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    1) What is Active Directory?

    A central component of the Windows platform, Active Directory directory serviceprovides the means to manage the identities and relationships that make up networkenvironments. For example we can create, manage and administor users, computers and

    printers in the network from active directory.

    2) What is DNS? Why it is used? What is "forward lookup" and "reverse lookup"in DNS? What are A records and mx records?

    DNS is domain naming service and is used for resolving names to IP address and IPaddresses to names. The computer understands only numbers while we can easilyremember names. So to make it easier for us what we do is we assign names to computersand websites. When we use these names (Like yahoo.com) the computer uses DNS toconvert to IP address (number) and it executes our request.Forward lookup: Converting names to IP address is called forward lookup.

    Reverse lookup: Resolving IP address to names is called reverse lookup.'A' record: Its called host record and it has the mapping of a name to IP address. This isthe record in DNS with the help of which DNS can find out the IP address of a name.'MX' Record: its called mail exchanger record. Its the record needed to locate the mailservers in the network. This record is also found in DNS.

    3) What id DHCP? Why it is used? What are scopes and super scopes?

    DHCP: Dynamic host configuration protocol. Its used to allocate IP addresses to largenumber of PCs in a network environment. This makes the IP management very easy.Scope: Scope contains IP address like subnet mask, gateway IP, DNS server IP and

    exclusion range which a client can use to communicate with the other PCs in the network.Superscope: When we combine two or more scopes together its called super scope.

    4) What are the types of LAN cables used? What is a cross cable?

    Types of LAN cables that are in use are "Cat 5" and "Cat 6". "Cat 5" can support 100Mbps of speed and "CAT 6" can support 1Gbps of speed.Cross cable: Its used to connect same type of devices without using a switch/hub so thatthey can communicate.

    5) What is the difference between a normal LAN cable and cross cable? What could

    be the maximum length of the LAN cable?

    The way the paired wires are connected to the connector (RJ45) is different in cross cableand normal LAN cable.The theoritical length is 100 meters but after 80 meters you may see drop in speed due toloss of signal.

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    6) What would you use to connect two computers without using switches? Cross

    cable. 7) What is IPCONFIG command? Why it is used?

    IPCONFIG command is used to display the IP information assigned to a computer.Fromthe output we can find out the IP address, DNS IP address, gateway IP addressassigned to that computer.

    8) What is APIPA IP address? Or what IP address is assigned to the computer when

    the DHCP server is not available?

    When DHCP server is not available the Windows client computer assignes an automaticIP address to itself so that it can communicate with the network cmputers. This ip addressis called APIPA. ITs in the range of 169.254.X.X.APIPA stands for Automatic private IP addressing. Its in the range of 169.254.X.X.

    9)What is a DOMAIN? What is the difference between a domain and a workgroup?

    Domain is created when we install Active Directory. It's a security boundary which isused to manage computers inside the boundary. Domain can be used to centrallyadministor computers and we can govern them using common policies called grouppolicies.We can't do the same with workgroup.

    10) Do you know how to configure outlook 2000 and outlook 2003 for a user?

    Please visit the link below to find out how to configure outlook 2000 and outlook2003.http://www.it.cmich.edu/quickguides/qg_outlook2003_server.asp

    11) What is a PST file and what is the difference between a PST file and OST file?

    What file is used by outlook express?

    PST file is used to store the mails locally when using outlook 2000 or 2003. OST file isused when we use outlook in cached exchanged mode. Outlook express useds odb file.

    12) What is BSOD? What do you do when you get blue screen in a computer? How

    do you troubleshoot it?

    BSOD stands for blue screen of Death. when there is a hardware or OS fault due to whichthe windows OS can run it give a blue screen with a code. Best way to resolve it is toboot the computer is "LAst known good configuration". If this doesn't work than boot thecomputer in safe mode. If it boots up than the problemis with one of the devices ordrivers.

    13) What is RIS? What is Imaging/ghosting?

    RIS stands for remote installation services. You save the installed image on a windowsserver and then we use RIS to install the configured on in the new hardware. We can use

    http://www.it.cmich.edu/quickguides/qg_outlook2003_server.asphttp://www.it.cmich.edu/quickguides/qg_outlook2003_server.asp
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    it to deploy both server and client OS. Imaging or ghosting also does the same job ofcapturing an installed image and then install it on a new hardware when there is a need.We go for RIS or iamging/ghosting because installing OS everytime using a CD can be avery time consuming task. So to save that time we can go for RIS/Ghosting/imaging.

