[520 ‡Astronomy and allied sciences520 DeweyAstronom iDecima y[ and [ liClassificationallied [ sci en ces 520[520 ‡Astronomy and allied sciences See Manual at 520 vs. 500.5,

520 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 520520 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 520

[520 *‡Astronomy and allied sciencesSee Manual at 520 vs. 500.5, 523.1, 530.1, 919.9; also at 520 vs. 523.1,523.112, 523.8 520 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 520520 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 520

SUMMARY

[521 Celestial mechanics[522 Techniques, procedures, apparatus, equipment, materials[523 Specific celestial bodies and phenomena[525 Earth (Astronomical geography)[526 Mathematical geography[527 Celestial navigation[528 Ephemerides[529 Chronology 520 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 520520 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 520

[.153] *‡Physical principles

Do not use; class in 523.01 520 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 520520 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 520

[.154] *‡Chemical principles


[.28] *‡Auxiliary techniques and procedures; apparatus, equipment, materials

Do not use; class in 522 521 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 521521 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 521

> [521–525*‡Astronomy

Class comprehensive works in 520

For geodetic astronomy, see 526.6 521 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 521521 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 521

[521 *‡Celestial mechanics

Including equilibrium, problems of three and n bodies

Class here motion

Class applications to specific celestial bodies and phenomena in 523 521 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 521521 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 521

[.1 *‡Gravitation 521 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 521521 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 521

[.3 *‡Orbits

Class here Kepler’s laws 521 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 521521 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 521

[.4 *‡Perturbations 521 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 521521 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 521

[.9 *‡Precession

Including nutation

Class corrections of precession in 522.9

520 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 520


[522 *‡Techniques, procedures, apparatus, equipment, materials

Class here astrometry, positional and practical astronomy

Class positional astronomy as an aspect of mathematical geography in 526.6 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.028] *‡Auxiliary techniques and procedures; apparatus, equipment,materials

Do not use for general works; class in 522. Do not use for specificauxiliary techniques and procedures; class in 522.8 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

> [522.1–522.6*‡Practical astronomy


For corrections, see 522.9; for practical astronomy of specific celestialbodies and phenomena, see 523 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.1 *‡Observatories

Optical and nonoptical 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.109 *‡Historical and persons treatment

Do not use for geographic treatment; class in 522.19 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.19 *‡Geographic treatment

Add to base number 522.19 notation 1–9 from Table 2, e.g., spaceobservatories 522.1919, observatories in China 522.1951 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.2 *‡Astronomical instruments

Including meridional instruments [formerly 522.3], extrameridional instruments [formerly 522.4]

Class here movable nonspace telescopes; comprehensive works on telescopes

For auxiliary instruments, see 522.5; for astronomical instruments innonoptical astronomy, see 522.68; for sextants, see 527.0284 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.29 *‡Fixed-location and space telescopes 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.290 9 *‡Historical and persons treatment

Do not use for geographic treatment; class in 522.291–522.299 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.291–.299 *‡Geographic treatment

Add to base number 522.29 notation 1–9 from Table 2, e.g., fixedlocation telescopes in Chile 522.2983 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.3] *‡Meridional instruments

Relocated to 522.2 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.4] *‡Extrameridional instruments

Extrameridional instruments relocated to 522.2; sextants relocated to 527.0284

2

522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522


[.5 *‡Auxiliary instruments

Including chronographs, chronometers

For auxiliary instruments in special methods of observation, see 522.6 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.6 *‡Special methods of observation 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.62 *‡Photometry 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.622 *‡Photographic photometry 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.623 *‡Photoelectric photometry 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.63 *‡Photography

For photographic photometry, see 522.622 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.65 *‡Polarimetry 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.67 *‡Spectroscopy

Class spectroscopy of a specific celestial body with the body, plus notation0287 from Table 1, e.g., spectroscopy of planets 523.40287 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.68 *‡Nonoptical astronomy

Class here nonoptical telescopes

For nonoptical observatories, see 522.1 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.682 *‡Radio astronomy 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.683 *‡Infrared astronomy 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.686 *‡Particle methods of observation 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.686 2 *‡Gamma-ray astronomy 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.686 3 *‡X-ray astronomy 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.7 *‡Spherical astronomy

Including celestial reference systems

Class comprehensive works on geodetic coordinates in 526.6 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.8 *‡Specific auxiliary techniques and procedures

Add to base number 522.8 the numbers following —028 in notation0285–0289 from Table 1, e.g., testing and measurement 522.87

Class spectroscopy in 522.67 522 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 522522 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 522

[.9 *‡Corrections

Corrections of aberration, astronomical refraction, parallax, precession; ofinstrumental errors

3



[523 *‡Specific celestial bodies and phenomena

Including zodiac

Class phenomena of celestial bodies directly comparable to terrestrial phenomena with the terrestrial phenomena in 550, e.g., volcanic activity on Mars551.21099923

See Manual at 523 vs. 550 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

SUMMARY

[523.01–.02 [Astrophysics and cosmochemistry][.1 The universe, galaxies, quasars[.2 Planetary systems[.3 Moon[.4 Planets, asteroids, trans-Neptunian objects of solar system[.5 Meteors, solar wind, zodiacal light[.6 Comets[.7 Sun[.8 Stars[.9 Satellites and rings; eclipses, transits, occultations 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.001–.009] *‡Standard subdivisions

Do not use; class in 520.1–520.9 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.01 *‡Astrophysics

For celestial mechanics, see 521 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.013 *‡Heat

Add to base number 523.013 the numbers following 536 in536.1–536.7, e.g., heat transfer 523.0132 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.015 *‡Light and related radiation

Add to base number 523.015 the numbers following 535 in535.01–535.8, e.g., ultraviolet radiation 523.015014 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.018 *‡Electricity and magnetism

Add to base number 523.018 the numbers following 53 in 537–538,e.g., magnetism 523.0188 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.019 *‡Molecular, atomic, nuclear physics

Add to base number 523.019 the numbers following 539 in539.1–539.7, e.g., cosmic rays 523.0197223 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.02 *‡Cosmochemistry

4



[.1 *‡The universe, galaxies, quasars

Standard subdivisions are added for the universe, galaxies, quasars together;for the universe alone

Class here cosmology

See also 523.8875 for black holes

See Manual at 520 vs. 500.5, 523.1, 530.1, 919.9; also at 520 vs. 523.1,523.112, 523.8 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.11 *‡Galaxies and quasars 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.112 *‡Galaxies

For Milky Way, see 523.113

See Manual at 520 vs. 523.1, 523.112, 523.8: Stars and galaxies 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.112 5 *‡Interstellar and intergalactic matter

Standard subdivisions are added for interstellar and intergalacticmatter together, for interstellar matter alone

Class here cosmic dust

See also 523.1126 for dark matter 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.112 6 *‡Dark matter 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.113 *‡Milky Way 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.113 5 *‡Interstellar matter

Including diffuse and planetary nebulas

For dark matter, see 523.1126 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.115 *‡Quasars 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.12 *‡Cosmogony

For expanding universe theories, see 523.18 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.18 *‡Expanding universe theories

Class here big bang theory 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.19 *‡End of universe theories 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.2 *‡Planetary systems

Class here solar system

For specific parts of solar system, see 523.3–523.7 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.24 *‡Extrasolar systems

Class here extrasolar planets

5



> [523.3–523.7*‡Specific parts of solar system

Class comprehensive works in 523.2 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.3 *‡Moon 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.31 *‡Constants and dimensions

Including gravity, size, mass 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.32 *‡Optical, electromagnetic, radioactive, thermal phenomena

Including phases 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.33 *‡Orbit and motions

Including librations, sidereal month 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.38 *‡Eclipses 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.4 *‡Planets, asteroids, trans-Neptunian objects of solar system

Standard subdivisions are added for planets, asteroids, trans-Neptunian objectsof solar system together, for planets of solar system alone

Class here comprehensive works on planets, satellites, rings of solar system

Add to notation for each number identified by * the numbers following 523.3in 523.31–523.33, e.g., orbit of Jupiter 523.453

For meteors, see 523.51; for satellites and rings, see 523.98; for transits,occultations, see 523.99; for earth, see 525

See also 523.24 for extrasolar planets 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.41 **Mercury 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.42 **Venus 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.43 **Mars 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.44 *‡Asteroids (Planetoids)

Including Ceres

Class comprehensive works on meteors and asteroids in 523.5 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.45 **Jupiter 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.46 **Saturn 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.47 **Uranus 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.48 *‡Neptune and trans-Neptunian objects

Former heading: Trans-Uranian planets 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.481 **Neptune 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.482 **Pluto

6


*Add as instructed under 523.4


[.5 *‡Meteors, solar wind, zodiacal light

Class here interplanetary matter, comprehensive works on meteors andasteroids

For asteroids, see 523.44 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.51 *‡Meteors

Class here meteoroids, meteorites

For meteor showers, see 523.53 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.53 *‡Meteor showers

Including radiant points 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.58 *‡Solar wind 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.59 *‡Zodiacal light

Including counterglow (gegenschein) 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.6 *‡Comets 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.63 *‡Motion and orbits

Class motion and orbits of specific comets in 523.64 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.64 *‡Specific comets 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.640 1–.640 9] *‡Standard subdivisions

Do not use; class in 523.601–523.609 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.642 *‡Halley’s comet 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.66 *‡Physical phenomena and constitution

Class physical phenomena and constitution of specific comets in 523.64 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.7 *‡Sun 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.702 1 *‡Tabulated and related materials

Class sun tables indicating orbits and motions of earth in 525.38 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523


Including gravity, size, mass 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523


Class here solar energy, solar radiation

For phenomena of photosphere, see 523.74; for phenomena ofchromosphere and corona, see 523.75

See also 523.59 for zodiacal light 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.73 *‡Motions

Including apparent motion, rotation

7



[.74 *‡Photosphere

Including faculae, solar granulation, sunspots 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.75 *‡Chromosphere and corona

Including solar flares and prominences

See also 523.58 for solar wind 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.76 *‡Solar interior 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.78 *‡Eclipses 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.8 *‡Stars

Class here comprehensive works on stars and galaxies

For galaxies, see 523.112; for sun, see 523.7

See also 523.115 for quasars; also 523.24 for extrasolar systems

See Manual at 520 vs. 523.1, 523.112, 523.8: Stars and galaxies 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.802 87] *‡Testing and measurement


> [523.81–523.83*‡Properties and phenomena

Class comprehensive works in 523.8

For physical constitution, see 523.86. For properties and phenomena of aspecific kind of star or aggregation of stars, see the kind or aggregation,e.g., properties of supernovas 523.84465, properties of of spectral types523.87 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523


Including gravity, size, mass, parallax 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523


Class here stellar radiation 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.822 *‡Magnitudes 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.83 *‡Motion

Including velocity 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.84 *‡Aggregations and variable stars

Standard subdivisions are added for aggregations and variable starstogether, for aggregations alone

Class here comprehensive works on binary stars and clusters

For clusters, see 523.85

See also 523.112 for galaxies

8



[.841 *‡Binary and multiple stars

Standard subdivisions are added for binary and multiple stars together,for binary stars alone

Including optical and visual binaries

Class here astrometric binaries

For spectroscopic binaries, see 523.842; for eclipsing binaries, see523.8444 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.842 *‡Spectroscopic binaries 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.844 *‡Variable stars 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.844 2 *‡Intrinsic variables

For eruptive variables, see 523.8446 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.844 25 *‡Pulsating variables

Class here Cepheids

For long-period and semiregular variables, see 523.84426;for pulsars, see 523.8874 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.844 26 *‡Long-period and semiregular variables 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.844 4 *‡Eclipsing binaries (Extrinsic variables) 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.844 6 *‡Eruptive variables

Including flare stars, novas 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.844 65 *‡Supernovas 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.85 *‡Clusters 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.852 *‡Open clusters 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.855 *‡Globular clusters 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.86 *‡Physical constitution

Class physical constitution of a specific kind or aggregation of star with the kind or aggregation, e.g., constitution of neutron stars 523.8874 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.87 *‡Spectral types

Class here spectroscopy, testing and measurement

Class spectral types representative of specific stages in the evolution ofstars in 523.88. Class spectroscopy of a specific kind or aggregation of starwith the kind or aggregation, plus notation 0287 from Table 1, e.g.,spectroscopy of neutron stars 523.88740287

9



[.88 *‡Kinds of stars characteristic of stages of stellar evolution

Including giant (R, N, or S spectral type), main sequence, red dwarf,Wolf-Rayet stars; star formation

Class here stellar evolution

For intrinsic variables, see 523.8442 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.887 *‡Terminal stages

Including white dwarfs 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.887 4 *‡Neutron stars

Class here pulsars 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.887 5 *‡Black holes 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.9 *‡Satellites and rings; eclipses, transits, occultations 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.91 *‡Transits of Mercury 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.92 *‡Transits of Venus 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.98 *‡Satellites and rings

Variant name for satellites: moons

Add to base number 523.98 the numbers following 523.4 in523.43–523.48, e.g., satellites of Jupiter 523.985, orbits of Jovian satellites523.9853

Subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading

For earth’s moon, see 523.3 523 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 523523 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

[.99 *‡Eclipses, transits, occultations

For transits of Mercury, see 523.91; for transits of Venus, see 523.92.For eclipses of a specific celestial body, see the body, e.g., eclipses ofthe moon 523.38

[524] *‡[Unassigned]

Most recently used in Edition 14 525 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 525525 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 525

[525 *‡Earth (Astronomical geography)

For magnetic properties, see 538.7 525 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 525525 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 525


Including size, shape

Class determination of size and shape in 526.1

For gravity, see 531.14 525 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 525525 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 525

[.2 *‡Optical, radioactive, thermal properties 525 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 525525 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 525

[.3 *‡Orbit and motions

10



[.35 *‡Rotation 525 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 525525 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 525

[.36 *‡Foucault’s pendulum 525 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 525525 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 525

[.38 *‡Sun tables

Class here sunrise and sunset tables 525 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 525525 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 525

[.5 *‡Seasons and zones of latitude

Standard subdivisions are added for seasons and zones of latitude together, forseasons alone

Limited to astronomical causes of seasons and zones of latitude

Class climatology in 551.6; class interdisciplinary works on seasons in 508.2525 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 525525 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 525

[.7 *‡Twilight

Class here dawn 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[526 *‡Mathematical geography

Class here cartography, map drawing, map making

Class map making for a specific purpose with the purpose, e.g., military mapmaking 623.71

For astronomical geography, see 525

See also 912.014 for map reading 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.022 1] *‡Map drawing

Number discontinued; class in 526 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.1 *‡Geodesy

For geodetic surveying, see 526.3; for geodetic astronomy and geographicpositions, see 526.6; for gravity determinations, see 526.7 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.3 *‡Geodetic surveying

Surveying in which curvature of earth is considered 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.31 *‡Reconnaissance surveys 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.32 *‡Bench marks 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526


Do not use for geographic treatment; class in 526.321–526.329 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526


Add to base number 526.32 notation 1–9 from Table 2, e.g., benchmarks in California 526.32794

11



[.33 *‡Triangulation, trilateration, traversing

Standard subdivisions are added for triangulation, trilateration, traversingtogether; for triangulation alone

Including base lines, nets 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.36 *‡Leveling

Class here spirit leveling

For bench marks, see 526.32; for barometric leveling, see 526.37; fortrigonometric leveling, see 526.38 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.37 *‡Barometric leveling 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.38 *‡Trigonometric leveling 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.6 *‡Geodetic astronomy and geographic positions

Standard subdivisions are added for geodetic astronomy and geographicpositions together, for geodetic astronomy alone

Class here geodetic aspects of positional astronomy; comprehensive works ongeodetic coordinates

Class comprehensive works on positional astronomy in 522

For coordinates in spherical astronomy, see 522.7 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.61 *‡Latitude

For latitude in celestial navigation, see 527.1 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.62 *‡Longitude

For longitude in celestial navigation, see 527.2 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.63 *‡Azimuth 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.64 *‡Geographic positions

Including effect of irregularities of earth’s surface on determininggeographic positions 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.7 *‡Gravity determinations 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.8 *‡Map projections

Class map reading in 912.014 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.82 *‡Conformal projections (Orthomorphic projections) 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.85 *‡Equal-area projections (Equivalent projections)

12



[.9 *‡Surveying

Class here plane surveying (surveying in which curvature of earth isdisregarded), land surveying

Class work of chartered surveyors (United Kingdom), interdisciplinary workson land surveys in 333.08; class engineering surveys in 622–629

For geodetic surveying, see 526.3 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.98 *‡Topographic surveying 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.981 *‡Contour surveying 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.982 *‡Photogrammetry

Class here aerial and space surveying 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.982 5 *‡Ground photogrammetry (Terrestrial photogrammetry) 526 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 526526 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 526

[.99 *‡Hydrographic surveying 527 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 527527 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 527

[527 *‡Celestial navigation

For celestial navigation of specific craft, see the craft, e.g., navigation ofnautical craft 623.89 527 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 527527 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 527

[.028 4 *‡Apparatus, equipment, materials

Including sextants [formerly 522.4] 527 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 527527 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 527

[.1 *‡Latitude 527 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 527527 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 527

[.2 *‡Longitude 527 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 527527 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 527

[.3 *‡Position determination

Including Sumner’s method

For determination of latitude, see 527.1; for determination of longitude,see 527.2 528 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 528528 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 528

[528 *‡Ephemerides

Variant names: astronomical, nautical almanacs

Class tables of specific celestial bodies in 523 528 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 528528 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 528

[.093–.099 *‡Treatment in ancient world, treatment by specific continent

Do not use for treatment by specific country or locality; class in528.1–528.8 528 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 528528 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 528

[.1–.8 *‡Ephemerides of specific countries and localities

Add to base number 528 the numbers following 06 in 061–068, e.g.,ephemerides of England 528.2 528 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 528528 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 528

[.9 *‡Ephemeris making 529 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 529529 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 529

[529 *‡Chronology

13



[.1 *‡Days

Including apparent and mean days, equation of time, sidereal and solar days529 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 529529 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 529

[.2 *‡Intervals of time

Including years, months, weeks

For sidereal month, see 523.33; for days, see 529.1

See also 525.5 for seasons 529 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 529529 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 529

[.3 *‡Calendars

For western calendars, see 529.4; for calendar reform, see 529.5 529 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 529529 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 529

[.32 *‡Calendars of specific religions and traditions

Add to base number 529.32 the numbers following 29 in 292–299, e.g.,Jewish calendar 529.326; however, for Julian calendar, see 529.42

For Christian calendars, see 529.4 529 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 529529 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 529

[.4 *‡Western calendars

Class here Christian calendars 529 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 529529 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 529

[.42 *‡Julian calendar 529 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 529529 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 529

[.43 *‡Gregorian calendar 529 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 529529 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 529

[.44 *‡Christian church calendar

Including determination of movable feasts and fast days 529 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 529529 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 529

[.5 *‡Calendar reform 529 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 529529 Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 529

[.7 *‡Horology

Finding and measuring time

Class time systems and standards in 389.17

For manufacture of instruments for measuring time, see 681.11 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[530 *‡PhysicsClass here energy, matter, antimatter, classical physics; comprehensive works onclassical and quantum mechanics

Class quantum mechanics, energy in quantum mechanics in 530.12; classclassical mechanics in 531; class energy in classical mechanics in 531.6; classphysical chemistry in 541

For astrophysics, see 523.01

14


530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

SUMMARY

[530.01–.09 Standard subdivisions[.1–.8 [Theories, mathematical physics, states of matter, instrumentation,

measurement][531 Classical mechanics[532 Fluid mechanics[533 Pneumatics (Gas mechanics)[534 Sound and related vibrations[535 Light and related radiation[536 Heat[537 Electricity and electronics[538 Magnetism[539 Modern physics 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

SUMMARY

[530.01–.09 Standard subdivisions[.1 Theories and mathematical physics[.4 States of matter[.7 Instrumentation[.8 Measurement 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.01 *‡Philosophy and theory

Do not use for theories; class in 530.1 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.015 1] *‡Mathematical physics

Do not use; class in 530.15 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.02 *‡Miscellany 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.028 4 *‡Materials

Do not use for apparatus and equipment; class in 530.7 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530



[.03–.09 *‡Standard subdivisions 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.1 *‡Theories and mathematical physics

Standard subdivisions are added for theories and mathematical physicstogether, for theories alone

Including space

Class applications to specific states of matter in 530.4

See Manual at 520 vs. 500.5, 523.1, 530.1, 919.9 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.11 *‡Relativity theory

Including fourth dimension

Class here conservation of mass-energy, equivalence of mass-energy(E=mc2), space-time

Class specific relativistic theories in 530.12–530.14

15

530 Physics 530


[.12 *‡Quantum mechanics (Quantum theory)

Class here relativistic, nonrelativistic quantum mechanics

For quantum statistics, see 530.133; for quantum kinetic theories, see530.136; for quantum field theory, see 530.143; for quantumelectronics, see 537.5

See Manual at 530.475 vs. 530.12, 531.16 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.122 *‡Matrix mechanics (Heisenberg representation) 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.124 *‡Wave mechanics

Waves considered as a fundamental property of matter

Class here Schrödinger wave mechanics

See also 530.141 for waves in electromagnetic theory; also531.1133 for waves in classical physics 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.13 *‡Statistical mechanics

Class here relativistic, nonrelativistic statistical mechanics

Including percolation theory 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.132 *‡Classical statistical mechanics (Boltzmann statistics) 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.133 *‡Quantum statistics (Quantum statistical mechanics) 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.136 *‡Kinetic theories

Class here quantum, combined quantum-classical kinetic theories

For classical kinetic theory, see 531.113 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.138 *‡Transport theory 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.14 *‡Field and wave theories

Classical, quantum, relativistic, nonrelativistic theories accounting forfundamental particles and interactions

Standard subdivisions are added for field and wave theories together, forfield theories alone

Including problem of few bodies, theory of continuum physics

For wave mechanics, see 530.124; for string and superstring theories,see 539.7258 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.141 *‡Electromagnetic theory

Electromagnetic fields and waves considered in terms of fundamentalstructure of matter

Including Maxwell’s equations

Class electromagnetic spectrum and waves in 539.2

See also 537.1 for theories of electricity; also 538.01 for theories ofmagnetism

16



[.142 *‡Unified field theory

Class here grand unified theory 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.142 3 *‡Supergravity

Class here comprehensive works on supergravity andsupersymmetry

For supersymmetry, see 539.725 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.143 *‡Quantum field theory 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.143 3 *‡Quantum electrodynamics [formerly 537.67] 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.143 5 *‡Gauge fields 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.144 *‡Problem of many bodies 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.15 *‡Mathematical physics

Add to base number 530.15 the numbers following 51 in 511–519, e.g.,statistics 530.1595

Class mathematical description of physical phenomena according to aspecific theory with the theory in 530.1, e.g., statistical mechanics 530.13530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.4 *‡States of matter

Class here quantum mechanics of specific states of matter; sound, light, heat,electricity, magnetism as properties of a specific state of matter

Unless other instructions are given, class a subject with aspects in two or moresubdivisions of 530.4 in the number coming last, e.g., tunneling in thin films530.4175 (not 530.416)

For superconductivity and superconductors, see 537.623 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.41 *‡Solid-state physics

Class here physics of condensed matter

For liquid-state physics, see 530.42; for crystallography, see 548

See Manual at 548 vs. 530.41 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.411 *‡Structure

Including electron arrangement, lattice dynamics 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.412 *‡Properties

Including elastic, electrical, magnetic, optical, thermal properties 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.413 *‡Kinds

Including amorphous, crystalline and noncrystalline, metallic andnonmetallic, ordered and disordered, organic, porous solids; polymers;solid particles

For dielectric matter, see 537.24; for semiconductors, see 537.622;for crystals, see 548

17

530 Physics 530


[.414 *‡Phase transformations

Transformations between different phases of condensed matter,between solid and gas phases 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.415 *‡Diffusion and mass transfer

Standard subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading

Class transport theory in 530.138 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.416 *‡Responsive behavior and energy phenomena

Including bombardment, collisions, emission, excitation, excited states,excitons, field effects, internal friction, ion implantation, Jahn-Tellereffect, Josephson effect, oscillation, phonons, radiation effect,relaxation, scattering, sputtering, tunneling, vibration

Class responsive behavior and energy phenomena in semiconductors in537.622

See Manual at 530.416 vs. 539.75 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.417 *‡Surface physics

Class here interface with other states of matter

Class surface physics of semiconductors in 537.622 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.417 5 *‡Thin films

Class comprehensive works on thin films in 530.4275 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.42 *‡Liquid-state physics

Including superfluidity

Class here fluid-state physics

For gaseous-state physics, see 530.43 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530


Transformations between different fluid phases

Including critical points

Class phase transformations between fluids and solids in 530.414 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530



Including Brownian motion in liquids, osmosis

See Manual at 530.475 vs. 530.12, 531.16

18



[.427 *‡Surface physics

Including capillarity, drops, surface tension

Class here interface with gases

Class interface with solids in 530.417; class surface tension of thinfilms in 530.4275 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.427 5 *‡Thin films

Class here bubbles 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.429 *‡Liquid crystals

Including liquid polymers 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.43 *‡Gaseous-state physics

Class interface with solids in 530.417; class interface with liquids in530.427; class ionization of gases in 530.444

For plasma physics, see 530.44 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530


Standard subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.44 *‡Plasma physics

Physics of ionized gases

Add to base number 530.44 the numbers following 530.41 in530.412–530.416, e.g., optical properties of plasmas 530.442, ionization ofgases 530.444

See also 537.532 for ionization of gases in electronics 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.47 *‡Generalities of states of matter

For generalities of specific states of matter, see 530.41–530.44 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530


Variant names: phase changes, phase transitions

Including critical phenomena, e.g., critical points; phase diagrams,equilibria, stability; triple points

Class here analysis of phase transformations to matter at the molecularand submolecular level; changes of state

Class phase transformations between different phases of condensedmatter, between solids and gases in 530.414; class phasetransformations between fluid phases in 530.424; class phasetransformations between plasmas and other states of matter in 530.444

19

530 Physics 530




Variant name for mass transfer: mass transport

Class here Brownian motion

For heat transfer, see 536.2


[.7 *‡Instrumentation

Instrumentation for measurement, control, recording 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.8 *‡Measurement

Including dimensional analysis, testing

Class here interdisciplinary works on measurement, on mensuration

Class instrumentation for measurement in 530.7

For horology, see 529.7. For measurement, mensuration in a specificsubject, see the subject, plus notation 0287 from Table 1, e.g.,psychological measurement 150.287

See also 516.15 for geometric mensuration 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530


Class here measurement theory 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530


[.802 1] *‡Tabulated and related material


[.81 *‡Physical units and constants

Standard subdivisions are added for physical units and constants together,for physical units alone

Including dimensions, interdisciplinary works on size

Class here conversion tables between systems, systems of measurement,tabulated and related materials, weights and measures

Class units of dimension and size in metric system in 530.812; class unitsof dimension and size in British system in 530.813

For social aspects of systems of measurement, see 389.1. For a specific aspect of size, see the aspect, e.g., size of business enterprise 338.64 530 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 530530 Physics 530

[.810 21] *‡Tabulated and related material


[.812 *‡Metric system (Système international, SI)

20



[.813 *‡British system

Variant names: English, Imperial system

Class here United States customary units 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[531 *‡Classical mechanics

Variant names: mechanics, continuum mechanics, Newtonian mechanics

Class here solid mechanics

For fluid mechanics, see 532 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.015 195 *‡Statistical mathematics

Class classical statistical mechanics in 530.132 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.1 *‡Dynamics, statics, mass and gravity, particle mechanics

Including pressure, mechanics of points 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531


Do not use; class in 531.01–531.09 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.11 *‡Dynamics

For particle dynamics, see 531.163; for solid dynamics, see 531.3 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.112 *‡Kinematics

Motion considered apart from mass and force

Including linear and relative motion, velocity, acceleration, vectorquantities; search for a moving target 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.113 *‡Kinetics

Including centrifugal and centripetal forces, rotational motion

Class comprehensive works on motion in 531.11 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.113 3 *‡Waves

Waves observable in matter of classical physics

Including shock waves

See also 530.124 for waves considered as a fundamentalproperty of matter 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.113 4 *‡Rheology (Deformation and flow)

Including viscosity and friction

Most works on deformation are limited to solids and are classed in531.38; most works on flow are limited to fluids and are classed in532.051

21

530 Physics 530


[.12 *‡Statics

Including graphic statics

For particle statics, see 531.16; for solid statics, see 531.2 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.14 *‡Mass and gravity

Including density, gravity of earth, specific gravity

Class geodetic gravity determinations in 526.7

For gravity in celestial mechanics, see 521.1

See also 539.754 for fundamental gravitational interaction 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.16 *‡Particle mechanics

Class here mechanics of solid particles

Class mechanics of molecular, atomic, and subatomic particles (quantummechanics) in 530.12

See also 620.43 for fine particle technology


[.163 *‡Dynamics 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

> [531.2–531.5*‡Mechanics of solids

Class here mechanics of rigid bodies


For mechanics of solid particles, see 531.16 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.2 *‡Solid statics

Including graphic statics 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.3 *‡Solid dynamics

Including solid kinematics

Class here solid kinetics

For friction and viscosity, see 531.4; for ballistics, see 531.55 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.32 *‡Vibrations

Class here oscillations 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.324 *‡Pendulum motion 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.33 *‡Waves

Including shock waves

22



[.34 *‡Rotational motion (Spin)

Class here gyrodynamics

For centrifugal and centripetal forces, see 531.35 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.35 *‡Centrifugal and centripetal forces


[.38 *‡Deformation; stresses and strains

Standard subdivisions are added for deformation, stresses, strains together;for deformation alone 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.381 *‡Stresses and strains


Including elastic constants, Poisson’s ratio, yield point

Class application to elasticity in 531.382; class application to plasticityin 531.385 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.382 *‡Elasticity

Variant names: elastic, temporary deformation

Including elastic limit, coefficient of restitution

Class here Hooke’s law

Class elastic vibrations in 531.32 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.385 *‡Plasticity

Variant names: permanent, plastic deformation 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.4 *‡Friction and viscosity of solids


[.5 *‡Mass and gravity of solids; projectiles

Including laws of falling bodies 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.54 *‡Density and specific gravity


[.55 *‡Projectiles

Class here ballistics 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.6 *‡Energy

Including momentum, work

Class comprehensive works on energy in physics in 530; class interdisciplinary works on energy in 333.79

23

531 Physics 531


[.62 *‡Conservation of energy

See also 333.7916 for programs to conserve energy; also 530.11 forconservation of mass-energy 531 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 531531 Physics 531

[.68 *‡Transformation

Change in form of energy

For a specific transformation, see the resultant form, e.g.,transformation of light to heat 536 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[532 *‡Fluid mechanics

Class here hydraulics (hydromechanics), liquid mechanics

For pneumatics, see 533 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.001–.009 *‡Standard subdivisions 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

> [532.02–532.05*‡Fluid statics and dynamics

Class comprehensive works in 532 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.02 *‡Statics

Including buoyancy

For liquid statics, see 532.2 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.05 *‡Dynamics

Including kinematics, vibrations

Class here kinetics

For liquid dynamics, see 532.5 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.051 *‡Flow

Including boundary layers

Class waves and vortex motion in 532.059

For types of flow, see 532.052; for flow properties, see 532.053 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.052 *‡Types of flow

Class properties of specific types of flow in 532.053

For viscous flow, see 532.0533; for rotational flow, see 532.0595532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.052 5 *‡Laminar flow 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.052 6 *‡Transitional flow 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.052 7 *‡Turbulent flow 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.053 *‡Flow properties 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.053 2 *‡Velocity

24



[.053 3 *‡Viscosity and friction


Class here viscous flow 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.053 5 *‡Elasticity and compressibility

Standard subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.059 *‡Waves and vortex motion 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.059 3 *‡Waves

Including shock waves 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.059 5 *‡Vortex motion

Including centrifugal and centripetal forces

Class here rotational flow 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

> [532.2–532.5*‡Hydraulics

In sense of liquid mechanics


[.2 *‡Hydrostatics

In sense of liquid statics

See also 532.02 for hydrostatics in sense of fluid statics 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.25 *‡Buoyancy

Class here floating, sinking 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.4 *‡Mass, density, specific gravity of liquids 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.5 *‡Hydrodynamics

In sense of liquid dynamics

Including kinematics

Class here kinetics

See also 532.05 for hydrodynamics in sense of fluid dynamics 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.51 *‡Flow


For flow variations, see 532.52–532.56; for flow properties, see532.58; for rotational flow, see 532.595 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.515 *‡Laminar flow 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.516 *‡Transitional flow 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.517 *‡Turbulent flow

25

532 Physics 532


> [532.52–532.56*‡Flow variations

Class comprehensive works in 532.51 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.52 *‡Flow through openings 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.53 *‡Flow over and around obstacles


[.54 *‡Flow through open and closed channels


[.55 *‡Flow through bends and irregular enclosures


[.56 *‡Flow when pressure is variable

Including flow over and around submerged bodies, multiphase flow 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.57 *‡Flow velocity 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.58 *‡Flow properties

Including elasticity and compressibility, viscosity and friction, viscousflow

For flow velocity, see 532.57

See also 536.413 for expansion and contraction of liquids as a result ofheating and cooling 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.59 *‡Waves, vortex motion, cavitation 532 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 532532 Physics 532

[.593 *‡Waves


[.595 *‡Vortex motion


[.597 *‡Cavitation 533 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 533533 Physics 533

