is operated under the control of

software which is stored in ROM. Microcontroller AT89S52

continuously monitor the Infrared Receivers, When any object pass

through the IR Receiver's then the IR Rays falling on the receiver are

obstructed , this obstruction is sensed by the Microcontroller

[10]

CHAPTER :- 2 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ITS

DESCRIPTION

[11]

2.1 Basic Block Diagram

Enter Exit

LCD

INTERFACING

Fig. 2.1 Basic Block Diagram

Enter Sensor

Exit Sensor

Power Supply

Signal

Conditioning

A

T

8

9

S

5

2

Light

Relay Driver Signal

Conditioning

[12]

2.2 Block Diagram Description

The basic block diagram of the bidirectional visitor

counter with automatic light controller is shown in the above

figure. Mainly this block diagram consist of the following

essential blocks.

1. Power Supply

2. Entry and Exit sensor circuit

3. AT 89S52 micro-controller

4. Relay driver circuit

1. Power Supply:-

Here we used +12V and +5V dc power supply. The

main function of this block is to provide the required amount

of voltage to essential circuits. +12 voltage is given. +12V is

given to relay driver. To get the +5V dc power supply we

have used here IC 7805, which provides the +5V dc

regulated power supply.

2. Enter and Exit Circuits:-

This is one of the main part of our project. The main

intention of this block is to sense the person. For sensing the

person and light we are using the light dependent register

[13]

(LDR). By using this sensor and its related circuit diagram

we can count the persons.

3. 89S52 Microcontroller:-

It is a low-power, high performance CMOS 8-bit

microcontroller with 8KB of Flash Programmable and

Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is

manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile

memory technology and is compatible with the MCS-51TM

instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the

program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a

conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By

combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic

hip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful

Microcontroller, which provides a highly flexible and

cost effective solution so many embedded control

applications.

4. Relay Driver Circuit:-

This block has the potential to drive the various

controlled devices. In this block mainly we are using the

transistor and the relays. One relay driver circuit we are using

[14]

to control the light. Output signal from AT89S52 is given to

the base of the transistor, which we are further energizing the

particular relay. Because of this appropriate device is selected

and it do its allotted function.

[15]

CHAPTER :- 3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

[16]

Transmission Circuit:-

Fig. 3.1 Transmitter circuit

[17]

Receiver Circuit:-

Fig. 3.2 Receiver circuit

[18]

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:

There are two main parts of the circuits.

1. Transmission Circuits (Infrared LEDs)

2. Receiver Circuit (Sensors)

1. Transmission Circuit:

Fig. 3.3 Transmitter circuit

[19]

This circuit diagram shows how a 555 timer IC is

configured to function as a basic monostable multivibrator.

A monostable multivibrator is a timing circuit that changes

state once triggered, but returns to its original state after a

certain time delay. It got its name from the fact that only one

of its output states is stable. It is also known as a 'one-shot'.

In this circuit, a negative pulse applied at pin 2 triggers

an internal flip-flop that turns off pin 7's discharge transistor,

allowing C1 to charge up through

R1. At the same time, the flip-flop brings the output

(pin 3) level to 'high'. When capacitor C1 as charged up to

about 2/3 Vcc, the flip-flop is triggered once again, this time

making the pin 3 output 'low' and turning on pin 7's discharge

transistor, which discharges C1 to ground. This circuit, in

effect, produces a pulse at pin 3 whose width t is just the

product of R1 and C1, i.e., t=R1C1.

IR Transmission circuit is used to generate the

modulated 36 kHz IR signal. The IC555 in the transmitter

side is to generate 36 kHz square wave. Adjust the preset in

the transmitter to get a 38 kHz signal at the o/p. around 1.4K

we get a 38 kHz signal. Then you point it over the sensor and

its o/p will go low when it senses the IR signal of 38 kHz.

[20]

[21]

2. Receiver Circuit:

Fig. 3.4 Receiver circuit

The IR transmitter will emit modulated 38 kHz IR

signal and at the receiver we use TSOP1738 (Infrared

Sensor). The output goes high when the there is an

interruption and it return back to low after the time period

[22]

determined by the capacitor and resistor in the circuit. I.e.

around 1 second. CL100 is to trigger the IC555 which is

configured as monostable multivibrator. Input is given to the

Port 1 of the microcontroller. Port 0 is used for the 7-

Segment display purpose. Port 2 is used for the Relay Turn

On and Turn off Purpose.LTS 542 (Common Anode) is used

for 7-Segment display. And that time Relay will get Voltage

and triggered so light will get voltage and it will turn on. And

when counter will be 00 that time Relay will be turned off.

