51_chernigiv Secret Caves

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Chernigiv Secret Caves 1

ΠΑΝΑΓΙΩΤΗΣ ΛΙΑΠΗΣ

ΤHE MYSTERY OF CHERNIGIV’S

ANCIENT CAVES

Copyright 2009

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http://serg-klymenko.narod.ru/Other_World/Photo/Ukraine.Chernigiv/IMG_0424.htm




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Aφιερωμενο με αγαπη

посвященный

στους γονείς μου любви мои родители

στους ΕΛ_λ ηνες Греки

στη Νatalia, Οlga, Οnder В Наталья,Οльга,и Ондер

στους Συνεργατες μου к моим коллегамκαι στην Ελενα Κουσνιρενκο που με ξεναγησε στο υπέροχοBoldin Hill και στην Eternal Flame

H KYSNIRENKO ELENAΚαθως και σε ολους τους πολιτες του Chernigiv

Με Τιμή / По цене

ΛΙΑΠΗΣ ΠΑΝΑΓΙΩΤΗΣ

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Συγγραφέας ΛΙΑΠΗΣ ΠΑΝΑΓΙΩΤΗΣΤίτλος CHERNIGIV SECRET CAVESΔ/νση Κ.Βάρναλη 12, 15121 Πεύκη, ΑθήναΤηλ. 210-6149149

Κιν. 6937097443Ε-mail [email protected]

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mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]




ΔΙΑΘΕΣΗ 210.8065618 6937097443

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Some believe the city was named after itsfounder, the warrior Cherniga. Locals prefer the romantic legend about a girl who threwherself out a window rather than be forcedto marry against her will. Her father, PrinceChornyy, was allegedly the founder of thetown and was buried there in the ChornaGrave.Most of Chernigiv’s architectural sitesare found in Dytynets, an historical area inthe centre of town. The earliest settlements

appeared at the beginning of the first millennium, and in the 8th-12th centuries, thetown’s fortifications came into being. On the east, Dytynets borders the Desnabeside what is known as the Ramparts, where there are still twelve old cannonsonce used for the city’s defense. The city’s historical treasure is the 11 th-centuryChurch of the Transfiguration of Our Saviour . One of the oldest cathedrals of the Kyivan Rus, it was built by the legendary Prince Mstislav the Brave, whoseremains were laid to rest there, along with the remains of Prince Igor and PrinceSvyatoslav. The weapons of the Kyiv princes and the battle colours of Chernigiv’sCossack regiments are also preserved there. The Cathedral of St Boris and St

Glib, also in Dytynets, was built in the 12

th

century on the foundations of an evenearlier building. The Tsars’ Gates, built at the beginning of the 18 th century by theorder of Hetman Ivan Mazepa, still stand there, and the cathedral itself houses anarchitectural exposition. The 18th-century St Katherine’s Church near Dytynetsis considered the symbol of Chernigiv. It houses the oblast’s Museum of Folk andDecorative Art (tel.: 0462-43-236).The Chernigiv area is a prize catch for researchers, since theMezinska excavation site is unrivalled in the world. About 20thousand years ago, people of the late Palaeolithic periodlived in the few primitive shelters there. Tools made from the

local chalky flint along with interesting works of ancient art,such as a bracelet made from mammoth ivory, femalefigurines and pendants were found at the site. Theseartefacts are on display in the Chernigiv V.V. TarnovskyHistorical Museum (4 Gorky St., tel.: 0462-17-66-50, 17-67-93). But the most interesting exhibits are a “noisy bracelet”similar to a castanet and six mammoth bones decorated with patterns thatrepresent the world’s only remnants of a Palaeolithic percussion orchestra! Byanalysing the impact patterns on the bones, experts have even been able to

reconstruct the music composed in those prehistoric times.

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Secrets of the Chernigiv Caves

The most mystic and visited place in Chernigiv are the legendary St Anthony’sCaves at the Holy Trinity-St Elias Monastery (92 Tolstoy St.), one of the oldest

remnants from the times of the Kyivan Rus. In 1069 the founder of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, St Anthony of the Kyiv Caves, visited Chernigiv. Later amonastery was built there, and the famous St Elias’ Church appeared in the 12th

century.For many centuries the monks dug catacombs until an undergroundcomplex appeared. These catacombs have been the site of many phenomena for which there is no scientific explanation. In the 1960s, members of archaeologicalexpeditions claimed to hear strange sounds and to smell the aroma of burningincense, and they often reported feeling that someone was breathing down thebacks of their necks. In 1970, the famous Black Monk, an apparition in a long

black robe, made his first appearance …Most visitors to the caves experienceincreased vitality, a feeling of euphoria and the correction of abnormal heartrhythms, so from time immemorial, people from all over Ukraine have travelledthere to be cured of various ailments.Besides the caves, the Holy Trinity-St EliasMonastery boasts the Holy Trinity Cathedral (1679), where the relics of StFeodosy and St Lavrenty are kept, the Church of the Presentation with arefectory (1677) and a 58-metre bell tower that offers a fascinating view of thecity. No wonder these picturesque places have inspired many Ukrainian writers!From 1898 to 1913, the great writer Mikhailo Kotsyubinsky lived and worked inChernigiv. A museum now occupies his house on the street named after him. The

author of Shades of Forgotten Ancestors is buried near St Anthony’s Caves.Another prominent Ukrainian writer, Leonid Glibov, is buried at the Holy Trinity-StElias Monastery.

From 1669 to 1708 and again from 1750 to 1764, thecity of Baturin was the residence of HetmansSamoilovych and Mazepa and the last Ukrainianhetman, Kyryl Rozumovsky. The classical palace (1799-1803) is dilapidated but fascinating. The museum of local lore and history (tel.: 04635-48-437) is also worth avisit, and you can pay for a guided tour of theRozumovsky family burial vault, the Church of theResurrection.The Kachanivka History and Culture Reserve (tel.:04633-24-193) is open from March to September. Aunique collection that belonged to the Tarnovskys, an

aristocratic family, was created at the end of the 18th

century and was completely restored in 1980. The

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museum has fragments of V. Tarnovsky Jr’s collection, dedicated to TarasShevchenko, who was a frequent guest of the family.The Monastery of the Transfiguration of Our Saviour is the point of greatestinterest in Novgorod-Siversky, capital of the Siversky principality in the mid 11th

century. According to one account, it was founded in 1033 by Prince MstislavVladymyrovych to thank God for victory over Kyiv’s Prince Yaroslav; according toanother version, it was founded by Yaroslav the Wise in 1036. The Cathedral of the Transfiguration of Our Saviour (1785-1787) has a museum exposition called

A Word Concerning Igor’s Regiment (Pushkin St., tel.: 04658-21-521).Thepartially preserved, 10th-century Yuriev’s House of Prayer is the second mostimportant monument of the Kyivan Rus period, after St Sophia’s Cathedral, anddraws visitors to the city of Oster in the Kozelets district.The first historical reference to the town of Nizhyn appeared in 1147. It was oncethe site of trade fairs, a Cossack community and a former Greek colony in

Ukraine. It is also home to the famous Nizhyn Teachers Training University,founded in 1820, where the great writer Mykola Gogol studied.

In the village of Sosnytsa in the Mensky district, visitors can see the logcabin where the great Ukrainian screenwriter and film producer Alexander Dovzhenko was born, as well as an exhibit about him inthe Literature and Memorial Museum (2 Dovzhenko St.; tel.: 04655-21-590).

The best way is by car along the Kyiv-Chernigiv road or by public transport vanfrom the Lisova metro station. The two-hour trip costs UAH10.UkraineInternational Airlines offers convenient, daily flights to Kyiv from almost eachcapital of Western Europe.For more information on flights schedules andticket reservations, please contact the UIA office in Kyiv at (+380 44) 581-5050, or visit the UIA website: www.flyUIA.com

Places to Stay and Relax

Slovyansky Hotel ComplexJust 200 metres from the city’s main square with deluxe and semi-deluxe suites,single and double rooms with all amenities, a café/bar, sauna, pool and parking.Address: Chernigiv, 33 Myra Ave., Tel.: (04622) 74-604Gradetsky HotelChernigiv’s biggest hotel is a 10-minute walk from the centre and has deluxe andsemi-deluxe suites, single and double rooms and probably the best cuisine intown.Address: Chernigiv, 68 Myra Ave., Tel.: (04622) 45-025

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http://www.ukraine-international.com/



http://www.ukraine-international.com/




Etoile CafeLocated on the Ramparts and verypopular with the locals, it offers theCourage disco, billiards, the Traffic Lightbowling alley and delicious, inexpensivemeals.Address: Chernigiv, 50 Pyatnitska St.,Tel.: (0462) 18-57-30Old Town TavernSituated on the town’s main street, it hasa quiet atmosphere and offers a variety of

reasonably priced Ukrainian dishes.Address: Chernigiv, 32 Myra Ave., Tel: (04622) 7-41-65

Chernihiv caves

Chernihiv caves. From generation to generation people retell truestories and even legends about them, sometimes keen and romantic. Evennowadays some believe in the legend about an underground way fromChernihiv to Kyiv. But is it only a beautiful legend for the Pechers’k

monastery?

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Pachomius, Archbishop And Hieromartyr Of Chernigov

Archbishop Pachomius, in the world Peter Petrovich Kedrov, was born onJuly 30, 1876 (according to another source, 1877) in Yaransk, Vyatkaprovince, in the family of a priest (according to another source, his father wasa psalm-reader). He was the elder brother of the holy hieroconfessor Abercius, bishop of Zhitomir. Another brother, Michael, taught theology at theKremenetz and Vilna seminaries in Poland between the wars. After theSecond World War he became a monk and was consecrated Bishop of Wraclaw, where he soon died.