[533 *‡Pneumatics (Gas mechanics)533 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 533533 Physics 533

> [533.1–533.5*‡Specific aspects of pneumatics (gas mechanics)


[.1 *‡Statics; mass, density, specific gravity

For vacuums, see 533.5

26



[.12 *‡Statics

Including buoyancy

For aerostatics, see 533.61 533 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 533533 Physics 533

[.15 *‡Mass, density, specific gravity 533 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 533533 Physics 533

[.2 *‡Dynamics

Including kinematics

Class here kinetics

For aerodynamics, see 533.62; for kinetic theory of gases, see 533.7 533 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 533533 Physics 533

[.21 *‡Flow


For flow at specific speeds, see 533.27; for flow properties, see 533.28; for rotational flow, see 533.295 533 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 533533 Physics 533

[.215 *‡Laminar flow 533 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 533533 Physics 533

[.216 *‡Transitional flow 533 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 533533 Physics 533

[.217 *‡Turbulent flow 533 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 533533 Physics 533

[.27 *‡Flow at specific speeds

Class here velocity 533 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 533533 Physics 533

[.273 *‡Subsonic flow 533 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 533533 Physics 533

[.274 *‡Transonic flow 533 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 533533 Physics 533

[.275 *‡Supersonic flow

For hypersonic flow, see 533.276 533 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 533533 Physics 533

[.276 *‡Hypersonic flow 533 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 533533 Physics 533

[.28 *‡Flow properties

Including elasticity and compressibility, viscosity and friction, viscousflow

Class flow properties at specific speeds in 533.27

See also 536.412 for expansion and contraction of gases resulting fromheating and cooling 533 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 533533 Physics 533

[.29 *‡Waves and vortex motion 533 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 533533 Physics 533

[.293 *‡Waves


[.295 *‡Vortex motion


[.5 *‡Vacuums

27

533 Physics 533


[.6 *‡Aeromechanics

Including mass, density, specific gravity of air

For vacuums, see 533.5 533 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 533533 Physics 533

[.61 *‡Aerostatics

Including buoyancy 533 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 533533 Physics 533

[.62 *‡Aerodynamics 533 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 533533 Physics 533

[.7 *‡Kinetic theory of gases 534 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 534534 Physics 534

> [534–538*‡Specific forms of energy

Class here transformation into specific forms of energy

Class specific forms of energy as properties of specific states of matter in530.4; class comprehensive works in 530; class comprehensive works ontransformation of energy in 531.68

For mechanical energy, see 531.6 534 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 534534 Physics 534

[534 *‡Sound and related vibrations

Standard subdivisions are added for sound and related vibrations together, forsound alone 534 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 534534 Physics 534

> [534.1–534.3*‡Sound


[.1 *‡Generation of sound 534 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 534534 Physics 534

[.2 *‡Transmission of sound 534 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 534534 Physics 534

[.200 1–.200 9 *‡Standard subdivisions 534 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 534534 Physics 534

[.202 *‡Velocity 534 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 534534 Physics 534

[.204 *‡Reflection (Echoes) 534 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 534534 Physics 534

[.208 *‡Absorption (Damping) 534 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 534534 Physics 534

[.22 *‡Transmission in solids 534 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 534534 Physics 534

[.23 *‡Transmission in liquids 534 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 534534 Physics 534

[.24 *‡Transmission in gases 534 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 534534 Physics 534

[.3 *‡Characteristics of sound

Including Doppler effect 534 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 534534 Physics 534

[.5 *‡Vibrations related to sound

Class here vibrations that can not be heard by the human ear

28



[.52 *‡Subsonic vibrations 534 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 534534 Physics 534

[.55 *‡Ultrasonic vibrations 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[535 *‡Light and related radiation

Standard subdivisions are added for light and related radiation together, for lightalone

Class here optics

See also 537.56 for electron and ion optics 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.01 *‡Infrared and ultraviolet radiation; philosophy and theory of light andrelated radiation

Class here radiation of nonvisible spectral regions

Class a specific element of infrared and ultraviolet radiation in 535.2–535.6535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.010 1–.010 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of infrared and ultraviolet radiation 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.012 *‡Infrared radiation

Class heat radiation in 536.3 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.013] *‡Visible region

Number discontinued; class in 535 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.014 *‡Ultraviolet radiation 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.019 *‡Philosophy and theory of light and related radiation

Add to base number 535.019 the numbers following —01 in notation011–019 from Table 1, e.g., abbreviations and symbols in optics535.01948

Class theories in 535.1 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535


[.028 *‡Auxiliary techniques and procedures; apparatus, equipment,materials

Class spectroscopy in 535.84 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.1 *‡Theories

See also 539.7217 for photons 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.12 *‡Corpuscular theory 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.13 *‡Mechanical wave theory 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.14 *‡Electromagnetic theory 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.15 *‡Quantum theory

29

534 Physics 534


> [535.2–535.6*‡Specific elements of light


For spectroscopy, see 535.84 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.2 *‡Physical optics

Including coherent and nonlinear optics

For dispersion of light, see 535.4; for beams, see 535.5 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.22 *‡Intensity of light 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.220 287 *‡Testing and measurement

Class here photometry 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.24 *‡Velocity of light 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.3 *‡Transmission, absorption, emission of light 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.32 *‡Geometrical optics 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.323 *‡Reflection 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.324 *‡Refraction 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.326 *‡Absorption 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.35 *‡Luminescence 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.352 *‡Fluorescence

Class fluorescence by source of exciting energy in 535.355–535.357 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.353 *‡Phosphorescence

Class phosphorescence by source of exciting energy in535.355–535.357 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

> [535.355–535.357*‡Luminescence by source of exciting energy


For chemiluminescence, see 541.35; for bioluminescence, see 572.4358 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.355 *‡Photoluminescence 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.356 *‡Thermoluminescence 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.357 *‡Electroluminescence 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.4 *‡Dispersion of light

Including shadows

Class comprehensive works on beams and their dispersion in 535.5

See also 774.0153 for physical properties of holography

30



[.42 *‡Diffraction 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.420 284 *‡Apparatus, equipment, materials

Class here interdisciplinary works on prisms

For a specific aspect of prisms, see the aspect, e.g.,geometry of prisms 516.156 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.43 *‡Scattering 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.47 *‡Interference 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.5 *‡Beams 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.52 *‡Polarization 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.6 *‡Color 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.8 *‡Special developments of light and related radiation 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.84 *‡Optical, infrared, ultraviolet spectroscopy

Class here comprehensive works on spectroscopy in physics

Class interdisciplinary works on spectroscopy in 543.5

For a specific kind of spectroscopy in physics other than optical,infrared, or ultraviolet, see the kind, e.g., radiofrequency spectroscopy537.534 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.842 *‡Infrared spectroscopy 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.843 *‡Light spectroscopy 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.844 *‡Ultraviolet spectroscopy 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.845 *‡Vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy 535 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 535535 Physics 535

[.846 *‡Raman spectroscopy

Including Raman effect 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[536 *‡Heat536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536



[.1 *‡Theories 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.2 *‡Heat transfer

For radiation, see 536.3 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.200 1–.200 9 *‡Standard subdivisions

31

535 Physics 535


[.201 *‡Heat-transfer properties of matter

Class specific heat in 536.6

For heat-transfer properties of matter at low temperatures, see536.56; for heat-transfer properties of matter at high temperatures,see 536.57

See also 620.11296 for thermal properties of engineering materials536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.201 2 *‡Thermal conductivity 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.201 4 *‡Thermal diffusivity 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.23 *‡Conduction

Class here heat transfer in solids

Class thermal conductivity in 536.2012

For conduction in fluids, see 536.25 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.25 *‡Convection

Class here heat transfer in fluids 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.3 *‡Radiation

Class here absorption, scattering 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.4 *‡Effects of heat on matter

Class here effects of heat that can be readily observed or measured with simple instruments 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.41 *‡Expansion and contraction

Class here coefficients of expansion

Class expansion and contraction in fusion and solidification in 536.42;class expansion and contraction in vaporization and condensation in 536.44536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.412 *‡Gases

For liquefaction and solidification of gases at low temperatures, see 536.56 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.413 *‡Liquids 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.414 *‡Solids 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.42 *‡Fusion (Melting) and solidification

Including freezing and melting points, latent heat of fusion andsolidification

Class comprehensive works on fusion and solidification (536.42) andvaporization and condensation (536.44) in 536.4

32



[.44 *‡Vaporization and condensation

Including boiling points, dew points, latent heat of evaporation andcondensation, liquefaction of gases

For liquefaction of gases at low temperatures, see 536.56 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.5 *‡Temperature

Class here absolute temperature 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536


Including resistance thermometry

Class here thermometry

For measurement at a specific range of temperature, see536.51–536.54 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

> [536.51–536.54*‡Measurement at a specific range of temperature

Class comprehensive works in 536.50287 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.51 *‡Measurement of normal-range temperatures

Including liquid-in-glass thermometry 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.52 *‡Measurement of high temperatures (Pyrometry)

Including thermocouples 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.54 *‡Measurement of low temperatures (Cryometry) 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.56 *‡Cryogenics and low temperatures


Including liquefaction and solidification of gases at low temperatures,properties of matter at low temperatures

Class a specific property of matter at low temperature with the property,e.g., conduction of electricity at low temperatures 537.62 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.560 287 *‡Testing

Do not use for measurement; class in 536.54 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.57 *‡High temperatures

Including properties of matter at high temperature

Class a specific property of matter at high temperature with the property,e.g., conduction of electricity 537.62 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.570 287 *‡Testing

Do not use for measurement; class in 536.52

33

536 Physics 536


[.6 *‡Specific heat

Class here calorimetry, heat capacity

Class heat of transformation in fusion and solidification in 536.42; class heat of transformation in vaporization and condensation in 536.44 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.63 *‡Solids and liquids 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.65 *‡Gases 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.7 *‡Thermodynamics 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536



[.71 *‡Theories

Including Carnot cycle, Joule’s law, Maxwell’s thermodynamic formulas

Class here laws of thermodynamics 536 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 536536 Physics 536

[.73 *‡Entropy 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[537 *‡Electricity and electronics

Standard subdivisions are added for electricity and electronics together, forelectricity alone

Class here electromagnetism

Class interdisciplinary works on electricity in 333.7932

For magnetism, see 538 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537



[.1 *‡Theories 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.12 *‡Wave theories

Class electromagnetic theory of matter in 530.141 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.2 *‡Electrostatics 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.21 *‡Electric charge and potential


Including triboelectricity 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.24 *‡Dielectrics

Including electrets, electrocapillarity, electrostriction 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.243 *‡Dipole moments 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.244 *‡Piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity

See also 548.85 for electrical properties of crystals

34



[.244 6 *‡Piezoelectricity 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.244 8 *‡Ferroelectricity 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.5 *‡Electronics

Including exploding wire phenomena

Class here quantum electronics

For semiconductors, see 537.622 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.52 *‡Disruptive discharges

Including coronas, electric arcs

Class discharge through rarefied gases and vacuums in 537.53 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.53 *‡Discharge through rarefied gases and vacuums 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.532 *‡Ionization of gases

Class comprehensive works on ionization of gases in 530.444 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.534 *‡Radio wave and microwave electronics

Standard subdivisions are added for radio wave and microwaveelectronics together, for radio wave electronics alone

Class here spectroscopy 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.534 2 *‡Long waves 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.534 3 *‡Short waves 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.534 4 *‡Microwaves and ultrahigh-frequency waves 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.535 *‡X-ray and gamma-ray electronics 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.535 2 *‡Spectroscopy

Including Mössbauer spectroscopy and effect

Class a specific application of spectroscopy with the application,e.g., X-ray spectroscopy in chemical analysis 543.62 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.54 *‡Photoelectric phenomena

Including photoconductivity, photoemission, photovoltaic effect 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.56 *‡Electron and ion optics

Standard subdivisions are added for electron and ion optics together, forelectron optics alone 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.6 *‡Electrodynamics (Electric currents) and thermoelectricity

Standard subdivisions are added for electrodynamics and thermoelectricitytogether, for electrodynamics alone 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.62 *‡Electric conductivity and resistance

For dielectrics, see 537.24

35

537 Physics 537


[.622 *‡Semiconductivity

Class here solid-state physics of semiconductors 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.622 1 *‡Structure of semiconductors

Class structure of specific kinds of semiconductors in 537.6223 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.622 3 *‡Kinds of semiconductors

Class diffusion and mass transfer in specific kinds ofsemiconductors in 537.6225; class interactions in and specificproperties of specific kinds of semiconductors in 537.6226 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.622 5 *‡Diffusion and mass transfer in semiconductors

Standard subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.622 6 *‡Interactions in and specific properties of semiconductors

Including effects of beams and electromagnetic fields, Hall effects;adsorption, instabilities, resistivity, tunneling 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.623 *‡Superconductivity

Class here solid-state physics of superconductors

Add to base number 537.623 the numbers following 537.622 in537.6221–537.6226, e.g., ternary superconductors 537.6233 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.624 *‡Thermal effects of currents 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.65 *‡Thermoelectricity 537 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 537537 Physics 537

[.67] *‡Quantum electrodynamics

Relocated to 530.1433 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[538 *‡Magnetism538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.3 *‡Magnetic properties and phenomena


Including hysteresis, magnetic moment and relaxation

Class specific magnetic substances and their characteristic phenomena in 538.4538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.36 *‡Magnetic resonance 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.362 *‡Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

Including nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR), electron-nucleardouble resonance (ENDOR) 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.364 *‡Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)

Variant name: electron spin resonance (ESR)

36



[.4 *‡Magnetic substances and their characteristic phenomena


Class here magnetic induction, natural magnets

Class comprehensive works on specific magnetic phenomena in 538.3 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.42 *‡Diamagnetism 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.43 *‡Paramagnetism 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.44 *‡Ferromagnetism 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.45 *‡Ferrimagnetism 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.6 *‡Magnetohydrodynamics 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.7 *‡Geomagnetism and related phenomena

Standard subdivisions are added for geomagnetism and related phenomenatogether, for geomagnetism alone 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.709 *‡Historical, geographic, persons treatment

Do not use for geographic treatment of magnetic surveys; class in538.78. Do not use for geographic treatment of magnetic observationsat observatories; class in 538.79 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.72 *‡Magnetic fields of solid earth

Class here secular variations

Class transient variations in magnetism of solid earth in 538.74; classobservations of magnetic fields of solid earth at observatories in 538.79

For magnetic surveys, see 538.78 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.727 *‡Paleomagnetism

Class here geomagnetic reversals, paleomagnetic observations atobservatories, paleomagnetic surveys 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.74 **Transient magnetism

For auroras, see 538.768 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.742 **Diurnal variations 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.744 **Magnetic storms 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.746 **Sunspot effects 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.748 **Earth currents 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.76 *‡Magnetosphere, ionosphere, auroras

37

538 Physics 538

*Do not use notation 09 from Table 1 for magnetic observations at permanent observatories; classin 538.79


[.766 *‡Magnetosphere

Including Van Allen radiation belts

Class transient magnetism of magnetosphere in 538.74 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.767 *‡Ionosphere

Class here atmospheric ionization 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.767 2 *‡D region 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.767 3 *‡E region

Variant name: Kennelly-Heaviside layers 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.767 4 *‡F region

Variant name: Appleton layers 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.768 *‡Auroras

Class here northern lights 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.78 *‡Magnetic surveys

For paleomagnetic surveys, see 538.727 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538


Do not use for geographic treatment; class in 538.781–538.789 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538


Add to base number 538.78 notation 1–9 from Table 2, e.g., surveys ofIreland 538.78415 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538

[.79 *‡Magnetic observations at observatories

For paleomagnetic observations at observatories, see 538.727 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538


Do not use for geographic treatment; class in 538.791–538.799 538 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 538538 Physics 538


Add to base number 538.79 notation 1–9 from Table 2, e.g., findingsfrom observatories in Russia 538.7947 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[539 *‡Modern physics

Class here quantum physics

For theories of modern physics, see 530.1; for states of matter, see 530.4; formodern physics of specific forms of energy, see 534–538

38



SUMMARY

[539.01 Philosophy and theory[.1 Structure of matter[.2 Radiation (Radiant energy)[.6 Molecular physics[.7 Atomic and nuclear physics 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539



[.015 1] *‡Mathematical principles


[.1 *‡Structure of matter

For structure of specific states of matter, see 530.4 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.12 *‡Molecular structure

Use 539.12 only for studies of molecular structure without reference tochemical characteristics. Prefer 541.22 if there is discussion of chemicalphenomena 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.14 *‡Atomic structure

For nuclear structure, see 539.74 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.2 *‡Radiation (Radiant energy)

Class here electromagnetic radiation, spectrum, waves

For a specific kind of radiation, see the kind, e.g., ultraviolet radiation535.014, ionizing radiation 539.722 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.6 *‡Molecular physics

Atom-atom and molecule-molecule relationships

Including molecular and vibrational spectra

For molecular structure, see 539.12 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539


Class here comprehensive works on mass spectrometry inphysics

Class interdisciplinary works on mass spectrometry in 543.65

For spectrometry of a specific nonmolecular particle, see theparticle, e.g., atomic spectrometry 539.7 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.7 *‡Atomic and nuclear physics


For atomic structure, see 539.14

39

539 Physics 539


SUMMARY

[539.72 Particle physics; ionizing radiation[.73 Particle acceleration[.74 Nuclear structure[.75 Nuclear activities and interactions[.76 High-energy physics[.77 Detecting and measuring particles and radioactivity 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.72 *‡Particle physics; ionizing radiation

Standard subdivisions are added for particle physics and ionizing radiationtogether, for particle physics alone

Class here antiparticles, relativistic particles

For field and wave theories accounting for fundamental particles, see530.14; for particle acceleration, see 539.73; for nuclear activities andinteractions, see 539.75; for detection and measurement of particlesand radioactivity, see 539.77 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539



[.721 *‡Specific kinds of subatomic particles

Including bosons, fermions, Regge poles

Class subatomic particles considered as a cosmic ray in 539.7223 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539



[.721 1 *‡Leptons

For neutrinos, see 539.7215; for photons, see 539.7217 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.721 12 *‡Electrons

Including beta particles

For beta positrons, see 539.7214

See also 537.5 for electronics 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.721 14 *‡Muons (Mu-mesons) 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.721 2 *‡Nucleons

For neutrons, see 539.7213 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.721 23 *‡Protons

Class here antiprotons

Class protons considered as cosmic rays in 539.7223 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.721 3 *‡Neutrons 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.721 4 *‡Positrons

40



[.721 5 *‡Neutrinos 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.721 6 *‡Hadrons

Class here strange particles and strangeness 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.721 62 *‡Mesons

Including pions (pi-mesons), kaons (K-mesons)

For mu-mesons, see 539.72114 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.721 64 *‡Baryons

Including hyperons

For nucleons, see 539.7212 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.721 67 *‡Quarks

Including quantum flavor

See also 539.7548 for quantum chromodynamics 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.721 7 *‡Photons

See also 539.756 for photonuclear reactions 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.722 *‡Ionizing radiation

For a specific kind of ionizing radiation not provided for here, seethe kind, e.g., alpha particles 539.7232

See also 537.532 for ionization of gases by electron discharge 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.722 2 *‡X and gamma rays

Including bremsstrahlung (secondary X rays), gamma particles

See also 537.535 for X-ray and gamma-ray electronics 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.722 3 *‡Cosmic rays

Class here any particle considered as a cosmic ray 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.723 *‡Nuclei and atoms considered as particles 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.723 2 *‡Nuclei

Including alpha particles, deuterons

Class component particles of nuclei in 539.721; class nucleiconsidered as cosmic rays in 539.7223; class nuclear structure in539.74 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.723 4 *‡Heavy ions

41

539 Physics 539


[.725 *‡Particle characteristics

Including angular momentum, charge, energy levels, orbits, spin,symmetry, supersymmetry

Class characteristics of a specific particle with the particle, e.g., orbitsof electrons 539.72112, strangeness of strange particles 539.7216

For supergravity, comprehensive works on supergravity andsupersymmetry, see 530.1423; for magnetic properties, see 538.3539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.725 8 *‡String theory

Class here superstring theory 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.73 *‡Particle acceleration

Including bombardment, particle beams 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.732 *‡High-voltage accelerators

Including Van de Graaff electrostatic generators 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.733 *‡Resonance accelerators

Including cyclotrons, linear accelerators 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.734 *‡Induction accelerators

Including betatrons 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.735 *‡Synchronous accelerators

Including synchro-cyclotrons and synchrotrons (betatron-synchrotrons)539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.736 *‡Supercolliders

Class here superconducting supercolliders 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.737 *‡Acceleration of specific particles

Class acceleration of specific particles in specific accelerators in539.732–539.736 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539



[.737 1–.737 7 *‡Specific particles

Add to base number 539.737 the numbers following 539.721 in539.7211–539.7217, e.g., proton acceleration 539.73723 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.74 *‡Nuclear structure

Class here isotope and nuclide structure, nuclear models 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.742 *‡Liquid-drop model 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.743 *‡Shell model 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.744 *‡Interpretation through spectroscopy

42



[.75 *‡Nuclear activities and interactions


Including annihilation, capture, coupling, creation

For ionizations of gases, see 530.444; for high-energy physics, see539.76

See Manual at 530.416 vs. 539.75 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.752 *‡Natural radioactivity

Including half-life

Class here decay schemes, radioactive substances (radioelements),radioisotopes, radionuclides; comprehensive works on radioactivity

For artificial radioactivity, see 539.753 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.752 028 7] *‡Testing and measurement


[.752 2 *‡Alpha decay 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.752 3 *‡Beta decay 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.752 4 *‡Gamma decay 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.753 *‡Artificial radioactivity

Including radioactive fallout

See also 363.738 for pollution from radioactive fallout 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.753 028 7] *‡Testing and measurement


[.754 *‡Fundamental interactions

Including gravitational interaction, gravitational waves

Class field theories covering fundamental interactions in 530.14

See also 531.14 for gravity 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.754 4 *‡Weak interaction

For beta decay, see 539.7523 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.754 6 *‡Electromagnetic interaction 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.754 8 *‡Strong interaction

Including quantum chromodynamics 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.756 *‡Photonuclear reactions 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.757 *‡Collision 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.758 *‡Scattering

43

539 Physics 539


[.76 *‡High-energy physics

Class high-energy levels of particles in 539.725 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.762 *‡Nuclear fission 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.764 *‡Nuclear fusion (Thermonuclear reaction) 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.77 *‡Detecting and measuring particles and radioactivity

Class here radiation measurement 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.772 *‡Ionization chambers 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.773 *‡Proportional counters 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.774 *‡Geiger-Müller counters 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.775 *‡Scintillation counters 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.776 *‡Crystal conduction counters 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.777 *‡Wilson cloud chambers 539 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 539539 Physics 539

[.778 *‡Photography 540 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 540540 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 540

[540 *‡Chemistry and allied sciencesStandard subdivisions are added for chemistry and allied sciences together, forchemistry alone

Class cosmochemistry in 523.02 540 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 540540 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 540

SUMMARY

[540.1–.9 Standard subdivisions[541 Physical chemistry[542 Techniques, procedures, apparatus, equipment, materials[543 Analytical chemistry[546 Inorganic chemistry[547 Organic chemistry[548 Crystallography[549 Mineralogy 540 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 540540 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 540


Do not use for theoretical chemistry; class in 541.2 540 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 540540 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 540

[.11 *‡Alchemy and systems 540 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 540540 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 540

[.112 *‡Alchemy 540 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 540540 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 540

[.113 *‡Systems

Add to base number 540.113 the numbers following 003 in003.1–003.8, e.g., computer modeling and simulation 540.1133 540 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 540540 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 540

[.118] *‡Phlogiston theory

Number discontinued; class in 540.1

44


540 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 540540 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 540

[.28] *‡Auxiliary techniques and procedures; apparatus, equipment, materials

Do not use; class in 542 540 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 540540 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 540

[.7 *‡Education, research, related topics 540 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 540540 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 540

[.72 *‡Research; statistical methods

Do not use for laboratories; class in 542.1 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

> [541–547*‡Chemistry

Class comprehensive works in 540 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[541 *‡Physical chemistry

Inorganic and combined inorganic-organic chemistry

Class physical crystallography in 548

For physical chemistry of specific kinds of inorganic chemicals, see 546; forphysical chemistry of organic compounds, see 547

See Manual at 541 vs. 546 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

SUMMARY

[541.01–.09 Standard subdivisions and special topics[.2 Theoretical chemistry[.3 Miscellaneous topics in physical chemistry[.7 Optical activity 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.01–.03 *‡Standard subdivisions [formerly also 541.301–541.303] 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.04 *‡Special topics of physical chemistry 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.042 *‡Chemistry of states of matter

Add to base number 541.042 the numbers following 530.4 in530.41–530.44, e.g., solid-state chemistry 541.0421 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.05–.09 *‡Standard subdivisions [formerly also 541.305–541.309] 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.2 *‡Theoretical chemistry 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.22 *‡Molecular structure

For molecular structure studied without reference to chemicalcharacteristics, see 539.12; for quantum chemistry, see 541.28 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.220 212 *‡Formulas [formerly also 541.221] and specifications 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.221] *‡Formulas

Relocated to 541.220212 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.222 *‡Molecular weights

45

540 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 540


[.223 *‡Stereochemistry

Class comprehensive works on stereochemistry in 547.1223

For structural variations, see 541.225 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.224 *‡Chemical bonds, valence, radicals

Standard subdivisions are added for chemical bonds, valence, radicalstogether; for chemical bonds alone; for valence alone

Class bond angles and distances in 541.223 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.224 2 *‡Coordination chemistry

Including ligands

Class chelates in 547.59044242 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.225 *‡Structural variations 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.225 2 *‡Isomers

Class here tautomerism

Class comprehensive works on isomers in 547.12252 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.225 4 *‡Polymers

Class comprehensive works on polymerization in 547.28; classcomprehensive works on polymers in 547.7 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.226 *‡Intermolecular forces

Class here supramolecular chemistry

Class comprehensive works on supramolecular chemistry in 547.1226541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.24 *‡Atomic structure

Periodic law and periodicity relocated to 546.8 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.242 *‡Atomic weight

Class here atomic mass and number 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.26 *‡Stoichiometry 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.28 *‡Quantum chemistry

Including molecular and atomic orbitals

Class radiochemistry in 541.38 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.3 *‡Miscellaneous topics in physical chemistry

Limited to topics named below

Use of this number for for comprehensive works on physical chemistrydiscontinued; class in 541

46



SUMMARY

[541.33 Surface chemistry[.34 Solution chemistry[.35 Photochemistry[.36 Thermochemistry and thermodynamics[.37 Electrochemistry and magnetochemistry[.38 Radiochemistry[.39 Chemical reactions 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541


Relocated to 541.01–541.09 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.33 *‡Surface chemistry

Including absorption, adhesion

Class surface chemical reactions in 541.39 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.335 *‡Adsorption

Including chemisorption 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.34 *‡Solution chemistry

For electrolytic solutions, see 541.372 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.341 *‡Properties of solutions 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.341 3 *‡Mechanical properties 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.341 4 *‡Optical properties 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.341 5 *‡Colligative properties

Including effect of osmotic pressure 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.341 6 *‡Thermal properties 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.342 *‡Solutions by type of solvent

Class here solubility

Class properties of specific type of solvent in 541.341 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.342 2 *‡Aqueous solutions 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.342 3 *‡Nonaqueous solutions 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.345 *‡Colloid chemistry 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.345 1 *‡Specific types of colloids 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541


Do not use; class in 541.34501–541.34509 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.345 13 *‡Matter dispersed in solids

Including gels, solid foams

47



[.345 14 *‡Hydrosols

Including emulsions, foams, froths, lathers

Class solid foams in 541.34513 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.345 15 *‡Aerosols

Including fogs, mists, smokes 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.348 *‡Solution components 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.348 2 *‡Solvents 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.348 3 *‡Solutes 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.348 5 *‡Precipitates

Including Liesegang rings 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.35 *‡Photochemistry

Including chemiluminescence

For bioluminescence, see 572.4358 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.351 *‡Energy transformations 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.353 *‡Photochemical reactions due to specific radiation 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541


Do not use; class in 541.3501–541.3509 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.353 2 *‡Infrared radiation 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.353 3 *‡Visible light 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.353 4 *‡Ultraviolet radiation 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.36 *‡Thermochemistry and thermodynamics

Standard subdivisions are added for thermochemistry and thermodynamicstogether, for thermochemistry alone 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

> [541.361–541.368*‡Thermochemistry

Class comprehensive works in 541.36 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.361 *‡Combustion

Including explosion, flame, ignition 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.362 *‡Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Including latent heat

For combustion, see 541.361

48



[.363 *‡Changes of state (Phase transformations)

Including Gibbs’ phase rule

Class interdisciplinary works on phase transformations in 530.474

For latent heat, see 541.362

See also 541.042 for chemistry of specific states of matter 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.364 *‡Thermal dissociation 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.368 *‡Reactions under temperature extremes 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.368 6 *‡Low temperatures

Reactions below -100° C 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.368 7 *‡High temperatures 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.369 *‡Thermodynamics 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.37 *‡Electrochemistry and magnetochemistry

Standard subdivisions are added for electrochemistry andmagnetochemistry together, for electrochemistry alone 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

> [541.372–541.377*‡Electrochemistry


[.372 *‡Electrolytic solutions

Including electrodialysis, electrolyte conductivity, electrophoresis

Class here ions

For nonelectrical properties, see 541.374 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.372 2 *‡Ionization (Electrolytic dissociation) 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.372 3 *‡Ion exchange and ionic equilibriums

Standard subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.372 4 *‡Electrodes and electrode phenomena

Standard subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.372 8 *‡Hydrogen-ion concentration

Class here pH 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.374 *‡Nonelectrical properties of electrolytic solutions

Add to base number 541.374 the numbers following 541.341 in541.3413–541.3416, e.g., optical properties 541.3744 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.377 *‡Semiconductors 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.378 *‡Magnetochemistry

49



[.38 *‡Radiochemistry

Class here nuclear chemistry

Class quantum chemistry in 541.28 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.382 *‡Radiation chemistry

Class here radiolysis 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.388 *‡Isotopes 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.388 4 *‡Radioisotopes 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.39 *‡Chemical reactions

Including addition, condensation, hydrolysis, polymerization, substitution

Class here synthesis

Class thermochemistry of reactions in 541.36; class comprehensive workson polymerization in 547.28 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.392 *‡Chemical equilibrium 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.393 *‡Oxidation-reduction reaction (Redox reaction)

Class here oxidation, reduction

Use of this number for specific reactions other than oxidation-reduction reaction discontinued; class in 541.39 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.394 *‡Reaction kinetics

Class kinetics of oxidation-reduction reaction in 541.393

For catalysis, see 541.395 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.395 *‡Catalysis 541 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 541541 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

[.7 *‡Optical activity

Including optical rotation 542 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 542542 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 542

[542 *‡Techniques, procedures, apparatus, equipment, materials

Of inorganic and combined inorganic-organic chemistry

Standard subdivisions are added for any or all topics in heading

Class techniques, procedures, apparatus, equipment, materials used in a specificapplication with the application, e.g., techniques and equipment for chemicalanalysis 543 542 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 542542 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 542

[.1 *‡Laboratories

Class containers and accessory equipment in 542.2; class specific techniquesand procedures of laboratories in 542.3–542.8

50



[.2 *‡Containers and accessory equipment

Standard subdivisions are added for containers and accessory equipmenttogether, for containers alone

Including crucibles, test tubes

Class containers and accessory equipment for specific techniques andprocedures in 542.3–542.8 542 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 542542 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 542

> [542.3–542.8*‡Specific techniques and procedures

Class here apparatus, equipment, materials used in specific techniques andprocedures


[.3 *‡Testing and measuring


For gas measuring, see 542.7; for analytical chemistry, see 543 542 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 542542 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 542

[.4 *‡Heating and distilling

Standard subdivisions are added for heating and distilling together, for heatingalone

Including blowpipes 542 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 542542 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 542

[.6 *‡Filtering and dialysis


Class dialysis in chemical analysis in 543.2 542 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 542542 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 542

[.7 *‡Gas production, processing, measuring 542 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 542542 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 542

[.8 *‡Auxiliary techniques and procedures, electrical and electronicequipment

Add to base number 542.8 the numbers following —028 in notation0284–0289 from Table 1, e.g., electrical and electronic equipment 542.84;however, for comprehensive works on apparatus, equipment, materials, see542; for testing and measurement, see 542.3

51



[543 *‡Analytical chemistry

Of inorganic or organic chemicals in general

Class here specific qualitative techniques [formerly 544], specific quantitativetechniques [formerly 545], analytical chemistry of metals in general [formerly546.3], specific techniques of analytic organic chemistry [formerly 547.3]

Unless other instructions are given, class a subject with aspects in two or moresubdivisions of 543 in the number coming last, e.g., chromatography in organicchemical analysis 543.8 (not 543.17)

For analytical chemistry of specific elements, compounds, mixtures, groupings (other than metals and metallic compounds in general), see 546; for analytical chemistry of specific organic compounds, see 547 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.001] *‡Philosophy and theory


[.002] *‡Miscellany



Relocated to 543.03–543.06 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.007] *‡Education, research, related activities


[.008] *‡History and description with respect to kinds of persons


[.009] *‡Historical, geographic, persons treatment


[.01 *‡Philosophy and theory [formerly 543.001]

Reagents relocated to 543.0284 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.02 *‡Miscellany [formerly 543.002]

Sample preparation relocated to 543.19 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543


Including reagents [formerly 543.01]