    14) What is VPN and how to configure it?

    VPN stands for Virtual private network. VPN is used to connect to the corporate networkto access the resources like mail and files in the LAN. VPN can be configured using thestepsmentioned in the KB: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/305550

    15) Your computer slowly drops out of network. A reboot of the computer fixes the

    problem. What to do to resolve this issue?

    Update the network card driver.

    16) Your system is infected with Virus?How to recover the data?Install another system. Insall the OS with the lates pathces, Antivirus with latest updates.Connect the infected HDD as secondary drive in the system. Once done scan and cleanthe secondary HDD. Once done copy the files to the new system.

    17) How to join a system to the domain? What type of user can add a system to the

    domain?

    Please visit the article below and read "Adding the Workstation to the Domain"http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/windowsserver2003/technologies/directory/activedirectory/stepbystep/domxppro.mspx

    18) What is the difference between a switch and a hub?

    Switch sends the traffic to the port to which its meant for. Hub sends the traffic to all theports.

    19) What is a router? Why we use it?

    Router is a switch which uses routing protocols to process and send the traffic. It alsoreceives the traffic and sends it across but it uses the routing protocols to do so.

    20) What are manageable and non manageable switches?

    Switches which can be administered are calledmanageable switches. For example we cancreate VLAN for on such switch. On no manageable swiches we can't do so.

    1. What is NIC?

    A network card, network adapter or NIC (network interface controller) is a piece

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    of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over acomputer network

    2. What is USB?

    Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a serial bus standard to interface devices. Deviceslike Modem, Mouse, Keyboard etc can be connected.

    3. Dialup vs. Broadband

    A broadband connection (ADSL) provides high-speed Internet access over astandard phone line. The advantage of a broadband connection over a standarddialup service, is that Broadband is considerably faster, and is "always-on",meaning that once you"re logged on, your PC is online until the PC is turned offagain.

    Broadband offer high-speed Internet access and allows telephone calls and apermanent Internet connection to share a single phone line simultaneouslywhereas in Dialup connection either Internet connection or telephone call canmade at given time.

    4. LAN and WAN

    A local area network is a computer network covering a small geographic area, likea home, office, or group of buildings

    Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e.,any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, ornational boundaries). Or, less formally, a network that uses routers and publiccommunications links

    5. Microsoft Access

    Microsoft Office Access, previously known as Microsoft Access, is a relationaldatabase management system from Microsoft.

    6. What is RAS?

    Remote Access Services (RAS) refers to any combination of hardware andsoftware to enable the remote access to tools or information that typically resideon a network of IT devices.

    7. Difference between Client Mail and Web Mail?

    Email clients download your emails onto your computer. Using a specializedemail program such as Outlook Express or Apple Mail has the advantage of

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    giving you complete control over your email; every email you receive is placedon your computer and you can keep as many large file attachments as you want.Checking your email through our webmail is similar to using Hotmail or Yahoo!Mail. You never actually copy your messages to your computer; in fact, you arelooking at them through your web browser on somebody else"s computer. When

    you are not online, you are not able to see your email.

    8. RAM and ROM

    random access memory, a type of computer memory that can be accessedrandomly; that is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching thepreceding bytes. RAM is the most common type of memory found in computersand other devices, such as printers.

    Pronounced rahm, acronym for read-only memory, computer memory on whichdata has been prerecorded. Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot

    be removed and can only be read. Unlike main memory (RAM), ROM retains itscontents even when the computer is turned off. ROM is referred to as beingnonvolatile, whereas RAM is volatile.

    9. Spamguard

    Spam Guard is an Outlook add-in that filters email that arrives in your inbox. Ifthe sender of any message cannot be identified then the message is moved into aspam quarantine folder. Messages deposited in the spam quarantine folder can beinspected and either deleted or approved at your leisure.

    10. Firewall and Antivirus

    A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network.Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination ofboth. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users fromaccessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. Allmessages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, whichexamines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified securitycriteria.

    Antivirus is a software program which helps protect a computer against beinginfected by a virus.

    11. DNS

    Short for Domain Name System (or Service or Server), an Internet service that

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    translates domain names into IP addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic,they"re easier to remember. The Internet however, is really based on IP addresses.Every time you use a domain name, therefore, a DNS service must translate thename into the corresponding IP address. For example, the domain namewww.example.com might translate to 198.105.232.4.