By nature Peter was serious, humble and meek, pensive and church-oriented. After preparatory theological training, he entered the KazanTheological Academy when Bishop Anthony (Khrapovitsky) was rector. He

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was given the office of candle-lighter. Being a little too zealous in hisreligiousness, Peter decided to fulfil literally the Lord's command: 'If thy righteye offend thee, pluck it out' (Matthew 5.29), and one night he attempted toburn out his right eye with a candle. His roommate at this time was Basil

Maximenko, the future confessor and archbishop of Jordanville. He wasawakened in the middle of the night by the grinding of teeth of his roommate,who was trying in this way to endure the pain. Seeing what had happened, heput up a cry and saved his friend's eye. However, the burns were so seriousthat it required surgery on the eyelid and eyebrow, and the scar remained for the rest of his life.

In 1898 he was tonsured into monasticism by Bishop Anthony, who took himwith him on his transfer to Volhynia. There Fr. Pachomius did missionarywork while residing in the Derman Monastery near the Pochayev Lavra. In1899 he was ordained to the priesthood, and in 1900 graduated from theKazan Academy with the degree of candidate of theology. In 1905 he wasraised to the rank of archimandrite. In 1906 he became superior of theDerman monastery. On August 30, 1911 he was consecrated Bishop of Novgorod-Seversky. In 1916 he became Bishop of Starodub, a vicariate of the Chernigov diocese. In 1917 he became Bishop of Chernigov.

In 1917-18 Vladyka Pachomius took part in the Local Council of the RussianOrthodox Church, and on October 30, 1917 delivered a report concerning theprocedure of electing the patriarch.

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When the White Army retreated and the Red Army took full control of Russia,the country was in total collapse, with transportation paralyzed. But this didnot stop Bishop Pachomius, who with his bishop's staff visited all thechurches of his diocese on foot! Since the left bank of the Dnieper River,

according to the new administrative division, belonged to the Chernigovdiocese, he also had to visit the outskirts of Kiev, and so he visited the KievCaves Lavra also. Bishop Pachomius was also the abbot of a localmonastery, where he resided.At that time there lived in Chernigov the fool-for-Christ Michael the Blessed.In the world he had been a highly respected civil engineer. Once he wascommissioned to build a large bridge. The bridge was constructed accordingto his specifications. One day the bridge collapsed killing several people. Soprofoundly was the engineer struck by the news of this tragedy that he took

off his expensive business suit and, putting on a long shirt, left his homenever to return. He became a fool-for-Christ's sake. He ate very little, hadalmost no place to sleep, knelt whole nights in prayer, and spoke very little,saying only: "Repent." The blessed Michael achieved great sanctity andfrequently visited Bishop Pachomius. When he died in 1922, the whole citylamented his righteous death and took part in the burial, which wasperformed by Bishop Pachomius with tears in his eyes.The same year the communist authorities made many attempts to arrest him.One day they stormed into the cathedral while the Divine Liturgy was being

celebrated in order to arrest him on the spot. The crowd of believers,however, thronged straight to the altar and prevented the arrest of their beloved archpastor for a time. But the GPU was not easily dissuaded from itsplan. The bishop had the habit of remaining for a long time in the altar after the service, and once, when only he and his cell-attendant remained, theGPU agents burst into the sanctuary and captured their holy victim. This wasthe first of many arrests of Bishop Pachomius. He was arrested and releasedtime and again. This continuous nightmare finally began to undermine the

bishop's peace of soul.

At about the same time, the communistauthorities throughout the whole of Russia began a blasphemous"investigation" of holy relics, opening theshrines of many saints in an attempt toprove "scientifically" to the public thealleged falsity of the saints' incorruption.This movement produced frightful

spectacles of sacrilege, evokingenormous protests and resistance by thepeople, many of whom suffered

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imprisonment and banishment. But the "scientific investigators" werethemselves put to shame, for they themselves had to admit the incorruptionof the relics, which they could not explain scientifically, and this was printed inall the newspapers. The believing Orthodox rejoiced at the outcome, but the

authorities nevertheless did their work - they placed the saints' relics in anti-religious museums as "mummies". This campaign caused someconscientious bishops even to die from desperate sorrow at the mockery of the saints, as happened with Archbishop Anatolius of Irkutsk.Bishop Pachomius also had to suffer in this campaign. It was demanded thatthe relics of St. Theodosius of Chernigov be stripped and exposed to thepublic. Usually the atheistic commission of "scientists" would shake and tossthe relics, but Bishop Pachomius stood his ground, and, having put onepitrachelion and cuffs, did the unwrapping of the relics himself, shedding

painful tears in the presence of a large crowd of believers, who also wept andsobbed, seeing the communists would not leave even the dead alone. Thelater Archbishop Leontius of Chile, a close friend of Bishop Pachomius, haspreserved for us a rare photograph of the opening of the relics of St.Theodosius of Chernigov, showing the grieving Bishop Pachomius holdingthe relics and surrounded by his grief-stricken flock.After this the relics were confiscated, brought to Petrograd and exposed in ananti-religious museum together with dead rats and fossilized bones. But thebelievers, having bribed the guards, secretly served catacomb services

before the relics in the middle of the night. Evidently in connection with this,Bishop Pachomius was arrested.After his release in 1923 he could not return to his diocese, but found shelter in the St. Daniel Monastery in Moscow, whose abbot was the future martyr,Archbishop Theodore of Volokolamsk. On November 29, 1923 (according toother source: 1927 or 1929) he was raised to the rank of archbishop.According to one source, Vladyka Pachomius was in Kiev from 1923 to 1924without right of departure, and from 1924 to November, 1925 - in Moscowwithout right of departure. On December 10, 1925 he was arrested in

Moscow in connection with the affair of Metropolitan Peter of Krutitsa, wasimprisoned in Butyrki prison in Moscow and was sentenced to three years'exile in the camps.According to one source, he was then (from June, 1926 to 1928) exiled to theZyryansk region. But according to another source he was exiled to Solovki,transferred to Mai-Gub on the Baltic-White Sea canal in 1928 and transferredagain to Zyryansk from 1928 to 1930.In 1927, Archbishop Pachomius and his brother, Archbishop Abercius, wrotean epistle attacking Metropolitan Sergius' traitrous "declaration". They wrote:

"There can be no union between Church and State, when it has to do withour Orthodox Church and the Soviet Union, by reason of the fundamentaldifference in the basic views of the two sides. The only thing that is possible

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is a conditional agreement as to practical mutual relationships, solely on thefoundation of the principle of the separation of Church and State."In actual fact, can one even conceive of the Soviet State in union with theChurch? A State religion in an anti-religious State! A government Church in

an atheist government! This is an absurdity; it contradicts the nature of theChurch and the Soviet State; this is unacceptable both for a sincerelyreligious person and for an honest atheist."Professor Nesterov relates that Archbishop Pachomius arrived at the campalmost an invalid, with paralysis of the facial nerves. Because of his physicalweakness he could not be used in the building and was therefore sent in1932 to a camp for invalids at Kuzema. But even here he was sent out tophysical labour which was very difficult for him: carrying water, baking bread,etc.

Professor Nesterov relates an incident from this period which is verycharacteristic of the archbishop. One of the imprisoned professors wasworking in the office of the Kuzema camp as a scribe. He had to compile alist in quick order of those who had been sent to a different work point in theKuzema camp and had to work all night. The professor was tormented andirritable. In the morning Archbishop Pachomius came into the office andasked the professor whether he knew where and when they were being sent.The professor replied sharply:"You bother me, Vladyka!" -

and added a crude comment.Archbishop Pachomius humbly bowed down to his feet, asking forgivenessfor irritating him by his question. The professor became upset and in his turnasked forgiveness of the archbishop for his crudeness.In personal conversation with Professor Nesterov, Archbishop Pachomiusoften condemned the church policy of Metropolitan Sergius even moresharply and categorically than he had done in his epistle. By this time theresults of Metropolitan Sergius' policy had become clear, both with regard tothe fate of the Church herself in general, and with regard to the banished

bishops in particular. In place of the promised legalization, the liquidation of churches and clergy was proceeding at an increasing tempo. Bishops andpriests languished in prison without any hope of liberation. Exiles and arrestsnot only did not cease, but even increased.In the absence of Archbishop Pachomius, all the churches in the Chernigovdiocese commemorated Metropolitan Sergius until 1930, and so the TrueOrthodox who refused to accept "legalization" had to go to Kiev, to thecommunity of Abbess Sophia, to receive the Holy Mysteries.On his arrival in Chernigov from prison, there was a meeting between

Vladyka Pachomius and the "antisergianist" clergy. During this meetingIgumen Laurence (Proskura), Hieromonk Smaragdus (Chernetsky) andHieromonk Michael (Tyshkevich) expressed themselves strongly against the

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declaration of Metropolitan Sergius. (When Igumen Laurence heard the nameof Metropolitan Sergius commemorated he would put his hands over his ears!But he later joined the sergianists, and is now considered to be a saint bythem.) Also strongly against the declaration were Igumen Alypius

(Yakovenko) and Hieromonk Michael (Korma), who said that they wouldbreak communion with Vladyka Pachomius if he accepted the declaration.Vladyka accepted the point of view of these priests, although, according toBishop Damascene of Glukhov, a vicar of Archbishop Pachomius, he did notopenly and actively oppose the declaration. However, it is evident from the"affair" of the "counter-revolutionary activity" of a group of Chernigov clergy in1936, that in the middle of the 1930s Metropolitan Sergius' name was notcommemorated in the churches of Chernigov, but only the names of theOrthodox Patriarchs and Metropolitan Peter.