Reset button will reset the microcontroller.

[23]

CHAPTER :- 4 HARDWARE DESIGN & DESCRIPTIONS

Hardware Design:-

Microcontroller

AT89S52

Infrared Sensor

TSOP1738

[24]

Fig. 4.1 Snap of the entire circuit

4.1 Procedure Followed While Designing:

7-Segment

Display

Relay

Timer IC

555

[25]

In the beginning I designed the circuit in DIPTRACE software.

Dip trace is a circuit designing software. After completion of the

designing circuit I prepared the layout.

Then I programmed the microcontroller using TOPVIEW

SIMULATOR software using hex file.

Then soldering process was done. After completion of the

soldering process I tested the circuit.

Still the desired output was not obtained and so troubleshooting

was done. In the process of troubleshooting I found the circuit aptly

soldered and connected and hence came to conclusion that there was

error in programming section which was later rectified and the

desired results were obtained.

[26]

4.2 List of Components:

Following is the list of components that are necessary to build the

assembly of the Digital Speedometer Cum Odometer:

Microcontroller – AT89S52

IC – 7805

Sensor – TSOP 1738 (Infrared Sensor)

Transformer – 12-0-12, 500 mA

Preset – 4.7K

Disc capacitor – 104,33pF

Reset button switch

Rectifier diode – IN4148

Transistor – BC 547, CL 100

7-Segment Display

[27]

4.3 Description of Components

4.3.1 Microcontroller AT89S52:

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-

bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable

Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-

density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the

Industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip

Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system

or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro- grammar. By

combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable

Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful

[28]

microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective

solution to many embedded control applications.

The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K

bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer,

two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-

level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip

oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is

designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency

and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The

Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters,

serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The

Power-down mode saves the RAM con- tents but freezes the

oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt

or hardware reset.

FEATURES:-

[29]

8 KB Reprogrammable flash.

32 Programmable I/O lines.

16 bit Timer/Counter—3.

8 Interrupt sources.

Power range: 4V – 5.5V

Endurance : 1000 Writes / Erase cycles

Fully static operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

Three level program memory lock

Power off flag

Full duplex UART serial channel

Low power idle and power down modes

Interrupt recovery from power down modes

256 KB internal RAM

Dual data pointer

[30]

4.3.2 TSOP1738 (INFRARED SENSOR)

Fig. 4.2 Infrared Sensor

Description:

The TSOP17.. – Series are miniaturized receivers for infrared

remote control systems. PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled

on lead frame, the epoxy package is designed as IR filter. The

demodulated output signal can directly be decoded by a

microprocessor. TSOP17.. is the standard IR remote control

receiver series, supporting all major transmission codes.

Features:

[31]

Photo detector and preamplifier in one package

Internal filter for PCM frequency

Improved shielding against electrical field disturbance

TTL and CMOS compatibility

Output active low

Low power consumption

High immunity against ambient light

Continuous data transmission possible (up to 2400 bps)

Suitable burst length .10 cycles/burst

Block Diagram:

Fig. 4.3 Block Diagram of TSOP 1738

Application Circuit:

[32]

Fig. 4.4 Application circuit

[33]

4.3.3 555 ( TIMER IC):

Fig. 4.5 Timer IC(555)

Description:

The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate

time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for

triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of

operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor

and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free

running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with

two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be

triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can

source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits.

Features:

Direct replacement for SE555/NE555

Timing from microseconds through hours

Operates in both astable and monostable modes

[34]

Adjustable duty cycle

Output can source or sink 200 mA

Output and supply TTL compatible

Temperature stability better than 0.005% per °C

Normally on and normally off output

Available in 8-pin MSOP package

Applications:

Precision timing

Pulse generation

Sequential timing

Time delay generation

Pulse width modulation

Pulse position modulation

Linear ramp generator

4.3.4 LTS 542 (7-Segment Display)

Description:

The LTS 542 is a 0.52 inch digit height single digit

seven-segment display. This device utilizes Hi-eff. Red LED

[35]

chips, which are made from GaAsP on GaP substrate, and

has a red face and red segment.