    12. IPConfig

    IPConfig is a command line tool used to control the network connections onWindows NT/2000/XP machines. There are three main commands: "all","release", and "renew". IPConfig displays all current TCP/IP networkconfiguration values and refreshes Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)and Domain Name System (DNS) settings. Used without parameters, IPConfigdisplays the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway for all adapters.

    13. Trace route

    Trace route is the program that shows you the route over the network between twosystems, listing all the intermediate routers a connection must pass through to getto its destination. It can help you determine why your connections to a givenserver might be poor, and can often help you figure out where exactly the problemis. It also shows you how systems are connected to each other, letting you seehow your ISP connects to the Internet as well as how the target system isconnected.

    Please find the technical questions:

    1) What is IP Address ?

    2) What are the layers of network ?

    3) What are the different types of network ?

    4) What is networking ?

    5) What is the difference between OSI and TCP/IP Model ?

    6) What is TCP/IP ?

    7) What is HTTP?

    8) What is Protocol ?

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    9) What is communication medium ?

    10) What is PORT ?

    11) What is SOCKET ?

    12) What is the difference between PORT and SOCKET?

    13) What is wireless networking ?

    14) What is topology ?

    15) What are the different types of topology ?

    16) What is the size of IP Address?

    17) What is FTP ?

    18) What is SMTP ?

    19) What are the different types of protocol ?

    20) What is Dial-Up connection ?

    21) What is Broad Band Connection?

    22) What is the difference between Dial-up and broad band connection?

    23) What IEEE standard for wireless networking?

    Ans: 802.11g

    24) What is IEEE standard ?

    Basic information on Active Directory, DNS, DHCP, RAID

    DNS:A Domain Naming server is a hierarchical namespace structure designed to providehost to IP address name resolution and registration.

    DNS ZONE TYPE:

    Forward lookup zone: resolves names to IP address.

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    Reverse lookup zone:

    resolves IP addresses to Host names.AD INTEGRATED ZONE

    ADintegrated DNS enables AD storage and replication of DNS zone databases.Windows 2000 & 2003 DNS servers which accommodates storing zone data in AD.

    When you configure a computer as a DNS server, zones are usually stored as text files onname servers that is, all of the zones required by DNS are stored in a text file on theserver computer. These text files must be synchronized among DNS name servers byusing a system that requires a separate replication topology and schedule called a zonetransfer However, if you use AD integrated DNS you configure a domain controller as aDNS name server, zone data is stored as an AD object and is replicated as part of domainreplication.STUB ZONE

    A Stub zone is a read only copy of a zone that contains only those resources recordsnecessary to identify the authoritative DNS servers for the actual zone. A stub zone isused to keep a parent zone aware of authoritative DNS servers for a delegated zone and

    thereby maintain DNS name resolution efficiently. A stub zone is conposed of (A), (NS),(SOA)Types of DNS Records: -A(Host):

    Represents a computer or device on the network. 'A'records are the most common andmost used DNS records.PTR(Pointer):

    Used for finding the DNS name that corresponds to an IP address. The PTR is found onlyin the reverse lookup zone.NS(NameServer):The NS RRs facilitate delegation by identifying DNS servers for each zone. They appearin all forward and reverse look-up zones.SOA(Start Of Authority):The first record in any zone file is a SOA. the SOA identifies a primary DNS name serverfor the zone as the best source of information for the data within that zone and as anentity processing the updates for the zone.SRV(Service Record):

    Indicates a network service offered by a host.- CNAME(Alias):an alias is hostname thatrefers to another hostname.=========================================DHCP: Is a standard for simplifing management of host IP configuration.SUPERSCOPE: Superscope is a administrative feature of DHCP server that you cancreate and manage through the DHCP console. Using a Superscope you can groupmultiple scopes as a single administrative entity.DHCP Authorize: This procedure is usually only needed if you are running a DHCPserver on a member server. In most cases, if you are installing a DHCP server on acomputer also running as a domain controller, the server is automatically authorized thefirst time you add the server to the DHCP console.SCOPE: DHCP scope is a poole of IP addresses which are offered to DHCP clients.=========================================

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    WHAT ARE FSMO ROLES IN ACTIVE DIRECTORY?

    Windows 2000 and Windows 2003 Active directory follow the multimaster model. Underthis model there are five roles which which can be held by the DCs (Domian Controllers).