Do not use for apparatus and equipment; class in 543.19 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.03–.06 *‡Standard subdivisions [formerly 543.003–543.006] 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.07 *‡Education, research, related topics [formerly 543.007]

Instrumentation relocated to 543.19 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.08 *‡History and description with respect to kinds of persons [formerly543.008]

Specific methods relocated to 543.2–543.8

52



[.09 *‡Historical, geographic, persons treatment [formerly 543.009] 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.1 *‡General topics in analytical chemistry

Including qualitative analysis [formerly 544], quantitative analysis [formerly545] 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.17 *‡Analytical organic chemistry [formerly 547.3] 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.19 *‡Techniques of general application

Including sample preparation [formerly 543.02]

Class here instrumentation [formerly 543.07] 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

> [543.2–543.8*‡Specific methods [formerly 543.08]

Class comprehensive works in in 543 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.2 *‡Classical methods

Not provided for elsewhere

Including diffusion methods, gravimetric analysis 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.22 *‡Microchemistry (Microanalysis)

Including microscopic analysis, spot tests 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.24 *‡Volumetric analysis

Class here titration 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.26 *‡Thermal analysis

Including thermogravimetry 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.4 *‡Electrochemical analysis

Including coulometry, electrophoresis, polarography 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.5 *‡Optical spectroscopy (Spectrum analysis)

Class here atomic and ultraviolet spectroscopy, interdisciplinary works onspectroscopy

For spectroscopy in physics, see 535.84; for spectroscopic interpretation of chemical structure, see 541.2; for nonoptical spectroscopy, see 543.6 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.52 *‡Atomic emission spectroscopy

Including flame emission spectroscopy 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.54 *‡Molecular spectroscopy 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.55 *‡Spectrophotometry

Class here colorimetry 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.56 *‡Luminescence spectroscopy

Class here fluorescence spectroscopy

53



[.57 *‡Infrared and Raman spectroscopy

Standard subdivisions are added for infrared and Raman spectroscopytogether, for infrared spectroscopy alone 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.59 *‡Methods based on refraction, interference, scattering

Including interferometry, polariscopic analysis, refractometry

For Raman spectroscopy, see 543.57 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.6 *‡Nonoptical spectroscopy

Including gamma-ray, microwave spectroscopy

Class here nuclear spectroscopy 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.62 *‡X-ray and electron spectroscopy

Standard subdivisions are added for X-ray and electron spectroscopytogether, for X-ray spectroscopy alone 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.63 *‡Radiochemical analysis

Including nuclear activation analysis 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.65 *‡Mass spectrometry (Mass spectroscopy) 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.66 *‡Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.67 *‡Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

Variant name :electron spin resonance spectroscopy 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.8 *‡Chromatography 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.82 *‡Ion-exchange chromatography 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.84 *‡Liquid chromatography

Including paper and thin-layer chromatography 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.85 *‡Gas chromatography 543 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 543543 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 543

[.86 *‡Supercritical fluid chromatography

Variant name: supercritical gas chromatography 544 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 544544 544

[544] *‡Qualitative analysis

Comprehensive works on qualitative analysis relocated to 543.1; specificqualitative techniques relocated to the technique in 543, e.g., diffusion methods543.2 545 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 545545 545

[545] *‡Quantitative analysis

Comprehensive works on quantitative analysis relocated to 543.1; specificquantitative techniques relocated to the technique in 543, e.g., volumetricanalysis 543.24

54



[546 *‡Inorganic chemistry

Class here general topics of chemistry applied to specific elements, compounds,mixtures, groupings; comprehensive works on inorganic and organic chemistry of specific elements, compounds, mixtures, groupings

Specific compounds are classed with the first element named, except thathydrogen is disregarded for acids

Add to each subdivision identified by * as follows: >1–3 The element, compounds, mixtures

Class theoretical, physical, analytical chemistry of the element,compounds, mixtures in 4–6; class comprehensive works in basenumber for the element in 546.3–546.7

[1 The element[2 Compounds

Names of compounds usually end in -ide or one of the suffixes listedin 22 and 24 below

For organo compounds, see 547.01–547.08[22 Acids and bases

Names of acids usually end in -ic or -ous[24 Salts

Names of salts frequently end in -ate or -ite[25 Complex compounds[3 Molecular and colloidal mixtures

Class here alloys[4 Theoretical chemistry

Add to 4 the numbers following 541.2 in 541.22–541.28, e.g.,molecular structure 42Class comprehensive works on physical chemistry in 5

[5 Physical chemistryAdd to 5 the numbers following 541.3 in 541.33–541.39, e.g.,radiochemistry 58

For theoretical chemistry, see 4[6 Analytical chemistry[64–65] Qualitative and quantitative analysis

Notation discontinued; class in 6

Class physical chemistry applied to inorganic chemistry as a whole in 541

For organic chemistry of specific elements, compounds, mixtures, groupings,see 547

See Manual at 541 vs. 546; also at 549 vs. 546 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

SUMMARY

[546.2 Hydrogen and its compounds[.3 Metals, metallic compounds, alloys[.4 Group 3[.5 Groups 4, 5, 6, 7[.6 Groups 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14[.7 Groups 15, 16, 17, 18[.8 Periodic law and table

55



[.2 *‡Hydrogen and its compounds

Standard subdivisions are added for hydrogen and its compounds together, forhydrogen compounds alone

Class here hydrogen chemistry

Class the element hydrogen studied by itself in 546.21 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.21 *‡The element 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.212 *‡Deuterium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.213 *‡Tritium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

> [546.22–546.24*‡Hydrogen compounds


For bases, see 546.32 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.22 *‡Water

Including deuterium oxide (heavy water) 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.224 *‡Theoretical chemistry

Class comprehensive works on physical chemistry in 546.225 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.224 2–.224 8] *‡Specific topics in theoretical chemistry

Numbers discontinued; class in 546.224 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.225 *‡Physical chemistry

For theoretical chemistry, see 546.224 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.225 3–.225 9] *‡Specific topics in physical chemistry


[.226 *‡Analytical chemistry 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.24 *‡Acids

For a specific acid, see the distinguishing element, plus notation 22from table under 546, e.g., hydrochloric acid 546.73222 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.25 *‡Theoretical chemistry of hydrogen

Class comprehensive works on physical chemistry of hydrogen in 546.26546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.252–.258] *‡Specific topics in theoretical chemistry


[.26 *‡Physical chemistry of hydrogen

For theoretical chemistry of hydrogen, see 546.25 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.263–.269] *‡Specific topics in physical chemistry

Numbers discontinued; class in 546.26

56



[.3 *‡Metals, metallic compounds, alloys


Analytical chemistry of metals in general relocated to 543

Class metallic elements studied collectively in 546.31; class physical andchemical metallurgy in 669.9; class interdisciplinary works on metals in 669

For metals of groups other than 1 and 2, see 546.4–546.7; fororganometallic compounds, see 547.05 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.31 *‡Metallic elements

For a specific metal treated as an element, see the metal in546.38–546.7, plus notation 1 from table under 546, e.g., the elementiron 546.6211 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.32 *‡Bases

For bases of a specific metal, see the metal in 546.38–546.7, plusnotation 22 from table under 546, e.g., bases of iron 546.62122 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.34 *‡Salts

For salts of a specific metal, see the metal in 546.38–546.7, plusnotation 24 from table under 546, e.g., salts of iron 546.62124

See also 546.38224 for table salt 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.342–.345] *‡Specific kinds of salts


> [546.38–546.39*‡Alkali and alkaline-earth metals


[.38 *‡Alkali metals (Group 1)

Class here comprehensive works on alkali and alkaline-earth metals

For alkaline-earth metals, see 546.39 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.381 **Lithium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.382 **Sodium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.383 **Potassium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.384 **Rubidium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.385 **Cesium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.386 **Francium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.39 *‡Alkaline-earth metals (Group 2) 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.391 **Beryllium

57


*Add as instructed under 546


[.392 **Magnesium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.393 **Calcium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.394 **Strontium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.395 **Barium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.396 **Radium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.4 *‡Group 3 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.400 1–.400 9 *‡Standard subdivisions 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.401 **Scandium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.403 **Yttrium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.41 *‡Rare earth elements (Lanthanide series) 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.411 **Lanthanum 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.412 **Cerium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.413 *‡Praseodymium and neodymium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.414 **Promethium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.415 *‡Samarium and europium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.416 *‡Gadolinium and terbium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.417 *‡Dysprosium and holmium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.418 *‡Erbium and thulium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.419 *‡Ytterbium and lutetium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.42 *‡Actinide series

For uranium, see 546.431; for transuranium elements, see 546.44 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.421 **Actinium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.422 **Thorium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.424 **Protactinium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.43 *‡Uranium, neptunium, plutonium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.431 **Uranium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.432 **Neptunium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.434 **Plutonium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.44 *‡Transuranium elements

For neptunium, see 546.432; for plutonium, see 546.434; forrutherfordium, see 546.51; for dubnium, see 546.52; for seaborgium,see 546.53; for bohrium, see 546.54; for darmstadtium, hassium,meitnerium, see 546.62; for roentgenium, see 546.65

58




[.441 *‡Americium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.442 *‡Curium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.444 *‡Berkelium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.448 *‡Californium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.449 *‡Other transuranium elements

Including einsteinium, fermium, lawrencium, mendelevium, nobelium,seaborgium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.5 *‡Groups 4, 5, 6, 7 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.51 *‡Titanium group (Group 4)

Including rutherfordium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.512 **Titanium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.513 **Zirconium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.514 **Hafnium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.52 *‡Vanadium group (Group 5)

Including dubnium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.522 **Vanadium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.524 **Niobium (Columbium) 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.526 **Tantalum 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.53 *‡Chromium group (Group 6)

Including seaborgium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.532 **Chromium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.534 **Molybdenum 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.536 **Tungsten 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.54 *‡Manganese group (Group 7)

Including bohrium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.541 **Manganese 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.543 **Technetium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.545 **Rhenium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.6 *‡Groups 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14

Class here comprehensive works on transition metals

For group 3, see 546.4; for groups 4, 5, 6, 7, see 546.5

59




[.62 *‡Groups 8, 9, 10

Former heading: Iron, cobalt, nickel


Including darmstadtium, hassium, meitnerium

For platinum metals, see 546.63 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.621 **Iron 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.623 **Cobalt 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.625 **Nickel 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.63 *‡Platinum metals

For osmium, iridium, platinum, see 546.64 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.632 **Ruthenium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.634 **Rhodium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.636 **Palladium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.64 *‡Osmium, iridium, platinum 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.641 **Osmium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.643 **Iridium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.645 **Platinum

Class comprehensive works on platinum metals in 546.63 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.65 *‡Group 11

Including roentgenium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.652 **Copper 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.654 **Silver 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.656 **Gold 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546


[.661 **Zinc 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.662 **Cadmium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.663 **Mercury 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546


[.671 **Boron 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.673 **Aluminum 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.675 **Gallium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.677 **Indium

60




[.678 **Thallium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546


[.681 **Carbon 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.681 2 *‡Carbon compounds

Number built according to instructions under 546

Use this number for carbon oxides, carbonates, metal carbonyls,carbon halides when treated as inorganic compounds. Class othercarbon compounds, comprehensive works on carbon compounds, in547 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.683 **Silicon 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.684 **Germanium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.686 **Tin 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.688 **Lead 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.7 *‡Groups 15, 16, 17, 18

Class here nonmetals

For a specific nonmetallic element not provided for here, see the element,e.g., silicon 546.683 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546


[.711 **Nitrogen 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.712 **Phosphorus 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.715 **Arsenic 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.716 **Antimony 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.718 **Bismuth 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.72 *‡Chalcogens (Group 16) 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.721 **Oxygen 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.723 **Sulfur 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.724 **Selenium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.726 **Tellurium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.728 **Polonium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.73 *‡Halogens (Group 17) 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.731 **Fluorine 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.732 **Chlorine 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.733 **Bromine

61




[.734 **Iodine 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.735 **Astatine 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.75 *‡Noble gases (Group 18)

Variant names: inert, rare gases 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.751 **Helium 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.752 **Neon 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.753 **Argon 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.754 **Krypton 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.755 **Xenon 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.756 **Radon 546 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 546546 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 546

[.8 *‡Periodic law [formerly 541.24] and table

Class here periodicity [formerly 541.24]

Class comprehensive works on atomic structure in 541.24 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[547 *‡Organic chemistry

Class here biochemicals when not considered in their biological context

Add to each subdivision identified by * as follows:[04 Special topics[044 Theoretical chemistry

Add to 044 the numbers following 541.2 in 541.22–541.28, e.g., molecular structure 0442Class comprehensive works on physical chemistry in 045

[045 Physical chemistry[0453–0458 Specific topics of physical chemistry

Add to 045 the numbers following 541.3 in 541.33–541.38,e.g., solution chemistry 0454

For theoretical chemistry, see 044[0459] Chemical reactions

Relocated to 547.2[046 Analytical chemistry[0464–0465] Qualitative and quantitative analysis

Notation discontinued; class in 046

Class interdisciplinary works on biochemicals in 572

For biochemistry, see 572

62




SUMMARY

[547.001–.009 Standard subdivisions[.01–.08 Kinds of compounds identified by component elements[.1 Physical and theoretical chemistry[.2 Organic chemical reactions[.4 Aliphatic compounds[.5 Cyclic compounds[.6 Aromatic compounds[.7 Macromolecules and related compounds[.8 Other organic substances 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547


Do not use for theoretical organic chemistry; class in 547.12 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.002–.009 *‡Standard subdivisions 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

> [547.01–547.08*‡Kinds of compounds identified by component elements

Unless other instructions are given, class a subject with aspects in two or moresubdivisions of 547.01–547.08 in the number coming last, e.g., sulfonamides547.067 (not 547.042)

Chemical reactions of compounds identified by component elements relocatedto 547.2

Class kinds of compounds identified by structure and function in 547.4–547.8;class comprehensive works in 547 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.01 **Hydrocarbons 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.02 **Halocarbons 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.03 **Oxy and hydroxy compounds 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.031 **Alcohols 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.035 **Ethers 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.036 **Aldehydes and ketones

Subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.037 **Acids 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.038 **Esters 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.04 **Organonitrogen compounds 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.041 **Nitro and nitroso compounds 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.042 **Amines and amides


[.043 **Azo compounds

63




[.044 **Nitriles and isonitriles


[.05 **Organometallic compounds 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.053–.057 *‡Specific organometallic compounds

Add to base number 547.05 the numbers following 546 in 546.3–546.7for the element only, e.g., organozinc compounds 547.05661; then addfurther as instructed under 547, e.g., analytic chemistry of organozinccompounds 547.05661046; however, for organophosphoruscompounds, see 547.07; for organosilicon compounds, see 547.08 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.06 **Organosulfur compounds 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.061 **Sulfides 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.063 **Hydrosulfides 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.064 **Thio acids 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.065 *‡Oxy derivatives of sulfides

Including sulfones, sulfoxides, thioaldehydes, thioketones 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.066 **Sulfinic acids 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.067 **Sulfonic acids 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.07 **Organophosphorus compounds 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.071–.077] *‡Specific organophosphorus compounds


[.08 **Organosilicon compounds 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.1 *‡Physical and theoretical chemistry

Add to base number 547.1 the numbers following 541 in 541.2–541.3, e.g.,stereochemistry 547.1223; however, organic chemical reactions relocated from547.139 to 547.2

Class physical and theoretical chemistry of specific kinds of compoundsidentified by component elements in 547.01–547.08; class physical andtheoretical chemistry of kinds of compounds identified by structure andfunction in 547.4–547.8 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.2 *‡Organic chemical reactions [formerly 547.139]

Class here chemical reactions of compounds identified by component elements [formerly also 547.01–547.08, plus notation 0459 from table under 547],chemical reactions of compounds identified by structure and function [formerly also 547.4–547.8, plus notation 0459 from table under 547], addition, synthesis547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.21 *‡General topics in chemical reactions

Use of this number for acylation and alkylation discontinued; class in 547.2

Aromatization relocated to 547.27

64




[.212 *‡Chemical equilibrium 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.214 *‡Reaction kinetics

For catalysis, see 547.215 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.215 *‡Catalysis 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.22] *‡Halogenation, hydroxy addition and substitution

Use of this number for hydroxy addition and substitution discontinued;class in 547.2 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.223] *‡Halogenation


[.225] *‡Hydrolysis and saponification

Use of this number for hydrolysis discontinued; class in 547.2

Saponification relocated to 547.27 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.23 *‡Oxidation-reduction reaction (Redox reaction)

Including hydrogenation

Class here oxidation, reduction 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.24] *‡Esterification


[.25] *‡Amination and diazotization


[.26] *‡Nitration and nitrosation


[.27 *‡Reactions producing specific kinds of organic compounds

Including aromatization [formerly 547.21], halogenation [formerly547.223], saponification [formerly 547.225, 547.7704593], esterification[formerly 547.24], amination and diazotization [both formerly 547.25],nitration and nitrosation [both formerly 547.26], sulfonation

Class comprehensive works on a specific kind of organic compoundidentified by its component element and the reaction producing it with thekind in 547.01–547.08, e.g., halocarbons and halogenation 547.02; classcomprehensive works on a specific kind of organic compound and thereactions producing it with the kind in 547.4–547.8, e.g., aromaticcompounds and aromatization 547.6

For polymerization, see 547.28 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.28 *‡Polymerization

Use of this number for comprehensive works on organic condensationdiscontinued; class in 547.2

Class comprehensive works on polymers and polymerization in 547.7

65



[.29 *‡Fermentation 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.3] *‡Analytical organic chemistry

Comprehensive works on analytic organic chemistry relocated to 543.17;specific techniques in analytic organic chemistry relocated to the technique in543, e.g., spectroscopy in organic chemistry 543.5 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

> [547.4–547.8*‡Kinds of compounds identified by structure andfunction

Chemical reactions of compounds identified by structure and functionrelocated to 547.2


[.4 **Aliphatic compounds

Unless other instructions are given, class a subject with aspects in two or moresubdivisions of 547.4 in the number coming last, e.g., aliphatic sulfonamides547.467 (not 547.442)

Class aliphatic macromolecular compounds in 547.7 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547


[.411 **Paraffins (Alkanes)

See also 547.77 for paraffin wax 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.412 **Olefins (Alkenes) 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.413 **Acetylenes (Alkynes) 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.42–.48 *‡Other compounds

Add to base number 547.4 the numbers following 547.0 in 547.02–547.08,e.g., carboxylic acids 547.437

For proteins, see 547.7 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.5 **Cyclic compounds

Class here alicyclic compounds

For aromatic compounds, see 547.6 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

> [547.51–547.58*‡Alicyclic compounds

Unless other instructions are given, class a subject with aspects in two or moresubdivisions of 547.51–547.58 in the number coming last, e.g., alicyclicsulfonamides 547.567 (not 547.542)


66





[.51 **Alicyclic hydrocarbons 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.511 **Cycloparaffins 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.512 **Cycloolefins 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.513 **Cycloacetylenes 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.52–.58 *‡Other alicyclic compounds

Add to base number 547.5 the numbers following 547.0 in 547.02–547.08,e.g., alicyclic halocarbons 547.52 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.59 **Heterocyclic compounds 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.592 **Hetero oxygen compounds

Including furans, oxazoles, pyrans 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.593 **Hetero nitrogen compounds

Including chlorophylls, diazines, imidazoles, porphyrins, pyrazoles,pyridines, pyrroles 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.594 **Hetero sulfur compounds

Including thiazoles, thiophenes 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.595 *‡Compounds with two or more different hetero atoms

Including oxazines, oxdiazines, oxdiazoles 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.596 **Fused heterocyclic compounds

Including purines, quinolines 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.6 **Aromatic compounds

Unless other instructions are given, class a subject with aspects in two or moresubdivisions of 547.6 in the number coming last, e.g., aromatic sulfonamides547.667 (not 547.642) 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547


[.611 **Benzenes 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.613 **Polyphenyl hydrocarbons

Including diphenyl hydrocarbons 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.615 **Fused hydrocarbons

Including naphthalenes

For anthracenes, see 547.616 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.616 **Anthracenes 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.62 **Halogenated compounds

67





[.63 **Oxy and hydroxy compounds


[.631 **Alcohols

Class phenols in 547.632 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.632 **Phenols

Including monohydric hydroxy aromatics 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.633 **Polyhydroxy aromatics

Including dihydroxy and trihydroxy aromatics, catechols,hydroquinones, resorcinols 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.635 **Ethers 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.636 **Aldehydes and ketones


[.637 **Acids 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.638 **Esters 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.64–.68 *‡Other aromatic compounds

Add to base number 547.6 the numbers following 547.0 in 547.04–547.08,e.g., aromatic amines 547.642 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.7 **Macromolecules and related compounds

Including alkaloids, antibiotics, hormones, nucleic acids, proteins, steroids,vitamins

Class here macromolecules when not considered in their biological context;comprehensive works on polymers

Subdivisions are added for macromolecules and related compounds, formacromolecules alone

Class interdisciplinary works on macromolecules in 572

For inorganic polymers, see 541.2254; for fossil substances, see 547.82;for comprehensive works on high polymers, see 547.84; for dyes andpigments, see 547.86

See also 668.9 for synthetic polymers 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.71 *‡Terpenes and essential oils

Including camphors 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.72–.76] *‡Alkaloids, antibiotics, hormones, proteins, steroids, vitamins

Numbers discontinued; class in 547.7

68




[.77 **Lipids

Including waxes

Class here fats

Class steroids in 547.7

For essential oils, see 547.71

See also 547.411 for paraffin hydrocarbons 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.770 459 3] *‡Saponification


[.78 **Carbohydrates

Including sugars, starches, gums 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.781–.783] *‡Specific kinds of carbohydrates


[.79] *‡Nucleic acids

Number discontinued; class in 547.7 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.8 *‡Other organic substances 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.82 **Fossil substances

Including coal tar

Class a specific compound derived from a fossil substance with thecompound, e.g., synthetic rubber 678.72

For petroleum, see 547.83 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.83 **Petroleum 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.84 **High polymers

Class high polymers of a specific chemical group with the group, e.g.,starches 547.78 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.842 **Elastomers 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.842 5 **Latexes 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.842 6 **Rubber 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.843 **Flexible polymers 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.843 4 **Resins 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.86 **Dyes and pigments

Standard subdivisions are added for dyes and pigments together, for dyesalone 547 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 547547 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 547

[.869 **Pigments

69




[548 *‡Crystallography

Class crystallographic mineralogy in 549.18; class comprehensive works onsolid-state physics in 530.41

See Manual at 548 vs. 530.41; also at 549 vs. 548 548 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 548548 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 548

[.015 1 *‡Mathematical principles

Do not use for mathematical crystallography; class in 548.7 548 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 548548 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 548

[.3 *‡Chemical crystallography

Relationship between structure and bonding

Including isomorphism, polymorphism, pseudomorphism 548 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 548548 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 548

[.5 *‡Crystallization

Class here crystal growth 548 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 548548 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 548

[.7 *‡Mathematical crystallography

Measurement and calculation of angles

Class geometric crystallography in 548.81 548 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 548548 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 548

[.8 *‡Physical and structural crystallography

Standard subdivisions are added for physical and structural crystallographytogether, for physical crystallography alone 548 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 548548 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 548

[.81 *‡Structural crystallography

Class here crystal lattices, geometrical crystallography

Class structural crystallography of a specific substance with the substance,e.g., structural chemistry of silicates 549.6

For diffraction methods, see 548.83 548 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 548548 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 548

[.810 151 *‡Mathematical principles

Do not use for mathematical crystallography; class in 548.7548 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 548548 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 548

[.83 *‡Diffraction crystallography

Including crystallograms

Class optical methods of crystal study in 548.9 548 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 548548 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 548

> [548.84–548.86*‡Physical properties of crystals


For optical properties, see 548.9 548 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 548548 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 548

[.84 *‡Mechanical properties 548 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 548548 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 548

[.842 *‡Stresses, deformation, strength properties

Including elasticity, plasticity; dislocation, fracture, hardness

70



[.85 *‡Electrical, electronic, magnetic properties

Including conductivity, dielectricity 548 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 548548 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 548

[.86 *‡Thermal properties

Including fusibility 548 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 548548 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 548

[.9 *‡Optical crystallography

Optical properties of crystals and optical methods of crystal study 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[549 *‡Mineralogy

Occurrence, description, classification, identification of naturally occurringminerals

Class crystallography in 548; class economic geology in 553

See Manual at 549 vs. 546; also at 549 vs. 548 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

SUMMARY

[549.09 Historical, geographic, persons treatment[.1 Determinative mineralogy[.2 Native elements[.3 Sulfides, antimonides, arsenides, selenides, tellurides; sulfosalts[.4 Halides[.5 Oxides[.6 Silicates[.7 Other minerals[.9 Geographic treatment of minerals 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549


Do not use for geographic treatment of minerals; class in 549.9 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.1 *‡Determinative mineralogy

Class determinative mineralogy of specific minerals in 549.2–549.7 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.11 *‡Minerals in specific kinds of formations 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.112 *‡Meteorite minerals

Class here petrology of meteorites

Class comprehensive works on meteorites in 523.51 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.114 *‡Minerals in rocks

Add to base number 549.114 the numbers following 552 in552.1–552.5, e.g., determinative mineralogy in sedimentary rocks549.1145

Class comprehensive works on rocks in 552 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.116 *‡Minerals in pegmatite dikes

Class comprehensive works on dikes in 551.88 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.12 *‡Physical mineralogy

71



[.121 *‡Mechanical properties

Including cleavage, fracture, hardness 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.125 *‡Optical properties

Including color, fluorescence, luminescence 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.127 *‡Electrical, electronic, magnetic properties 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.13 *‡Chemical mineralogy 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.131 *‡Composition, properties, reactivity 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.133 *‡Analysis 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.18 *‡Crystallographic mineralogy

Study of crystalline structure and properties of minerals 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

> [549.2–549.7*‡Specific minerals


[.2 *‡Native elements

Use 549.7 for mineral compounds of specific elements not provided forelsewhere in 549.3–549.6 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.23 *‡Metals

Native metals only

Class interdisciplinary works on physico-chemical characteristics of metals in 669.9 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.25 *‡Semimetals

Including antimony, arsenic, bismuth, boron, selenium, tellurium 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.27 *‡Nonmetals

Including graphite (carbon) 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.3 *‡Sulfides, antimonides, arsenides, selenides, tellurides; sulfosalts

Class sulfates in 549.75 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.32 *‡Sulfides, antimonides, arsenides, selenides, tellurides

Including chalcocite, cinnabar, galena, molybdenite, pyrite, sphalerite 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.35 *‡Sulfosalts (Double sulfides)

Including tetrahedrite 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.4 *‡Halides

Including carnallite, cryolite, fluorite (fluorspar), halite, rock salt 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.5 *‡Oxides

72



[.52 *‡Simple and multiple oxides

Standard subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.522 *‡Cuprite, ice, zincite 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.523 *‡Hematite group

Including corundum, ilmenite 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.524 *‡Rutile group

Including cassiterite 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.525 *‡Goethite group

Including diaspore 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.526 *‡Spinel group

Including chromite, magnetite 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.528 *‡Other groups of oxides

Including uraninite 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.53 *‡Hydroxides

Including bauxite, limonite 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.6 *‡Silicates

Class here clay 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.62 *‡Nesosilicates

Including andalusite, cyanite, garnet, kyanite, sillimanite, staurolite, topaz,zircon 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.63 *‡Sorosilicates

Including epidote 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.64 *‡Cyclosilicates

Including beryl, chrysocolla, cordierite, tourmaline 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.66 *‡Inosilicates

Including amphiboles, pyroxenes, spodumene, wollastonite 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.67 *‡Phyllosilicates

Including chlorite, glauconite, kaolinite, mica, pyrophyllite, serpentine, talc549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.68 *‡Tectosilicates

Including feldspar, leucite, opal, quartz, scapolite, zeolite 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.7 *‡Other minerals 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549


Do not use; class in 549.01–549.09

73



[.72 *‡Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates

Including apatite, monazite, turquoise 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.73 *‡Nitrates and borates 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.732 *‡Nitrates

Including saltpeter (niter), Chile saltpeter (soda niter) 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.735 *‡Borates

Including borax, colemanite 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.74 *‡Molybdates and tungstates

Including scheelite, wolframite 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.75 *‡Sulfates and chromates

Standard subdivisions are added for sulfates and chromates together, forsulfates alone 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.752 *‡Chromates and anhydrous sulfates

Including anhydrite, barite, celestite 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.755 *‡Hydrous and basic sulfates

Including alunite, gypsum 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.78 *‡Carbonates 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.782 *‡Calcite group

Including dolomite, magnesite, siderite 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.785 *‡Aragonite group

Including malachite 549 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 549549 Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

[.9 *‡Geographic treatment of minerals

Add to base number 549.9 notation 1–9 from Table 2, e.g., minerals ofGreenland 549.9982 550 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 550550 Earth[sciences 550

[550 *‡Earth sciencesClass here geophysics; phenomena of celestial bodies directly comparable toterrestrial phenomena, e.g., volcanic activity on Mars 551.21099923

Use 550 and its standard subdivisions for works that deal comprehensively withgeology, hydrology, and meteorology; for works on geology in the sense of allearth sciences. Use 551 and its standard subdivisions for works on geology in the sense limited to properties and phenomena of the solid earth

See Manual at 523 vs. 550; also at 550 vs. 910

74


550 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 550550 Earth[sciences 550

SUMMARY

[551 Geology, hydrology, meteorology[552 Petrology[553 Economic geology[554–559 Earth sciences by specific continents, countries, localities in modern world;

extraterrestrial worlds 550 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 550550 Earth[sciences 550

[.154] *‡Chemical principles

Do not use; class in 551.9 550 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 550550 Earth[sciences 550

[.94–.99] *‡Treatment by specific continents, countries, localities in modern world; extraterrestrial worlds

Do not use; class in 554–559 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[551 *‡Geology, hydrology, meteorology

Geology: science that deals with properties and phenomena of the solid earth(lithosphere)

Use 550 and its standard subdivisions for works that deal comprehensively withgeology, hydrology, and meteorology; for works on geology in the sense of allearth sciences. Use 551 and its standard subdivisions for works on geology in the sense limited to properties and phenomena of the solid earth

For astronomical geography, see 525; for geodesy, see 526.1; for petrology,see 552; for economic geology, see 553; for physical geography, see 910.02.