On October 3/16, 1930 (according to another source, 1932) ArchbishopPachomius was arrested in Chernigov for the last time. He was chargedaccording to article 54 (10) of the Ukrainian criminal code of "counter-revolutionary activity" and "inciting the priests to organize resistance to Sovietpower by joining forces, and his flat was searched. He was also accused of having continued his religious activity during his exile in Zyryansk region in1925-28, by serving in the local church, corresponding with Chernigov clergy,and "corrupting" children by giving them sweets and crosses and not blessingthem to enter the pioneer organization. On November 4 he was sentenced to

five years in the camps, which he spent in Kotelnich, Vyatka district.According to one source, Archbishop Pachomius was killed on May 15, 1937(old style), according to another - on November 11, 1937 in Kotelnich.According to Protopresbyter Michael Polsky, he served his last sentence inhis homeland in the city of Yaransk, living under house arrest in the home of his brother, the protopriest. Once when the GPU came to arrest his brother,Vladyka Pachomius could not stand it, had a nervous breakdown and diedsoon after in hospital.According to some oral witnesses, on sensing the approach of death,

Vladyka took upon himself the podvig of foolishness for Christ...(Sources: M.E. Gubonin, Akty Svyateishego Patriarkha Tikhona, Moscow: St.Tikhon's Theological Institute, 1994, pp. 877-78; Russkiye PravoslavnyeIerarkhi, Paris: YMCA Press, 1986, p. 58; Ivan Andreyev, Russia's CatacombSaints, Platina, Ca.: St. Herman of Alaska Press, 1982, ch. 12; LevRegelson, Tragediya Russkoj Tserkvi, 1917-1945, Paris: YMCA Press, 1977,pp. 543, 550; Ikh Stradaniyami Ochistitsa Rus', Moscow, 1996, p. 73; G.Stankevich, "Budyet zhe Vam dlya Vsidetel'stva", Troic'kij Visnik (Chernigov),N 9 (18), 1995, p. 4; Bishop Ambrose (von Sievers), "Episkopat Istinno-

Pravoslavnoj Katakombnoj Tserkvi 1922-1997g.", Russkoye Pravoslaviye, N4(8), 1997, p. 5; I.I. Osipova, "Svoz' Ogn' i Vody Slyoz", Moscow:Serebryanniye Niti, 1998, p. 263)

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The Mother of God of Chernigov

While Lazar Baranovich was Archbishop

of Chernigov and Zosima was Abbot of the Ilinsk Monastery, tears poured forthfrom this icon from the 16th to the 24th of April, 1662. In that same year, the Tatarsattacked Chernigov and devastated all of the surrounding villages. However, themonks of the monastery knew nothing of the imminent danger. In the night, theyreceived the news. After rushing to the

church, and earnestly, tearfully, praying totheir Heavenly Intercessor, they hid in acave. At midnight the Tatars broke intothe monastery and looted the church, butthe miraculous icon and all of its precious

decorations remained untouched. An unseen power did not permit thebarbarians to touch the Holy Icon. That same unseen force kept them fromentering the cave where the monks were hiding. Suddenly, terrified by avision, the barbarians fled. Her feast is celebrated on April 16th (O.S.).

Where is this place? Are they truly caves dug out or natural formations? Iimagine caves being rather small, how did they build a church in them andhave so many monks in them? I have seen underground caverns here inTexas, is this how they were as well?

I have read of elders digging themselves a cave in the mountain side. Thatis an impressive feat for even the steepest grade hills, let alone a gentlesloping hillside. How deep were their caves? How tall? Were they like

mining tunnels?the Lavra's own website. It has plenty of photos, but photos of the cavesthemselves were kinda scarce (I didn't find any, but I might have missedsomething). There are a few notes about the caves themselves in theNationMaster articles on the monastery and on the near caves.

I am very curious as you can see about the cave dwellers

We promised to meet again, and Ludmila took me to St. Job’s cell beneathHoly Dormition Cathedral. Saint Job prayed and struggled as a recluse for years in this tiny natural cave. A chapel has been built around the cave, and

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http://www.naturalbridgecaverns.com/

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Kiev-Caves-Monastery


http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Near-Caves

http://www.naturalbridgecaverns.com/


http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Near-Caves




his relics repose outside of the cell. Ludmila took me to the cave, which had along line of people waiting to enter it, but she exclaimed, “This is an AmericanOrthodox pilgrim! Let him go first!” All the other pilgrims nodded, and assented. A child called out, “What is your name?” in English. I looked at the

opening to the cave, which is about the size of two toasters, and I immediately told Ludmila, “I won’t fit in there! I won’t go!” “Pray to the Bogoroditsa and anything is possible,” called out a woman fromamong the lined-up pilgrims.“Yes, but I am not small,” I protested.“I will go first,” said Luda, who slid through the cave entrance with no problem.“Easy for you to say,” I thought. Although I had lost some weight, I was still kind of thick around the middle. I was also 6’9” in height. She came back out

and told me how wonderful it was to be able to venerate the icon of St. Joband stand there just like he had... go, we’ll help you...I had visions of going down in Church history as the pilgrim who got stuck and required a fire crew to remove him, but Ludmila was still pushing me on— “the icon of your patron saint is around the corner, doubting Thomas. Hedidn’t think it was truly the Lord until he could touch His side. Now, you don’t have to doubt.” I began to shimmy forward through the cave entrance, head first. I got my head all the way in to find a priest who took my hand and began pulling me

in. “Pray to the Bogoroditsa!” he said cheerfully.“Presviataia Bogoroditsa, spasi nas!” I exclaimed and made it another few centimeters.“Why don’t you say it in English?” asked Olga, a 10-year-old girl who wasalso in the cave. I hadn’t known she was in there. Oh, dear, I thought. I’mgoing to get myself stuck, and these two are going to starve to death as aresult! “Most Holy Theotokos, save us!” With a little more dragging, I did eventually get into the awkward cave, and I

said to the priest, “St. Job wasn’t a tall man, was he?” I found the icon, and said a prayer to St. Job that I’m sure he’d heard many times before, “St. Job,intercede before God for me, and get me out of this cave in one piece!” Well, I figured, if I don’t get out of the cave, I can stay here and fast for 40 days. School won’t start for a while...With the priest and Olga pushing on me, and Ludmila and another woman I’d never met pulling on me, I did pop out of the cave, feeling reborn in a spiritual and literal sense, having re-enacted my own birth as an adult. A doubter nomore!

Since this time my daughter met and married this wonderfully creative youngman and I am proud to have him as part of my family.

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The relics are actually full bodies in coffin sized boxes along the sides of thepassage ways leading down to the chapel. Each relic/saint has his namewritten on the coffin sized reliquary. Each coffin/reliquary is covered withglass on top so that veneration is possible.

I can tell you one thing- there is nothing on earth like being at Liturgy with thefull body of a saint literally beside yours.The mysteries of monastery caves.The first artificial caves appeared in Chernigiv (Chernigov) in the 11-thcentury. They were founded by famous Old Rus religious man Anthony whohad been founder of the Kiev-Pechersky monastery (Lavra).His monastery in Chernigiv consisted of churches, cells and burial places. All of them were situated in the slopes of the Boldin Hills. St. Illya's church wasbuilt near the entry to the cave monastery in the 12-th century.

Nowadays it is the united underground complex the length of which is about 350 meters. There are three churches and a few other premises and corridors. Most of them were formed in the 18-th and the 19-th centuries but there are some sections of the caves where ancient architecture is preserved. First of all it is a large burial temple which appeared beforeMongolian period. It was discovered in 1987, cleared away and investigated by Chernigiv archaeologists. This room is more than 300 cubic meters. Herewere found some rich archaeological materials and traces of the ancient burial rite.

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There are many legends about Chernigiv caves. They say that long underground passages connected Chernigiv with Kyiv (Kiev) and Lubich(Lubech), that Anthony caves were connected with the Eletsky monastery

and the Val.Caves were being built in Chernigiv for centuries. Many of them were ruined and forgot. But some of them are true. Even today exists tunel which connect the Eletsky monastery and the Val. I know the next question is where is theentrance? You will find the entrance if you follow the passage of the water.But winters these underground tunels are full of water so there is no posibility to walk inside it. Remember also that if you dive, even if you have very strong lights, the quality of the grownd is such that you cant see after 60cm what happens. Its a real deadly trap.

Sometimes people see pasages for the mystic underground world and caving-in take place in Chernigiv.One of such episodes happened between the Eletsky monastery and theTrinity monastery in 1853. Three men ventured to penetrate into the pit and saw the cave. But it was pity they did not measure the underground premises. The pictures were not made also. The entrance to the cave wascovered up with earth. Filling-in appeared in some places on the territory of the Val at the beginning of the 20-th century. After they had been investigated it became clear that all

of them were made later than Anthony caves.So called the “New caves” which were digged out by monk Alypy in1918 are situated in the slope of the Boldin Hills not far from the Trinity monastery . The underground premises were decorated by Ukrainian folk ornaments. After the erection of that complex had been finished it wassanctified by bishop Pahomy. Some time later the New caves were deserted and partially ruined. Most of the ornaments disappeared. Nobody knows how many caves there are on the territory of the Chernigiv region. But we arefirmly convinced of the fact that there are many of them. The most famous

caves are known in Lubich, if we set aside Chernigiv caves. It is explained by the information that father of Russian monkhood saint Anthony was bornin this Old Rus town and spent there his youth. No less known are caves of Spaso-Preobrazensky monastery in Novgorod-Siversky (Novgorod- Seversky).The cave small and secluded convent of Ryhlovsry Svyato-Nicholaevsky monastery in Korop vicinity was widely known at the end of the19-th century. Now it is neglected.Many legends about the local caves exist in Sedniv (Sednev). One deserted cave was found accidentally near this settlement. An underground corridor

the length of which is about 100 meters is under former landlord Galagan's estate in Sribna (Srebnaya) vicinity. The similar cave under landowner's house in the village Petrushin of Chernigiv vicinity was

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mentioned in documents in 1623. 20 years ago a half-ruined cave wasfound in Sosnitsa.

The vast underground premises strengthened with mason are known under

village Osich of Bahmach vicinity. They say there is a sarcophagus in oneof the underground premises of that complex . A very interesting legend is connately with the caves in the village Irzavetsof Ichnya vicinity. They are situated under the ruined old cossack church.The local people are sure that the famous Zaporozhkaya Virgin icon ishidden there. The icon was delivered to that village by cossack after theSich (Sech) had been liquidated.

The tradition of the cave building in Chernigiv land exists for eight centuries.

Rremember that caves are monuments of history and culture that's why they required our protection.