Fig. 4.6 7 Segment

Features:

Common Anode

0.52 Inch Digit Height

Continuous Uniform Segments

Low power Requirement

Excellent Characters Appearance

High Brightness & High Contrast

Wide Viewing Angle

[36]

[37]

4.3.5 LM7805 (Voltage Regulator)

Fig. 4.7 Voltage Regulator

Description:

The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal

positive regulator are available in the TO-220/D-PAK

package and with several fixed output voltages, making them

useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs

internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe

operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible.

If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A

output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage

regulators, these devices can be used with external

components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

[38]

Features:

Output Current up to 1A

Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V

Thermal Overload Protection

Short Circuit Protection

Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

4.3.6 RELAY CIRCUIT:

Fig. 4.8 Relay

A single pole dabble throw (SPDT) relay is connected

to port RB1 of the microcontroller through a driver transistor.

The relay requires 12 volts at a current of around 100ma,

which cannot provide by the microcontroller. So the driver

transistor is added. The relay is used to operate the external

solenoid forming part of a locking device or for operating

any other electrical devices. Normally the relay remains off.

As soon as pin of the microcontroller goes high, the relay

operates. When the relay operates and releases. Diode D2 is

[39]

the standard diode on a mechanical relay to prevent back

EMF from damaging Q3 when the relay releases. LED L2

indicates relay on.

[40]

CHAPTER :- 5 SOFTWARE DESIGN

[41]

FLOW CHART:

Fig. 4.7 Flow Chart

[42]

If the sensor 1 is interrupted first then the microcontroller

will look for the sensor 2. And if it is interrupted then the

microcontroller will increment the count and switch on the

relay, if it is first time interrupted.

If the sensor 2 is interrupted first then the microcontroller

will look for the sensor 1. And if it is interrupted then the

microcontroller will decrement the count.

When the last person leaves the room then counter goes to 0

and that time the relay will turn off. And light will be turn

off.

[43]

Program

;---------------------

;DATED:12/12/2010

;---------------------

;-------------------------------REGISRETS INFO--

------------------------------------------------

---

;_______________________________________________

________________________________________________

___

;R0=

;R1= USED

;R2=

;R3= USED

;R4= USED

;R5= USED

;R6= USED

;R7= USED

;---------------------------------PIN-CONFIG.---

------------------------------------------------

---

;_______________________________________________

________________________________________________

___

;p0=lcd data

;p2.0 lcd control

[44]

;p2.1 lcd control

;p2.5 lcd control

;p3.2 ISR

;p3.3 led

;p3.4 led

;p3.6 led

;p3.7 led

;OBJECTIVE: TO PREPARE A AUTO_CONTROLLED ROOM

WITH VISITOR

COUNTER__________________________________

;_______________________________________________

________________________________________________

____

;

$mod51

org 0h

ajmp main

org 003h

acall isr

reti

org 0030h

main:

mov ie,#81h

mov r5,#00

mov r7,#00

acall delay

[45]

;----------------------LCD INITIALIZATION-------

------------------------------------------------

----

;_______________________________________________

________________________________________________

____

cjne r7,#00,main2

mov dptr,#mycom

c1: clr a

movc a,@a+dptr

acall comnwrt

jz send_dat

inc dptr

sjmp c1

main2: sjmp main2

send_dat: mov dptr,#mydata

d1:

clr a

movc a,@a+dptr

jz again

acall datawrt

acall delay2

inc dptr

again: sjmp d1

;----------------------------INTERRUPT SERVICE

ROUTIEN-----------------------------------------

-----

[46]