See also 363.34 for disasters; also 904.5 for history of events of natural origin551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

SUMMARY

[551.01–.09 Standard subdivisions of geology[.1 Gross structure and properties of the earth[.2 Volcanoes, earthquakes, thermal waters and gases[.3 Surface and exogenous processes and their agents[.4 Geomorphology and hydrosphere[.5 Meteorology[.6 Climatology and weather[.7 Historical geology[.8 Structural geology[.9 Geochemistry 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.01 *‡Philosophy and theory of geology 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.015 4] *‡Chemical principles


[.02–.08 *‡Standard subdivisions of geology 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.09 *‡Historical, geographic, persons treatment of geology 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.091 62–.091 68] *‡Treatment in oceans and seas

Do not use; class in 551.4608

75

550 Earth[sciences 550


[.094–.099] *‡Geology by specific continents, countries, localities in modernworld; extraterrestrial worlds


[.1 *‡Gross structure and properties of the earth

For geomagnetism, see 538.7 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.11 *‡Interior of the earth

For properties, see 551.12 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.112 *‡Core 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.116 *‡Mantle 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.12 *‡Properties of interior

Including heat, temperature ranges 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.13 *‡Crust

Including magma

For properties, see 551.14; for structural geology, see 551.8 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.136 *‡Plate tectonics (Continental drift)

Including sea-floor spreading

Class comprehensive works on tectonics in 551.8 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.14 *‡Properties of crust

Including elasticity, heat, temperature ranges 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.2 *‡Volcanoes, earthquakes, thermal waters and gases 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.21 *‡Volcanoes

Class here comprehensive works on craters

Class volcanic thermal waters and gases in 551.23; class petrology ofvolcanic rocks in 552.2

For meteorite craters, see 551.397 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.22 *‡Earthquakes

Class here seismology

Class seismic sea waves in 551.463 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551


Class here seismography

76



[.23 *‡Thermal waters and gases

Standard subdivisions are added for thermal waters and gases together, forthermal waters alone

Including volcanic volatiles

Class here surface manifestations, e.g., fumaroles, hot springs 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.3 *‡Surface and exogenous processes and their agents


Class here sedimentology as study of surface processes

Class comprehensive works on landforms in 551.41; class comprehensiveworks on sedimentology in 552.5 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.300 1–.300 9 *‡Standard subdivisions 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

> [551.302–551.307*‡Erosion and weathering, sediments and sedimentation,soil formation, mass movement


See Manual at 551.302–551.307 vs. 551.35 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.302 *‡Erosion and weathering

Class here soil erosion, interdisciplinary works on erosion

Class role of weathering in soil formation in 551.305

For a specific aspect of erosion, see the aspect, e.g., erosionengineering 627.5, control of agricultural soil erosion 631.45 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.303 *‡Transporting and depositing of materials


Class here sedimentation 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.304 *‡Transported materials (Sediments) 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.305 *‡Soil formation

Class here role of water in soil formation 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.307 *‡Mass movement (Mass wasting)

Including avalanches, creep, mud flows, rockfalls; subsidence

Class here landslides, slope failure, work of water in mass movement

See also 363.349 for disasters resulting from avalanches and othermass movements

77



[.31 *‡Glaciology

Class here geologic work of ice; interdisciplinary works on ice

For ice in water and other forms of ice, see 551.34; for geologic workof frost, see 551.38. For a specific aspect of ice, see the aspect, e.g., ice manufacture 621.58 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.312 *‡Glaciers

For icebergs, shelf ice, growlers, see 551.342 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.313 *‡Glacial action

Including work of glaciers in erosion, soil formation, weathering 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.314 *‡Material transported by glaciers

Class here glacial drift and till, moraines regarded as materials

Class glacial drift and till, moraines regarded as landforms in 551.315551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.315 *‡Landforms created by glaciers

Including cirques, drumlins, kames, kettles, roches moutonnées

Class here glacial drift and till, moraines regarded as landforms 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.34 *‡Ice in water and other forms of ice

Standard subdivisions are added for ice in water and other forms of icetogether, for ice in water alone

For snow, see 551.5784; for hail, see 551.5787 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.342 *‡Ice in the sea

Including icebergs, shelf ice, growlers

For sea ice, see 551.343 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.343 *‡Sea ice (Frozen seawater) 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.344 *‡Anchor and frazil ice 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.345 *‡Lake and river ice

Class here ice cover

For anchor and frazil ice, see 551.344 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.35 *‡Geologic work of water

Work of precipitation, of surface and subsurface waters

For role of water in soil formation, see 551.305; for geologic work ofmarine waters, see 551.36

See Manual at 551.302–551.307 vs. 551.35 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.352 *‡Erosion and weathering

Standard subdivisions are added for erosion and weathering together,for erosion alone

78



[.353 *‡Transporting and depositing materials


Class here sedimentation in water

For role of water in mass movement, see 551.307 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.354 *‡Transported materials (Sediments) 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.355 *‡Landforms created by water

For specific landforms created by water, see 551.42–551.45 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.36 *‡Geologic work of marine waters

Including wave action, beach erosion

For specific landforms created by marine waters, see 551.42–551.45551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.37 *‡Geologic work of wind 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.372 *‡Erosion

Class here weathering 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.373 *‡Transporting and depositing materials

Standard subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.374 *‡Transported materials 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.375 *‡Landforms created by wind

Class here dunes 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.38 *‡Geologic work of frost

Class here nivation; work of frost in erosion, in soil formation, inweathering; comprehensive works on frost

For frost as a cold spell, see 551.5253; for condensation of frost, see551.5744 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.382 *‡Fragmentation of rocks 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.384 *‡Permafrost 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.39 *‡Geologic work of other agents

Including temperature changes 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.397 *‡Meteorites

Class here meteorite craters 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.4 *‡Geomorphology and hydrosphere

79



SUMMARY

[551.41 Geomorphology[.42 Islands and reefs[.43 Elevations[.44 Depressions and openings[.45 Plane and coastal regions[.46 Oceanography and submarine geology[.47 Dynamic oceanography[.48 Hydrology[.49 Groundwater (Subsurface water) 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.41 *‡Geomorphology

Creation and modification of topographic landforms by erosional anddepositional processes

Class here geomorphology of continents, comprehensive works onlandforms

For landforms created by water, see 551.355; for specific landforms,see 551.42–551.45; for submarine geomorphology, see 551.4683

See also 551.136 for continental drift 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.410 916 2–.410 916 8] *‡Treatment in oceans and seas


[.415 *‡Arid-land geomorphology

Class here desert geomorphology 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.417 *‡Wetland geomorphology 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

> [551.42–551.45*‡Specific landforms

Class here specific land formations created by water; comprehensive works onspecific kinds of topographical features, on present and past examples ofspecific landforms


For a specific landform created by plutonic action, see the landform in551.2, e.g., volcanic mountains 551.21; for a specific landform createdprimarily by exogenous agents other than water or living organisms, seethe landform in 551.3, e.g., glacial moraines 551.315; for a specificlandform created by tectonic deformations, see the landform in 551.8, e.g.,rift valleys 551.872 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.42 *‡Islands and reefs

Standard subdivisions are added for islands and reefs together, for islandsalone 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.423 *‡Barrier islands

Class barrier reefs in 551.424

80



[.424 *‡Reefs

Including atolls 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.43 *‡Elevations

Including slopes

Class slopes of specific kinds of elevations in 551.432–551.436; classorogeny in 551.82 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.432 *‡Mountains 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.434 *‡Plateaus 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.436 *‡Hills 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.44 *‡Depressions and openings

Including sedimentary basins

For craters, see 551.21 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.442 *‡Valleys

Including canyons, gorges, ravines; floodplains; river beds

For deltas, see 551.456; for rift valleys, see 551.872 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.447 *‡Caves and related features

Standard subdivisions are added for caves and related features together, for caves alone

Including karst formations, sink holes 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.45 *‡Plane and coastal regions 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.453 *‡Plane regions

Class here pampas, plains, prairies, steppes, tundras; comprehensiveworks on grasslands

For floodplains, see 551.442; for deltas, see 551.456. For a specific kind of grassland not in a plane region, see the kind, e.g., alpinemeadows 551.432 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.456 *‡Deltas 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.457 *‡Coastal regions

Including beaches

For deltas, see 551.456; for shorelines, see 551.458 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.458 *‡Shorelines

Marine and lake

Class here changes in sea and lake levels

81



[.46 *‡Oceanography and submarine geology

Standard subdivisions are added for oceanography and submarine geologytogether, for oceanography alone

Class here hydrography, hydrosphere; physical oceanography, seawater;interdisciplinary works on marine science, on oceans and seas

Class ice in 551.31; class geologic work of water in 551.35; classocean-atmosphere interactions in 551.5246; class interdisciplinary workson water in 553.7

For hydrology, see 551.48. For a specific aspect of marine science, ofoceans and seas, not provided for here, see the aspect, e.g.,international law of ocean and sea waters 341.45, marine biology578.77

See Manual at 578.76–578.77 vs. 551.46, 551.48 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.460 01] *‡Philosophy and theory

Relocated to 551.4601 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551


Relocated to 551.4602–551.4606 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.460 07] *‡Education, research, related topics


[.460 08] *‡History and description with respect to kinds of persons


[.460 09] *‡Historical, geographic, persons treatment


[.460 1 *‡Philosophy and theory [formerly 551.46001]

Physical properties of seawater relocated to 551.465; chemicaloceanography relocated to 551.466 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.460 2–.460 6 *‡Standard subdivisions [formerly 551.46002–551.46006] 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.460 7 *‡Education, research, related topics [formerly 551.46007]

Use of this number for deep-sea surveys and explorationsdiscontinued; class in 551.46 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.460 8 *‡History and description with respect to kinds of persons [formerly551.46008]

Submarine geology relocated to 551.468 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.460 9 *‡Historical, geographic, persons treatment [formerly 551.46009]

Coastal saltwater bodies relocated to 551.4618; salt lakes and inland seas relocated to 551.4829 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.460 916 3–.460 916 7] *‡Treatment in specific oceans and seas

Do not use; class in 551.4613–551.4617

82



[.460 916 8] *‡Special oceanographic forms and inland seas

Do not use for coastal water saltwater bodies; class in551.4618. Do not use for inland seas; class in 551.4829551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.461 *‡Specific oceans and seas, coastal saltwater bodies

Class treatment of a specific topic in oceanography in specific oceansand seas in 551.462–551.468 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.461 3–.461 7 *‡Specific oceans and seas

Add to base number 551.461 the numbers following —16 innotation 163–167 from Table 2, e.g., Atlantic Ocean 551.4613 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.461 32 *‡Arctic Ocean (North Polar Sea) [formerly 551.468]

Number built according to instructions under551.4613–551.4617 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.461 35 *‡South Atlantic Ocean [formerly 551.464]


[.461 36 *‡Southwest Atlantic Ocean [formerly 551.4646]


[.461 364 *‡Gulf of Mexico [formerly 551.4634]


[.461 365 *‡Caribbean Sea [formerly 551.4635]


[.461 37 *‡Southeast Atlantic Ocean [formerly 551.4647]


[.461 38 *‡Mediterranean Sea [formerly 551.462]


[.461 4 *‡Pacific Ocean [formerly 551.465]

Number built according to instructions under 551.4613–551.4617551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.461 41 *‡Southeast Pacific Ocean [formerly 551.4661]


[.461 42 *‡East Pacific Ocean [formerly 551.466]

Number built according to instructions under551.4613–551.4617

83



[.461 43 *‡Northeast Pacific Ocean [formerly 551.4663]


[.461 5 *‡Indian Ocean [formerly 551.467]


[.461 7 *‡Antarctic waters [formerly 551.469]


[.461 8 *‡Coastal saltwater bodies [formerly 551.4609]

Including fjords, saltwater lagoons

Class here estuaries

For coastal saltwater bodies in a specific ocean or sea, see theocean or sea in 551.4613–551.4617, e.g., estuaries in AtlanticOcean 551.4613

See also 551.4829 for salt lakes and inland seas 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

> [551.462–551.468*‡Specific topics in oceanography; submarine geology

Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to each subdivisionidentified by * as follows:

[01–09 Standard subdivisionsAs modified under 551.46

[1 Specific oceans and seas, coastal saltwater bodies[13–17 Specific oceans and seas

Add to 1 the numbers following —16 in notation 163–167from Table 2, e.g., Atlantic Ocean 13

[18 Coastal saltwater bodiesIncluding fjords, saltwater lagoonsClass here estuaries

For coastal saltwater bodies in a specific ocean or sea,see the ocean or sea in 13–17, e.g., estuaries in AtlanticOcean 13

Unless other instructions are given, class a subject with aspects in two or moresubdivisions of 551.462–551.468 in the number coming last, e.g., physicalproperties of sediments 551.4686 (not 551.465)

Class comprehensive works in 551.46 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.462 **Ocean circulation

Including eddies, mixing, turbulence, upwelling

Class here dynamic oceanography [formerly 551.47], ocean currents[formerly 551.4701]

Mediterranean Sea relocated to 551.46138

84


*Add as instructed under 551.462–551.468


[.463 **Waves [formerly 551.4702]

Including seiches, storm surges

Class here wind waves

Class comprehensive works on ocean-atmosphere interactions in551.5246

See also 551.36 for geologic work of waves 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.463 4] *‡Gulf of Mexico


[.463 5] *‡Caribbean Sea


[.463 7 **Tsunamis

Variant names: seismic sea waves, tidal waves 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.464 **Tides [formerly 551.4708]

Class here tidal currents

South Atlantic Ocean relocated to 551.46135

See also 551.36 for geologic work of tides 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.464 6] *‡Southwest Atlantic Ocean


[.464 7] *‡Southeast Atlantic Ocean


[.465 **Physical properties of seawater [formerly 551.4601]

Pacific Ocean relocated to 551.4614 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.465 3 **Temperature 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.465 4 **Acoustical properties 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.465 5 **Optical properties 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.466 **Chemical oceanography [formerly 551.4601]

East Pacific Ocean relocated to 551.46142 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.466 1] *‡Southeast Pacific Ocean


[.466 3] *‡Northeast Pacific Ocean


[.466 4 **Salinity

85




[.466 43 **Temperature-salinity relationships 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.467] *‡Indian Ocean


[.468 **Submarine geology [formerly 551.4608]

Class here ocean floor

Arctic Ocean (North Polar Sea) relocated to 551.46132

For sea-floor spreading, see 551.136 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.468 3 **Submarine geomorphology

Class here topography of ocean floor 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.468 6 **Sediments 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.469] *‡Antarctic waters


[.47] *‡Dynamic oceanography


[.470 1] *‡Ocean currents


[.470 2] *‡Waves


[.470 8] *‡Tides


[.48 *‡Hydrology

Class here hydrological cycle, limnology, water balance

Class comprehensive works on oceanography and hydrology in 551.46;class water resources, interdisciplinary works on water in 553.7

For fumaroles, see 551.23; for groundwater, see 551.49; forhydrometeorology, see 551.57.

See also 551.417 for wetland geomorphology

See Manual at 578.76–578.77 vs. 551.46, 551.48 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.482 *‡Lakes and inland seas

Class here freshwater lakes, freshwater ponds, freshwater lagoons

86




[.482 9 *‡Salt lakes and inland seas [formerly 551.4609]


Class interdisciplinary works on a specific inland sea or salt lake in940–990, e.g., Caspian Sea 947.5 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.483 *‡Rivers and streams


For waterfalls, see 551.484; for floods, see 551.489 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.484 *‡Waterfalls 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.488 *‡Runoff 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.489 *‡Floods 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.49 *‡Groundwater (Subsurface water)

Class here aquifers

For thermal waters, see 551.23 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.492 *‡Water table 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.498 *‡Surface manifestations

Including springs, wells

For hot springs, see 551.23 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.5 *‡Meteorology

Class here atmosphere

Class forecasting and forecasts of specific phenomena in 551.64; classforecasts of specific phenomena in specific areas in 551.65; classmicrometeorology in 551.66

For climatology and weather, see 551.6

See Manual at 551.5 vs. 551.6 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

SUMMARY

[551.51 Composition, regions, dynamics of atmosphere[.52 Thermodynamics, atmosphere interactions with earth’s surface,

temperatures, radiation[.54 Atmospheric pressure[.55 Atmospheric disturbances and formations[.56 Atmospheric electricity and optics[.57 Hydrometeorology 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.501 12] *‡Forecasting and forecasts


[.51 *‡Composition, regions, dynamics of atmosphere

87



[.511 *‡Composition

Class here chemistry, photochemistry of atmosphere 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.511 2 *‡Gases 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.511 3 *‡Aerosols and dust

Class dust storms in 551.559 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

> [551.513–551.514*‡Atmospheric regions

Class comprehensive works in 551.51. Class a specific aspect with the aspect,e.g., upper-atmosphere temperatures 551.5257 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.513 *‡Troposphere 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.514 *‡Upper atmosphere

Including magnetosphere, mesosphere

Class magnetic phenomena in magnetosphere, comprehensive works on magnetosphere in 538.766 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.514 2 *‡Stratosphere

Class here ozone layer 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.514 5 *‡Ionosphere 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.515 *‡Dynamics

Including gravity waves

Class here mechanics

For circulation, see 551.517 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.515 1 *‡Kinematics 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.517 *‡Circulation

For wind, see 551.518; for atmospheric disturbances andformations, see 551.55 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.518 *‡Wind

Class wind in atmospheric disturbances and formations in 551.55 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

> [551.5183–551.5185*‡Wind systems in troposphere


[.518 3 *‡Planetary wind systems

Including jet streams, trade winds, westerlies 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.518 4 *‡Monsoons

88



[.518 5 *‡Local wind systems

Including land and sea breezes; mountain and valley winds, e.g.,chinooks, foehns 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.518 7 *‡Winds in upper atmosphere 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.52 *‡Thermodynamics, atmosphere interactions with earth’s surface,temperatures, radiation 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.522 *‡Thermodynamics

Class thermodynamics in microclimatology in 551.66 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.523 *‡Land-atmosphere interactions

Class here earth temperatures affecting atmosphere 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.524 *‡Atmosphere interactions with earth’s surface

Class here water-atmosphere interactions, water temperatures affectingatmosphere

For land-atmosphere interactions, see 551.523 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.524 091 62–.524 091 68] *‡Treatment in oceans and seas


[.524 091 69] *‡Fresh and brackish waters


[.524 6 *‡Ocean-atmosphere interactions 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.524 609 163–.524 609 167] *‡Treatment in specific oceans and seas

Do not use; class in 551.52463–551.52467 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.524 63–.524 67 *‡Specific oceans and seas

Add to base number 551.5246 the numbers following —16 innotation 163–167 from Table 2, e.g., temperatures of IndianOcean 551.52465 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.524 8 *‡Lake and river interactions with atmosphere 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.525 *‡Temperatures

Class here air temperatures, energy budget, energy flow

For earth temperatures affecting atmosphere, see 551.523; forwater temperatures affecting atmosphere, see 551.524; for radiantenergy, see 551.527

See also 333.79 for economic aspects of energy budgets 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.525 091 732 *‡Urban regions

Class here urban heat islands

For specific urban heat islands, see551.525093–551.525099

89



[.525 3 *‡Variations over time at earth’s surface

Including maximums, minimums, frosts

Class comprehensive works on frost in 551.38 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.525 4 *‡Vertical distribution in troposphere 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.525 7 *‡Upper-atmosphere temperatures 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.527 *‡Radiation

For optical phenomena, see 551.565 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.527 1 *‡Solar radiation 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.527 2 *‡Terrestrial radiation

For radiation originating in atmosphere, see 551.5273 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.527 3 *‡Radiation originating in atmosphere 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.527 6 *‡Cosmic radiation

Including cosmic noise

Class here cosmic rays 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.54 *‡Atmospheric pressure 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.543 *‡Variations over time at earth’s surface 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551


Do not use for geographic treatment; class in 551.5409 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.547 *‡Upper-atmosphere pressures 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.55 *‡Atmospheric disturbances and formations

Standard subdivisions are added for atmospheric disturbances andformations together, for atmospheric disturbances alone

Class here storms

Class precipitation from storms in 551.577

See also 363.3492 for storms as disasters 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.551 *‡Atmospheric formations 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.551 2 *‡Air masses and fronts 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.551 3 *‡Cyclones

See also 551.552 for hurricanes; also 551.553 for tornadoes 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.551 4 *‡Anticyclones 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

> [551.552–551.559*‡Atmospheric disturbances


90



[.552 *‡Hurricanes

Variant names: typhoons, baguios, tropical cyclones, willy-willies 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.553 *‡Tornadoes

Variant names: cyclones (Midwest United States), twisters

Including waterspouts 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.554 *‡Thermal convective storms

Including hailstorms

Class here thunderstorms

For tornadoes, see 551.553 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.555 *‡Snowstorms

Class here blizzards 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.556 *‡Ice storms [formerly 551.559] 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.559 *‡Dust storms

Use of this number for other storms discontinued; class in 551.55

Ice storms relocated to 551.556 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.56 *‡Atmospheric electricity and optics 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.561 *‡Electricity in stable atmosphere

Including conductivity, ionization 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.563 *‡Atmospheric electricity

Class magnetic phenomena in 538.7

For electricity in stable atmosphere, see 551.561 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.563 2 *‡Lightning

For ball lightning, see 551.5634 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.563 4 *‡Ball lightning 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.565 *‡Atmospheric optics

Class here optical phenomena produced by refraction, e.g., mirages,scintillation

Class visibility in 551.568

For optical phenomena produced by absorption and scattering, see551.566; for optical phenomena produced by condensationproducts, see 551.567 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.566 *‡Optical phenomena produced by absorption and scattering

Including sky color, twilight, night skies

91



[.567 *‡Optical phenomena produced by condensation products

Including cloud colors, rainbows 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.568 *‡Visibility 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.57 *‡Hydrometeorology 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.571 *‡Humidity 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.571 3 *‡Variations of humidity over time 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.572 *‡Evapotranspiration

Class here evaporation 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.574 *‡Condensation of moisture

For condensation of moisture in a specific form, see the form, e.g.,clouds 551.576 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.574 1 *‡Condensation processes

Class here atmospheric nucleation, formation of particles on whichmoisture condenses

Class condensation processes on earth’s surface in 551.5744; classcomprehensive works on atmospheric aerosols and dust in 551.5113551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.574 4 *‡Condensations on earth’s surface

Including dew, glaze, hoarfrost

Class comprehensive work on frost in 551.38 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.575 *‡Fog and mist

Standard subdivisions are added for fog and mist together, for fog alone551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.576 *‡Clouds

Class cloud colors in 551.567 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.577 *‡Precipitation

Class here liquid precipitation, rain, rainfall

Class geologic work of precipitation in 551.35

For frozen precipitation, see 551.578 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551



[.577 1 *‡Properties

Including composition, temperature; meteorology of acid rain

Class interdisciplinary works on acid rain in 363.7386

92



[.577 2 *‡Geographic distribution of precipitation

Add to base number 551.5772 notation 1–9 from Table 2, e.g.,rainfall in Nigeria 551.5772669

Class geographic distribution of variations over time in 551.5773551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.577 3 *‡Variations over time

Including droughts, maximums, minimums

See also 551.489 for floods 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.577 5 *‡Factors affecting precipitation

Including bodies of water, cities, topography, vegetation

Class comprehensive works on atmosphere interactions with earth’s surface in 551.524 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.578 *‡Frozen precipitation 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.578 4 *‡Snow

Class snowstorms in 551.555 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551



[.578 41–.578 43 *‡Properties, geographic distribution, variations over time

Add to base number 551.5784 the numbers following 551.577 in 551.5771–551.5773, e.g., variations in snow and snowfall overtime 551.57843 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.578 46 *‡Snow cover

For snow surveys, see 551.579 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.578 464 *‡Ablation

Class here melting 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.578 47 *‡Snow formations

Including drifts

For avalanches, see 551.57848 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.578 48 *‡Avalanches 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.578 7 *‡Hail and graupel

Standard subdivisions are added for hail and graupel together, forhail alone

Class hailstorms in 551.554 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.579 *‡Snow surveys

93




Do not use for geographic treatment; class in551.5791–551.5799 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.579 1–.579 9 *‡Geographic treatment

Add to base number 551.579 notation 1–9 from Table 2, e.g., snowsurveys in Nevada 551.579793 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.6 *‡Climatology and weather


See Manual at 551.5 vs. 551.6 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.601 12] *‡Forecasting and forecasts



Do not use for geographic treatment of weather; class in 551.65. Do not use for geographic treatment of climate, of climate and weather takentogether; class in 551.69 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.62 *‡General types of climate 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551



[.63 *‡Weather forecasting and forecasts, reporting and reports

Standard subdivisions are added for weather forecasting and forecasts,reporting and reports together; for weather forecasting alone; for weatherforecasts alone

For forecasting and forecasts of specific phenomena, see 551.64 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551


Do not use for apparatus and equipment; class in 551.635 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551



[.631 *‡Historical methods of forecasting

Class here weather lore 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.632 *‡Reporting and reports


Class reports of specific weather phenomena in 551.5

For instrumentation in reporting, see 551.635 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.632 09 *‡Historical, geographic, persons treatment

Do not use for geographic treatment of weather reports; class in551.65

94



[.633 *‡Statistical forecasting 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.634 *‡Numerical forecasting 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.635 *‡Instrumentation in reporting and forecasting


[.635 2 *‡Radiosondes 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.635 3 *‡Radar 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.635 4 *‡Weather satellites 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.636 *‡Short-range and long-range forecasts

Class a specific aspect of short-range and long-range forecasts with theaspect, e.g., satellites in long-range forecasts 551.6354 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.636 2 *‡Short-range forecasts

Forecasts for a maximum of a week 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.636 5 *‡Long-range forecasts

Forecasts more than a week in advance 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.64 *‡Forecasting and forecasts of specific phenomena 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551



[.641–.647 *‡Specific meteorological phenomena

Class here methods of forecasting specific phenomena for specificareas

Add to base number 551.64 the numbers following 551.5 in551.51–551.57, e.g., hurricane warnings 551.6452

Class flood forecasting and forecasts in 551.4890112; class forecasts of specific phenomena for specific areas in 551.65 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.65 *‡Geographic treatment of weather

Class here geographic treatment of weather forecasts and reports, offorecasts of specific phenomena

Class geographic treatment of climate and weather taken together in 551.69551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551



[.651–.659 *‡Specific regions and areas

Class here forecasts of specific phenomena for specific regions andareas

Add to base number 551.65 notation 1–9 from Table 2, e.g., forecastsfor South Africa 551.6568

95



[.66 *‡Microclimatology

Small-scale interactions of atmosphere with land and water

Class here micrometeorology

Class specific meteorological phenomena other than thermodynamics in551.5; class comprehensive works on atmosphere interactions with earth’ssurface in 551.524 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.68 *‡Artificial modification and control of weather

Add to base number 551.68 the numbers following 551.5 in551.51–551.57, e.g., cloud seeding 551.6876 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.69 *‡Geographic treatment of climate

Class here paleoclimatology of specific areas, geographic treatment ofclimate and weather taken together

Add to base number 551.69 notation 1–9 from Table 2, e.g., climate ofAustralia 551.6994

Class general types of climate in 551.62; class microclimatology of specific areas in 551.6609; class comprehensive works on paleoclimatology in551.60901

For geographic treatment of weather, see 551.65 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551



[.7 *‡Historical geology

Class here paleogeography, stratigraphy

Class history of a specific kind of geologic phenomenon with the kind, e.g.,history of Jurassic volcanism in Pacific Northwest 551.210979509012,Devonian reefs 551.42409012, paleozoic orogeny 551.8209012

For paleontology, see 560

See Manual at 551.7 vs. 560 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.700 1–.700 8 *‡Standard subdivisions 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551


Do not use for geographic treatment of historical geology during aspecific geological era or period; class in 551.71–551.79 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.700 94–.700 99] *‡Historical geology of specific continents, countries, localities inmodern world; extraterrestrial worlds


[.701 *‡Geologic time and age measurements


96



> [551.71–551.79*‡Specific geological periods


[.71 *‡Precambrian era

Variant name: Cryptozoic eon 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.712 *‡Archean era

Variant names: Archeozoic, Lower Precambrian era 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.715 *‡Proterozoic era

Variant names: Algonkian, Upper Precambrian era 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.72 *‡Paleozoic era

For Ordovician and Silurian periods, see 551.73; for Devonian period,see 551.74; for Carboniferous and Permian periods, see 551.75 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.723 *‡Cambrian period

Standard subdivisions are added for the period as a whole and forspecific epochs, stages, or formations 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.73 *‡Ordovician and Silurian periods 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.731 *‡Ordovician period

Standard subdivisions are added for the period as a whole and forspecific epochs, stages, or formations

Former name: Lower Silurian epoch 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.732 *‡Silurian period


Former name: Upper Silurian epoch 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.74 *‡Devonian period

Standard subdivisions are added for the period as a whole and for specificepochs, stages, or formations 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.75 *‡Carboniferous and Permian periods

Standard subdivisions are added for Carboniferous and Permian periodstogether, for Carboniferous period alone 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

> [551.751–551.752*‡Carboniferous period


[.751 *‡Mississippian period (Lower Carboniferous period)


97



[.752 *‡Pennsylvanian period (Upper Carboniferous period)


[.756 *‡Permian period


[.76 *‡Mesozoic era

For Cretaceous period, see 551.77 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.762 *‡Triassic period


[.766 *‡Jurassic period


[.77 *‡Cretaceous period

Standard subdivisions are added for the period as a whole and for specificepochs, stages, or formations 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.78 *‡Cenozoic era Tertiary period

For Quaternary period, see 551.79 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.782 *‡Paleogene period

For Paleocene epoch, see 551.783; for Eocene epoch, see 551.784;for Oligocene epoch, see 551.785 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.783 *‡Paleocene epoch

Standard subdivisions are added for the epoch as a whole and forspecific stages or formations 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.784 *‡Eocene epoch


[.785 *‡Oligocene epoch


[.786 *‡Neogene period (Neocene period)

Class Quaternary period in 551.79

For Miocene epoch, see 551.787; for Pliocene epoch, see 551.788551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.787 *‡Miocene epoch

Standard subdivisions are added for the epoch as a whole and forspecific stages or formations

98



[.788 *‡Pliocene epoch


[.79 *‡Quaternary period 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.792 *‡Pleistocene epoch (Ice age)


[.793 *‡Holocene epoch

Standard subdivisions are added for the epoch as a whole and forspecific stages or formations

Variant names: postglacial, recent epoch 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.8 *‡Structural geology

Class here deformation, diastrophism, epeirogeny, tectonics

Class geomorphology in 551.41

For plate tectonics, see 551.136 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.81 *‡Stratifications 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551


Do not use for geographic treatment of stratifications during aspecific geologic era or period; class in 551.71–551.79 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.810 94–.810 99] *‡Stratifications by specific continents, countries, localities in modernworld; extraterrestrial worlds


[.82 *‡Orogeny

Class here lateral compression of earth’s crust, specific orogenies

Class comprehensive works on elevations (e.g., mountains, plateaus, hills)in 551.43. Class a specific aspect of orogeny with the aspect, e.g.,volcanism 551.21 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.84 *‡Joints and cleavages


[.85 *‡Dips, outcrops, strikes 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.86 *‡Anticlines and synclines 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.87 *‡Faults and folds 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.872 *‡Faults

Including nappes, rift valleys

Class here dislocations

Class nappes produced by folding in 551.875

99



[.875 *‡Folds

For anticlines and synclines, see 551.86 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.88 *‡Intrusions

Including dikes, laccoliths, necks, sills, veins

Class volcanoes in 551.21 551 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 551551 Earth[sciences 551

[.9 *‡Geochemistry

For geochemistry of a specific subject in earth sciences or mineralogy, seethe subject, e.g., organic geochemistry 553.2 552 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 552552 Earth[sciences 552

[552 *‡Petrology

Class here petrography, lithology, rocks

Class structural geology in 551.8

For mineralogy, see 549; for petrology of geologic materials of economicutility other than structural and sculptural stone, see 553 552 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 552552 Earth[sciences 552

[.001–.008 *‡Standard subdivisions 552 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 552552 Earth[sciences 552


Do not use for geographic distribution of rocks; class in 552.09 552 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 552552 Earth[sciences 552

[.03 *‡Petrogenesis

Class here diagenesis 552 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 552552 Earth[sciences 552

[.06 *‡Properties, composition, analysis, structure of rocks

Class comprehensive works on geochemistry in 551.9 552 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 552552 Earth[sciences 552

[.09 *‡Geographic distribution of rocks

Add to base number 552.09 notation 1–9 from Table 2, e.g., rocks ofSahara Desert 552.0966

Class rocks studied in their stratigraphic setting in 554–559 552 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 552552 Earth[sciences 552

> [552.1–552.5*‡Specific kinds of rocks

Class comprehensive works in 552 552 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 552552 Earth[sciences 552

[.1 *‡Igneous rocks

For volcanic rocks, see 552.2; for plutonic rocks, see 552.3 552 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 552552 Earth[sciences 552

[.2 *‡Volcanic rocks

Class here aphanite

See also 551.23 for volcanic volatiles

100



[.22 *‡Lava

Including felsite, obsidian, rhyolite

Class pyroclastic felsite in 552.23

For basalt, see 552.26 552 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 552552 Earth[sciences 552

[.23 *‡Pyroclastic rocks

Including andesite, pumice, tuff, volcanic ash

Class andesitic lava in 552.22 552 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 552552 Earth[sciences 552

[.26 *‡Basalt

Including pillow lava

Class basaltic pyroclastic rocks in 552.23 552 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 552552 Earth[sciences 552

[.3 *‡Plutonic rocks

Including diorite, dolerite, gabbro, granite, norite, peridotite, porphyry, syenite

Class here phanerite 552 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 552552 Earth[sciences 552

[.4 *‡Metamorphic rocks

Including gneiss, marble, quartzite, schist, serpentinite, slate 552 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 552552 Earth[sciences 552

[.5 *‡Sedimentary rocks

Including gypsum, sandstone, shale, tufa; clay, diatomaceous earth, sand, silt,soil

Class here comprehensive works on sedimentology

Class pyroclastic tufa (tuff) in 552.23

For sedimentology as study of surface processes, see 551.3 552 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 552552 Earth[sciences 552

[.58 *‡Carbonate rocks

Including chalk, dolomite, limestone, oolite 552 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 552552 Earth[sciences 552

[.8 *‡Microscopic petrology

Class microscopic petrology of specific kinds of rocks in 552.1–552.5 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[553 *‡Economic geology

Quantitative occurrence and distribution of geologic materials of economic utility

Class here interdisciplinary works on nonmetallic geologic materials

Class economic aspects other than reserves of geologic materials in 333.7; classinterdisciplinary works on metals in 669

For a specific aspect of nonmetallic geologic materials other than economicgeology, see the aspect, e.g., mining 622

101



SUMMARY

[553.1 Formation and structure of deposits[.2 Carbonaceous materials[.3 Iron[.4 Metals and semimetals[.5 Structural and sculptural stone[.6 Other economic materials[.7 Water[.8 Gems[.9 Inorganic gases 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.1 *‡Formation and structure of deposits

Class formation and structure of deposits of specific materials in 553.2–553.9553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.13 *‡Placer deposits 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.14 *‡Stratified layers and beds 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.16 *‡Pegmatite dikes 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.19 *‡Veins and lodes 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

> [553.2–553.9*‡Specific materials

Class comprehensive works in 553 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.2 *‡Carbonaceous materials

Class here fossil fuels, nonrenewable fuels, organic geochemistry;comprehensive works on fuels

Class interdisciplinary works on fuels in 662.6

For nuclear fuels, see 553.493; for diamonds, see 553.82; for jet, see553.87; for amber, see 553.879 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

> [553.21–553.25*‡Coal


[.21 *‡Peat

Including peat coal 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.22 *‡Lignite (Brown coal) 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.23 *‡Cannel coal 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.24 *‡Bituminous and semibituminous coal

Standard subdivisions are added for bituminous and semibituminous coaltogether, for bituminous coal alone

Class here comprehensive works on coal

For peat, see 553.21; for lignite, see 553.22; for cannel coal, see553.23; for anthracite, see 553.25; for jet, see 553.87

102



[.25 *‡Anthracite 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.26 *‡Graphite

Variant names: black lead, plumbago

Class graphitic anthracite coal in 553.25 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.27 *‡Solid and semisolid bitumens


Including ozokerite

Class here asphalt (pitch)

Class liquid bitumens (oil) in 553.282; class rocks and sands impregnatedwith solid or semisolid bitumens in 553.283 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.28 *‡Oil, oil shales, tar sands, natural gas