KIEV Lavra Monastery caves — legends and historyThe Kyiv Pechersk Lavra Monastery was

founded in the eleventh century.Archeologists and historians continue their research into the historical and spiritual rootsof this ancient monastery. Andriy PYROHIV

looks at what has been done in this research,using the materials of the Department of thePreservation and Study of the UndergroundSection of the Kyiv Pechersk MonasteryNational Historical and Cultural Reserve.

In the early medieval times, the city of Kyiv

sat right in the middle of the route which wasknown as “from the Varangians to the Greeks”

(Varangians being the old name for thoseScandinavians who, as merchants andwarriors, migrated south to Kyivan Rus andfurther down the Dnipro to the Byzantine

Empire, we speak about Vikings ). The Dnipro River was also the routethe Kyivan merchants and monks took to go south to Byzantium.Monks’ and novices’ destination was mostly the monasteries at MountAthos in Greece; some of them went further to Palestine and Sinai. After staying for some time at one of the monasteries of Mount Athos and

confirming their monastic vows, many of the monks returned backto Kyiv and other lands of Kyivan Rus.

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Antoniy Pechersky (Anthony of the Caves) was a monk credited withfounding a monastery which was later called Pechersk Lavra (Laura of theCaves). He hailed from Lyubech in the Land of Chernihivshchyna but wasnot among those who went on pilgrimage to distant lands. One of the

early chronicles (Hustynsky Chronicle) says that “in the year of Our Lord 1013 a much revered monk named Antoniy came to Kyiv andsettled down to live in a cave called Varangian.” The name of thecave suggests some association with the Varangians, or Vikings.

Vikings (also called Norsemen or Northmen), were Scandinavianseafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe fromthe ninth to eleventh century. Their disruptive influence profoundlyaffected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, andSwedish warriors were probably prompted to undertake their raids by a

combination of factors ranging from overpopulation at home to the relativehelplessness of victims abroad.

The exact ethnic composition of the Viking armies is unknown inparticular cases, but the Vikings’ expansion in the Baltic lands and inRussia can reasonably be attributed to the Swedes. The easternViking expansion was probably a less violent process than that on theAtlantic coasts. The greatest eastern movement of the Scandinavians wasthat which carried them into the heart of Kyivan Rus. The extent of thispenetration is difficult to assess; for, although the Scandinavians were at

one time present at Novgorod, Kyiv, and other centres in considerablenumbers, they were rapidly absorbed by the Slavonic population. TheVikings in Kyivan Rus were mostly traders, and two of their commercial treaties with the Greeks are preserved in the PrimaryChronicle under the years 912 and 945; the Rus signatories haveindubitably Scandinavian names. Occasionally, however, the Rusattempted voyages of plunder like their kinsmen in the West.

In the nineteenth century, the controversial aspect of the Varangian-Viking presence in Kyivan Rus was much debated and some historians

were of the opinion that the Vikings in Rus were responsible for establishing the Kyivan statehood. Such views became known as TheNorseman Theory. The controversy continues with no consensus havingbeen reached, though, a majority of local historians now hold the view of an independent emergence of the early Kyivan state. There are not toomany facts to base the Norsemen Theory on but enough is known fromthe written sources and archaeological finds to keep the flame of theVarangian controversy burning. It is known, for example, that the Vikingchieftain Oleg invaded the lands of Kyiv and captured Kyiv in the middle

of the nineteenth century, killing two local rulers, Ascold and Dir (incidentally, the tomb, though of much later date, still stands). One of theearly chronicles says that because of the strife among the Slavs, it was

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decided to invite a ruler from Scandinavia, named Rurik, and it is from himthat the lineage of the Kyivan Grand Dukes starts. Igor (also called Ingvar),presumably the son of Rurik, prince of Novgorod, who is considered the founder of the dynasty that ruled Kyivan Rus and, later, Muscovy until 1598, wassuccessor to the great warrior Oleg. He assumed the throne of Kyiv in 912; atleast half of his army was known to have been made up of the Varangians.

Thus, the Norsemen presence in the early Ukrainian history cannot bedismissed but the current historians’ opinion is overwhelming in favour of theindependent origins of the state of Kyivan Rus.

When the Vikings began their movement from Scandinavia in thesouthern direction, they were still pagans but they found themselves amongthe Christians in Kyivan Rus, many of them converted to Christianity, takingnew, Christian names. Among such newly converted Vikings were Ivan and Fedir,who died the martyrs’ death at the hands of the pagans — they were burned todeath in their house for their refusal to offer a sacrifice to the pagan gods.

They were later canonized thus joining the ranks of the earliest Kyivan Russaints; apparently they followed the injunction of the Gospel, “Lay not up for yourselves upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thievesbreak through and steal; but lay for yourselves treasures in heaven… for whereyour treasure is, there will be your heart also.” Their heart was apparently inheaven but the heart of many of their fellow Vikings was definitely with their treasures on earth. To prevent the treasures from being stolen when theywere away from home, some of the Vikings in the service of Kyivan rulersmust have hidden their hoards in caves. Such caves at a place which in theeleventh century developed into the Pechersk Lavra Monastery were usedas cells by monks. So the first use of these caves was TREASURY. Veryinteresting. We speak for very old caves made by nature powers. Vikings hadnttime to dig cave to hide their treasure. And maybe many monks killed for thesetreasures. Thats why even today many people see the gost of the monk to thesecaves

From what some of the chronicles say we can gather that some of the hoardshidden in the caves were discovered. Thus, under the year 1098, we find astory about two monks, Fedir and Vasyl, who discovered a cache of goldand silver. The monks reburied the treasure at a new place but the wordabout a discovered and re-hidden treasure got around and reached the earsof the son (Mstyslav Svyatopolkovych) of the then Kyivan ruler. The monkswere brought to Mstyslav who demanded that they disclose the place where thetreasure was hidden. The monks said that the hoard was made up of churchvessels and other items used in the religious service and as such belongedto the church rather than to a secular power. The monks were tortured —but they stubbornly refused to reveal where the treasure was hidden. Bothmonks died under the torture taking their secret into the grave. Incidentally,Mstyslav died soon afterwards.

If this story is true — and there is no apparent reason to doubt its veracity —then the treasure found by the ill-starred monks could have been one of thosehoards that the Christians put away at the time of persecutions against Christianslaunched by the Kyivan Grand Duke Svyatoslav, the son of Igor.

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There is evidence that the treasure hunting in the Lavra Monastery cavescontinued in later centuries. It reached such proportions that in thenineteenth century the Lavra monks had to brick up some of the passagesto prevent unauthorized penetration into the caves.

Local lore produced a wealth of legends connected with the caves — the

underground passages stretched as far as the Troyitsko-Illynsky monasteryin Chernihiv, a hundred miles away; they were connected to the caves in thevicinity of the Vydubetsky Monastery in Kyiv, or to some other monasteriesin the vicinity of Kyiv; the treasures hidden there are worth millions, to name buta couple of popular stories about the caves.

In recent years, the caves of the Lavra Monastery have been examined bycertified archaeologists and historians (there are two systems of cavesconnected by underground passages to be found in the territory of theLavra Monastery in Kyiv — The Near Caves, and The Distant Caves). Theresearch produced a number of discoveries. It has become evident that originally

the caves known as The Varangian Caves were not connected with The DistantCaves and differed considerably from the caves that were used by monks as cells.Among the discoveries were nine corridors dating from the eleventh century at the

latest, two caves used as cells in the eleventh and fifteenth centuries, anda number of burials in the walls. In ancient times, The VarangianCaves could indeed be entered from the side of the hill that faced theDnipro River. A depiction of the Cross on Golgotha which is carved intothe wall and which was discovered in one of the cells is unique in itsiconography; it dates from approximately early eleventh century. It is not

improbable that this cell could have been the one where St AntoniyPechersky himself lived and that the carving on the wall could have beendone by his hand.

In spite of the recent discoveries we still know very little of the earlyyears of the Lavra Monastery when its monks lived in the caves. We knowbut little about the origin of the caves; we do not know how many caveswere there originally; we do not know whether the “Varangian caves”still contain hoards of silver and gold. Research goes on.

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“The imperishable relics” (mummified bodies of the monks) in the Lavracaves.

A seat for prayers cut in the wall of a cave.

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The cross that could have been cut in the wall by Antoniy Pechersky,the founder of the Lavra Monastery in Kyiv in the eleventh century.

A view of the Lower Lavra Monastery.Photo by O. Onishchuk

Chernihiv belongs to the ancient cities of Ukraine-Rus. Formed at the end of VII century. From IX century. - Centers of Slavic tribes Siveryany. At the endof IX century. became a part of Kievan Rus. First mentioned in chronicles in907 years. Since 1024 - the center of Chernihiv principality. In the early tenthcentury by the size, status, political and economic importance in the ancientstate Chernihiv inferior only Kyiv. Under the reign of Mstislav Vladimirovichbegan in a complex of stone buildings princely dvoryscha - castle (now Val)in place of an ancient Slavic settlement of the first millennium. In Chernigovsuccessfully developed construction, various crafts and trade. Chernigovskiearmourers jewelers and craftsmen were skilled. They were known techniquessuch as perehorodchasta enamel, filigree, mob ... To this day preserved inthe masterpieces of old architecture of XII century Siverskoy: Transfigurationand Boris cathedrals, Assumption Cathedral Yelytskoho monastery Bloc

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http://serg-klymenko.narod.ru/Kyiv/index.htm





(restored) and St. Elias Church.