;_______________________________________________

________________________________________________

____

isr: clr a

inc r7

mov dptr,#mycom1

cmnd: acall comnwrt2

jz chk

inc dptr

sjmp cmnd

acall delay

chk: cjne r5,#00,loop1

mov r6,#30h

ajmp next1

loop1: cjne r5,#01,loop2

mov r6,#31h

acall lights3

ajmp next1

loop2: cjne r5,#02,loop3

mov r6,#32h

acall lights2

ajmp next1

loop3: cjne r5,#03,loop4

mov r6,#33h

acall lights1

ajmp next1

loop4: cjne r5,#04,loop5

mov r6,#34h

acall lights

ajmp next1

[47]

loop5: cjne r5,#05,loop6

mov r6,#35h

ajmp next1

loop6: cjne r5,#06,loop

mov r6,#36h

ajmp next1

next1: clr a

mov a,r6

acall incrmnt

acall datawrt2

acall delay3

loop: reti

;---------------------Subroutiens---------------

-------------------------------------------

;_______________________________________________

___________________________________________

comnwrt: mov p0,a

clr p2.0

clr p2.1

setb p2.5

acall delay

clr p2.5

ret

incrmnt: inc r5

ret

comnwrt2: clr a

movc a,@a+dptr

mov p0,a

clr p2.0

clr p2.1

[48]

setb p2.5

acall delay

clr p2.5

ret

lights: clr p2.3

acall delay

lights1: clr p3.4

acall delay

lights2: clr p3.6

acall delay

lights3: clr p3.7

acall delay

ret

datawrt:

mov p0,a

setb p2.0

clr p2.1

setb p2.5

acall delay2

clr p2.5

ret

datawrt2:

mov p0,a

setb p2.0

clr p2.1

setb p2.5

acall delay3

clr p2.5

ret

[49]

;--------------------------------------------

DELAYS------------------------------------------

--

;_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

delay:

mov r3,#250

here2:

mov r4,#255

here: djnz r4,here

djnz r3,here2

ret

delay2: mov r1,#05h

back:

mov tmod ,#01h

mov th0,#04ch

mov tl0,#00h

setb tr0

jnb tf0,$

clr tf0

djnz r1,back

ret

delay3: mov r1,#50h

back1:

mov tmod ,#01h

mov th0,#04ch

mov tl0,#00h

setb tr0

jnb tf0,$

clr tf0

djnz r1,back1

ret

[50]

org 300h

mycom: db 38h,0eh,01h,06h,80h,0

mycom1: db 38h,0eh,01h,0ch,87h,0

mydata: db 'wlcm 2 amrapali',0

end

CHAPTER :- 6 TESTING AND RESULTS

[51]

Testing And Results

We started our project by making power supply. That is easy for

me but when we turn toward the main circuit, there are many problems

and issues related to it, which we faced, like component selection, which

components is better than other and its feature and cost wise a We

started our project by making power supply. That is easy for me but

when I turn toward the main circuit, there are many problems and issues

related to it, which are I faced, like component selection, which

components is better than other and its feature and cost wise also, then

refer the data books and other materials related to its.

I had issues with better or correct result, which I desired. And also

the software problem.

I also had some soldering issues which were resolved using

continuity checks performed on the hardware.

[52]

We had issues with better or correct result, which we desired. And

also the software problem.

We also had some soldering issues which were resolved using

continuity checks performed on the hardware.

We started testing the circuit from the power supply. There we got

over first trouble. After getting 9V from the transformer it was not

converted to 5V and the circuit received 9V.

As the solder was shorted IC 7805 got burnt. So we replaced the

IC7805.also the circuit part around the IC7805 were completely

damaged..with the help of the solder we made the necessary paths.

[53]

CHAPTER :- 7 FUTURE EXPANSION

[54]

FUTURE EXPANSION

By using this circuit and proper power supply we can implement

various applications

Such as fans, tube lights, etc.

By modifying this circuit and using two relays we can achieve a

task of opening and closing the door.

[55]

CHAPTER :- 8 APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

[56]

Application

o For counting purposes

o For automatic room light control

Advantages

o Low cost

o Easy to use

o Implement in single door

Disadvantages

o It is used only when one single person cuts the rays of the

sensor hence it cannot be used when two person cross

simultaneously.

[57]

CHAPTER :- 8 BIBILOGRAPHY

Bibliography

[58]

Reference Books

Programming in ANSI C: E BALAGURUSAMY

The 8051microcontroller and embedded systems:

MUHAMMAD ALI MAZIDI

JANICE GILLISPIE

MAZIDI

The 8051 microcontroller: KENNETH J. AYALA

Website

www.datasheets4u.com

www.8051.com