Class here petroleum geology

Use 553.28 for petroleum in the broad sense covering oil and gas, 553.282for petroleum in the narrow sense limited to oil 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.282 *‡Oil 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.283 *‡Oil shale and tar sands

Variant names for oil shale: bituminous shale, black shale; for tarsands: bituminous sands, oil sands 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.285 *‡Natural gas 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.29 *‡Fossil resins and gums

Standard subdivisions are added for fossil resins and gums together, forfossil resins alone

For amber, see 553.879 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.3 *‡Iron 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.4 *‡Metals and semimetals

Standard subdivisions are added for metals and semimetals together, for metals alone

For iron, see 553.3 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.41 *‡Gold 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.42 *‡Precious metals

For gold, see 553.41 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.421 *‡Silver 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.422 *‡Platinum 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.43 *‡Copper 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.44 *‡Lead

103



[.45 *‡Zinc, tin, mercury 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.452 *‡Zinc 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.453 *‡Tin 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.454 *‡Mercury 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.46 *‡Metals used in ferroalloys

For cobalt and nickel, see 553.48 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.462 *‡Titanium, vanadium, manganese 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.462 3 *‡Titanium 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.462 6 *‡Vanadium 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.462 9 *‡Manganese 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.464 *‡Chromium, molybdenum, tungsten 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.464 3 *‡Chromium 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.464 6 *‡Molybdenum 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.464 9 *‡Tungsten 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.465 *‡Zirconium and tantalum 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.47 *‡Antimony, arsenic, bismuth 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.48 *‡Cobalt and nickel 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.483 *‡Cobalt 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.485 *‡Nickel 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.49 *‡Other metals 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.492 *‡Light metals 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.492 3 *‡Beryllium 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.492 6 *‡Aluminum 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.492 9 *‡Magnesium 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.493 *‡Fissionable metals

Including radium, thorium

Class here nuclear fuels 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.493 2 *‡Uranium 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.494 *‡Rare-earth metals

Class here lanthanide series 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.494 2 *‡Scandium 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.494 3 *‡Cerium group 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.494 7 *‡Yttrium group

104



[.495 *‡Platinum metals

For platinum, see 553.422 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.499 *‡Metals not provided for elsewhere

Including barium, indium, lithium, niobium, sodium, tellurium

Class here semimetals

For antimony, arsenic, bismuth, see 553.47 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.5 *‡Structural and sculptural stone


Class petrology of structural and sculptural stone in 552

For semiprecious sculptural stone, see 553.87 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.51 *‡Marble and limestone 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.512 *‡Marble

For verd antique and onyx marble, see 553.55 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.516 *‡Limestone

Including dolomite, travertine 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.52 *‡Granite and syenite

Standard subdivisions are added for granite and syenite together, forgranite alone 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.53 *‡Sandstone

Including bluestone, flagstones

For flagstones of a specific stone other than sandstone, see the stone,e.g., slate 553.54 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.54 *‡Slate 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.55 *‡Serpentine, soapstone (steatite), and their variants

Including verd antique and onyx marble

See also 553.87 for onyx 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.6 *‡Other economic materials

Including diatomaceous earth

Class here earthy materials, industrial minerals

For inorganic gases, see 553.9; for soils, see 631.4

105



[.61 *‡Clay

Including bentonite, diaspore clay, kaolin; fuller’s earth

Class here comprehensive works on ceramic materials

For fireclay, see 553.67. For a specific nonclay ceramic material, seethe material, e.g., glass sands 553.622 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.62 *‡Sand and gravel

Class here aggregates 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.622 *‡Sand

Including glass sand 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.626 *‡Gravel 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.63 *‡Salts

For saltpeter, see 553.64; for mineral waters, see 553.73 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.632 *‡Rock salt (Sodium chloride) 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.633 *‡Borates

Including borax 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.635 *‡Gypsum

Including alabaster 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.636 *‡Potash salts

Class here potassium minerals 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.64 *‡Nitrates and phosphates

Including apatites, saltpeter

Class here mineral fertilizers 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.65 *‡Abrasives

Including corundum, flint, industrial diamonds

Class comprehensive works on abrasives that are also gems in 553.8

For sand, see 553.622 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.66 *‡Mineral pigments and sulfur 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.662 *‡Mineral pigments

Including barite 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.668 *‡Sulfur 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.67 *‡Refractory materials

Including alumina, fireclay

For soapstone, see 553.55

106



[.672 *‡Asbestos 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.674 *‡Mica 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.676 *‡Talc 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.678 *‡Vermiculite 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.68 *‡Cement materials

Including chalk, lime, marl

For gypsum, see 553.635 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.7 *‡Water

Including ice

Class interdisciplinary works on thermal waters in 333.88; classinterdisciplinary works on ice in 551.31

For geology of thermal waters, see 551.23

See Manual at 363.61 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.72 *‡Saline water 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.73 *‡Mineral waters

For saline water, see 553.72 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.78 *‡Surface water 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.79 *‡Groundwater (Subsurface water) 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.8 *‡Gems

Class here comprehensive works on stones that are both gems and abrasives

For gemstones treated as abrasives, see 553.65 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

> [553.82–553.86*‡Precious stones


[.82 *‡Diamonds

For industrial diamonds, see 553.65 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.84 *‡Rubies and sapphires 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.86 *‡Emeralds 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.87 *‡Semiprecious stones

Including agates, amethysts, garnet, jet, tourmaline, turquoise 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.873 *‡Opals 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.876 *‡Jade

Class here jadite, nephrite

107



[.879 *‡Amber 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.9 *‡Inorganic gases 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.92 *‡Hydrogen 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.93 *‡Nitrogen 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.94 *‡Oxygen 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.95 *‡Chlorine and fluorine 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.97 *‡Noble gases

Variant name: inert, rare gases

Including radon 553 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 553553 Earth[sciences 553

[.971 *‡Helium 554 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 554554 Earth[sciences 554

[554–559 *‡Earth sciences by specific continents, countries,localities in modern world; extraterrestrial worlds

Class here geology, geological surveys, stratifications

Add to base number 55 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g., geology of Japan 555.2,of moon 559.91

Class historical geology and stratifications of specific continents, countries,localities during a specific era or period in 551.71–551.79; class geologicalsurveys of specific areas emphasizing materials of economic importance in553.094–553.099; class comprehensive works on earth sciences in 550; classcomprehensive works on geology in 551. Class a specific geologic topic (otherthan historical geology taken as a whole) in a specific area with the topic, e.g.,volcanoes in Japan 551.210952, geomorphology of Japan 551.410952 554 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 554554 Earth[sciences 554

[554 *‡Earth sciences of Europe

Number built according to instructions under 554–559 555 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 555555 Earth[sciences 555

[555 *‡Earth sciences of Asia


[556 *‡Earth sciences of Africa


[557 *‡Earth sciences of North America


[558 *‡Earth sciences of South America


[559 *‡Earth sciences of other parts of world and of extraterrestrial worlds Of Pacific Ocean islands

Number built according to instructions under 554–559

108



[.9 *‡Earth sciences of extraterrestrial worlds

Number built according to instructions under 554–559

See Manual at 523 vs. 550; also at 629.43, 629.45 vs. 559.9, 919.904

109


520 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [[ Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 520

520 vs. 500.5, 523.1, 530.1, 919.9

Outer space

Use 520 for popu lar works on as tron omy that use the terms "space" and "outerspace" while dis cuss ing the vari ous in ter est ing as tro nomi cal bod ies and phe nom -ena of the uni verse, and use 523.1 for works that use the terms as syn ony mouswith the uni verse treated as a sin gle unit.

Use 520 for works on ex plor ing space or outer space that em pha size as tro nomi -cal find ings (or use a spe cific number in 523 if the work is lim ited to spe cific bod -ies, e.g., the so lar sys tem 523.2). Use 919.9 plus no ta tion 04 from the ta ble un der913–919 when the works re fer to geo graphic ex plo ra tion, that is, live hu mans go -ing out on real or imagi nary vis its to the plan ets or stars.

Use 500.5 for a work on space sci ences in gen eral that has no par ticu lar ref er enceto as tro nomi cal bod ies. Use 530.1, where an in clud ing note men tions space, ifthe work re fers sim ply to space with noth ing in it.

If in doubt, pre fer in the fol low ing or der: 520, 523.1, 530.1, 500.5, 919.9. 520 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [[ Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 520

520 vs. 523.1, 523.112, 523.8

Astronomy and allied sciences vs. The universe, galaxies, quasars vs.Galaxies vs. Stars

Use 520 for works de scrib ing the uni verse in its sev eral dis tinct com po nents,e.g., as in di vid ual plan ets, stars, gal ax ies. Use 523.1 for works treat ing the uni -verse as a sin gle unit. If in doubt, pre fer 520.

Stars and galaxies

Use 523.8 for com pre hen sive works on stars and gal ax ies when they are treatedas in di vid ual as tro nomi cal bod ies. How ever, use 523.112 when the work con sid -ers stars pri mar ily as com po nents of gal ax ies. Use 523.1 if the work con sid ersgal ax ies and stars pri mar ily in the con text of cos mo logi cal theo ries, with lit tledis cus sion of in di vid ual stars or gal ax ies. Use 520 for works that dis cuss otheras tro nomi cal bod ies, e.g., plan ets and com ets, as well as stars and gal ax ies.

If in doubt be tween 523.8 and 523.112, pre fer 523.8. 523 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [[ Astronomy[and[allied[sciences 523

523 vs. 550

Earth sciences in extraterrestrial worlds

Use 523 for phe nom ena of ce les tial bod ies when the ce les tial body has no dis tinct litho sphere, since in such cases hy dro sphere and me te or ol ogy are moot con cepts, and thus the phe nom ena are not di rectly com pa ra ble to ter res trial phe nom ena.Use 559.9 and no ta tion 0999 from Ta ble 1 in 551–553 for phe nom ena of ce les tial bod ies that have dis tinct litho spheres when the phe nom ena are di rectly com pa ra -ble to ter res trial phe nom ena. For ex am ple, use 551.5099923 for the at mos phere

110

520 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [

of Mars (which has a litho sphere), but use 523.86 for the at mos phere of stars(which do not); use 523.45 for the red spot of Ju pi ter (a planet with out a dis tinctlitho sphere). If in doubt, pre fer 523. 530 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [[ Physics 530

530.416 vs. 539.75

Responsive behavior and energy phenomena vs. Nuclear activities andinteractions

Use 530.416 for works that study top ics in re spon sive be hav ior, en ergy phe nom -ena, nu clear ac tivi ties, nu clear in ter ac tions in the con text of the con densed (solidand liq uid) state, i.e., in an swer to the ques tion, what is tak ing place in con densedmat ter that makes it be have the way it does. Use 539.75 for works that study these top ics in the ab stract, or in the con text of nu clear struc ture, i.e., in an swer to theques tion, what makes the atom and its par ti cles be have the way they do. If indoubt, pre fer 530.416. 530 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [[ Physics 530

530.475 vs. 530.12, 531.16

Brownian motion and particle mechanics

Use 530.475 (or the simi lar num bers 530.415, 530.425, 530.435) for treat ment of par ti cles in dif fu sion within vari ous states of mat ter. Use 530.12 for com pre hen -sive works on par ti cle me chan ics. Par ti cle me chan ics is a sub ject that ex ists inboth clas si cal and quan tum phys ics, but is far more ba sic to the study of quan tumphys ics, where the quanta can be con sid ered par ti cles. Use 531.16 only if the em -pha sis is clearly on clas si cal me chan ics. Use other num bers in mod ern phys ics ifap pro pri ate, e.g., or bits of suba tomic par ti cles 539.725. If in doubt, pre fer in thefol low ing or der: 530.475, 530.12, 531.16.

Use 530.475 for in ter dis ci pli nary works on Brownian mo tion, which usu ally re -fers to the ran dom mo tion of mi cro scopic par ti cles. How ever, class with the sub -ject the ex ten sion by anal ogy of the con cept to a va ri ety of simi lar ran dommove ments, e.g., of prices, of bio logi cal popu la tions, of in stru men tal re cord ings.

Use 530.425 for works on Brownian mo tion with an em pha sis (of ten un stated)on such mo tion in flu ids. 541 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [[ Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 541

541 vs. 546

Physical chemistry of specific chemicals

Use a sub di vi sion of 546 for physi cal chem is try of a spe cific ele ment or com -pound; how ever, use a sub di vi sion of 541 when one or two ex am ples drawn from large group ings like met als (546.3) or non met als (546.7) are used pri mar ily tostudy or ex plain a spe cific topic in physi cal chem is try, e.g., hydrogen- ion con -cen tra tion 541.3728 (not 546.2).

If in doubt, pre fer 541.

111

[ Physics 530

548 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [[ Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 548

548 vs. 530.41

Crystallography vs. Solid-state physics

Use 548 for works on crys tals and crys tal log ra phy when these terms are used tore fer to dis crete ob jects and ab stract lat tice pat terns. Use 530.41 for works oncrys tal log ra phy and the crys tal line state in their broad senses, i.e., when the terms are used to cover atomic ar range ment in met als, ce ram ics, amor phous ma te ri als,or poly mers. Use 530.41 as the com pre hen sive number. If in doubt, pre fer 548for works clearly em pha siz ing or di nary crys tals. 549 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [[ Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

549 vs. 546

Mineralogy vs. Inorganic chemistry

Use 549 num bers for top ics of physi cal and theo reti cal chem is try per tain ing tothe struc ture and be hav ior of ho mo ge ne ous crys tal line sol ids. Use 546 num bersfor com pre hen sive works on the chem is try and min er al ogy of spe cific chemi caltypes. If in doubt, pre fer 549. 549 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [[ Chemistry[and[allied[sciences 549

549 vs. 548

Mineralogy vs. Crystallography

Use 549 for the crys tal log ra phy of spe cific min er als un less the min er als are usedto study or ex plain a topic in 548, e.g., quartz, feld spar, and re lated crys tals549.68, but a study of iso mor phism us ing quartz, feld spar, and re lated crys tals548.3. If in doubt, pre fer 549. 550 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [[ Earth[sciences 550

550 vs. 910

Earth sciences vs. Geography and travel

Geo phys ics (550) is the analy sis of the struc ture of the earth and the forces shap -ing it; physi cal ge og ra phy (910.02) is the de scrip tion of the re sult ing land scape.Use the number for a spe cific force or pro cess in 551 for de scrip tions of the re -sults of the spe cific force or pro cess, e.g., earth quakes in My an mar 551.2209591. Use the number for a spe cific land form in 551.41–.45 for the op era tion of allforces and pro cesses that com bined to cre ate a spe cific topo graphic land form,e.g., for ma tion of moun tains in My an mar 551.43209591. Use 554–559 for theop era tion of all the forces and pro cesses taken as a whole in a spe cific area, es pe -cially if the work em pha sizes solid ge ol ogy, e.g., geo physi cal pro cesses op er at -ing in My an mar or the ge ol ogy of My an mar 555.91. How ever, use 910.02 or thespe cific area number in 913–919, plus no ta tion 02 from the ta ble at 913–919,when a work treats the geo graphic land scape with only mi nor con sid era tion ofgeo physi cal pro cesses, e.g., graphi cal de scrip tion of sur face fea tures in My an -mar 915.9102. If in doubt, pre fer 550.

Use 910 or the spe cific area number in 913–919, plus no ta tion 04 from the ta bleat 913–919, for de scrip tions of sur face fea tures for trav el ers. Such de scrip tionsusu ally cover re sort ac com mo da tions and the am bi ence as well as geo graphicfea tures, e.g., con tem po rary tour ist beaches in My an mar 915.91045.

112


551 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [[ Earth[sciences 551

551.302–.307 vs. 551.35

Erosion and weathering, sediments and sedimentation, soil formation,mass movement vs. Geologic work of water

Use 551.302–.304 for works giv ing due cov er age to the work of wind, gla ciers,or frost, even if agents other than wa ter take up only a small part of the text, sincewa ter is by far the most im por tant agent in the ero sion, trans port, and de posit ofgeo logic ma te ri als. Use 551.352–.354 only for works lim ited to the work of wa -ter or to ma te ri als trans ported by wa ter.

Use 551.305 for the work of wa ter in soil for ma tion and 551.307 for the work ofwa ter in mass move ment. Wa ter is also the most im por tant agent in these pro -cesses, but it al most al ways acts in con junc tion with other agents to pro duce thepro cesses, e.g., ac tion of dis solved chemi cals, tem pera ture changes, or earth -quake vi bra tions. 551 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [[ Earth[sciences 551

551.5 vs. 551.6

Meteorology vs. Climatology and weather

Me te or ol ogy ana lyzes and de scribes the prop er ties and phe nom ena of the at mos -phere, and thus ex plains cli mate and weather. Me te or ol ogy is also the com pre -hen sive sub ject, en com pass ing con sid era tion of cli ma tol ogy and weather. Use551.5 for works called "cli ma tol ogy," "cli mate and weather," or sim ply "cli mate" or "weather," if they cover top ics in me te or ol ogy. Use 551.6 only when thewords are lim ited to four senses:

1. The de scrip tion of phe nom ena of the at mos phere taken as a whole, weatherusu ally be ing the short- range de scrip tion, and cli mate the long- range de scrip -tion

2. The pre dic tion of weather, cli mate, or spe cific me te oro logi cal phe nom ena,that is, weather fore cast ing and fore casts (551.63–.65)

3. The study of cli mate or me te or ol ogy in small ar eas, that is, mi cro cli ma tol -ogy or mi cro me te or ol ogy (551.66)

4. The at tempt to mod ify weather or any spe cific me te oro logi cal phe nom ena(551.68), which is ac tu ally a tech nol ogy

Use 551.5 num bers for all other as pects, in clud ing de scrip tion (weather re ports)of spe cific phe nom ena, re gard less of the terms used in the work in hand, e.g., adis cus sion of the fac tors that pro duce weather 551.5, re ports of rain fall 551.577,a de scrip tion of cli mate types of Asia 551.62095, fore casts of rain fall 551.6477, a fore cast of a rainy day in Sin ga pore 551.655957.

If in doubt, pre fer 551.5.

113

[ Earth[sciences 551

551 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [[ Earth[sciences 551

551.7 vs. 560

Historical geology vs. Paleontology Paleozoology

Use 551.7 for works on his tori cal ge ol ogy, which stud ies the rocks and theirstrata, us ing pa le on to logi cal facts to help date and in ter pret depo si tion, move -ment, and ero sion. Use 560 for works on pa le on tol ogy, which stud ies life informer geo logi cal ages through the in ter pre ta tion of fos sils. Pa le on tol ogy util izes the same ma te rial as his tori cal ge ol ogy, i.e., the geo logic rec ord, but only as arec ord of life and the en vi ron ment in which life evolved. If in doubt, pre fer 551.7.

114


A

Aberrationastronomy 522.9

Ablation of snow 551.578 464Abrasives

mineral resources 553.65Absolute temperature 536.5Absorption 541.33

chemistry 541.33gaseous-state physics 530.435

E see also AdsorptionAbsorption of sound

physics 534.208Acceleration

classical mechanics 531.112Acceleration of particles 539.73Acetylene 547.413Acid rain

meteorology 551.577 1weather forecasting 551.647 71

Acids 546.24aromatic chemistry 547.637chemistry 546.24organic chemistry 547.037see also Chemicals

NAcidulous salts 546.34Acoustics 534

see also SoundActinide series

chemistry 546.42Actinium

chemistry 546.421NAcylation 547.2Addition (Chemical reaction) 541.39

organic chemistry 547.2Aden, Gulf of 551.461 532Adhesion 541.33Adriatic Sea 551.461 385Adsorption 541.335

chemistry 541.335gaseous-state physics 530.435semiconductors 537.622 6

NAdsorption chromatography 543.8Aegean Sea 551.461 388Aerial surveying 526.982I Aerial surveys 526.982Aerodynamics 533.62Aeromechanics 533.6Aerosols 541.345 15

colloid chemistry 541.345 15meteorology 551.511 3

Aerostatics 533.61I Afrotherians 559

Agates 553.87see also Semiprecious stones

Aggregates (Materials) 553.62economic geology 553.62

Air currents 551.517Air masses 551.551 2Air mechanics 533.6Air-sea interactions 551.524 6Air temperatures

meteorology 551.525Alabaster 553.635

economic geology 553.635Alaska, Gulf of (Alaska) 551.461 434Alaskan Pacific seawaters 551.461 434Albemarle Sound (N.C.) 551.461 348Alchemy 540.112Alcohol 547.031

see also Alcoholic beveragessee also Alcohols

Alcohols 547.031aromatic chemistry 547.631chemistry 547.031

Aldehydes 547.036aromatic chemistry 547.636

Algonkian era 551.715geology 551.715

Alicyclic compounds 547.5Aliphatic compounds 547.4Alkali metals

chemistry 546.38NAlkaline salts 546.34Alkaline-earth metals

chemistry 546.39Alkalis 546.32Alkaloids

chemistry 547.7Alkanes 547.411Alkenes 547.412I Alkoxides 547.65Alkylation 547.2Alkynes 547.413Alloys

chemistry 546.3Alluvium 551.354E descriptive research 551.354 072 3Almanacs (Ephemerides) 528Alpha decay 539.752 2Alpha particles 539.723 2Alumina 553.67

economic geology 553.67Aluminum

chemistry 546.673economic geology 553.492 6

115

RelativeiIndex ____

Alunitemineralogy 549.755

Amber 553.879N economic geology 553.879

see also Semiprecious stonesAmerican Arctic seawaters 551.461 327Americium 546.441

see also ChemicalsAmethysts 553.87

see also Semiprecious stonesAmides 547.042Amination 547.27Amines 547.042Ammonia 546.711 2Ammonium hydroxide 546.711 2Ammonium salts 546.711 24Amorphous solids 530.413Amphiboles

mineralogy 549.66NAmphoteric salts 546.34Amundsen Sea 551.461 74Analytical chemistry 543

minerals 549.133organic chemistry 543.17

Analytical mechanics 531.015 15Anchor ice 551.344Andalusite

mineralogy 549.62Andaman Sea 551.461 565Andesite 552.23AnglesiteN mineralogy 549.752Angular momentum (Nuclear

physics) 539.725Anhydrite

mineralogy 549.752Anhydrous sulfates

mineralogy 549.752I Anion separation 541.372 2NAnion separation analysis 543.2Annihilation (Nuclear

particles) 539.75I Anolytes 541.372 4Antarctic waters 551.461 7Anthracenes 547.616Anthracite coal 553.25

economic geology 553.25Antibiotics

chemistry 547.7Anticlines 551.86Anticyclones (Meteorology) 551.551 4Antimatter 530Antimonides

mineralogy 549.32

Antimonychemistry 546.716economic geology 553.47

N mineralogy 549.25NAntineutrinos 539.721 5NAntineutrons 539.721 3Antiparticles 539.72Antiprotons 539.721 23AntleriteN mineralogy 549.755Apatites 553.64

mineralogy 549.72Aphanite 552.2NApogee 521.3ApophylliteN mineralogy 549.67Appleton layers 538.767 4NApplied geology 553Aqaba, Gulf of 551.461 533Aqueous solutions 541.342 2Aquifers 553.79

see also GroundwaterArabian Sea 551.461 537Arafura Sea 551.461 475Aragonite

mineralogy 549.785Archean era 551.712

geology 551.712Archeozoic era 551.712

geology 551.712Arctic Ocean 551.461 32ArgentiteN mineralogy 549.32Argon

chemistry 546.753N economic geology 553.97Arid lands 551.415

geomorphology 551.415Aromatic compounds 547.6Aromatization 547.27Arsenates

mineralogy 549.72Arsenic

chemistry 546.715economic geology 553.47

N mineralogy 549.25organic chemistry 547.057 15

Arsenidesmineralogy 549.32

Artesian wellshydrology 551.498

Artificial modification ofweather 551.68

116

DeweyiDecimaliClassification ____

Artificial radioactivityphysics 539.753

Artificial satellitesweather reporting 551.635 4

I Artificial satellites inionospheric research 551.514 502 84

I Artificial satellites inmeteorological optics 551.565

I Artificial satellites inoceanography 551.460 723

Asbestos 553.672economic geology 553.672

Asian Arctic seawaters 551.461 325Asphalt 553.27

economic geology 553.27NAsphaltite 553.27N see also AsphaltAstatine 546.735Asteroids 523.44I Collisions with Earth 551.397I Astrogeologists 559.909 2E 559.909 2NAstrolabes 522.2Astrology

natural 520Astrometry 522I Astromineralogy 549.999E 549.999Astronavigation 527Astronomers 520.92Astronomical almanacs 528Astronomical geography 525Astronomical instruments 522.2N use 522.2Astronomical observatories 522.1NAstronomical twilight 525.7Astronomy 520N dictionaries 520.3

see Manual at 520 vs. 523.1,523.112, 523.8

Astrophotography 522.63Astrophysics 523.01I Astrotomography 522.6AtacamiteN mineralogy 549.4Atlantic Ocean 551.461 3Atmosphere 551.5

meteorology 551.5E moon 551.509 991Atmosphere-land interactions 551.523Atmosphere-ocean interactions

551.524 6Atmosphere-water interactions

551.524

Atmospheric disturbances 551.55Atmospheric electricity 551.563Atmospheric formations 551.551Atmospheric ionization 538.767I Atmospheric mercury 551.511 2I Atmospheric models 551.510 11E 551.510 11Atmospheric nucleation 551.574 1Atmospheric optics 551.565Atmospheric pressure 551.54Atmospheric radiation

meteorology 551.527 3Atolls 551.424

geomorphology 551.424I Atom-atom collisions 539.757I Atom-molecule collisions 539.6Atomic emission spectroscopy

543.52Atomic energy

physics 539.7Atomic mass

chemistry 541.242Atomic number 541.242Atomic physics 539.7

astronomy 523.019 7Atomic spectroscopy 543.5E analytical chemistry 543.5Atomic structure 539.14

chemistry 541.24Atomic weight 541.242Atoms 539.7

theoretical chemistry 541.24I Attenuation (Physics) 530Auroras (Geomagnetism) 538.768I Authigenesis 552.03I Autumnal equinox 522.7Avalanches 551.307

snow 551.578 48I Axial flow 532.052AxiniteN mineralogy 549.64Azimuth 526.63Azo compounds 547.043Azov, Sea of (Ukraine and

Russia) 551.461 389Aztec calendar 529.329 784 52I Aztec cosmology 523.108 997 452E 523.108 997452AzuriteN mineralogy 549.785‘Bab el Mandeb 551.461 532I Badlands 551.415Baffin Bay 551.461 327

117

RelativeiIndex ____

Baguios (Hurricanes) 551.552N see also HurricanesBahía Blanca Estuary

(Argentina) 551.461 368NBahía Grande 551.461 368NBaking soda 546.382 22Balearic Sea 551.461 382Bali Sea (Indonesia) 551.461 474Ball lightning 551.563 4Ballistics 531.55

physics 531.55Baltic Sea 551.461 334Banda Sea 551.461 474Barents Sea 551.461 324Barite 553.662

mineralogy 549.752Barium


Barometric leveling 526.37Barometric pressure 551.54Barrier islands 551.423

geomorphology 551.423Baryons 539.721 64Basalt 552.26Base lines (Surveying) 526.33Bases (Chemicals) 546.32

see also ChemicalsBasic sulfates

mineralogy 549.755Bass Strait (Vic. and Tas.) 551.461 576Bauxite 553.492 6

economic geology 553.492 6mineralogy 549.53

Bay of Bengal 551.461 564Bay of Biscay (France and

Spain) 551.461 338Bay of Fundy 551.461 345I Bayesian field theory 530.14Beach erosion 551.36I Monitoring 551.36Beaches 551.457

geomorphology 551.457Beams (Light) 535.5Beaufort Sea 551.461 327Bellingshausen Sea 551.461 74Bench marks 526.32Bengal, Bay of 551.461 564Bentonite 553.61

economic geology 553.61Benzene 547.611Bering Sea 551.461 451Bering Strait 551.461 451

Berkelium 546.444see also Chemicals

Berylmineralogy 549.64

Berylliumchemistry 546.391economic geology 553.492 3

Beta decay 539.752 3Beta particles 539.721 12Betatron-synchrotrons 539.735Betatrons 539.734Big bang theory (Cosmogony)

523.18NBinaries (Stars) 523.841NBinary salts 546.34Binary stars 523.841Biochemicals

organic chemistry 547BiosensorsE analytical chemistry 543I Bipolar outflows

(Astrophysics) 523.88Biscay, Bay of (France and

Spain) 551.461 338Biscayne Bay (Fla.) 551.461 348Bismarck Sea 551.461 476Bismuth


N mineralogy 549.25BismuthiniteN mineralogy 549.32Bitumens 553.27

see also AsphaltBituminous coal 553.24

see also CoalBituminous materials 553.2

economic geology 553.2Bituminous sands 553.283

see also Tar sandsBituminous shale 553.283

see also Oil shaleBlack holes (Astronomy) 523.887 5Black lead 553.26

see also GraphiteBlack Sea 551.461 389Black shale 553.283

see also Oil shaleBlizzards 551.555NBlowpipe analysis 543.26Blowpipes (Chemical

apparatus) 542.4I Blue stragglers (Stars) 523.88

118


Bluestone 553.53economic geology 553.53

I Bodies of water 551.46Boiling points 536.44Boltzmann statistics 530.132Bombardment

particle physics 539.73solid-state physics 530.416

Bonds (Chemical forces) 541.224BoraciteN mineralogy 549.735Borates 553.633

economic geology 553.633mineralogy 549.735

Borax 553.633economic geology 553.633mineralogy 549.735

Boron 553.6chemistry 546.671economic geology 553.6

N mineralogy 549.25organic chemistry 547.056 71see also Chemicals

Bosons 539.721Bosporus (Turkey) 551.461 389NBosses (Geology) 551.88Bothnia, Gulf of 551.461 334I Bottom water (Oceanography)

551.46Boundary layers 532.051

physics 532.051Boundary surveying 526.9BournoniteN mineralogy 549.35Brackish water 553.72

economic geology 553.72hydrology 551.48

I Braided rivers 551.483I Branching fractions (Nuclear

physics) 539.752I Branes 539.725 8Bremsstrahlung 539.722 2NBrightness of stars 523.822Brine 553.72Bristol Bay (Alaska) 551.461 434British system (Measurement)

530.813British western seawaters 551.461 337I Broadband dielectric

spectroscopy 543.5Bromine

chemistry 546.733economic geology 553.6organic chemistry 547.02

Brown coal 553.22economic geology 553.22

Brownian motion 530.475liquid-state physics 530.425see Manual at 530.475 vs. 530.12,

531.16BruciteN mineralogy 549.53Bubbles 530.427 5

chemistry 541.33physics 530.427 5

Buddhist calendar 529.324 3NBulk modulus 531.381Bunsen burners 542.4Buoyancy 532.02

air mechanics 533.61gas mechanics 533.12liquid mechanics 532.25

Buzzards Bay (Mass. : Bay) 551.461 346

C

NCádiz, Gulf of (Spain) 551.461 338Cadmium

chemistry 546.662N economic geology 553.499CaesiumN chemistry 546.385CalaveriteN mineralogy 549.32NCalcite 553.68

mineralogy 549.782Calcium

chemistry 546.393N economic geology 553.499

organic chemistry 547.053 93I Calcium compounds 546.393 2E 546.393 2Calcium phosphateN chemistry 546.393 24Calendar reform 529.5Calendars 529.3

chronology 529.3Calibration 530.8California, Gulf of (Mexico) 551.461 41E California Current 551.462 143I 551.462 143Californium 546.448

see also ChemicalsCalorimetry 536.6Cambrian period 551.723

geology 551.723I Campanian-Maastrichtian

boundary 551.77

119

RelativeiIndex ____

Camphorschemistry 547.71

Canadian Pacific seawaters 551.461 433Cannel coal 553.23

economic geology 553.23Canyons 551.442

geomorphology 551.442Cape Cod Bay (Mass.) 551.461 345Capillarity 530.427E chemistry 541.33N physics 530.427Capture (Nuclear particles) 539.75I Carbocations 547.137 2E 547.137 2Carbohydrates

chemistry 547.78Carbon 547

inorganic chemistry 546.681mineralogy 549.27organic chemistry 547see also Chemicals

Carbon dioxide 546.681 2Carbonaceous materials 553.2

economic geology 553.2NCarbonado 553.65Carbonate rocks 552.58Carbonates

mineralogy 549.78Carboniferous period 551.75

geology 551.75Carboxylic acids 547.037Caribbean Sea 551.461 365Carnallite 553.636

mineralogy 549.4Carnot cycle 536.71NCarpentaria, Gulf of

(Australia) 551.461 475Cartographers 526.092I Cartographic historians 526.092Cartography 526Cassiterite

mineralogy 549.524Catalysis 541.395

organic chemistry 547.215Catechols 547.633NCation separation analysis 543.2Caustic potash 546.383 22Caustic soda 546.382 22Caves 551.447

geomorphology 551.447E Waitomo District (N.Z.) 551.447 099 338Cavitation 532.597

I Cavity-ringdown spectroscopy543.5

E 543.5Celebes Sea 551.461 473Celestial bodies 520Celestial mechanics 521Celestial navigation 527Celestial reference systems 522.7Celestite

mineralogy 549.752Cement

economic geology 553.68Cenozoic era 551.78

geology 551.78Central Pacific Basin 551.461 49Centrifugal force 531.113

fluid mechanics 532.059 5solid mechanics 531.35

Centripetal force 531.113fluid mechanics 532.059 5solid mechanics 531.35

Cepheids 523.844 25Ceram Sea (Indonesia) 551.461 473Ceramic materials 553.61

economic geology 553.61CerargyriteN mineralogy 549.4P Ceres (Dwarf planet) 523.44Cerium

chemistry 546.412N economic geology 553.494 3Cerium-group metalsN chemistry 546.41

economic geology 553.494 3CerussiteN mineralogy 549.785Cesium

chemistry 546.385N economic geology 553.499Chain reactionsN chemistry 541.39N organic chemistry 547.2ChalcanthiteN mineralogy 549.755Chalcocite

mineralogy 549.32I Chalcogens 546.72P 546.72Chalk 553.68

economic geology 553.68petrology 552.58

Charge of particles (Nuclearphysics) 539.725

120


Chasms 551.442geomorphology 551.442

Chelates 547.590 442 42Chemical analysis 543

minerals 549.133organic chemistry 543.17

Chemical bonds 541.224Chemical compounds 546Chemical crystallography 548.3Chemical equilibrium 541.392

organic chemistry 547.212Chemical instruments 542Chemical laboratories 542.1Chemical mineralogy 549.13Chemical oceanography 551.466Chemical reactions 541.39I Chemical templates 547.2Chemicals 540Chemiluminescence 541.35I Cheminformatics 542.85Chemisorption 541.335Chemistry 540N history 540.9E Chemistry data processing 542.85NChemistry of interfaces 541.33Chemists 540.92Chesapeake Bay (Md. and Va.)