In 1239 Chernivtsi was destroyed by Tatar-Mongols. In the XIV century.captured Duchy of Lithuania. From 1618 to Deulinskoyu agreement - under Polish rule. However, even many zaznayuchy damage from externalenemies, the city always come up from the ashes and ruins, andvidrodzhuvalos onovlyuvalos in all its beauty and grandeur of their templeszlatohlavyh. In 1623, the Chernigov granted the Magdeburg Law, and hassubsequently, in 1635 - status of the main city of Chernigov Province. Duringthe liberation war of Ukrainian people in the years 1648-1654 under theleadership of Bohdan Khmelnytsky Chernihiv was the center of the sameregiment. Since 1802 the city - the center of Chernihiv province, which untilthe prostyralasya Kyiv.Unique monuments of Kievan Rus survived in Chernigov with obviousfeatures of ancient architecture. In Kiev the temples of this period are mostlylost in baroque remodeling. In Chernihiv clearly visible zakomorni (arched)ceilings and original form of drums and the apse. Partly tynku layers removedand vetting these give an idea of the nature of ancient masonry, look plinthoiand "drowned series", etc..Chernihiv refers to the ancient cities of Ukraine-Rus. Formed at the end of VII., With the IX. - The center of the Slavic tribe of the northerners. Since theend of IX century. became part of Kievan Rus. First mentioned in chronicles

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in 907 year. Since 1024 - Center of the Chernigov principality. At thebeginning of the tenth century, according to their size, status, political andeconomic importance in the ancient Russian state is second only to ChernihivKiev. In the reign of Mstislav Vladimirovich in the city started to create a

complex of stone structures of the princely court - Detinets (now Val) in placeof old Slavic settlement of the second half of the first millennium. InChernigov successfully developed construction, a variety of crafts andcommerce. Chernigov goldsmiths and armorers were masters qualifications.They have been known techniques such as cloisonne, filigree, black ... Up tothe present day in the city remained dim and masterpieces of architectureSiverskaya XII century: the Cathedral of the Transfiguration andBorisoglebskij cathedrals, Assumption Cathedral Eletski monastery,Pyatnitskaya (restored) and Elias Church.

In 1239 Chernihiv was destroyed by the Tatar-Mongols. In the XIV century.captured by the Lithuanian principality. From 1618 to Deulino agreement -under Polish rule. However, even experiencing multiple fracture from externalenemies, the city of all time, rising from the ashes and ruin, reborn andrenewed in all its beauty and grandeur of its gold-domed churches. In 1623Chernihiv granted the Magdeburg Law, and subsequently, in 1635 - thestatus of the main city of Chernigov Province. During the liberation war of Ukrainian people in the years 1648-1654 under the leadership of BogdanKhmelnitsky Chernigov was the center of the same name of the regiment. In

1802 the city - the center of Chernigov province, stretching right up to Kiev.Unique monuments Киевскої Russia remained in Chernigov, with obviousfeatures of old Russian architecture. In Kiev temples of this period theymostly lost in baroque reconstructions. In Chernihiv clearly seen andZakomorny (arched) ceiling, and the primary form of drums and apses. Someplaces layers of plaster removed and these soundings give an idea of thenature of ancient masonry, as plinfy and recessed series, etc.

Chernihiv (Chernigiv, Chernigov) is ancient and is a few hundreds of years

younger than Kyiv. Chernihiv is the most northern regional centre in Ukrainewith population of 305.000 It is only like 50km away from Belarusian border.Chernihiv located on the right bank of the Dnipro, 150 km far from Kyiv. Oneof the most ancient cities in Ukraine, it’s the brother of golden-domed Kyiv. Itshistory is the reflection of the whole Ukraine’s history, with its bright and darkpages, and every epoch left its mark in city’s architecture. The high level of art characterized the culture of Chernihiv Principality. Famous cathedrals of Old Town (11th-13th centuries) are silent witnesses of the fact. Together withKiev’s temples they are the gem of the Ukrainian architecture of Kyiv-Rus

period. Besides them it is worth seeing remarkable monuments of Ukrainianbaroque built by representatives of Cossack nobility.

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in 1696 showed extraordinary heroism during the storming of theTurkish fortress of Azov, for which he was awarded a silver cross.We also invite you read about it with my very short excursion into thehistory of Ukrainian culture, education and science of the time

Ditinets (central fortified part) of ancient Chernihiv formed in VII-VIII century on the ground is 2 nd quarter I thousand BC

In the XI century Dytynets was the main political and religious center of Chernigov - table degrees "Chernigov-Siverskoy land. Its territory wasreduced Murovanye Prince Terem, founded the episcopal court, built churches and cathedrals. Detinets (central fortified part of) the ancient Chernigov formed in VII-VIII century on the spot settlement 2 nd quarter of the I millennium AD In the XI century Detinets was the main political and religious center of Chernigov - "capital city" Chernigov-Severskoy land. In its territory were built stately stone towers, founded by thebishop's court, built churches and cathedrals.

Val castle. Guns XVI-XVIII centuries, the bastions of the fortress of Chernihiv. In the mid-XVI centuries speaker towards Desna cape castle was built castle and arranged passage to river. Later became the main street of Pohorila (North) gate to the castle. Along her sporudzhuvalysyaadministrative buildings, barracks, artillery yard.Most chavunnih guns Val, as think it was cast in Chernihiv artillery yard.

Val Detinets. Guns XVI-XVIII centuries, from the bastions of the fortress of Chernigov. In the middle of the XVI century to protrude into the Desna CapeDetinets castle was built and constructed a tunnel to the stream. Over time, became the main street of Pogorelov (northern) gate to the castle.Constructed along its administrative home, barracks, artillery yard.Most cast-iron cannon Vala, is believed to have cast it in Chernigovski artillery yard

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http://serg-klymenko.narod.ru/Other_World/Photo/Ukraine.Chernigiv/STx_5907-5909.htm






Gear princely castleover the gums cover the most valuablelands of the historic

downtown.

Shafts princely Detinetsabove the gumcovering the territory

of the most valuable historical city center.

Stronghold: Transfiguration Cathedral (1033-1041). Transfiguration Cathedral - Stone one of the oldest churches of Kievan

Rus, which survived until today in Left Bank Ukraine. Founded by Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich "Brave". The architectural style similar tothe Byzantine structures V-IX centuries. For centuries, the temple rebuilt several times, thelate eighteenth century were to build twoconical spire, which give the building similarities with the Polish church.

By Detinets: Transfiguration Cathedral (1033-

1041). Transfiguration Cathedral - One of the oldest stone churches of Kievan Rus survived to our days in the Left-Bank Ukraine. Laid down by Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich "Brave". For architectural style similar to the Byzantinestructures V-IX century. For centuries, the temple rebuilt several times,at the end of XVIII century have been completed, two conical spire,which gives the building similar to the Polish church.

"Spaso-Preobrazgensky" Cathedral . Ancient Churchbuilt in1033-1041. One of the best remaining ancient Ukrainian Churches.

Transfiguration Cathedral. Inside the cathedral. In our days are fragments of fresco paintings XI century., Slate floors, decorated with mosaic,carved gilded iconostasis in the classical style,1795-1798; Oil Wall-painting early XIX century.

In the cathedral are buried Igor Svjatoslavovich,the hero of "A Word about Igor's Regiment".

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Transfiguration Cathedral. Inside the cathedral. To this day preserved fragments of fresco XI century.; Floors of slateslabs, decorated with mosaics, gilded iconostasis carved in the style of

Classicism, 1795-1798; oil murals beginning of the XIX century.Buried in the cathedral Igor Svyatoslavovych, the hero of "Lay".

Stronghold: Boris Cathedral (1120-1123) - Only three years of construction, but such monumentalnist!

Founded in 1120 by Prince David as a princely tomb of the sons of thegreat prince Vladimir - Boris and Gleb, who were killed during mizhusobytsi by order of their brother Svyatopolk "impious." BorisCathedral is a typical cross-dome house. Constructed solely for theancient temple plinthoi, natural stone is used.Cathedral often rebuilt, it suffered from bombing during the Second World War. Today this temple is the most popular cult buildings of special architectural style Chernihiv that time and is one of the few buildings which were restored to nearly their original form.

By Detinets: Boris and Gleb Cathedral (1120-1123) - Only three years of construction, and such a monumental! Laid down in 1120 by Prince Davyd a princely tomb of the great sons of Prince Vladimir of Kiev - Boris and Gleb, were killed during infighting on the orders of their brother Svjatopolka "Accursed". Boris and GlebCathedral is a typical cross-domed church. Built entirely of ancient temple plinfy, natural stone was not used.Cathedral often rebuilt, it was badly damaged by bombing during the

Second World War. Today this temple - the most typical religiousbuilding Chernigov particular architectural style of the time and is oneof the few buildings, rebuilt almost in its original form.

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"Borisoglebsky" cathedral This one is just slightly younger than the oneabove. Built during1120-1123.

Boris Cathedral. Engraved royal gates of theiconostasis. The temple, as part of the reserve - an impressivedisplay: samples of ancient capitals carved inanimal style, slate, unique pottery A minted royal gates of the iconostasis was cast from silver Fused pagan idol found during renovations of the templein 1700. And made the gate in Danzig (Gdansk).

Around the Cathedral - remains arcade gallery.In Borisoglebskom pohovanyo cathedral church, political and cultural figure XVII. Lazar

Baranovichi.

Boris and Gleb Cathedral. Chased the royal doors of the iconostasis. In this temple, as part of the reserve - an amazing display: samples of the ancient capitals with carved into animal style, slate slabs, uniqueceramics A chased silver royal gates of the iconostasis were cast from

remelted silver pagan idol found during renovations in the temple in1700. I have made this gate in Danzig (Gdansk). Around the buildings - the remnants of the arcade gallery. In Borisoglebsky buried in thecathedral church, political and cultural figures XVII cent. LazarusBaranovich.

Stronghold: Chernihiv Collegiumend XVI - the beginning of XVIII century.

This excellent examples of Ukrainian Baroque style, whichstands beside the cathedral Borisalso linked with the name LazarusBaranovych and age of theUkrainian national revival. Built for the oldest secular middleschool left-bank Ukraine. Itsfounder was a prominent

Ukrainian teacher, church leader and writer John Maksimovich, and construction was conducted in

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three stages and was fully completed in 1702 in the XVIII century is thefounder of the national epidemiology studies, undeservedly forgottenDaniel Samoilovitch, which in a century ahead of the opening of LouisPasteur. College was in part Borisoglebskogo buildings of the

monastery, his 40-meter bell tower rules for this monastery. Thebuilding of the Collegium has perebudovuvalasya and pereobladnuvalasya. The third tier is the most interesting part of thisvery eclectic buildings. Its walls are inventive configuration, consisting of structures that perform and sink. Special decoration wonderful decor facilities - two ceramics icons: the image of Our Lady and the Holy Face.