    The five roles are given below:

    Schema Master: The schema master domain controller controls all updates andmodifications to the schema. To update the schema of a forest, you must have access tothe schema master. There can be only one schema master in the whole forest. Domain naming master: The domain naming master domain controller controls theaddition or removal of domains in the forest. There can be only one domain namingmaster in the whole forest. Infrastructure Master: The infrastructure is responsible for updating references fromobjects in its domain to objects in other domains. At any one time, there can be only onedomain controller acting as the infrastructure master in each domain. Relative ID (RID) Master: The RID master is responsible for processing RID poolrequests from all domain controllers in a particular domain. At any one time, there can be

    only one domain controller acting as the RID master in the domain. PDC Emulator: The PDC emulator is a domain controller that advertises itself as theprimary domain controller (PDC) to workstations, member servers, and domaincontrollers that are running earlier versions of Windows. For example, if the domaincontains computers that are not running Microsoft Windows XP Professional orMicrosoft Windows 2000 client software, or if it contains Microsoft Windows NTbackup domain controllers, the PDC emulator master acts as a Windows NT PDC. It isalso the Domain Master Browser, and it handles password discrepancies. At any onetime, there can be only one domain controller acting as the PDC emulator master in eachdomain in the forest.

    What is replication in active directory?

    REPLICATION Replication is a process of sending update information for data that haschanged in the directory to other domain controllers, as a Part of the AD planning animplementation process.*2000/2003 uses MULTI-MASTER replication for the AD.Types of UPDATES which force replication: Add, Modify, ModifyDN, deleteUSN: Update sequence numbersGUID: Globally unique identifier

    REPLICATION PARTITIONS: Schema Partition: contains object and attributedefinitions. In other words it contains a list of definitions that define what objects andattributes for those objects can exist in the AD.Configuration partition: containsinformation about the physical structure of the AD, such as the sites and domains andwhere DC resides in the enterprise. It is replicated to all DC's in the tree or forest.Domainpartition: contains information about all AD objects that are specific to that domain, suchas users, groups and other resources. All domain partition information is completelyreplicated to all domain controllers within the domain.

    REPLICATION TOPOLOGY

    KCC: Knowledge Consistency Checker: It builds the topology for the intrasite

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    replication between the DCs. It uses only RPC to communicate with the directory service.Bridgehead server: A point where a replication information leaves or enters a site forintersite replication.

    BENIFITS

    Optimize replication for speed and bandwidth consumption between domaincontrollers. Locate the closest domain controller for client logon, services, and directorysearches. Direct a Distributed File System (DFS) client to the server that is hosting the requesteddata within the site. Replicate the system volume (SYSVOL), a collection of folders in the file system thatexists on each domain controller in a domain and is required for implementation of GroupPolicy=============================================================What is RAID?

    ANS: Redundant Array of Inexpensive disk is a way to increase capaxity, performance

    and reliablility.RAID0: (Striping) Not really RAID as it has no fault tolerance, Data is striped across alldisks, Excelent read/write performance.RAID1: (Mirroring) Need at least 2 drives, tolerates single drive failure, often used forOS drive or boot volume.RAID5: Requires at least 3 drives, data and parity striped across all disks, can toleratefailure of any one disk without losing data but performance does degrade.

    TCP/IP MODEL:

    Application LayerTransport LayerInternetNetwork Interface

    OSI MODEL

    Application LayerPresentation layerSession layerTransport LayerNetwork LayerData-link LayerPhysical layer

    What is a switch?A network switch, or bridge, is a specialized device that connects multiple networksegments. It's a more modern and efficient form of the ubiquitous (and outdated) networkhub. A hub, also known as a repeater, is a simple device that has been used for years toconnect all nodes, or computers, on a network to a central location. Each node on anetwork has a unique hardware address called a MAC address. A hub is known as a

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    repeater because when a packet of data, or frame, is sent through the hub, it is repeated toeach and every computer on the network.This means that if a 1 GB video is sent to onecomputer through the hub, the file will also be sent to all of the other computers on thehub. This is very inefficient for bandwidth management. "Hubs have two majordrawbacks," says Ben deGonzague, a deployment engineer with TopCoder Software, a

    Glastonbury, Conn.-based software engineering firm. "First, network bandwidth isconsumed as each and every frame is sent to all devices on a network. Second, yournetwork is only as fast as the slowest device. Hubs have become obsolete with switching-based networks."A switch-based network is one that utilizes switches instead of hubs. Aswitch is a major upgrade to a hub. Instead of sending all network data to each and everynetwork node, the switch will analyze the MAC address and determine where to send thedata. Network bandwidth is not wasted by sending every frame to every port.So when aswitch receives data for a file, if it was addressed to one computer it will only be sentthere. The other computers on the network wouldn't know about it. This means that thenetwork is now much more efficient, but it's also a step toward being more secure: "Sinceswitches can segregate traffic from different nodes," says deGonzague, "this makes it

    more difficult for anyone to capture packets on your network.