551.461 347I Chicxulub Crater 551.397 097 265Chile saltpeter 553.64N chemistry 546.382 24


Chinese calendar 529.329 51Chinooks (Winds) 551.518 5Chlorine 553.95

chemistry 546.732economic geology 553.95organic chemistry 547.02see also Chemicals

Chloritemineralogy 549.67

Chlorophyllsorganic chemistry 547.593

ChondroditeN mineralogy 549.62Christian calendars 529.4Chromates

mineralogy 549.752Chromatographic analysis 543.8Chromatography 543.8Chromite

mineralogy 549.526

Chromiumchemistry 546.532economic geology 553.464 3organic chemistry 547.055 32

Chromium groupchemistry 546.53

Chromosphere of sun 523.75Chronographs

astronomy 522.5Chronologists 529.092Chronology 529Chronometers

astronomy 522.5ChrysoberylN mineralogy 549.528Chrysocolla

mineralogy 549.64Chuckchee Sea 551.461 325Chukchi Sea 551.461 325Church calendar

chronology 529.44Church year

chronology 529.44Cinnabar

mineralogy 549.32Circular dichroism 541.7Circulation (Meteorology) 551.517Cirques (Geologic landforms) 551.315Cities

influence on precipitation 551.577 5Classical mechanics 531Classical physics 530

theory 530.14Classical statistical

mechanics 530.132Clay 553.61

economic geology 553.61mineralogy 549.6petrology 552.5

Cleavagegeology 551.84mineralogy 549.121

Climate 551.6E research 551.607 2

see Manual at 551.5 vs. 551.6Climate control 551.68Climate types 551.62Climatologists 551.609 2Climatology 551.6Cloud colors 551.567Cloud seeding 551.687 6Clouds 551.576

weather modification 551.687 6

121

RelativeiIndex ____

NCluster-type variables(Stars) 523.844 25

Clusters of stars 523.85Clyde, Firth of (Scotland) 551.461 337Coal 553.24

economic geology 553.24Coal tar 547.82Coastal lands 551.457N see also CoastsCoastal pools 551.461 8Coastal regions 551.457N see also CoastsE Coastal wetlands 551.457N see also WetlandsCoastal zones 551.457N see also CoastsCoasts 551.457

geomorphology 551.457Cobalt

chemistry 546.623economic geology 553.483organic chemistry 547.056 23

Coefficient of expansion 536.41Coefficient of restitution 531.382Coherent optics 535.2Cohesion

chemistry 541.33Cold 536.56NCold fronts 551.551 2I Cold gases 536.56Colemanite

mineralogy 549.735Colligative properties

chemistry 541.341 5I Collisionless plasmas 530.44I Collisions (Astrophysics) 523.2I 523.8Collisions (Physics)

nuclear particles 539.757solid-state physics 530.416

Colloid chemistry 541.345specific elements and

compounds 546Colloids 541.345

specific elements andcompounds 546

Color 535.6mineralogy 549.125physics 535.6

I Color confinement (Nuclearphysics) 539.754 8

Colorimetry 543.55ColumbiteN mineralogy 549.528

Columbiumchemistry 546.524

Combustion 541.361chemistry 541.361

NCombustion analysis 543.26Comets 523.6I Collisions with Earth 551.39NComplex salts 546.34I Complexes (Stratigraphy) 551.8Composition of atmosphere 551.511Composition of ocean floor 551.468 6Compounds (Chemicals) 546

chemistry 546Compressibility

fluid mechanics 532.053 5gas mechanics 533.28liquid mechanics 532.58

ComputationsN astronomy 522Condensation 536.44Condensation (Chemical

reaction) 541.39organic chemistry 547.2

Condensation of moisturemeteorology 551.574

Condensed matter 530.41E Conductive heat transfer 536.23Conductivity

(Electrodynamics)crystals 548.85

NConductometric analysis 543.4Conformal projections 526.82Conservation of energy

(Physics) 531.62Conservation of mass-energy 530.11Constellations 523.8Containers

chemistry 542.2Continental drift 551.136NContinental wind systems 551.518 4Continents 551.41

geomorphology 551.41NContinuous creation

(Cosmogony) 523.18Continuum mechanics 531Continuum physics 530

theory 530.14Contour surveying 526.981Contraction (Effect of heat) 536.41E Convective heat transfer 536.25Conversion tables

(Measurement) 530.81Cook Inlet (Alaska) 551.461 434Cook Strait (N.Z.) 551.461 478

122


Coordination chemistry 541.224 2Copolymerization

chemistry 547.28Copper


Coral Sea 551.461 476I Corbetts 551.432 094 11Cordierite

mineralogy 549.64Core of earth 551.112I Core-mantle boundary 551.11NCorinth, Gulf of (Greece) 551.461 386Corona of sun 523.75I Coronal holes (Astronomy) 523.75I Coronal mass ejections 523.75Coronas (Electronics) 537.52I Corotating interaction

regions 523.58Corpuscular theory of light 535.12Corrections (Astronomy) 522.9Corundum 553.65

gems 553.84mineralogy 549.523

Cosmic dust 523.112 5Cosmic noise

meteorology 551.527 6Cosmic rays 539.722 3

meteorology 551.527 6I Cosmic rotation 523.1Cosmochemistry 523.02Cosmogony 523.12

astronomy 523.12Cosmology 523.1

astronomy 523.1Coulometry 543.4Counterglow (Astronomy) 523.59Coupling (Nuclear particles) 539.75I Coves (Valleys) 551.442Craters (Depressions) 551.21

geology 551.21Creation

cosmogony 523.12nuclear particles 539.75

Creep (Geology) 551.307Cretaceous period 551.77

geology 551.77Crete, Sea of (Greece) 551.461 388Critical phenomena 530.474

see also Phase transformationsCritical points 530.474

fluid state 530.424see also Phase transformations

CrocoiteN mineralogy 549.752Crucibles

chemistry 542.2Crust (Geology)E Mars 551.130 999 23Crust of earth 551.13

compression 551.82Cryogenics 536.56Cryolite

mineralogy 549.4Cryometry 536.54Cryptozoic eon 551.71

geology 551.71Crystal conduction counters

nuclear physics 539.776Crystal growth 548.5Crystal lattices 548.81Crystalline solids 530.413Crystallization 548.5Crystallograms 548.83Crystallographers 548.092Crystallographic mineralogy 549.18Crystallography 548

see Manual at 548 vs. 530.41see Manual at 549 vs. 548

Crystals 548Cuprite

mineralogy 549.522Curium 546.442

see also ChemicalsCyanite

mineralogy 549.62Cyclic compounds 547.5Cycloacetylenes 547.513Cyclones 551.551 3NCyclones (Hurricanes) 551.552N see also HurricanesCyclones (Tornadoes) 551.553N see also TornadoesCycloolefins 547.512Cycloparaffins 547.511Cyclosilicates

mineralogy 549.64Cyclotrons 539.733CylindersI Aerodynamics 533.62I Thermodynamics 536.7

D

D region (Ionosphere) 538.767 2Damping of sound

physics 534.208

123

RelativeiIndex ____

Dardanelles Strait (Turkey) 551.461 389Darien, Gulf of (Colombia) 551.461 365I Dark energy (Astronomy) 523.01Dark matter (Astronomy) 523.112 6Davis Strait 551.461 342Dawn 525.7Days 529.1

chronology 529.1Decay schemes (Radioactivity)

539.752I Deccan traps 552.26I Deep-earth gas theory 553.280 1E Deep level transient

spectroscopy 543.5I 543.5Deformation 531.38

crystals 548.842geology 551.8physics 531.38

NDehydrogenation 547.23Delagoa Bay 551.461 524Delaware Bay (Del. and N.J.) 551.461 346Deltas 551.456

geomorphology 551.456Denmark Strait 551.461 324Density 531.14N fluid mechanics 532

gas mechanics 533.15liquid mechanics 532.4solid mechanics 531.54

Deposition (Geology) 551.303Depressions (Physiography) 551.44

geomorphology 551.44Desertification

geomorphology 551.415Deserts 551.415

see also Arid landsDestruction of universe 523.19Detection of particles 539.77Detection of radioactivity 539.77Determinative mineralogy 549.1Deuterium 546.212

see also ChemicalsDeuterium oxide

chemistry 546.22Deuterons 539.723 2Devonian period 551.74

geology 551.74Dew 551.574 4Dew points 536.44Diagenesis 552.03DialysisE analytical chemistry 543.2

chemistry 542.6

Diamagnetism 538.42Diamonds 553.82

economic geology 553.82mineralogy 549.27see also Industrial diamonds

Diasporemineralogy 549.525

Diaspore clay 553.61see also Clay

Diastrophism 551.8Diatomaceous earth 553.6


Diazines 547.593Diazotization 547.27Dielectrics 537.24

crystals 548.85I Differential cross sections 539.757Diffraction crystallography 548.83Diffraction of light 535.42Diffuse nebulas 523.113 5Diffusion 530.475

analytical chemistry 543.2chemistry 541.34gaseous-state physics 530.435liquid-state physics 530.425physics 530.475semiconductors 537.622 5solid-state physics 530.415

Dihydroxy aromatics 547.633Dikes (Geology) 551.88Dimensional analysis 530.8Dimensions 530.81

physics 530.81Dimorphism

crystallography 548.3Diorite 552.3Diphenyl hydrocarbons 547.613Dipole moments 537.243Dips (Geology) 551.85Dislocation (Crystallography) 548.842Dislocations (Geology) 551.872Disordered solids 530.413Dispersion of light 535.4Disruptive discharges 537.52Distillation

chemistry 542.4Diurnal variations

geomagnetism 538.742Dixon Entrance (B.C. and

Alaska) 551.461 433NDoldrums (Meteorology) 551.518 3Dolerite 552.3

124


Dolomite 553.516economic geology 553.516mineralogy 549.782petrology 552.58

Doppler effect 534.3NDouble salts 546.34Double stars 523.841Double sulfides

mineralogy 549.35Dover, Strait of 551.461 336Drake Passage 551.461 73Drops 530.427Droughts

meteorology 551.577 3Drumlins 551.315DumortieriteN mineralogy 549.62Dunes 551.375

see also Sand dunesDust

meteorology 551.511 3Dust storms 551.559

see also DisastersI Dusty plasmas 530.44Dyes

chemistry 547.86Dynamic oceanography 551.462Dynamics 531.11

air 533.62atmosphere 551.515fluids 532.05gases 533.2liquids 532.5particles 531.163physics 531.11solids 531.3

Dysprosiumchemistry 546.417

N economic geology 553.494 7

E

E = mc2 530.11NE layers (Ionosphere) 538.767 3E region (Ionosphere) 538.767 3Earth 550

astronomy 525geologic history 551.7gravity 531.14internal structure 551.1

NEarth-atmosphere interactions551.523

Earth currents (Geomagnetism)538.748

Earth sciences 550see Manual at 550 vs. 910

Earth temperatureI Effect of volcanic

eruptions on 551.525 3meteorological effect 551.523

I Earthquake magnitude 551.220 287Earthquakes 551.22

see also DisastersEarth’s age 551.701Earthy materials 553.6

economic geology 553.6Earthy minerals 553.6

economic geology 553.6East China Sea 551.461 457E East Pacific Ocean 551.461 42East Siberian Sea (Russia) 551.461 325Eastern Mediterranean Sea 551.461 384Echoes

physics 534.204Eclipses 523.99

moon 523.38sun 523.78

Eclipsing binaries 523.844 4Economic geology 553Eddies

oceanography 551.462Einsteinium 546.449

see also ChemicalsElastic constants 531.381Elastic deformation 531.382

see also ElasticityElastic limit 531.382Elasticity 531.382

crystals 548.842fluid mechanics 532.053 5gas mechanics 533.28liquid mechanics 532.58solid mechanics 531.382

Elastomerschemistry 547.842

Electrets 537.24Electric arcs 537.52Electric charge 537.21Electric conductivity 537.62Electric conductors 537.62Electric currents

physics 537.6Electric potential 537.21Electric resistance 537.62Electrical properties

crystals 548.85

125

RelativeiIndex ____

Electricityastrophysics 523.018 7meteorology 551.563physics 537

N experiments 537.078Electrocapillarity 537.24Electrochemical analysis 543.4Electrochemistry 541.37E organic chemistry 547.137NElectrodeposition analysis 543.4Electrodes 541.372 4

chemistry 541.372 4Electrodialysis 541.372Electrodynamics 537.6Electroluminescence 535.357Electrolyte conductivity 541.372Electrolytic analysis 543.4Electrolytic dissociation 541.372 2Electrolytic solutions 541.372E organic chemistry 547.137 2Electromagnetic fields 530.141

effects in semiconductors 537.622 6Electromagnetic interaction 539.754 6Electromagnetic radiation 539.2Electromagnetic spectrum 539.2Electromagnetic theory 530.141Electromagnetic theory of

light 535.14Electromagnetic wave theory

of matter 530.141Electromagnetic waves 539.2Electromagnetism 537

astrophysics 523.018N experiments 537.078Electron arrangement

crystallography 548.81solid-state physics 530.411

Electron-nuclear doubleresonance 538.362

Electron opticsphysics 537.56

Electron paramagneticresonance 538.364

Electron paramagneticresonance spectroscopy 543.67

Electron spectroscopy 543.62Electron spin resonance 538.364Electron spin resonance

spectroscopy 543.67I Electron temperature 530.442Electronic properties

crystals 548.85Electronics

physics 537.5

Electrons 539.721 12I Backscattering 539.758I Inelastic scattering 539.758Electrophoresis 541.372

analytical chemistry 543.4I Electrostatic adhesion 541.33Electrostatics 537.2Electrostriction 537.24Elements (Chemicals) 546

chemistry 546mineralogy 549.2

Elevations (Physiography) 551.43see also Mountains

Emeralds 553.86economic geology 553.86

NEmery 553.65Emission (Physics)

solid-state physics 530.416Emission of light 535.3Emulsions 541.345 14EnargiteN mineralogy 549.35End of universe 523.19ENDOR (Physics) 538.362Endothermic reactions 541.362Energy

classical physics 531.6physics 530quantum mechanics 530.12

I Energy bands 537.622Energy budget (Nature)

meteorology 551.525I Energy conversion 531.68Energy flow (Nature)

meteorology 551.525Energy levels (Nuclear

physics) 539.725Energy phenomena

solid-state physics 530.416see Manual at 530.416 vs. 539.75

Energy resourceseconomic geology 553.2

English Channel 551.461 336English system (Measurement)

530.813Entropy 536.73I Environmental geomorphology

551.41Eocene epoch 551.784

geology 551.784Epeirogeny 551.8Ephemerides 528Epidote

mineralogy 549.63

126


EPR (Magnetic resonance) 538.364EpsomiteN mineralogy 549.755Equal-area projections

maps 526.85Equation of time 529.1I Equator 526.6E 526.6NEquatorial telescopes 522.2Equilibrium

astronomy 521Equivalent projections

maps 526.85Erbium

chemistry 546.418N economic geology 553.494 7Erosion 551.302

by glaciers 551.313by water 551.352by wind 551.372geology 551.302see Manual at 551.302–.307 vs.

551.35Eruptive variables 523.844 6ErythriteN mineralogy 549.72ESR (Magnetic resonance) 538.364Essential oils

chemistry 547.71Esterification 547.27Esters 547.038

aromatic chemistry 547.638Estuaries 551.461 8Ethers 547.035

aromatic chemistry 547.635I Ethnoastronomy 520.89E 520.89European Arctic seawaters 551.461 324Europium

chemistry 546.415N economic geology 553.494 3Evaporation 536.44

meteorology 551.572Evapotranspiration

meteorology 551.572I Event stratigraphy 551.7Evolution of stars 523.88I Evorsion 551.352Excitation

solid-state physics 530.416Excited states

solid-state physics 530.416Excitons

solid-state physics 530.416

I Exergy 531.68I 536.71Exogenous processes (Geology)

551.3Exothermic reactions 541.362Expanding universe theories 523.18Expansion (Effect of heat) 536.41I Expansion of vapors 533.28I 536.412Exploding wire phenomena 537.5ExplorationsN oceanography 551.460 723Explosion 541.361

chemistry 541.361Extrameridional instruments 522.2Extrasolar planets 523.24I 523.24Extrasolar systems 523.24Extraterrestrial worlds

earth sciences 559.9see Manual at 523 vs. 550

E mineralogy 549.999see Manual at 520 vs. 500.5, 523.1,

530.1, 919.9Extrinsic variables (Stars) 523.844 4

F

NF layers (Ionosphere) 538.767 4F region (Ionosphere) 538.767 4Faculae 523.74Falling bodies 531.14

solid mechanics 531.5Fats

chemistry 547.77I Fault zones 551.22I 551.872Faults (Geology) 551.872Feldspar

mineralogy 549.68Felsite 552.22I Femtochemistry 541.39Fermentation 547.29Fermions 539.721Fermium 546.449

see also ChemicalsFerrimagnetism 538.45Ferroalloying metals

economic geology 553.46Ferroelectricity 537.244 8Ferromagnetism 538.44Few-bodies problem 530.14Field effects

solid-state physics 530.416

127

RelativeiIndex ____

Field theory (Physics) 530.14Fiji Sea 551.461 477Filters

chemistry 542.6Finland, Gulf of 551.461 334Fire clays 553.67

economic geology 553.67Fireclays 553.67

economic geology 553.67Firth of Clyde (Scotland) 551.461 337Firth of Forth (Scotland) 551.461 336Fission (Nuclear) 539.762Fissionable materials

economic geology 553.493Fjords 551.461 8Flagstones 553.53

economic geology 553.53Flame 541.361N chemistry 541.361Flame emission spectroscopy 543.52Flare stars 523.844 6Flexible polymers

chemistry 547.843Flint 553.65Floating 532.25NFloating bodies 532.25I Flood basalts 552.26Floodplains 551.442

geomorphology 551.442Floods

hydrology 551.489Flores Sea (Indonesia) 551.461 474Florida, Straits of 551.461 363Flow

air mechanics 533.62fluid mechanics 532.051gas mechanics 533.21liquid mechanics 532.51

Fluid mechanics 532Fluid phases

fluid-state physics 530.424Fluid-state physics 530.42Fluids

heat transfer 536.25state of matter 530.42

Fluorescence 535.352mineralogy 549.125

Fluorescence spectroscopy 543.56Fluorine 553.95

chemistry 546.731economic geology 553.95organic chemistry 547.02see also Chemicals

Fluoritemineralogy 549.4

I Fluoropolymers 547.84Fluorspar

mineralogy 549.4Foams 541.345 14Foehns (Winds) 551.518 5Fog 541.345 15

colloid chemistry 541.345 15meteorology 551.575

Folds (Geology) 551.875I Foothills 551.436Force and energy 531.6Forces (Mechanics) 531.113Forecasting

weather 551.63Formosa Strait 551.461 457I Formylation 547.2Forth, Firth of (Scotland) 551.461 336Fossil fuels 553.2


Fossil gums 553.29Fossil resins 553.29Foucault’s pendulum 525.36Fourth dimension 530.11Fracture

crystals 548.842mineralogy 549.121

Franciumchemistry 546.386

FrankliniteN mineralogy 549.526Frazil ice 551.344Free radicals (Chemicals) 541.224I Freezes (Meteorology) 551.525 3Freezing 536.42NFrequency of sound 534.3Fresh water 553.7


Freshwater hydrology 551.48Freshwater lagoons 551.482Friction 531.113 4

fluid mechanics 532.053 3gas mechanics 533.28liquid mechanics 532.58solid mechanics 531.4

Fronts (Meteorology) 551.551 2

128


Frost 551.38cold spell 551.525 3

weather forecasting 551.642 53weather modification 551.682 53

geologic agent 551.38hydrometeorology 551.574 4

Froths 541.345 14I Frozen liquids 536.42I Thermal properties 536.42Frozen seawater

geology 551.343FuelsP economic geology 553.2Fuller’s earth 553.61

economic geology 553.61Fumaroles 551.23Fundamental interactions

(Nuclear physics) 539.754Fundamental particles 539.72Fundy, Bay of 551.461 345Furans 547.592Fused aromatic compounds 547.615Fused heterocyclic compounds

547.596Fusibility

crystals 548.86Fusion (Melting) 536.42Fusion (Thermonuclear) 539.764

G

Gabbro 552.3Gadolinium

chemistry 546.416N economic geology 553.494 7Gage fieldsN physics 530.143 5GahniteN mineralogy 549.526I Galactic dynamics 523.112Galaxies 523.112

see Manual at 520 vs. 523.1,523.112, 523.8

Galenamineralogy 549.32

I Galilean satellites 523.985Gallium

chemistry 546.675N economic geology 553.499Gamma decay 539.752 4Gamma particles 539.722 2

physics 539.722 2Gamma-ray astronomy 522.686 2I Gamma ray detectors 539.77

Gamma-ray electronics 537.535Gamma-ray spectroscopy 543.6

analytical chemistry 543.6physics 537.535 2

Gamma rays 539.722 2physics 539.722 2

I Gammasphere 539.77I Ganymede (Satellite) 523.985Garnets 553.87

mineralogy 549.62see also Semiprecious stones

GarnieriteN mineralogy 549.67Gas appliances

chemistry 542.7Gas chromatography 543.85Gas dynamics 533.2Gas equipment

chemistry 542.7I Gas-liquid interfaces 530.427Gas mechanics 533Gaseous-state physics 530.43GasesE analytical chemistry 543N chemistry 541.042 3

expansion and contraction 536.412heat transfer 536.25pneumatics 533sound transmission 534.24specific heat 536.65state of matter 530.43

Gases (Fuels)natural 553.285

see also Natural gasGases in atmosphere 551.511 2Gauge fields

physics 530.143 5Gegenschein 523.59Geiger-Müller counters

nuclear physics 539.774Gels 541.345 13Gems 553.8

economic geology 553.8NGemstones 553.8N see also GemsGeneration of sound

physics 534.1NGeoanticlines 551.86Geochemistry 551.9Geodesists 526.109 2Geodesy 526.1Geodetic astronomy 526.6

129

RelativeiIndex ____

Geodetic coordinates 526.6N celestial navigation 527

spherical astronomy 522.7NGeodetic refraction 526.38Geodetic surveying 526.3Geographic positions

geodetic astronomy 526.64Geologic time 551.701Geological age measurements 551.701Geological ages 551.7Geological surveys

specific areas 554–559Geologists 551.092Geology 551

specific areas 554–559N United States 557.3Geomagnetic reversals 538.727Geomagnetism 538.7I Geomatic files 526I Geomatics 526I Geometric quantum phases

530.12Geometrical crystallography 548.81Geometrical optics 535.32I Geomorphological tracers 551.410 284E 551.410 284Geomorphologists 551.410 92Geomorphology 551.41Geophysics 550

see Manual at 550 vs. 910Georgia, Strait of (B.C.) 551.461 433NGeosynclines 551.86Geotectonics 551.8Germanium

chemistry 546.684N economic geology 553.499Geysers 551.23Giant stars 523.88Gibbs’ phase rule

thermochemistry 541.363Gibraltar, Strait of 551.461 381Glacial action 551.313Glacial drift (Geologic

landforms) 551.315Glacial drift (Geologic

material) 551.314I Glacial isostasy 551.313Glaciers 551.312I Glaciologists 551.310 92E 551.310 92Glaciology 551.31Glass sand 553.622N economic geology 553.622

GlauberiteN mineralogy 549.752Glauconite

mineralogy 549.67Glaze (Meteorology) 551.574 4I Global Climate Observing

System 551.607 2Global temperature changesN weather forecasting 551.642 5Globular clusters 523.855Gneiss 552.4Goethite

mineralogy 549.525Gold


Gorges 551.442geomorphology 551.442

NGrabens 551.872Grand Banks of Newfoundland

551.461 344Grand unified theory 530.142Granite 553.52


Graphic staticsmechanics 531.12solids 531.2

Graphite 553.26economic geology 553.26mineralogy 549.27

NGraphitic anthracite coal 553.25N see also Anthracite coalGrasslands

geomorphology 551.453Graupel 551.578 7Gravel 553.626

economic geology 553.626Gravimetric analysis 543.2Gravitation 531.14

see also GravityGravitational interaction 539.754Gravity 531.14

celestial mechanics 521.1mechanics 531.14solid mechanics 531.5

Gravity determinationsgeodesy 526.7

P Gravity waves 551.515Great Australian Bight (W.A.

and S. Aust.) 551.461 576Great Belt (Denmark) 551.461 334

130


Greenhouse effectmeteorology 551.525 3weather forecasting 551.642 5

Greenland Sea 551.461 324GreenockiteN mineralogy 549.32Greensands

petrology 552.5Gregorian calendar 529.43Grottoes 551.447

see also CavesGround photogrammetry 526.982 5Ground surveying 526.9Groundwater 553.79


I Groundwater mounding 551.492Group 1 elements 546.38Group 2 elements 546.39Group 3 elements 546.4Group 4 elements 546.51Group 5 elements 546.52Group 6 elements 546.53Group 7 elements 546.54Group 8 elements 546.62Group 9 elements 546.62Group 10 elements 546.62Group 11 elements 546.65Group 12 elements 546.66Group 13 elements 546.67I 546.67Group 14 elements 546.68Group 15 elements 546.71Group 16 elements 546.72Group 17 elements 546.73Group 18 elements 546.75Growlers (Ice formations) 551.342Guayaquil, Gulf of 551.461 41Guinea, Gulf of 551.461 373Gulches 551.442

geomorphology 551.442Gulf of Aden 551.461 532Gulf of Alaska (Alaska) 551.461 434Gulf of Aqaba 551.461 533Gulf of Bothnia 551.461 334Gulf of California (Mexico) 551.461 41Gulf of Darien (Colombia) 551.461 365Gulf of Finland 551.461 334Gulf of Guayaquil 551.461 41Gulf of Guinea 551.461 373Gulf of Honduras 551.461 365Gulf of Lions (France) 551.461 382Gulf of Martaban (Burma) 551.461 565Gulf of Mexico 551.461 364

Gulf of Oman 551.461 536Gulf of Panama (Panama) 551.461 41Gulf of Paria (Venezuela and

Trinidad and Tobago) 551.461 366Gulf of Riga (Latvia and

Estonia) 551.461 334Gulf of Saint Lawrence 551.461 344Gulf of Siam 551.461 472Gulf of Suez 551.461 533Gulf of Taranto (Italy) 551.461 386Gulf of Tehuantepec (Mexico)

551.461 41Gulf of Thailand 551.461 472Gulf of Urabá (Colombia) 551.461 365Gulf of Venice (Italy) 551.461 385Gulf Stream 551.462 131Gums (Substances)

chemistry 547.78fossil 553.29

NGutenberg discontinuity 551.11Gypsum 553.635


Gyrodynamics 531.34

H

NH I regions 523.113 5NH II regions 523.113 5I Hadron beams 539.758Hadrons 539.721 6Hafnium

chemistry 546.514N economic geology 553.499Hahnium

chemistry 546.52Hail 551.578 7

weather forecasting 551.647 87N weather modification 551.687 87Hailstones 551.578 7Hailstorms 551.554

see also DisastersI Hale-Bopp comet 523.64Half-life (Nuclear physics) 539.752Halides

mineralogy 549.4Halite 553.632

mineralogy 549.4see also Salt (Sodium chloride)

Hall effects insemiconductors 537.622 6

Halley’s comet 523.642

131

RelativeiIndex ____

Halocarbons 547.02see also Organohalogen compounds

Halogenated compoundsaromatic chemistry 547.62organic chemistry 547.02

Halogenation 547.27Halogens

chemistry 546.73organic chemistry 547.02

HalosN meteorology 551.567NHard coal 553.25N see also Anthracite coalHardness

crystals 548.842mineralogy 549.121

Heat 536astrophysics 523.013effect on matter 536.4physics 536

Heat absorption 536.3Heat capacity 536.6Heat conduction 536.23Heat conduction in fluids 536.25Heat convection 536.25Heat of fusion 536.42Heat of vaporization 536.44Heat radiation 536.3E Heat reflection 536.3E Heat refraction 536.3Heat scattering 536.3Heat transfer 536.2

physics 536.2Heating

chemistry 542.4Heavenly bodies 520Heavy ions 539.723 4I Heavy leptons (Nuclear

physics) 539.721 1I Heavy oil 553.282Heavy spar 553.662Heavy water

chemistry 546.22Hecate Strait (B.C.) 551.461 433Heisenberg representation 530.122HeliographsN astronomy 523.702 84I Helioseismology 523.7I Heliosphere (Astrophysics) 523.58I Heliosphere (Ionosphere) 538.767 4HeliostatsN astronomy 523.702 84

Helium 553.971chemistry 546.751economic geology 553.971see also Chemicals

I Helvite 549.68E mineralogy 549.68Hematite

mineralogy 549.523HemimorphiteN mineralogy 549.63I Herbig Ae/Be stars 523.88Hetero nitrogen compounds 547.593Hetero oxygen compounds 547.592Hetero sulfur compounds 547.594Heterocyclic compounds 547.59NHeterogeneous reactions 541.39N organic chemistry 547.2E High density plasma 530.443High-energy physics 539.76High polymers

chemistry 547.84High seas 551.46

see also OceansHigh temperatures 536.57

chemistry 541.368 7physics 536.57

I High-velocity clouds(Astrophysics) 523.112 5

High-voltage accelerators 539.732I High-density plasmas 530.443NHighs (Meteorology) 551.551 4Hills 551.436

see also MountainsHindu calendar 529.324 5Historical geology 551.7

see Manual at 551.7 vs. 560Hoarfrost 551.574 4Holmium

chemistry 546.417N economic geology 553.494 7Holocene epoch 551.793

geology 551.793NHomogeneous reactions 541.39N organic chemistry 547.2Honduras, Gulf of 551.461 365I Hoodoos (Geomorphology)

551.43Hooke’s law 531.382Hormones

chemistry 547.7Hormuz, Strait of 551.461 535Horology 529.7NHorse latitudes 551.518 3Hot springs 551.23

132


Hudson Bay 551.461 327Humboldt Current 551.462 141Humidity

meteorology 551.571Hurricanes 551.552

meteorology 551.552weather forecasting 551.645 2weather modification 551.685 2see also Disasters

Hydraulics 532physics 532

I Hydrocarbon reservoirs 553.28Hydrocarbons 547.01

alicyclic chemistry 547.51aliphatic chemistry 547.41aromatic chemistry 547.61

Hydrodynamics 532.5I Hydroformylation 547.2Hydrogen 553.92

chemistry 546.2economic geology 553.92organic chemistry 547see also Chemicals

Hydrogen-ion concentration 541.372 8Hydrogenation 547.23NHydrographers 551.460 92Hydrographic surveying 526.99Hydrography 551.46Hydrological cycle 551.48Hydrology (Fresh waters) 551.48E Mars 551.480 999 23Hydrolysis 541.39

organic chemistry 547.2Hydromechanics 532

physics 532Hydrometeorology 551.57Hydroquinones 547.633Hydrosols 541.345 14Hydrosphere 551.46Hydrostatics 532.2Hydrosulfides 547.063NHydrosulfites 547.063Hydrous sulfates

mineralogy 549.755Hydroxides

mineralogy 549.53E Hydroxy acids 547.037I 547.037Hydroxy compounds 547.03N alicyclic chemistry 547.53

aliphatic chemistry 547.43aromatic chemistry 547.63

I Hypergenesis (Geology) 551.302Hyperons 539.721 64

Hypersonic flow 533.276air mechanics 533.62

E Hypervalence (Chemistry) 541.224E organic chemistry 547.122 4I Hypervalence (Theoretical

chemistry) 547.122 4Hysteresis (Magnetism) 538.3

I

Ice 551.31economic geology 553.7geology 551.31mineralogy 549.522

E to 4000 B.C. 551.310 901 2Ice age 551.792

geology 551.792I Ice fields 551.31NIce nuclei 551.578Ice storms 551.556Icebergs 551.342IdocraseN mineralogy 549.63Igneous rocks 552.1Ignition 541.361

chemistry 541.361Ilmenite

mineralogy 549.523Imidazoles 547.593Imperial system (Measurement)

530.813Inaudible sound 534.5NIncandescence 536.4Indian Ocean 551.461 5Indium


Induced radioactivityN physics 539.753Induction accelerators 539.734I Inductively coupled plasma

mass spectrometry 543.65Industrial diamonds 553.65

economic geology 553.65see also Diamonds

Industrial minerals 553.6N economic geology 553.6I Inelastic scattering 539.758Inert gases