By Detinets: Chernigov Collegium end of XVI - the beginning of XVIII century.

This beautiful monument to the Ukrainian baroque, towering next toBoris and Gleb Cathedral is also linked with the name of Lazarus and Baranovichi era Ukrainian national vozrodzhdeniya. Built for the oldest secular secondary educational institution in the Left-Bank Ukraine. Itsfounder was an outstanding Ukrainian teacher, church leader and writer, John of, and is built in three stages and was fully completed in1702, the College was in part the buildings Borisoglebskii monastery,his 40-meter tower served as a bell tower of the monastery. Building

Collegium repeatedly rebuilt and refurbished. The third tier is the most interesting part of this rather eclectic buildings. Its walls are an odd configuration, consisting of speakers and disengaging structures.Special decoration wonderful decoration of the building - two ceramicsicons: the image

Stronghold: Chernihiv Collegium end XVI - the beginning of XVIII century. This excellent examples of Ukrainian Baroque style, which standsbeside the cathedral Boris also linked with the name Lazarus

Baranovych and age of the Ukrainian national revival. Built for theoldest secular middle school left-bank Ukraine. Its founder was a prominent Ukrainian teacher, church leader and writer JohnMaksimovich, and construction was conducted in three stages and wasfully completed in 1702 in the XVIII century is the founder of thenational epidemiology studies, undeservedly forgotten Daniel Samoilovitch, which in a century ahead of the opening of LouisPasteur. College was in part Borisoglebskogo buildings of themonastery, his 40-meter bell tower rules for this monastery. The

building of the Collegium has perebudovuvalasya and pereobladnuvalasya. The third tier is the most interesting part of thisvery eclectic buildings. Its walls are inventive configuration, consisting

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of structures that perform and sink. Special decoration wonderful decor facilities - two ceramics icons: the image of Our Lady and the Holy Face.

By Detinets: Chernigov Collegium end of XVI - the beginning of XVIII century.

This beautiful monument to the Ukrainian baroque, towering next toBoris and Gleb Cathedral is also linked with the name of Lazarus and Baranovichi era Ukrainian national vozrodzhdeniya. Built for the oldest secular secondary educational institution in the Left-Bank Ukraine. Itsfounder was an outstanding Ukrainian teacher, church leader and writer, John of, and is built in three stages and was fully completed in1702, the College was in part the buildings Borisoglebskii monastery,

his 40-meter tower served as a bell tower of the monastery. Building Collegium repeatedly rebuilt and refurbished. The third tier is the most interesting part of this rather eclectic buildings. Its walls are an odd configuration, consisting of speakers and disengaging structures.Special decoration wonderful decoration of the building - two ceramicsicons: the image of the Virgin and the Savior Almighty.

Stronghold: House of Jacob Lyzohub. With the name of Colonel James Lyzohub

senior connected with another monument of Ukrainian Baroque architecture - his house,which was built in the late XVII century. After the death of the first owner of thisbuilding purchased by Hetman Ivan Mazepa,

and in the XVIII century house ruled by the office of the Chernihiv regiment.It will be recalled that the day Hetmanate Left-Bank Ukraine was a kind of administrative division in which the colonel had not only military but

also civil authority throughout the regiment.The facility is a wonderful example of civil Baroque building. In the planit is the ordinary peasant house into two halves, but the facades of houses decorated with numerous details. Those were troubled times,so walls were thick, and narrow windows. If necessary, its inhabitantscould withstand a siege - in the spacious cellars stored food supplies.

By Detyntsu: House of Jacob Lyzohub. the name of Colonel James Lizoguba-bound senior is another

monument of Ukrainian Baroque architecture - his house, built in thelate XVII century. After the death of the first owner of this building became hetman Ivan Mazepa, and in the XVIII century the house served

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as the Office of the Chernigov Regiment.It should be recalled that in an era Hetmanshchyna Left-bank Ukrainehad a kind of administrative-territorial unit in which the colonel had not only military but also the civil authority throughout the regiment.

Construction is a fine example of civil Baroque building. In terms it isan ordinary peasant's hut with two halves, but the facades of housesare decorated with numerous details. These were troubled times, so thehouse walls were made thick and the windows - narrow. If necessary,its inhabitants could withstand a siege - in the spacious cellars of stored reserves of food

Stronghold: Monument of Pushkin.

By Detinets: A monument to Pushkin. Pushkin bust.

Ditintsem: Pam `yatnik Taras Shevchenko.

By Detinets: Monument to Taras Shevchenko. Taras Shevchenko, high

relief, free standing sculpture.

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Chernigov, Red Square: burial in theSquare.Pam wrote on `yatniku:"Eternal glory to the heroeswho died for freedom and independenceof our homeland" Square was rebuilt in 2002 after 200 years

of Chernihiv province at the expense of South-Western Railway.

Chernigov, Red Square: a common grave in the park .The inscription on the monument (in Ukrainian):"Eternal glory to the heroes who fell for freedom and independence of our motherland" A square was reconstructed in 2002 to mark the 200 anniversary of the Chernigov district the means of South- western Railway

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Pyatnitska church, the end of XII - the beginning of XIII century. Built inChernihiv office in the old torzhyscha and named after the patron of trade Paraskeva Friday. Church is a cross-dome house, which rapidly extends in height. Its size in terms of relatively small - 12h10, 5 m, withthe apse - 15h10, 5 m, but the internal height from floor to highest point of the dome is 27 m.

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Friday Church, the end of XII - the beginning of XIII century. Built on theChernigov region of the old tenements in the market place and isnamed in honor of the patron saint of trade Paraskieva. Church is the

cross-domed church, is rapidly drifting to the heights. Its size in termsof relatively small - 12x10, 5 m, with an apse - 15x10, 5 m, but theinternal height from floor to highest point of the dome is 27 m.

"Pyatnytskaya" Сhurch.Byzantine style Church - built in 12th century. Often used inillustrations of different books as characterizing byzantine style.

Pyatnitska church. Dome Church from within. In the construction of facilities used wonderfully decorative brick features, ornamental muruvannya Bloc churches are early examples of such decoration. In 1786 was the main building Pyatnitska monastery.Significant bomb damage during World War II she was "dressed" in thebaroque form and looked at first glance, the temple of the XVII century. After careful study of its remains, scientists and archaeologists cameto a sensational conclusion, showing that the temple, which embodiesthe highest achievements of architecture of Kievan Rus.

Friday Church. The dome of the church from within. In the construction of buildings used wonderfully decorative

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possibilities of brick, ornamental masonry Pyatnitskaya church servesas an early example of such a decoration. Before 1786 was mainly theconstruction Pyatnickogo monastery. Until a significant bomb damageduring World War II, she was "dressed" in baroque forms and looked at

first glance as the temple of the XVII century. After careful examinationof its remains, researchers, archaeologists came to the sensational conclusion that the temple was found, embodying the hig hest achievements of architecture of Kievan Rus

Pyatnitska church. Iconostasis. In 1962, the project architects PD Baranovsky and MV Holostenkareproduced in its original form. It was not the first attempt in Ukraine play during the reconstruction of the initial shape of the church.

Friday Church. Iconostasis. In 1962, the project architects PD Baranovsky and MV Kholostenkochurch rebuilt in its original form. It was almost the first attempt torecreate in Ukraine during the reconstruction of the primary forms of the temple.

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Monument to Bogdan Khmelnitsky.

Monument to Bogdan Khmelnitsky.

Bohdan Hmelnic'ky monument.

Monument to defenders of Chernigov. Located in the mountains Boldin.

Defender Chernihiv monument. Boldin is located under the mountains.

Monument to the Defenders of Chernigiv.

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Burial graves in the mountains Boldin. Mounds "Hulbysche" and "anonymous" - the largest burial mounds onBoldin mountains - the historic district of Chernigov. There is a burial complex - one of the largest necropolis IX-XI centuries. It consists of

six burial groups defined territory inhabited city, and has about 230 mounds.The name comes from the mountains davnoslov Slavic "bold" - an oak,or from the Ruthenian "boldy" - mountains.

Kurgannyi burial on Bolding mountains. Mounds "promenade" and "Bezimyanny" - the largest burial mounds onBolding mountains - the historic district of Chernigov. Here is mound complex - one of the largest cemeteries IX-XI centuries. It consists of

six mound groups, defining the territory inhabited by the city, and hasabout 230 mounds.

The name comes from the mountains of the Old Slavonic "Bold" - anoak, or from staroukrainskogo "boldi" - mountains.

Monument famous Ukrainian writer Michael Kotsyubinskogo (1864-1913) onBoldin mountains.

Monument outstanding Ukrainian writer Michael Kotsyubinskoe (1864-1913)на Болдиных горах.Photo Elias Church (first quarter of XII century)Trinity Monastery. Architectural Ensemble Trinity Monastery (XI-XVIII century). is an excellent example of Ukrainian

Baroque. The monastery is situated on terraces of high Boldyn mountains. It consists of two parts - the former Trinity Monastery Ilinskom and combined

landscape and architecture into a single group. Home annals of themonastery was laid in 1069, the monk Antony Caves. Dug him and his

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followers of the cave gradually expanded and turned into a multi-layered underground complex -- Antonievyh cave.Elijah Church (the first quarter of the twelfth century), Trinity-EliasMonastery.

Architectural ensemble Trinity-Elias Monastery (XI-XVIII cent.) is abeautiful example of Ukrainian Baroque. The monastery is situated on theterraces of high Bolding mountains. It consists of two parts - the old Elias and Holy Trinity Monastery, combined landscape and architecture into a singleensemble. Start the Monastery of the chronicle was initiated in 1069 a monk Anthony of the Caves. Excavated by him and his followers of the cavegradually expanded and transformed June into a multilevel underground complex 2004. Elias Church (first quarter of XII century) Trinity Monastery. Iconostasis.