    What is a router?While switches connect multiple computers, a router is required to connect multiplenetworks, like your LAN to the Internet. Routers work by storing large tables of networksand addresses, then using algorithms to determine the shortest routes to individualaddresses within those networks. In this way efficient routers not only facilitate intra-network communications, but also play a role in overall network performance. deliveringthe information faster.While many consumers are familiar with small routers fromcompanies like Linksys, which can be purchased for less than $50 at computer hardware

    stores, they shouldn't be confused with a proper router for business. "A typical router athome will connect your cable modem or DSL network to your internal network. This isjust connecting two different networks. Routers for businesses on the other hand mighthave to connect several different networks," says deGonzague. Small business routersfrom vendors like Cisco often include management software, enabling IT staff to bettermanage network stability and, ultimately, performance.Posted by Chandan Patralekh at02:182 comments

    Friday, 25 January 2008

    How to Become a Desktop Engineer

    Interview Questions===================

    A) Tell me something about yourself.Tell about your eductaion, place you belong to, some struggle in life which shows thatyou have positive attitude and will to fight the odds.

    http://desktopengineer.blogspot.com/2008/06/additional-information-which-is-very.htmlhttp://desktopengineer.blogspot.com/2008/06/additional-information-which-is-very.htmlhttp://desktopengineer.blogspot.com/2008/06/additional-information-which-is-very.html#commentshttp://desktopengineer.blogspot.com/2008/06/additional-information-which-is-very.html#commentshttp://desktopengineer.blogspot.com/2008/01/how-to-become-desktop-engineer.htmlhttp://www.blogger.com/email-post.g?blogID=8409777964276921912&postID=5538124358693022175http://desktopengineer.blogspot.com/2008/06/additional-information-which-is-very.htmlhttp://desktopengineer.blogspot.com/2008/06/additional-information-which-is-very.html#commentshttp://desktopengineer.blogspot.com/2008/01/how-to-become-desktop-engineer.html
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    1. What are the types of Operating System ?2. Give examples of NOS and SOS

    3. Difference between FAT and NTFS4. Enhancements in Windows 2003 from Windows 20005. Enhancements in Windows 2003 from Windows NT6. What is Active Directory ?7. Types of Firewall8. Difference between Hardware and Software Firewall9. Name the seven layers of OSI model10. How to enable Firewall in Windows XP11. How to Disable Firewall in Windows XP12. Minimum System requirement of Windows XP, Vista, 2003 and 200813. Explain ping command

    14. Explain Cookies15. How to boot the computer in Safe mode16. Types of printer17. Explain Last Known Good Configuration18. What is Disk clean up, Disk Defragmentation, Device manager and System

    Restore19. USB port Vs Firewire port20. How to install a printer in Windows XP21. What is a Browser and name any 5 browsers ?22. Serial port Vs Parallel port23. What is a port number ?

    24. Where is the HOSTS file located25. Explain different RAID levels26. Explain APIPA, IP address and Subnet mask27. Difference between IP v4 and IP v628. How to remove virus from a computer29. How to make a computer run faster30. What is attrib command ?31. What is editcommand ?32. How to copy a file or folder using copy command33. How to format the hard disk using command line utilities34. Explain mkdir, rmdirand chdircommands35. Types of hard disk36. Difference between primary and secondary partition37. Types of back in Window OS38. Differential Backup Vs Incremental Backup Vs Copy backup39. What is remote desktop.40. Recovery Console Vs Automated System Recovery41. What is NTLDR file42. How to tackle "missing NTLDR file" error

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    43. How many bytes are there in MAC address44. Range of Class A IP address45. Range of Class B IP address46. Range of Class C IP address47. Default subnet mask of Class A, Class B and Class C IP address

    48. What is BSOD (Blue Screen of Death) and how to overcome it49. Difference between Preferred DNS and Alternate DNS server50. Transmission speed of T1 carrier

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