133

RelativeiIndex ____

Inertia 531.12fluids 532.02gases 533.12liquids 532.2

N solids 531.2Infrared astronomy 522.683I Infrared cirrus (Astronomy) 523.113 5Infrared radiation 535.012

chemical effect 541.353 2physics 535.012

Infrared spectroscopy 543.57analytical chemistry 543.57physics 535.842

Inland Sea (Japan) 551.461 455Inland seas 551.482 9Inland waterways

hydrology 551.48I Inliers (Geology) 551.8Inorganic chemistry 546

see Manual at 541 vs. 546see Manual at 549 vs. 546

Inosilicatesmineralogy 549.66

Inside Passage 551.461 433Instabilities in

semiconductors 537.622 6Instrumentation

analytical chemistry 543.19physics 530.7weather reporting 551.635

Intensity of light 535.22E astrophysics 523.015 22NIntensity of sound 534.3Interfaces (Chemistry) 541.33Interference of light 535.47Interferometry 535.470 287

analytical chemistry 543.59Intergalactic matter 523.112 5Interior of earth 551.11Intermolecular forces

chemistry 541.226E organic chemistry 547.122 6E organometallic compounds547.050 442 6Internal friction

solid-state physics 530.416I Interplanetary dust 523.5Interplanetary matter 523.5Interstellar matter 523.112 5

Milky Way 523.113 5Intrinsic variables (Stars) 523.844 2Intrusions (Geology) 551.88

Iodine 553.6chemistry 546.734economic geology 553.6

N mineralogy 549.27organic chemistry 547.02see also Chemicals

NIodometry 543.24Ion exchange 541.372 3Ion-exchange chromatography

543.82Ion implantation

solid-state physics 530.416Ion optics

physics 537.56I Ion-molecule collisions 539.6Ionian Sea 551.461 386Ionic equilibriums 541.372 3Ionization 530.444

chemistry 541.372 2meteorology 551.561plasma physics 530.444

Ionization chambersnuclear physics 539.772

Ionization of gases 530.444electronic physics 537.532

Ionized gases 530.44Ionizing radiation 539.722Ionosphere 538.767

meteorology 551.514 5E equipment 551.514 502 84Ions

electrochemistry 541.372Iridium

chemistry 546.643N economic geology 553.495Irish Sea 551.461 337Iron


Iron alloysE chemistry 546.621 3Irreversible reactionsN chemistry 541.39N organic chemistry 547.2I Isentropic expansion 536.41Islamic calendar 529.327Islands 551.42

geomorphology 551.42Isomers 547.122 52

inorganic chemistry 541.225 2organic chemistry 547.122 52

Isomorphismcrystallography 548.3

134


Isonitriles 547.044Isotope structure 539.74Isotopes

radiochemistry 541.388

J

Jade 553.876economic geology 553.876

Jadite 553.876see also Jade

Jahn-Teller effect (Physics) 530.416JamesoniteN mineralogy 549.35Japan, Sea of 551.461 454Japan Current 551.462 145Japanese calendar 529.329 56Java Sea 551.461 474Jet (Precious stone) 553.87

see also Semiprecious stonesJet streams (Meteorology) 551.518 3Jewish calendar 529.326Joints (Geology) 551.84Josephson effect (Physics) 530.416Joule’s law 536.71Juan de Fuca Strait (B.C.

and Washington) 551.461 432Julian calendar 529.42Jupiter (Planet) 523.45E satellites 523.985Jurassic period 551.766

geology 551.766

K

K-mesons 539.721 62Kames 551.315Kaolin 553.61

economic geology 553.61Kaolinite

mineralogy 549.67Kaons 539.721 62Kara Sea 551.461 325NKarimata Strait (Indonesia) 551.461 472I Karren 551.447Karsts 551.447

see also CavesKattegat (Denmark and Sweden)

551.461 334Kennelly-Heaviside layers 538.767 3Kepler’s laws 521.3KerniteN mineralogy 549.735

Ketones 547.036aromatic chemistry 547.636

I Kettle holes 551.315Kettles (Geologic landforms) 551.315Kinematics 531.112

fluids 532.05gases 533.2liquid mechanics 532.5meteorology 551.515 1solids 531.3

Kinetic energy 531.6Kinetic theories

(Statistical mechanics) 530.136Kinetic theory of gases 533.7Kinetics 531.113

fluids 532.05gases 533.2liquid mechanics 532.5physical chemistry 541.394solids 531.3

Korea Strait 551.461 454Krypton

chemistry 546.754N economic geology 553.97I Kuiper Belt 523.48Kyanite

mineralogy 549.62

L

I La NiÔa Current 551.462 141I 551.6La Perouse Strait 551.461 453Laboratories

chemistry 542.1Labrador Current 551.462 134Labrador Sea 551.461 343Laccadive Sea 551.461 537Laccoliths 551.88Lagoons 551.461 8

freshwater hydrology 551.482oceanography 551.461 8

E Lake effect (Meterology) 551.524 8Lake ice 551.345Lakes 551.482

hydrology 551.482influence on precipitation 551.577 5interactions with atmosphere

551.524 8I Laminar boundary layer 532.052 5Laminar flow 532.052 5


135

RelativeiIndex ____

Land-atmosphere interactions 551.523microclimatology 551.66

Land breezes 551.518 5Land surveys

technology 526.9Landforms 551.41

geomorphology 551.41Landslides 551.307Lanthanide series


Lanthanumchemistry 546.411

N economic geology 553.494 3Laptev Sea (Russia) 551.461 325Latent heat 536.4

evaporation and condensation536.44

fusion and solidification 536.42thermochemistry 541.362

Latexeschemistry 547.842 5

Lathers 541.345 14colloid chemistry 541.345 14

Latitude 526.61celestial navigation 527.1

Lattice dynamicssolid-state physics 530.411

Lattices (Crystals) 548.81I Laurentia (Geology) 551.715Lava 552.22Law of falling bodies 531.5E Law of mass action

(Chemistry) 541.392Lawrencium 546.449

see also ChemicalsLaws of thermodynamics 536.71LawsoniteN mineralogy 549.63LazuliteN mineralogy 549.72LazuriteN mineralogy 549.68NLe Chatelier’s principle 541.392Lead


Leptons 539.721 1Leucite

mineralogy 549.68Leveling (Surveying) 526.36NLibrations of moon 523.33Liesegang rings 541.348 5Ligands 541.224 2

Light 535astrophysics 523.015chemical effect 541.353 3

N experiments 535.078meteorology 551.565physics 535

Light absorption 535.326meteorology 551.566

Light metalseconomic geology 553.492

I Light pollution 522NLight spectroscopy 543.5N analytical chemistry 543.5

physics 535.843Lightning 551.563 2Lignite 553.22

economic geology 553.22Ligurian Sea 551.461 382Lille Bëìaelt (Denmark) 551.461 334Lime 553.68

economic geology 553.68Limestone 553.516


Limnology 551.48LimoniteN mineralogy 549.53Lincoln Sea 551.461 327Linear accelerators 539.733Lions, Gulf of (France) 551.461 382Lipids

chemistry 547.77Liquefaction of gases

heat physics 536.44NLiquid bitumens 553.282Liquid chromatography 543.84I Liquid crystal films 530.429Liquid crystals 530.429Liquid-drop model (Nuclear

physics) 539.742Liquid dynamics 532.5Liquid-gas interface 530.427Liquid-in-glass thermometry 536.51E Liquid-liquid interfaces 530.427I 530.427I 541.33E chemistry 541.33E physics 530.427Liquid mechanics 532

physics 532Liquid phases

liquid-state physics 530.424Liquid polymers

liquid-state physics 530.429

136


I Liquid sheets 532.5NLiquid-state chemistry 541.042 2Liquid-state physics 530.42Liquid statics 532.2LiquidsN chemistry 541.042 2

expansion and contraction 536.413heat transfer 536.25sound transmission 534.23specific heat 536.63state of matter 530.42

Lithiumchemistry 546.381economic geology 553.499

E Lithium compounds 546.381 2I 546.381 2Lithology 552Lithosphere 551Little Belt (Denmark) 551.461 334I Local Group (Astronomy) 523.112Local wind systems 551.518 5Lodes 553.19N economic geology 553.19Long Island Sound (N.Y. and

Conn.) 551.461 346Long-period variable stars 523.844 26Long-range weather

forecasting 551.636 5Long-wave electronics

physics 537.534 2Longitude 526.62

celestial navigation 527.2I Low mass stars 523.8Low temperatures 536.56


NLower Carboniferous period 551.751N geology 551.751NLower Precambrian era 551.712N geology 551.712NLower Silurian epoch

(Ordovician period) 551.731N geology 551.731NLows (Meteorology) 551.551 3Luminescence 535.35

mineralogy 549.125I Luminescence dating 551.701Luminescence spectroscopy 543.56I Luminosity distance 523.82I Lunar terminator 523.32LuteciumN chemistry 546.419

Lutetiumchemistry 546.419

N economic geology 553.494 7Luzon Strait (Philippines) 551.461 458NLye 546.383 22

M

I Machairs 551.457Macromolecules

chemistry 547.7Magellan, Strait of (Chile

and Argentina) 551.461 74Magma 551.13Magnesite

mineralogy 549.782Magnesium

chemistry 546.392economic geology 553.492 9organic chemistry 547.053 92

I Magnetic couplings 538.3Magnetic currents (Earth) 538.748Magnetic fields (Earth) 538.7NMagnetic flux 538.3Magnetic induction 538.4NMagnetic moment 538.3Magnetic observations (Earth)

538.79NMagnetic permeability 538.3Magnetic phenomena 538.3Magnetic properties 538.3

crystals 548.85Magnetic relaxation 538.3Magnetic resonance 538.36Magnetic storms (Earth) 538.744Magnetic substances 538.4Magnetic surveys (Earth) 538.78NMagnetic susceptibility 538.3Magnetic variations

(Geomagnetism) 538.74Magnetism 538

astrophysics 523.018 8physics 538

Magnetitemineralogy 549.526

NMagnetization 538.3Magnetochemistry 541.378Magnetohydrodynamics 538.6Magnetosphere 538.766

meteorology 551.514Magnetostriction 538.3Magnets 538.4

natural 538.4Main-sequence stars 523.88

137

RelativeiIndex ____

Maine, Gulf of 551.461 345Makasar Strait 551.461 473Malacca, Strait of 551.461 565Malachite

mineralogy 549.785Malay Archipelago inner seas 551.461 473Manche 551.461 336Mandab, Strait of 551.461 532Mandeb, Bab el 551.461 532Manganese


Manganese groupchemistry 546.54

I Manganese group compounds546.54

I Manganite 553.462 9N mineralogy 549.53NMannar, Gulf of 551.461 537Mantle of earth 551.116Many-bodies problem 530.144E approximation 530.144 015 114

astronomy 521Many-body problemI Approximation methods 530.144 015 114Map drawing 526Map makers 526.092Map making 526Map projections 526.8Maps

cartography 526Maracaibo, Gulf of (Colombia

and Venezuela) 551.461 365I Marangoni effect 536.25Marble 553.512


E Marine chemistry 551.466Marine geology 551.468Marine science 551.46

see also OceansNMarine scientists 551.460 92Marine waters 551.46

see also OceansMarl 553.68Marmara, Sea of (Turkey) 551.461 389

Mars (Planet)I Atmospheric density 551.5I Crust 551.130 999 23E earth sciences 559.923E gravity 523.431I Gravity 523.431I Ionosphere 538.767 099 923E ionosphere 538.767 099 923I Ionosphere 551.514 509 992 3

ionosphereE meteorology 551.514 509 992 3I Lava flows 551.210 999 23I Water 551.480 999 23I Mars surface samples 559.923Marshes 551.417

see also WetlandsMartaban, Gulf of (Burma) 551.461 565I Martian meteorites 523.510 999 23Mass (Substance) 531.14

air mechanics 533.6N fluid mechanics 532


Mass-energy equivalence 530.11Mass movement (Geology) 551.307Mass spectrometry 543.65


Mass spectroscopy 543.65analytical chemistry 543.65physics 539.602 87

Mass transfer 530.475gaseous-state physics 530.435liquid-state physics 530.425physics 530.475semiconductors 537.622 5solid-state physics 530.415

Mass transport (Physics) 530.475see also Mass transfer

Mass wasting (Geology) 551.307Massachusetts Bay (Mass.) 551.461 345Mathematical crystallography 548.7Mathematical geography 526Mathematical physics 530.15I Matrix-assisted laser

desorption-ionization 543.65Matrix mechanics 530.122Matter 530

physics 530structure 539.1

Matter at high temperatures 536.57Matter at low temperatures 536.56

138


NMaxwell equations (Physics)530.141

Maxwell’s equations (Physics)530.141

Maxwell’s thermodynamicformulas 536.71

Mayan calendar 529.329 784 27I Mean field theory 530.144Measurement 530.8

chemistry 542.3Measurement systems 530.81

physics 530.81Measurement theory 530.801Measures 530.81

see also Weights and measuresMeasuring instruments

physics 530.7Mechanical forces 530Mechanics 530

atmosphere 551.515classical physics 531physics 530quantum physics 530.12

Mechanics of particlesclassical physics 531.16

Mechanics of points 531.1Mediterranean Sea 551.461 38I Melt ponds 551.482Melting 536.42I Meltwater 551.48Mendelevium 546.449

see also ChemicalsMensuration 530.8Mercator projection 526.82Mercury (Element)


Mercury (Planet) 523.41I Meridians (Astronomy) 526.6I Meridians (Geodesy) 526.6Meridional instruments 522.2N astronomy 522.2I Meridional winds 551.518 3Mesons 539.721 62Mesosphere 551.514I Mesospheric circulation 551.517Mesozoic era 551.76

geology 551.76Messina, Strait of (Italy) 551.461 386E Metal chemistry 546.3I Metal clusters 539.6I 546.3I Metal-poor stars 523.86

Metallic compounds 546.3Metallic solids 530.413Metals

chemistry 546.3economic geology 553.4mineralogy 549.23organic chemistry 547.05

N alicyclic 547.55aliphatic 547.45

E aromatic 547.65Metamorphic rocks 552.4Meteor showers 523.53NMeteor streams 523.53NMeteor trails 523.53Meteorite craters 551.397E Yucatán (Mexico: State) 551.397 097 265Meteorites 523.51E Mars (Planet) 523.510 999 23

mineralogy 549.112petrology 549.112

Meteoroids 523.51Meteorologists 551.509 2Meteorology 551.5

see Manual at 551.5 vs. 551.6Meteors 523.51Metric system 530.812Mexico, Gulf of 551.461 364Mica 553.674


Microanalysis (Chemistry) 543.22Microchemical analysis 543.22Microchemistry 543.22Microclimatology 551.66Micrometeorology 551.66I Microplates 542.2Microscopic analysis

chemistry 543.22Microscopic petrology 552.8Microwave electronics

physics 537.534 4Microwave spectroscopy 543.6


Microwaves 537.534 4Milky Way 523.113Mineral fertilizers

economic geology 553.64Mineral pigments 553.662Mineral waters 553.73

economic geology 553.73Mineralogists 549.092

139

RelativeiIndex ____

Mineralogy 549see Manual at 549 vs. 546see Manual at 549 vs. 548

Minerals 553economic geology 553mineralogy 549

Miocene epoch 551.787geology 551.787

Mirages 551.565I Miskito cosmology 523.108 997 882E 523.108 997882Mississippian period 551.751

geology 551.751Mist 541.345 15

colloid chemistry 541.345 15meteorology 551.575

Mixingoceanography 551.462

Modern physics 539Modulus of rigidity 531.381NMohorovicic discontinuity 551.11Moisture

meteorology 551.57NMolecular bonds 541.224NMolecular complexes 541.224 2Molecular physics 539.6

astronomy 523.019 6NMolecular sieve

chromatography 543.8Molecular spectra 539.6Molecular spectroscopy 543.54Molecular structure 541.22

chemistry 541.22physics 539.12

Molecular weights 541.222Molecules


Molucca Sea 551.461 473Molybdates

mineralogy 549.74Molybdenite

mineralogy 549.32Molybdenum


Momentum 531.6Monazite

mineralogy 549.72Monohydric hydroxy aromatics

547.632Monsoons 551.518 4

Monterey Bay (Calif.) 551.461 432Months 529.2Moon 523.3E atmosphere 551.509 991I Atmosphere 551.509 991Moons 523.98Moraines (Geologic landforms)

551.315Moraines (Geologic material) 551.314NMössbauer spectroscopy 543.6N analytical chemistry 543.6

physics 537.535 2Motion

celestial bodies 521physics 531.11stars 523.83

Mountain building 551.82I Mountain mapping 551.432I Mountain watersheds 551.48Mountain winds 551.518 5Mountains 551.432

geomorphology 551.432E Scotland 551.432 094 11E Scottish Highlands

(Scotland) 551.432 094 115Moving targets

physics 531.112Mozambique Channel 551.461 525Mu-mesons 539.721 14Mud flows 551.307Multiphase flow

liquid mechanics 532.56Multiple stars 523.841I Multivalent molecules 541.224NMumesons 539.721 14I Munros 551.432 094 115Muons 539.721 14

N

I Nanocrystals 548Nantucket Sound (Mass.) 551.461 346Naphthalenes 547.615Nappes (Geology) 551.872Narragansett Bay (R.I.) 551.461 346Native elements 549.2

see also ChemicalsNative metals 549.23

see also MetalsNatural gas 553.285

economic geology 553.285see also Petroleum

Natural magnets 538.4Natural radioactivity 539.752

140


Natural stone 553.5see also Stone

Nautical almanacs 528Necks (Geology) 551.88Neocene period 551.786

geology 551.786Neodymium

chemistry 546.413N economic geology 553.494 3Neogene period 551.786

geology 551.786Neon

chemistry 546.752N economic geology 553.97NNephelometry 543.55Nephrite 553.876

see also JadeNeptune (Planet) 523.481I Ring system 523.988 1E satellites 523.988 1Neptunium 546.432

see also ChemicalsNesosilicates

mineralogy 549.62Nets (Surveying) 526.33Neutralization (Chemistry)N analytical chemistry 543.24Neutrinos 539.721 5Neutron stars 523.887 4Neutrons 539.721 3New York Bay (N.Y.) 551.461 346I Newtonian cosmology 523.1NiccoliteN mineralogy 549.32Nickel


Night skiesmeteorology 551.566

Niobiumchemistry 546.524economic geology 553.499

E Niobium compounds 546.524 2I 546.524 2Niter 553.64

mineralogy 549.732Nitrates 553.64


Nitration 547.27Nitriles 547.044Nitro compounds 547.041

Nitrogen 553.93chemistry 546.711economic geology 553.93organic chemistry 547.04

aliphatic 547.44aromatic 547.64

see also ChemicalsNitrosation 547.27Nitroso compounds 547.041Nivation 551.38NMR (Physics) 538.362Nobelium 546.449

see also ChemicalsNoble gases


Nonaqueous solutions 541.342 3Nonaqueous solvents 541.348 2Noncrystalline solids 530.413Nonferrous metals

economic geology 553.4Nonlinear optics 535.2Nonmetals

chemistry 546.7mineralogy 549.27solid-state physics 530.413

Nonoptical spectroscopy 543.6Nonrenewable fuels 553.2

see also Fossil fuelsNorite 552.3North Atlantic Ocean 551.461 31E interactions with atmosphere

551.524 631I North Atlantic oscillation 551.524 631North Channel (Ireland and

Scotland) 551.461 337North Pacific Ocean 551.461 44North Polar Sea 551.461 32North Sea 551.461 336E Northeast Pacific Ocean 551.461 43Northern lights 538.768Norton Sound (Alaska) 551.461 434Norwegian Sea 551.461 324Novas 523.844 6NQR (Physics) 538.362Nuclear activation analysis 543.63Nuclear activities 539.75

see Manual at 530.416 vs. 539.75Nuclear chemistry 541.38Nuclear energy

physics 539.7Nuclear fission 539.762Nuclear fuelsP economic geology 553.493

141

RelativeiIndex ____

Nuclear fusion 539.764Nuclear interactions 539.75

see Manual at 530.416 vs. 539.75Nuclear magnetic resonance 538.362Nuclear magnetic resonance

spectroscopy 543.66Nuclear models 539.74Nuclear physicists 539.709 2Nuclear physics 539.7

astronomy 523.019 7Nuclear quadrupole resonance

538.362Nuclear reactions 539.76Nuclear spectroscopy 543.6Nuclear structure 539.74Nuclei as particles 539.723 2Nucleic acids

chemistry 547.7Nucleons 539.721 2Nuclide structure 539.74Nutation

celestial mechanics 521.9

O

Observatoriesastronomy 522.1

Obsidian 552.22Occultations 523.99Ocean-atmosphere interactions

551.524 6Ocean bottom 551.468

see also Ocean floorOcean circulation 551.462Ocean color 551.465 5I 551.465 5Ocean currents 551.462Ocean floor 551.468

oceanography 551.468Ocean temperatures 551.465 3

meteorological effect 551.524 6Ocean waters 551.46

see also OceansOceanographers 551.460 92NOceanographic geology 551.468Oceanography 551.46

see also OceansOceans 551.46

geologic agent 551.36influence on precipitation 551.577 5interactions with atmosphere

551.524 6physical geology 551.46

NOchers 553.662

Oil (Petroleum) 553.282economic geology 553.282see also Petroleum

Oil sands 553.283see also Tar sands

Oil shale 553.283economic geology 553.283

Okhotsk, Sea of 551.461 453Olefins 547.412Oligocene epoch 551.785

geology 551.785Oman, Gulf of 551.461 536Onyx 553.87

see also Semiprecious stonesOnyx marble 553.55

economic geology 553.55Oolite 552.58I Opacity (Optics) 535.3Opals 553.873N economic geology 553.873


Open clusters (Stars) 523.852Optical binaries 523.841Optical crystallography 548.9I Optical interferometers 522.6Optical rotation

chemistry 541.7Optical spectroscopy 543.5

analytical chemistry 543.5physics 535.84

Optics 535N experiments 535.078

see also LightOrbitals (Quantum chemistry) 541.28I Orbiting radio astronomy

observatories 522.682Orbits (Astromechanics) 521.3

astronomy 521.3comets 523.63earth 525.3moon 523.33

Orbits (Nuclear particles) 539.725Ordered solids 530.413Ordovician period 551.731

geology 551.731Ores 553Oresund (Denmark and Sweden)

551.461 334Organic chemistry 547

analytical chemistry 543.17Organic compounds 547Organic geochemistry 553.2

142


I Organic reaction mechanisms547.2

E 547.2Organic solids 530.413Organohalogen compounds 547.02

alicyclic chemistry 547.52aliphatic chemistry 547.42

Organometallic compounds 547.05N alicyclic chemistry 547.55

aliphatic chemistry 547.45E aromatic chemistry 547.65Organonitrogen compounds 547.04


E Organopalladium compounds547.056 362

I 547.056 362Organophosphorus compounds

547.07aliphatic chemistry 547.47

N aromatic chemistry 547.67Organosilicon compounds 547.08

aliphatic chemistry 547.48N aromatic chemistry 547.68Organosulfur compounds 547.06N alicyclic chemistry 547.56


Origin of universe 523.12Orogeny 551.82Orthomorphic projections 526.82Oscillations

solid-state physics 530.416solids 531.32

Osmiumchemistry 546.641

N economic geology 553.495Osmosis 530.425

physics 530.425Osmotic pressure 541.341 5I Ostwald ripening 548.5NOtranto, Strait of 551.461 385Outcrops (Geology) 551.85Outer space 520

astronomy 520see Manual at 520 vs. 500.5, 523.1,

530.1, 919.9OvivineN mineralogy 549.62Oxazines 547.595Oxazoles 547.592Oxdiazines 547.595Oxdiazoles 547.595

Oxidation 541.393E organic chemistry 547.23Oxidation-reduction reaction 541.393E analytical chemistry 543.24

organic chemistry 547.23Oxides

mineralogy 549.5Oxy compounds 547.03N alicyclic chemistry 547.53


Oxygenchemistry 546.721economic geology 553.94organic chemistry 547.03

Ozokerite 553.27see also Asphalt

Ozone layer 551.514 2Ozone layer depletion

meteorology 551.514 2

P

Pacific Ocean 551.461 4Paleocene epoch 551.783

geology 551.783Paleoclimatology 551.609 01I Pleistocene 551.609 012I Pliocene 551.609 012

specific areas 551.69E to 4000 B.C. 551.609 012Paleogene period 551.782

geology 551.782Paleogeography 551.7I Pleistocene 551.792Paleomagnetism 538.727Paleontology *

see Manual at 551.7 vs. 560Paleovolcanism 551.210 901I Paleoweathering 551.302Paleozoic era 551.72

geology 551.72Palladium

chemistry 546.636N economic geology 553.495E Palladium compounds 546.636 2I 546.636 2Pamlico Sound (N.C.) 551.461 348Panama, Gulf of (Panama) 551.461 41Paper chromatography 543.84NPapua, Gulf of (Papua New

Guinea) 551.461 476Paraffin (Wax) 547.77Paraffins (Alkanes) 547.411

143

RelativeiIndex ____

Parallaxstars 523.81

Parallax corrections 522.9Paramagnetism 538.43Paria, Gulf of (Venezuela

and Trinidad and Tobago)551.461 366

Particle acceleration 539.73Particle beams 539.73Particle colliders 539.73I Particle image velocimetry 532.053 2Particle mechanics 530.12

classical physics 531.16quantum mechanics 530.12see Manual at 530.475 vs. 530.12,

531.16Particle physics 539.72Particle radiation 539.72

nuclear physics 539.72Particles (Matter)

classical mechanics 531.16meteorology 551.511 3nuclear physics 539.72

NPartition chromatography 543.8E Partition coefficient 541.341 3I Partition coefficient

(Chemistry) 541.341 3Peat 553.21

economic geology 553.21Peat coal 553.21

see also PeatPectoliteN mineralogy 549.66Pegmatite dikes 553.16

determinative mineralogy 549.116I Pegmatoids 552.3Pendulum motion 531.324Pendulums 531.324Pennsylvanian period 551.752

geology 551.752Percolation (Statistical

physics) 530.13Percolation theory 530.13Peridotite 552.3NPerigee 521.3Periodic law 546.8Periodic table 546.8Periodicity (Chemistry) 546.8Permafrost 551.384Permanent deformation 531.385

see also PlasticityPermanent magnetic fields

(Earth) 538.72

Permian period 551.756geology 551.756

Perouse Strait 551.461 453PeroxidationN organic chemistry 547.23Persian Gulf 551.461 535NPersonal equation machines 522.5N corrections 522.9Perturbations

celestial mechanics 521.4Peru Current 551.462 141Petrogenesis 552.03Petrography 552Petroleum 553.28


Petroleum geology 553.28E theory 553.280 1Petrologists 552.009 2Petrology 552pH 541.372 8Phanerite 552.3Phanerozoic eon 551.7Phase changes 530.474

see also Phase transformationsPhase diagrams 530.474

see also Phase transformationsPhase equilibria 530.474

see also Phase transformationsPhase stability 530.474

see also Phase transformationsPhase transformations 530.474

fluid-state physics 530.424physics 530.474solid-state physics 530.414thermochemistry 541.363

Phase transitions 530.474see also Phase transformations

Phasesmoon 523.32

PhenaciteN mineralogy 549.62Phenols 547.632I Phenylacetates 547.632E 547.632Philippine Sea 551.461 458Philosopher’s stone 540.112NPhlogiston theory 540.1Phonons

solid-state physics 530.416Phosphates 553.64


NPhosphenes 547.07

144


NPhosphinic acids 547.07NPhosphoacids 547.07NPhosphoalcohols 547.07NPhosphoaldehydes 547.07NPhosphoketones 547.07NPhosphonic acids 547.07NPhosphonium compounds 547.07Phosphorescence 535.353Phosphorus


aliphatic 547.47N aromatic 547.67Photochemistry 541.35

atmosphere 551.511Photoconductivity 537.54Photoelectric photometry

astronomy 522.623Photoelectricity 537.54E Photoelectrochemistry 541.35I 541.35Photoemission 537.54Photogrammetry 526.982Photographic photometry

astronomy 522.622Photographic surveying 526.982Photography

astronomy 522.63nuclear physics 539.778

Photoionization of gases 530.444I Photoisomerization 547.2Photoluminescence 535.355Photometry 535.220 287

astronomy 522.62Photons 539.721 7Photonuclear reactions 539.756Photosphere

sun 523.74Photovoltaic effect 537.54Phyllosilicates

mineralogy 549.67Physical chemistry 541

see Manual at 541 vs. 546Physical constants 530.81Physical crystallography 548.8Physical geography *

see Manual at 550 vs. 910Physical geology 551I Physical laws 530Physical mineralogy 549.12Physical oceanography 551.46Physical optics 535.2Physical organic chemistry 547.13Physical units 530.81

Physicists 530.092Physics 530N experiments 530.078N laboratory manuals 530.078I Physiographic provinces 551.41Pi-mesons 539.721 62Piezoelectricity 537.244 6N crystals 548.85Piezomagnetism 538.3Pigments


Pillow lava 552.26I Pinacol rearrangement 547.031Pions 539.721 62I Pisolites (Petrology) 552.58Pitch (Natural asphalt) 553.27

see also AsphaltPitch (Sound)N physics 534.3PitchblendeN mineralogy 549.528Placer deposits 553.13Plains 551.453

geomorphology 551.453Plane surveying 526.9Planetariums 520.74Planetary nebulas 523.113 5Planetary rings 523.98Planetary systems 523.2Planetary transits 523.99E Planetary volcanism 551.210 999 2I 551.210 999 2Planetary wind systems 551.518 3Planetoids 523.44Planets 523.4

astronomy 523.4Plants

influence on precipitation 551.577 5Plasma (Ionized gas) 530.44N chemistry 541.042 4

physics 530.44E properties 530.442Plasma chemistry 541.042 4Plasma physics 530.44Plastic deformation 531.385

see also PlasticityPlasticity 531.385

crystals 548.842physics 531.385

Plata, Rio de la (Argentinaand Uruguay) 551.461 368

Plate tectonics 551.136

145

RelativeiIndex ____

Plateaus 551.434see also Mountains

Platinumchemistry 546.645economic geology 553.422

Platinum metalschemistry 546.63economic geology 553.495

Pleistocene epoch 551.792geology 551.792

I Pleistocene-Holocene boundary551.792

Pliocene epoch 551.788geology 551.788

Plumbago (Graphite) 553.26see also Graphite

Pluto (Dwarf planet) 523.482Plutonic rocks 552.3Plutonium

chemistry 546.434Pneumatics 533

physics 533Poisson’s ratio 531.381NPolar easterlies 551.518 3I Polar gases 541.22Polarimetry

astronomy 522.65Polariscopic analysis 543.59Polarization of light 535.52N physics 535.52Polarography 543.4Polonium

chemistry 546.728I Polyatomic molecules 539.6PolybasiteN mineralogy 549.35I Polycondensation 547.28PolyhaliteN mineralogy 549.755Polyhydroxy aromatics 547.633Polymerization 547.28

inorganic chemistry 541.39organic chemistry 547.28

Polymers 547.7inorganic chemistry 541.225 4liquid-state physics 530.429organic chemistry 547.7state of matter 530.413

Polymorphismcrystallography 548.3

Polyphenyl hydrocarbons 547.613Ponds 551.482

hydrology 551.482

Pools (Water) 551.482see also Ponds

Porous solids 530.413Porphyrins 547.593Porphyry 552.3NPort Davey 551.461 576Positional astronomy 522

mathematical geography 526.6Positrons 539.721 4Postglacial epoch 551.793

geology 551.793Potash 546.383 22Potash salts 553.636N chemistry 546.383 24

economic geology 553.636Potassium

chemistry 546.383N economic geology 553.499

organic chemistry 547.053 83Potassium alkalis 546.383 22Potassium bicarbonate 546.383 22Potassium carbonate 546.383 22Potassium hydroxide 546.383 22Potassium minerals

economic geology 553.636Potential energy 531.6NPotentiometry 543.4Practical astronomy 522Praseodymium

chemistry 546.413N economic geology 553.494 3Precambrian era 551.71

geology 551.71Precession

celestial mechanics 521.9corrections 522.9

Precious metalseconomic geology 553.42

Precious stones 553.8see also Gems

Precipitates 541.348 5Precipitation (Chemicals) 541.34E analytical chemistry 543.24Precipitation (Meteorology) 551.577

geologic agent 551.35weather forecasting 551.647 7weather modification 551.687 7

PrehniteN mineralogy 549.63NPreliminary surveys (Geodesy)

526.31Pressure

mechanics 531.1I Pressure-sensitive paint 533.6

146


Prisms 535.420 284Problem of few bodies 530.14Problem of n bodies 530.144

astronomy 521Problem of three bodies 530.14

astronomy 521Projectiles 531.55

physics 531.55Promethium

chemistry 546.414N economic geology 553.494 3Propagation of sound 534.2N see also SoundProportional counters

nuclear physics 539.773Protactinium

chemistry 546.424Proteins

chemistry 547.7Proterozoic era 551.715

geology 551.715I Proton-induced gamma ray

emission 543.6Protons 539.721 23ProustiteN mineralogy 549.35Pseudomorphism

crystallography 548.3PsilomelaneN mineralogy 549.53Puget Sound (Wash.) 551.461 432Pulsars 523.887 4NPulsating radio stars 523.887 4Pulsating stars 523.844 25Pulsating variables 523.844 25NPulsations (Geomagnetism) 538.74Pumice 553.65

petrology 552.23Purines 547.596Pyrans 547.592PyrargyriteN mineralogy 549.35Pyrazoles 547.593Pyridines 547.593Pyrite

mineralogy 549.32Pyroclastic rocks 552.23NPyroelectricity 537.24N crystals 548.85PyrolusiteN mineralogy 549.524Pyromagnetism 538.3Pyrometry 536.52

Pyrophyllitemineralogy 549.67

Pyroxenesmineralogy 549.66

Pyrroles 547.593

Q

QuadrantsN astronomy 522.2Qualitative analysis 543.1Quantitative analysis 543.1Quantum chemistry 541.28Quantum chromodynamics 539.754 8Quantum electrodynamics 530.143 3Quantum electronics 537.5Quantum field theory 530.143Quantum flavor 539.721 67I Quantum logic 530.120 151 13E 530.120 151 13I Quantum maps 530.12I Quantum measure theory 530.120 151 542Quantum mechanics 530.12E measure theory 530.120 151 542Quantum physics 539Quantum statistical mechanics

530.133Quantum statistics 530.133Quantum theory 530.12Quantum theory of light 535.15Quarks 539.721 67Quarters (Time interval) 529.2Quartz

mineralogy 549.68Quartzite 552.4Quasars 523.115NQuasi-stellar objects 523.115Quaternary period 551.79

geology 551.79Queen Charlotte Sound (B.C.)