Little Elias ChurchThat nestled at the foot of the mountains, combined withdirect entrance to the cave. The church - the only such school odnonefnohoChernihiv ancient temple architecture have been preserved.It is said that in 1662, after the death of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, with themiraculous icon of Our Lady of St. Elias Church was a miracle - within tendays from her eyes flowed tears, she wept for the future fate of the Ukrainian people. The event attracted many pilgrims and Chernihiv Monastery becametoo small for visitors. It also was the impetus for the start of construction onthe highest plateau Boldin monastery of the Trinity Mountains. Subsequently,

the two institutions merged in the Trinity Monastery.

Elijah Church (the first quarter of the twelfth century), Trinity-EliasMonastery. Iconostasis. Little Elijah Church, Nestled at the foot of the mountain, directly connected to the entrance of the cave. The church - the only surviving example of single-nave church Chernigov school of ancient Russian architecture.It is said that in 1662, after the death of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, with itsmiraculous icon of the Church of Our Lady of Elijah was a miracle - for ten

days from her eyes flowed tears that she wept over the future of theUkrainian people. The event resulted in Chernigov Ilinsky many pilgrims and visitors to the monastery became too small. This triggered the start of construction on the highest plateau of mountains Bolding Trinity Monastery.Subsequently, they were both united in the Trinity-Elias Monastery. Antonievyh cave. How caves. The total length of explored caves - 315 of the

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oldest layer is at a depth of 12m.There is alegend about the existence of theunderground

passage once one hundred and fifty miles long , connecting these caves of Kiev. Antoniy cave. Scheme of thecaves. The total length of the investigated part of thecaves - 315 m. The oldest layer islocated at a

depth of 12m. There is a legend about theexistence of the once-underground

passagelength one hundred and fifty kilometers, which

connected these caves withKiev. Antonyevy caves. Chart of caves. 12th century caves. Similar to

what is found in Kyiv

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These were underground templesand burials.

The mysteries of monastery caves. The first artificial caves appeared in Chernigiv (Chernigov) in the 11-thcentury. They were founded by famous Old Rus religious man Anthony who had been founder of the Kiev-Pechersky monastery (Lavra). His monastery in Chernigiv consisted of churches, cells and burial places. All of them were situated in the slopes of the Boldin Hills. St.Illya's church was built near the entry to the cave monastery in the 12- th century.Nowadays it is the united underground complex the length of which is

about 350 meters. There are three churches and a few other premisesand corridors. Most of them were formed in the 18-th and the 19-thcenturies but there are some sections of the caves where ancient

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architecture is preserved. First of all it is a large burial temple whichappeared before Mongolian period. It was discovered in 1987, cleared away and investigated by Chernigiv archaeologists. This room is morethan 300 cubic meters. Here were found some rich archaeological

materials and traces of the ancient burial rite.There are many legends about Chernigiv caves. They say that long underground passages connected Chernigiv with Kyiv (Kiev) and Lubich (Lubech), that Anthony caves were connected with the Eletsky monastery and the Val.Caves were being built in Chernigiv for centuries. Many of them wereruined and forgot.But sometimes caving-in take place in Chernigiv. One of such episodeshappened between the Eletsky monastery and the Trinity monastery in

1853. Three men ventured to penetrate into the pit and saw the cave.But it was pity they did not measure the underground premises. The pictures were not made also. The entrance to the cave was covered upwith earth.Filling-in appeared in some places on the territory of the Val at thebeginning of the 20-th century. After they had been investigated it became clear that all of them were made later than Anthony caves.So called the “New caves” which were digged out by monk Alypy in1918 are situated in the slope of the Boldin Hills not far from the Trinity

monastery. The underground premises were decorated by Ukrainianfolk ornaments. After the erection of that complex had been finished it was sanctified by bishop Pahomy. Some time later the New caves weredeserted and partially ruined. Most of the ornaments disappeared.Nobody knows how many caves there are on the territory of theChernigiv region. But we are firmly convinced of the fact that there aremany of them. The most famous caves are known in Lubich, if we set aside Chernigiv caves. It is explained by the information that father of Russian monkhood saint Anthony was born in this Old Rus town and

spent there his youth.No less known are caves of Spaso-Preobrazensky monastery inNovgorod-Siversky (Novgorod-Seversky). The cave small and secluded convent of Ryhlovsry Svyato- Nicholaevsky monastery in Korop vicinity was widely known at the end of the 19-th century. Now it is neglected.Many legends about the local caves exist in Sedniv (Sednev). Onedeserted cave was found accidentally near this settlement. An underground corridor the length of which is about 100 meters is

under former landlord Galagan's estate in Sribna (Srebnaya) vicinity.The similar cave under landowner's house in the village Petrushin of Chernigiv vicinity was mentioned in documents in 1623.

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20 years ago a half-ruined cave was found in Sosnitsa.The vast underground premises strengthened with mason are knownunder village Osich of Bahmach vicinity. They say there is asarcophagus in one of the underground premises of that complex.

A very interesting legend is connately with the caves in the villageIrzavets of Ichnya vicinity. They are situated under the ruined old cossack church. The local people are sure that the famousZaporozhkaya Virgin icon is hidden there. The icon was delivered tothat village by cossack after the Itself (coulter) had been liquidated.The tradition of the cave building in Chernigiv land exists for eight centuries. We must remember

that caves are monuments of history and culture that's why they required our

protection.

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Antonievyh cave. Inside the caves.Second tier. Anthony Cave Church.

Antoniy cave. Inside the caves.Second tier. Anthony Church Crypt.

Antonievyh cave. Inside the caves.Third tier. Chapel with burial.

Antoniy cave. Inside the caves.Third tier. Chapel with burial.

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Nicholas SvyatoshaPrince of Chernigov, Kiev Thaumaturgy (about 1080-1143) in the world - Prince Svyatoslav of Chernigov-Taormina Davidovich(Svyatosha was shortened name Svyatoslav: so people called him) was bornabout 1080 and was the son of David Sviatoslavovych Chernigov Prince,grandson and great Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavoich, patron Pecherskihmonks. Prior to the adoption monk was Lutsk Prince, owned land in thePrincipality of Chernigov, had a wife and children (his daughter was later married to Prince of Novgorod Vsevolod-Gabriel).February 17, 1106 Prince Svyatoslav, Taormina, leaving the family took thename postyh and Nicholas spent 36 years in the Kiev-Pechersk monastery,leading a strict ascetic life.He suffered a monastery hospital to the other side of the monastery and expanded so that formed a "hospital monastery. With funds Svyatoshi Nicholas was built Trinity Church of Kyiv-Pechersk monastery hospital and

the Church. Nicholas. Near his cell Nikolai Svyatosha solution perfect garden. After the death of the prince-monk was canonized. He is buried in the Middle

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(Antonievyh) caves of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.

Nicola SvyatoshaPrince of Chernigov, Crypt the Miracle (c. 1080-1143), inthe world - Prince Svyatoslav of Chernigov-Pankraty Davidovich (Holy Man

was the abbreviated name of Sviatoslav: they called his family) was bornabout 1080 and was the son of David Svyatoslavich Chernigov prince and grandson of Grand Duke Svyatoslav Yaroslavovych, the patron Pecherskikhmonks. Before vows as a monk was a prince of Lutsk, owned land in theChernigov principality, had a wife and children (his daughter later becamethe wife of the Prince of Novgorod Vsevolod-Gabriel).February 17, 1106 Prince Svyatoslav-Pankraty left the family, received, and mastered by the name Nicola spent 36 years in the Kiev-Pechersk monastery, leading a severe ascetic life.

He suffered a monastic hospital on the other side of the monastery and expanded so that they formed a "sick monastery. The funds Nikolahypocrites were built Trinity Gate Church of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery hospital and church of St. Nicholas. Around its Svyatosha the cell Nicolathrew a beautiful garden. After his death was canonized. He is buried in the Near (Antoniy) caves of Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.

The Holy Nicolas /Sviatosha/ - the Prince of Lutsk Sviatoslav, the son of

the Chernigov Prince David Sviatoslavich, having lost his princely domain1107, he took the monastic vows of Kyiv (Kiev) Pechersk Monastery under the name of Nicolas. He had been living in the Monastery for about 40 yearsliving a stern and ascetic life. It used his means to build the Trinity Church of the Kyiv (Kiev) Pechersk Monastery of the Caves. After the death he wascanonized.

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Antonievyh cave. Inside the caves. Lower tier.Galler y to unearthed after the collapse of the

Churc h of XI-XII centuries.

Antoniy cave. Inside the caves. The lower tier.Galler y of excavated after the collapse of theChurc h of XI-XII century.

Chernihiv (Chernigov). The Caves of theSt.Anthony’s. The lower circle. The galleries.

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Antonievyh cave. Inside the caves. Lower tier.Gallery.

Antoniy cave. Inside the caves. The lower tier.Gallery.

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Antonievyh cave. Inside the caves. Lower tier.K elly Anthony Cave.

Antoniy cave. Inside the caves. The lower tier.Q ilya Anthony Crypt.

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Trinity Monastery. Trinity Cathedral. Construction of Trinity monastery associated withthe name of the famous Ukrainian religious, political, cultural figures and enlightener LazarusBaranovichi. Even in a time when the typography are just beginning, and Lazar Baranovych founded in Novgorod-Seversky printing, which was later transferred to the Trinity Monastery. She wasknown to the skill of its engraver, and the

monastery library had more than 11 thousand books.

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Please do read about this with my a brief history of the Ukrainian culture, education and science of those times. Central sporudu ensemble Monastir - velichny

semiverhy Trinity Cathedral was founded in 1679on the project and led by architect John Baptist.