551.461 433Queen Charlotte Strait (B.C.) 551.461 433Quinolines 547.596NQuinonization 547.23

R

Radarweather reporting 551.635 3

Radiant energy 539.2Radiant points

astronomy 523.53

147

RelativeiIndex ____

Radiation 539.2meteorology 551.527physics 539.2solid-state physics 530.416

Radiation chemistry 541.382Radiation measurement 539.77I Radiation trapping 539.75E Radiative heat transfer 536.3Radicals (Chemicals) 541.224Radio astronomy 522.682I Radio galaxies 523.112Radio telescopes 522.682Radio waves 537.534

physics 537.534Radioactivation analysis 543.63Radioactive fallout

physics 539.753Radioactive substances 539.752Radioactive tracers

analytical chemistry 543.63Radioactivity 539.752Radiochemical analysis 543.63Radiochemistry 541.38Radioelements 539.752Radiofrequency spectroscopy

physics 537.534Radioisotopes 539.752


Radiolysis 541.382Radionuclides 539.752Radiosondes

weather reporting 551.635 2Radium


Radonchemistry 546.756economic geology 553.97

Rain 551.577meteorology 551.577weather forecasting 551.647 7weather modification 551.687 7

Rainbows 551.567I Raindrops 551.577Rainfall 551.577NRaleigh Bay (N.C.) 551.461 348Raman effect 535.846Raman spectroscopy 543.57

analytical chemistry 543.57physics 535.846

Rare earthschemistry 546.41economic geology 553.494

Rare gaseschemistry 546.75economic geology 553.97

Rarefied-gas electronics 537.53Ravines 551.442

geomorphology 551.442Rays (Nuclear physics) 539.722Reaction kinetics 541.394

organic chemistry 547.214Reaction mechanismsE chemistry 541.39I Reaction mechanisms

(Chemistry) 541.39Reactions

chemistry 541.39Reactions (Classical

mechanics) 531.113Reagents

analytical chemistry 543.028 4Recent epoch 551.793

geology 551.793Reconnaissance surveys

(Geodesy) 526.31Recording devices

physical quantities 530.7Red dwarfs 523.88Red Sea 551.461 533Redox reaction

organic chemistry 547.23Reduction (Chemical reaction)

541.393organic chemistry 547.23

Reefs 551.424geomorphology 551.424

NReflecting circles 522.2Reflection of light

physics 535.323Reflection of sound

physics 534.204Refraction of light 535.324

astronomical corrections 522.9Refractometry 543.59Refractory materials 553.67

economic geology 553.67Regge poles 539.721Relativistic particles 539.72Relativity theory 530.11Relaxation (Physics)

solid-state physics 530.416I Reservoir-triggered

seismicity 551.22Resins

chemistry 547.843 4fossil 553.29

148


Resistance thermometry 536.502 87Resistivity in semiconductors 537.622 6Resonance accelerators 539.733Resorcinols 547.633Restitution coefficient 531.382Reversible reactionsN chemistry 541.39N organic chemistry 547.2Rhenium

chemistry 546.545N economic geology 553.499Rheology 531.113 4Rhode Island Sound (Mass.

and R.I.) 551.461 346Rhodium

chemistry 546.634N economic geology 553.495RhodochrositeN mineralogy 549.782RhodoniteN mineralogy 549.66Rhyolite 552.22I Richter scale 551.220 287Rift valleys 551.872NRifts (Geology) 551.872Riga, Gulf of (Latvia and

Estonia) 551.461 334Rigid bodies

mechanics 531NRime 551.574 4I Ring complexes (Geology) 551.88Rings (Planets) 523.98Rio de la Plata (Argentina

and Uruguay) 551.461 368River beds 551.442

geomorphology 551.442River ice 551.345River sedimentsI Sampling 551.354 072 3Rivers 551.483

hydrology 551.483interactions with atmosphere

551.524 8Roches moutonnées 551.315Rock fragmentation

frost action 551.382Rock salt 553.632

mineralogy 549.4see also Salt (Sodium chloride)

Rockfalls 551.307Rocks 552

determinative mineralogy 549.114petrology 552

Ross Sea (Antarctic regions) 551.461 74

Rotationcelestial bodies 521earth 525.35sun 523.73

Rotational motion 531.113classical mechanics 531.113fluid mechanics 532.059 5gas mechanics 533.295liquid mechanics 532.595

Rotational motion (continued)solid bodies 531.34

NRR Lyrae variables 523.844 25Rubber

chemistry 547.842 6Rubidium

chemistry 546.384N economic geology 553.499Rubies 553.84

economic geology 553.84Runoff (Hydrology) 551.488Ruthenium

chemistry 546.632N economic geology 553.495Rutherfordium

chemistry 546.51NRutile 553.662

mineralogy 549.524

S

NSaint Elmo’s fire 551.563Saint George’s Channel

(Ireland and Wales) 551.461 337Saint Lawrence, Gulf of 551.461 344NSaint-Malo, Gulf of (France)

551.461 338Saline water 553.72N economic geology 553.72Salinity

sea water 551.466 4Salt (Sodium chloride) 553.632

chemistry 546.382 24economic geology 553.632mineralogy 549.4

Salt lakes 551.482 9I Salt springs 551.498Saltpeter 553.64N chemistry 546.383 24


149

RelativeiIndex ____

Salts 546.34chemistry 546.34economic geology 553.63see also Chemicalssee also Salt (Sodium chloride)

Saltwater lagoons 551.461 8Samarium

chemistry 546.415N economic geology 553.494 3Sample preparation

analytical chemistry 543.19San Francisco Bay (Calif.) 551.461 432NSan Jorge, Gulf of 551.461 368NSan Matías, Gulf of 551.461 368Sand 553.622


Sand dunes 551.375geomorphology 551.375

Sandstone 553.53economic geology 553.53petrology 552.5

Saponification 547.27Sapphires 553.84

economic geology 553.84Sargasso Sea 551.461 362SatellitesI Orbits 523.98Satellites (Moons) 523.98Saturn (Planet) 523.46Savu Sea 551.461 474Scandium


Scapolitemineralogy 549.68

Scattering (Physics) 539.758solid-state physics 530.416

Scattering of light 535.43meteorology 551.566

Scheelitemineralogy 549.74

Schist 552.4Schrödinger wave mechanics 530.124Scintillation

atmospheric optics 551.565Scintillation counters

nuclear physics 539.775ScoroditeN mineralogy 549.72Scotia Sea 551.461 73Sculptural stone 553.5

see also StoneSea breezes 551.518 5

Sea floor 551.468see also Ocean floor

Sea-floor spreading 551.136Sea ice 551.343Sea-level changes 551.458Sea of Azov (Ukraine and

Russia) 551.461 389Sea of Crete (Greece) 551.461 388Sea of Japan 551.461 454Sea of Marmara (Turkey) 551.461 389Sea of Okhotsk 551.461 453Seabed 551.468

see also Ocean floorSeaborgium 546.449Search for moving target 531.112Seas 551.46

see also OceansSeashores 551.457

see also CoastsSeasons

astronomy 525.5Seawater 551.46

oceanography 551.46I Organic compound content551.466

see also OceanographyNSecondary X rays 539.722 2Sediment transport 551.303

by water 551.353by wind 551.373

P Sedimentary basins 551.44Sedimentary rocks 552.5Sedimentation 551.303

in water 551.353Sedimentology 552.5

surface processes 551.3Sediments 551.304

glacier borne 551.314ocean floor 551.468 6water borne 551.354wind borne 551.374

Seeding clouds 551.687 6Seiches 551.463

lakes 551.482oceanography 551.463

I Seismic event location 551.220 287Seismic sea waves 551.463 7Seismic waves 551.22Seismography 551.220 287Seismology 551.22Selenides

mineralogy 549.32

150


Seleniumchemistry 546.724

N economic geology 553.499N mineralogy 549.25

organic chemistry 547.057 24I Self-assembly (Chemistry) 547.2I Self-propagating

high-temperature synthesis541.368 7

Semiarid lands 551.415see also Arid lands

Semibituminous coal 553.24see also Coal

Semiconductivity 537.622N crystals 548.85I Semiconductor nanocrystals 537.622Semiconductors

electrochemistry 541.377physics 537.622

Semimetalschemistry 546.71economic geology 553.499mineralogy 549.25

NSemimicroanalysis 543.22Semiprecious stones 553.87

economic geology 553.87Semiregular variable stars 523.844 26SepioliteN mineralogy 549.67I Sequence stratigraphy 551.7E Sequential injection analysis 543.19I 543.19Serpentine 553.55


Seto-naikai (Japan) 551.461 455Sextants

astronomy 527.028 4Shadows 535.4Shale

petrology 552.5Shale oil 553.283

see also Oil shaleNShear modulus 531.381Shelf ice 551.342Shelikof Strait (Alaska) 551.461 434Shell model (Nuclear physics)

539.743Shock waves 531.113 3


Shorelands 551.457see also Coasts

Shorelines 551.458geomorphology 551.458

I Monitoring 551.458Short-range weather

forecasting 551.636 2Shortwave electronics

physics 537.534 3SI (Metric system) 530.812Siam, Gulf of 551.461 472Sicily, Strait of 551.461 381Sidereal clocks

astronomy 522.5Sidereal day 529.1Sidereal month 523.33Siderite

mineralogy 549.782I Siderophile elements 546.621 3I 549.112I Sidescan sonar 551.468 302 84NSienna 553.662Silicates

mineralogy 549.6Silicon 553.6


N mineralogy 549.27organic chemistry 547.08

aliphatic 547.48N aromatic 547.68

see also ChemicalsSillimanite

mineralogy 549.62Sills (Geology) 551.88Silt

petrology 552.5Silurian period 551.732

geology 551.732Silver


I Silver bromide 546.654 2E Silver compounds 546.654 2Singapore Strait 551.461 472Sink holes 551.447

see also CavesSinking 532.25I Sirocco 551.518 5Size 530.81Skagerrak (Denmark and

Norway) 551.461 336SkutteruditeN mineralogy 549.32

151

RelativeiIndex ____

Skyatmospheric optics 551.565meteorology 551.5

Sky color 551.566Slate 553.54


Slope failure 551.307Slopes 551.43

see also MountainsSmaltiteN mineralogy 549.32SmithsoniteN mineralogy 549.782Smoke 541.345 15

colloid chemistry 541.345 15I Smoke plumes in meteorology

551.518 028 7Snow 551.578 4

meteorology 551.578 4weather forecasting 551.647 84weather modification 551.687 84

Snow cover 551.578 46see also Snow

Snow drifts 551.578 47Snow surveys 551.579I Snowball Earth (Geology) 551.310 901 2Snowfall 551.578 4

see also SnowSnowstorms 551.555

see also DisastersSoapstone 553.55

economic geology 553.55NSoda ash 546.382 24NSoda niter 553.64N chemistry 546.382 24

mineralogy 549.732Sodas (Chemicals) 546.382 2Sodium


Sodium bicarbonate 546.382 22Sodium carbonate 546.382 24Sodium chloride 553.632

chemistry 546.382 24see also Salt (Sodium chloride)

Sodium hydroxide 546.382 22Sodium nitrate 553.64N chemistry 546.382 24

economic geology 553.64NSoft coal 553.24N see also Coal

Soil erosion 551.302geology 551.302see also Erosion

Soil formation 551.305frost action 551.38

Soilspetrology 552.5

Solar day 529.1Solar energy

astronomy 523.72Solar flares 523.75Solar granulation 523.74Solar interior 523.76I Solar polarimetry 523.72Solar prominences 523.75Solar radiation 523.72

meteorology 551.527 1NSolar radio emission 523.72Solar system 523.2I Solar-terrestrial physics 523.72I 538.7Solar wind 523.58Solid dynamics 531.3Solid foams 541.345 13Solid-gas interfaces 530.417Solid-liquid interfaces 530.417Solid mechanics 531Solid particles 530.413

classical mechanics 531.16solid-state physics 530.413

Solid-state chemistry 541.042 1Solid-state physics 530.41

see Manual at 548 vs. 530.41Solidification 536.42SolidsN chemistry 541.042 1

expansion and contraction 536.414heat transfer 536.23mechanics 531sound transmission 534.22specific heat 536.63state of matter 530.41

Solomon Sea 551.461 476Solubility 541.342Solutes 541.348 3Solution chemistry 541.34Solvents 541.348 2Solway Firth (England and

Scotland) 551.461 337Sorosilicates

mineralogy 549.63Sound 534

physics 534

152


Sound, The (Denmark andSweden) 551.461 334

South Atlantic Ocean 551.461 35South China Sea 551.461 472South Pacific Ocean 551.461 48Southeast Atlantic Ocean 551.461 37Southeast Pacific Ocean 551.461 41E Southwest Atlantic Ocean 551.461 36Southwest Pacific Ocean 551.461 47Space

astronomy 520physics 530.1see Manual at 520 vs. 500.5, 523.1,

530.1, 919.9Space and time 530.11

physics 530.11I Space and time in mass media

530.11Space surveying 526.982Space telescopes 522.291 9Space-time 530.11

physics 530.11Specific gravity 531.14N fluid mechanics 532


Specific heat 536.6Spectral regions

light physics 535.01Spectral types (Stars) 523.87Spectrochemical analysis 543.5Spectrophotometry 543.55Spectroscopic binaries 523.842Spectroscopy 543.5

analytical chemistry 543.5astronomy 522.67interpretation of nuclear

structure 539.744nonoptical methods 543.6physics 535.84stars 523.87

Spectrum analysis 543.5physics 535.84

I Speleothems 551.447Sphalerite

mineralogy 549.32SpheneN mineralogy 549.62Spherical astronomy 522.7I Spherules (Geology) 549.112I Spillover (Chemistry) 541.395

Spinnuclear physics 539.725solid dynamics 531.34

Spinelmineralogy 549.526

Spirit leveling 526.36Spodumene

mineralogy 549.66Spot tests (Chemicals) 543.22Springs (Water) 551.498Sputtering (Physics)

solid-state physics 530.416I Stagnation point 532.053 2StanniteN mineralogy 549.32Star catalogs 523.802 16Star clusters 523.85Star formation 523.88Starches

chemistry 547.78Stars 523.8

see Manual at 520 vs. 523.1,523.112, 523.8

States of matter 530.4Statics 531.12

air 533.61fluids 532.02gases 533.12liquids 532.2

N particles 531.16solids 531.2

Statistical mechanics 530.13Staurolite

mineralogy 549.62Steatite 553.55N economic geology 553.55I Stellar collisions 523.8Stellar evolution 523.88Stellar magnitudes 523.822I Stellar mergers 523.8Stellar radiation 523.82NStellar radio emission 523.82StephaniteN mineralogy 549.35Stereochemistry 547.122 3

inorganic chemistry 541.223organic chemistry 547.122 3

Steroidschemistry 547.7

StibniteN mineralogy 549.32Stoichiometry 541.26Stone 553.5

economic geology 553.5

153

RelativeiIndex ____

Store Bëìaelt (Denmark) 551.461 334Storm surges

oceanography 551.463Storms 551.55

meteorology 551.55weather forecasting 551.645weather modification 551.685see also Disasters

Strains 531.381physics 531.381

Strait of Dover 551.461 336Strait of Georgia (B.C.) 551.461 433Strait of Gibraltar 551.461 381Strait of Hormuz 551.461 535Strait of Juan de Fuca (B.C.

and Washington) 551.461 432Strait of Magellan (Chile

and Argentina) 551.461 74Strait of Malacca 551.461 565Strait of Mandab 551.461 532Strait of Messina (Italy) 551.461 386Strait of Sicily 551.461 381Straits of Florida 551.461 363Strange particles 539.721 6Strangeness (Nuclear physics)

539.721 6Stratifications (Rock

formations) 551.81economic geology 553.14specific areas 554–559

Stratigraphy 551.7Stratosphere 551.514 2I Stratospheric chemistry 551.511Streams 551.483

see also RiversStrength

crystals 548.842Stresses (Physical forces) 531.381

crystals 548.842physics 531.381

Strikes (Geology) 551.85Strong interaction (Nuclear

particles) 539.754 8StrontianiteN mineralogy 549.785Strontium

chemistry 546.394N economic geology 553.499Structural chemistry 541.2Structural crystallography 548.81Structural geology 551.8Structural stone 553.5

see also StoneSubatomic particles 539.72

Sublimation 530.414N heat physics 536.44NSubmarine geologists 551.468 092Submarine geology 551.468Submarine geomorphology 551.468 3E equipment 551.468 302 84Submerged lands 551.41

see also WetlandsSubsidence 551.307Subsonic flow 533.273

air mechanics 533.62Subsonic vibrations 534.52

physics 534.52Substitution (Chemical

reaction) 541.39organic chemistry 547.2

Subsurface water 553.79see also Groundwater

Suez, Gulf of 551.461 533Sulfates 546.723 24

mineralogy 549.75Sulfides 546.723 2

mineralogy 549.32organic chemistry 547.061

Sulfinic acids 547.066Sulfites 546.723 24N organic chemistry 547.061Sulfonation 547.27Sulfones 547.065Sulfonic acids 547.067Sulfosalts

mineralogy 549.35Sulfoxides 547.065Sulfur 553.668

chemistry 546.723economic geology 553.668organic chemistry 547.06

N alicyclic 547.56aliphatic 547.46aromatic 547.66

see also ChemicalsSulphur 553.668

see also SulfurSulu Sea 551.461 473Sumner’s method

celestial navigation 527.3Sun 523.7

astronomy 523.7I Gravity 523.71Sun tables

earth astronomy 525.38Sunspots 523.74

geomagnetic effects 538.746Supercolliders 539.736

154


Superconductingsupercolliders 539.736

Superconductivity 537.623Superconductors 537.623Supercritical fluid

chromatography 543.86Supercritical gas

chromatography 543.86Superfluidity 530.42Supergravity 530.142 3Supernovas 523.844 65Supersonic flow 533.275

air mechanics 533.62Superstring theory 539.725 8Superstrings 539.725 8Supersymmetry 539.725Supramolecular chemistry 547.122 6I 547.122 6

inorganic chemistry 541.226I Supramolecular

electrochemistry 547.137I Supramolecular

organometallic chemistry547.050 442 6

I Surface brightness(Astronomy) 523.015 22

Surface chemistry 541.33Surface phenomenaE chemistry 541.33Surface physics 530.417

liquids 530.427solids 530.417

Surface processes (Geology) 551.3see Manual at 551.302–.307 vs.

551.35Surface tension 530.427E chemistry 541.33N physics 530.427Surface water 553.78


Surveying 526.9Surveyors 526.909 2Suspensions (Chemistry) 541.34Swamps 551.417

see also WetlandsSwells (Wind effects) 551.463

lakes 551.482Syenite 553.52


SylviteN mineralogy 549.4Symmetry (Nuclear physics) 539.725

Synchro-cyclotrons 539.735Synchronous accelerators 539.735Synchrotrons 539.735Synclines 551.86Synthesis


Système international 530.812

T

Table salt 553.632see also Salt (Sodium chloride)

Taiwan Strait 551.461 457Talc 553.676


Tantalumchemistry 546.526economic geology 553.465

I Tanzanite 553.87N 553.87E mineralogy 549.63Tar sands 553.283

economic geology 553.283Taranto, Gulf of (Italy) 551.461 386Tasman Sea 551.461 478Tatar Strait (Russia) 551.461 454Tautomerism 547.122 52

inorganic chemistry 541.225 2organic chemistry 547.122 52

Technetiumchemistry 546.543

E compounds 546.543 2I Technetium compounds 546.543 2Tectonics 551.8I Tectonite 552.4Tectosilicates

mineralogy 549.68Tehuantepec, Gulf of (Mexico)

551.461 41Telescopes 522.2

astronomy 522.2Tellurides

mineralogy 549.32Tellurium


N mineralogy 549.25I Temperate climate 551.691 2E 551.691 2

155

RelativeiIndex ____

Temperature 536.5meteorology 551.525physics 536.5seawater 551.465 3

meteorological effect 551.524 6weather forecasting 551.642 5

Temperature changesgeologic work 551.39meteorology 551.525 3

Temperature-salinityrelationships 551.466 43

Temporary deformation 531.382see also Elasticity

Terbiumchemistry 546.416

N economic geology 553.494 7I Terminators (Astronomy) 523.4NTernary superconductors 537.623 3Terpenes

chemistry 547.71Terrestrial photogrammetry 526.982 5Terrestrial radiation

meteorology 551.527 2Tertiary period 551.78

geology 551.78Test tubes 542.2Testing


Tetrahedritemineralogy 549.35

I Tetraoxygen 539.6I 546.721I Tetrazole 547.593Thailand, Gulf of 551.461 472Thallium

chemistry 546.678N economic geology 553.499Theoretical chemistry 541.2

see Manual at 541 vs. 546Theoretical organic chemistry 547.12Thermal analysis 543.26I Thermal boundary layer 536.2Thermal capacity 536.6Thermal conductivity 536.201 2Thermal convective storms 551.554Thermal diffusivity 536.201 4Thermal dissociation 541.364Thermal effects of

electricity 537.624Thermal expansion 536.41Thermal waters

geophysics 551.23NThermionic emission 537.53

Thermochemistry 541.36Thermocouples 536.52I Thermodynamic cycles 536.71Thermodynamics 536.7

chemistry 541.369meteorology 551.522physics 536.7

Thermoelectricity 537.65Thermogravimetry 543.26Thermoluminescence 535.356NThermometric titrimetry 543.26Thermometry 536.502 87Thermonuclear reaction 539.764Thiazoles 547.594Thin films 530.427 5

liquid-state physics 530.427 5solid-state physics 530.417 5

Thin-layer chromatography 543.84Thio acids 547.064Thioaldehydes 547.065Thioethers 547.061Thioketones 547.065Thiophenes 547.594Thorium


Thuliumchemistry 546.418

N economic geology 553.494 7Thunderstorms 551.554Tidal currents 551.464Tidal flats 551.457

see also CoastsTidal waves 551.463 7Tidelands (Shorelands) 551.457

see also CoastsTidelands (Wetlands) 551.41

see also WetlandsTides 551.464Till (Geologic landforms) 551.315Till (Geologic material) 551.314Timbre (Sound)N physics 534.3Time

chronology 529Timor Sea 551.461 574Tin


Titaniumchemistry 546.512economic geology 553.462 3

Titanium groupchemistry 546.51

156


Titration 543.24NTonkin, Gulf of 551.461 472Topaz

mineralogy 549.62Topographic surveying 526.98Topography

geomorphology 551.41influence on precipitation 551.577 5mapping 526ocean floor 551.468 3

Tornadoes 551.553meteorology 551.553weather forecasting 551.645 3weather modification 551.685 3see also Disasters

Torque 531.34Torres Strait (Qld. and

Papua New Guinea) 551.461 476Tourmaline 553.87


Trade winds 551.518 3TrajectoriesN physics 531.55P Trans-Neptunian objects 523.48Trans-Uranian planets 523.48Transformation of energy 531.68Transient magnetism

(Geomagnetism) 538.74Transition metals

chemistry 546.6Transitional flow 532.052 6

gas mechanics 533.216liquid mechanics 532.516

Transits 523.99Mercury 523.91Venus 523.92

Transmission of light 535.3Transmission of sound 534.2N see also SoundTransonic flow 533.274

air mechanics 533.62I Transparency 535.3Transpiration

meteorology 551.572Transport phenomena 530.475

see also Mass transferTransport theory

(Statistical mechanics) 530.138Transuranium elements 546.44

see also ChemicalsTravel *

see Manual at 550 vs. 910Traversing (Surveying) 526.33

Travertine 553.516N economic geology 553.516Triangulation 526.33Triassic period 551.762

geology 551.762Triboelectricity 537.21Trigonometric leveling 526.38Trihydroxy aromatics 547.633Trilateration 526.33TriphyliteN mineralogy 549.72Triple points 530.474

see also Phase transformationsTritium 546.213

see also ChemicalsE Tropic of Cancer 526.6E Tropic of Capricorn 526.6Tropical climate 551.691 3Tropical cyclones 551.552

see also HurricanesTroposphere 551.513Tsugaru Strait (Japan) 551.461 454Tsunamis 551.463 7Tufa 552.5Tuff 552.23Tundras 551.453

geomorphology 551.453Tungstates

mineralogy 549.74Tungsten


Tunneling (Physics) 530.416semiconductors 537.622 6

NTurbidimetric analysis 543.55Turbulence

oceanography 551.462Turbulent flow 532.052 7


Turquoise 553.87mineralogy 549.72see also Semiprecious stones

Twilight 525.7meteorology 551.566

Twisters (Tornadoes) 551.553N see also TornadoesTyphoons 551.552

see also HurricanesTyrrhenian Sea 551.461 383

157

RelativeiIndex ____

U

UlexiteN mineralogy 549.735Ultrahigh-frequency

electronicsphysics 537.534 4

Ultrasonic vibrations 534.55physics 534.55

Ultraviolet radiation 535.014chemical effect 541.353 4physics 535.014

Ultraviolet spectroscopy 543.5analytical chemistry 543.5physics 535.844

NUmber 553.662Underground water 553.79

see also GroundwaterUnified field theory 530.142E United States. National

Weather Service 551.657 3United States customary

measurements 530.813United States Pacific

seawaters 551.461 432Units 530.81Universe

astronomy 523.1see Manual at 520 vs. 523.1,

523.112, 523.8I Uplands 551.43Upper atmosphere 551.514

winds 551.518 7NUpper Carboniferous period 551.752N geology 551.752NUpper Precambrian era 551.715N geology 551.715NUpper Silurian epoch 551.732N geology 551.732Upwelling

oceanography 551.462Urabá, Gulf of (Colombia) 551.461 365Uraninite

mineralogy 549.528Uranium


NUranography 522NUranology 520Uranus (Planet) 523.47Urban heat islands 551.525 091 732

V

Vacuum electronics 537.53Vacuum ultraviolet

spectroscopyphysics 535.845

Vacuums 533.5Valence (Chemistry) 541.224Valences (Chemistry)E organic chemistry 547.122 4Valley winds 551.518 5Valleys 551.442

geomorphology 551.442Van Allen radiation belts 538.766NVan de Graaff electrostatic

generators 539.732Vanadates

mineralogy 549.72VanadiniteN mineralogy 549.72Vanadium


Vanadium groupchemistry 546.52

Vaporization 536.44Variable stars 523.844Variation of compassN spherical astronomy 522.7Vector quantities

mechanics 531.112Vegetation and climate

influence on precipitation 551.577 5Veins (Geology) 553.19

economic geology 553.19structural geology 551.88

Velocity (Mechanics) 531.112Velocity of flow

air mechanics 533.62fluid mechanics 532.053 2gas mechanics 533.27liquid mechanics 532.57

Velocity of light 535.24Velocity of sound 534.202Velocity of stars 523.83Venezuela, Gulf of (Colombia

and Venezuela) 551.461 365Venice, Gulf of (Italy) 551.461 385

158


Venus (Planet) 523.42E ionosphere 538.767 099 922I Ionosphere 538.767 099 922I 551.514 509992 2

ionosphereE meteorology 551.514 509 992 2Verd antique marble 553.55

economic geology 553.55Vermiculite 553.678

economic geology 553.678Vibrational spectra

(Molecules) 539.6Vibrations

fluid mechanics 532.05solid-state physics 530.416solids 531.32

I Video astronomy 522.63Viscosity 531.113 4


Viscous flow 532.053 3gas mechanics 533.28liquid mechanics 532.58

Visibilitymeteorology 551.568

Visible light 535see also Light

Visual binaries 523.841Vitamins

chemistry 547.7VivianiteN mineralogy 549.72Volatiles (Volcanic gases) 551.23NVolatilization analysis 543.26Volcanic ash 552.23I Volcanic eruptions 551.21I Volcanic fields 551.21Volcanic gases 551.23I Volcanic plumes 551.23Volcanic rocks 552.2NVolcanism 551.21I Effect of environment on

551.21Volcanoes 551.21E Mars 551.210 999 23

see also DisastersVoltage multipliersN nuclear physics 539.732Volumetric analysis 543.24

Vortex motion 532.059 5fluid mechanics 532.059 5gas mechanics 533.295liquid mechanics 532.595

W

I Waitomo Caves (N.Z. : Cave)551.447 099 338

NWarm fronts 551.551 2Water 553.7

chemistry 546.22I Color 551.465 5

economic geology 553.7geologic agent 551.35

see Manual at 551.302–.307 vs.551.35

meteorology 551.57Water-atmosphere interactions

551.524microclimatology 551.66

Water balance 551.48Water bodies 551.46

influence on precipitation 551.577 5physical geology 551.46

Water solutions 541.342 2Water supply

economic geology 553.7Water table 551.492Water temperatures

meteorology 551.524oceanography 551.465 3

Waterfallshydrology 551.484

Waterspouts (Tornadoes) 551.553N see also TornadoesWave action 551.36Wave mechanics 530.124Wave theories 530.14

electricity 537.12light 535.13modern physics 530.14

Wavesair mechanics 533.62fluid mechanics 532.059 3gas mechanics 533.293liquid mechanics 532.593mechanics 531.113 3oceanography 551.463quantum theory 530.124solid mechanics 531.33

Waxeschemistry 547.77

159

RelativeiIndex ____

Weak interaction (Nuclearparticles) 539.754 4

Weather 551.6earth sciences 551.6

I Effect of lakes on 551.524 8E research 551.607 2

see Manual at 551.5 vs. 551.6NWeather belts 551.62Weather control 551.68

see also WeatherWeather forecasting 551.63

see also WeatherWeather lore 551.631Weather modification 551.68

see also WeatherWeather satellites

use 551.635 4Weathering 551.302

by water 551.352by wind 551.372soil formation 551.305

Weddell Sea (Antarcticregions) 551.461 73

Weeks 529.2Weights and measures 530.81

physics 530.81Wells (Water source)

hydrology 551.498Westerlies 551.518 3Western calendars 529.4Western Mediterranean Sea 551.461 381Wetlands 551.417

geomorphology 551.417White dwarfs 523.887White Sea (Russia) 551.461 324WillemiteN mineralogy 549.62Willy-willies (Hurricanes) 551.552N see also HurricanesWilson cloud chambers

nuclear physics 539.777Wind 551.518

geologic agent 551.37E measurement 551.518 028 7I Wind chill index 551.525Wind erosion 551.372Wind waves

oceanography 551.463I Windsocks 551.518 028 4E 551.518 028 4WitheriteN mineralogy 549.785Wolf-Rayet stars 523.88

Wolframitemineralogy 549.74

Wollastonitemineralogy 549.66

Work (Mechanics) 531.6I Working fluids 532I Working gases 533I Working substances 532WulfeniteN mineralogy 549.74

X

X-ray astronomy 522.686 3X-ray electronics 537.535X-ray spectroscopy 543.62


X rays 539.722 2Xenon

chemistry 546.755N economic geology 553.97I Xerogels 541.345 13

Y

Years 529.2Yellow Sea 551.461 456Yield point (Mechanics) 531.381NYork River (Va.) 551.461 347NYoung’s modulus 531.381Ytterbium

chemistry 546.419N economic geology 553.494 7Yttrium

chemistry 546.403N economic geology 553.494 7Yttrium-group metals

economic geology 553.494 7Yucatán Channel 551.461 364

Z

NZenith telescopes 522.2Zeolite

mineralogy 549.68I Zeroth law of thermodynamics

536.71Zinc


Zincitemineralogy 549.522

160


Zirconmineralogy 549.62

NZirconia 553.67Zirconium


Zodiacastronomy 523

Zodiacal light 523.59ZoisiteE mineralogy 549.63I Zonal winds 551.518 3Zones of latitude

astronomical geography 525.5

161

RelativeiIndex ____

Documents

[520 *‡Astronomy and allied sciences520 DeweyAstronom iDecima y[ and [ liClassificationallied [ sci en ces 520[520 *‡Astronomy and allied sciences See Manual at 520 vs. 500.5,

[520 ‡Astronomy and allied sciences520 DeweyAstronom iDecima y[ and [ liClassificationallied [ sci en ces 520[520 ‡Astronomy and allied sciences See Manual at 520 vs. 500.5,