Trinity-Elias Monastery. Trinity Cathedral. Construction of Trinity monastery associated withthe name of the famous Ukrainian religious, political, cultural activist and educator LazarusBaranovichi. At a time when the printing press was just beginning, Lazar Baranovich founded in

Novgorod-Seversky printing press, which wassubsequently transferred to the Trinity Monastery.She was known for his mastery of engravers, asmonastic library consisted of more than 11thousand books.We also invite you read about it with my very short excursion into the history of Ukrainian culture,education and science of the time. The central building of the ensemble монастіря -

majestic semiverhy Trinity Cathedral wasfounded in 1679 on the project and under thesupervision of architect John the Baptist.

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Trinity Monastery. Trinity Cathedral.Iconostasis. Trinity Cathedral - The first big house that wasbuilt across the Dnieper in Ukraine after the princeof days, after a long break in the builder of art that

was caused by the Mongol invasion and decline of these centuries. Trinity Cathedral, and so far remains the largest religious buildings inChernigov, its height is within 35 m and the size of the plan - 38h26 am to the present time kept Wall- painting XVII - XVIII century. and the minted southern altar doors. Construction of the templeaccompanied by great difficulties and withtrimming zatyahnulosya for 17 years. He was

already consecrated successor LazarusBaranovych Theodosius Uhlytskym. Thisoutstanding Ukrainian religious leader died in

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1696 and 200 years after his death was connected to the saints. In the years of Soviet power imperishable holy relics were taken in churchesand kept in state institutions, only in 1986 they

returned to believers.

Trinity-Elias Monastery. Trinity Cathedral.Iconostasis. Trinity Cathedral - The first great temple, built inthe entire Naddniprianske Ukraine after the prince's era, after a long hiatus in the development of architectural art, caused by the Tatar-Mongol invasion and decline in subsequent centuries.

Trinity Cathedral, and to this day remains thelargest cult construction of Chernigov and hiselevation is within 35 m while the dimensions inthe plan - 38h26 am to the present time are preserved murals XVII - XVIII century. and struck the southern doors of the altar. Construction of thetemple soprovodzhalos great difficulty and at thefinish was delayed for 17 years. He was already asuccessor osvyaschn Lazarus Baranovichi

Theodosius Uglich. This looking Ukrainian cleric died in 1696 and 200 years after death, wasnumbered among the saints. In the years of Soviet power the incorrupt relics of the saint wereremoved from the church and held in public institutions, only in 1986 they were returned tobelievers.

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T rinity Monastery. Chasovenka over the crypt of the Russian diplomat and scholar GS S cherbiny. The second term - the chapel crypt of t he genus Stefanovich.Gregory S. Shcherbina came from a family of Chernihiv carpenter, made a brilliant academic c areer and tragically died in 1903 as a Russianc onsul in Mitrovica in Serbian.

Trinity-Elias Monastery. Chapel of the tomb of Russia diplomat GS Shcherbina. In thebackground - the Chapel of the tomb kind

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Stefanovich.Grigory Stepanovich Shcherbina was born inChernigov carpenter, made a brilliant scientific career and tragically died in 1903, Russia's consul

in office in the Serbian town of Mitrovica.

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Refec tory Church of Vvedensky (1677-1679)Trinit y Monastery. Dvohkupolna only church that remai ned in Left Bank Ukraine. For forms of expression is one of the best monuments of theBaroque period in Ukraine.

Refec tory with the Church Vvedensky (1677-

1679) Trinity-Elias Monastery. Only dvukupolnachurch, preserved in the Left-Bank Ukraine.Expressive forms refers to the best monuments of Baroque pores in Ukraine.

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Trinity Monastery. Bust at the tomb of poet- f abulist LI Glebova. Burial of the famous Ukrainian poet and fabulist,Leonid Glebov is located near the southern facade

of Trinity Cathedral.

T rinity-Elias Monastery. Tits on the grave of poet-basennika LI Glibova. Burial of the famous Ukrainian poet basennikaLeonid Glibova located near the southern facadeof the Trinity Cathedral.

Belltower Trinity Monastery crowning the

highest hill Boldin mountains.Bell Tower was built in 1771-1775 years in the latebaroque forms, both with brick walls and corner towers. The building has ambitious plan, concaveinward front walls. The height of the bell tower withcross - 58 meters. Belltower-like posestru bell tower of the church in the Nativity of the VirginKozeltse.

The bell tower of Trinity-Elias Monastery, whichcrowns the hill nivysshy Bolding mountains.The bell tower was built in 1771-1775 years in the

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late baroque forms together with a stone wall and

corner towers. The structure has a bizarre planand concave inward front walls. The height of thebell tower with cross - 58 meters. The bell tower resembles sister -belfry of the church of the Virginin Rozhdvestva Kozelets.

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Landscape Chernigov with Bell Trinity Monastery.

P anorama of Chernigov from the bell tower of T rinity-Elias Monastery.

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Chernigov, Trinity Monastery. Printing (architect ural monument of the XVII century.)Elias and Gates.

Chernigov, Trinity-Elias Monastery. Printing

(architect ural monument of the XVII century.)and Ilinski j gate.

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Photo Yeletsky Monastery wasfounded 60 years of XI century.Chernigov Prince Svyatoslav west of the castle in the

coniferous forest, where he alsogot his name. The architectural ensemble of the monastery consisted gradually during the XI- XVIII centuries. and has thefeatures of the Ukrainian Baroquestyle. On its territory is ancient cave days. Assumption Cathedral

Eletskogo monastery was built in XII century.

Eletsky Monastery was founded in the 60 years of XI century.Prince Svyatoslav of Chernigov Yaroslavovych west of Detinets inthe coniferous forest, where hereceived his name. The

architectural ensemble of themonastery was formed gradually during the XI-XVIII centuries. and has the features of the Ukrainianbaroque. On its territory are found ancient cave age.Cathedral of the AssumptionConvent Eletski wasin 2002.built in XII century.

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Yeletsky monastery. Church burial LyzohubJacob, 1689.

Eletskii monastery. Church-tomb JacobLizoguba, 1689.

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Yeletsky monastery. Peter and Paul Church with the refectory,

Eletskii monastery. Peter and Paul C hurch with a refectory,

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Курган "Чорна могила".Monument yatnyy mark on themound.

Курган "Чорна могила". Memorial sign on the mound.

Church near the museumKotsubynsky.

Church not far from the museumKotsubynskogo.

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Churchof the Holy Prince Mikhail of Chernihiv and boyar Fedor (belongs to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church

Kiev Patriarchate).Church 2 nd half of the XVIII century, was part of the former seminary.

Church of the Holy Prince Michael of Chernigov and boyar Fedor

(belongs to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Kiev Patriarchate).Church 2 nd half of the XVIII century, was part of the former s eminary.

Chernihiv city cemetery "Yatsevo" grave OG Molodchogo.The inscription on the monument (in Russian):

"Twice Hero of the Soviet UnionLieutenant General AviationFreeman Chernihiv Oleksandr Molodchiy Gnatovich

The land of Chenigivschyna was first settled by early Slavic tribes 150,000years ago, and later, at the end of the 1st millennium A.D., by the tribalcommunity of Siveryans. In the time of Kyiv Rus, Chernigiv Principality wasone of the largest in the state, and was in competition for power with Kyiv. Inthe early 17th century, the land of Chernigiv-Siverschyna was part of theGreat Lithuanian Principality, then of the Moscow Tsardom and later of RechPospolita. In the late 17th-early 18th centuries, Chernigivschyna was thecentre of Hetmanschina, and in the 19th-early 20th centuries, it was aprovince of the Russian Empire. In 1932 Chernigiv Region, as it is knowntoday, first appeared.

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Each of these eras left their mark on the great historical and cultural heritageof the region, represented by some 5,000 archeological, architectural andsculptural monuments, which are preserved by historical, cultural andarchitectural reserves and museums. The unique beauty of these monuments

is emphasized by the charming nature of Chernigiv Polissya and the forest-steppe.

The region’s depository of architectural monuments of the pre-Mongolianperiod is the richest in Ukraine and Russia, including SpasopreobrazhenskyCathedral (11th c.), Borysolibsky Cathedral (12th c.), Uspensky Cathedral of Yeltsky Monastery (12th c.), Illinska (12th c.) and Pyatnyska (late 12th-early13th c.) Churches. Collectively, these sites comprise the NationalArchitectural and Cultural Reserve “Chernigiv of the Olden Days”, which

also includes St. Antony’s Caves (11th-12th c.), Yeletsky and TroitskyMonasteries, Chorna Mohyla (“Black Grave”) Mound and the mound in theBoldyn Mountains, a college (founded 1700), a regimental office (Mazepa’sHouse, late 17th c.), and Katerynynska Church (early 18th c.). The Reservealso houses a collection of 70,000 items exhibited in exhibition galleries andhalls.

The ancient town of Lyubech, first mentioned in The Chronicles in 882, islocated on the bank of the Dnipro River. Today it is categorized as third zone

of contamination from the Chernobyl accident. The magnificent Zamkova(“Castle”) Mount, on which there is a monument in honor of the LyubetskyCongress of Counts of 1097, has witnessed the most dramatic events of theages. The cave of Antony Pechersky, native of 11th century Lyubech, hasbeen preserved to the present days.

The ancient city on the right bank of gums. There in the VII century. onthe ground over the ancient Slavic settlement, later becoming the center of Chernigov principality. According to legend, founded the Black Prince.Historians connect the name of the city named Siverska PrinceChernigi. At the end of IX. When the Kiev Prince Oleg subdued siveryanliving downstream Desny, the city became a part of Kievan Rus. In 1239destroyed the Mongol-Tatars. During the Lithuanian government hasbuilt a fortress. In the Russia became a provincial center. Now focusedhere a quarter of all architectural monuments of Ukrainedomongolskogo period.

Detynets (Val), park them. Kovel. The complex structures of ancientcities in the high bank gums. Include the Savior TransfigurationCathedral in the XI. (one of the oldest temples of Kievan Rus, which

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was built by Prince Mstislav Brave, which buried Igor Svyatoslavovich,the hero of "The words on the shelf Igorevom"); BorisoglebskyCathedral (now the Museum of Architecture), built in XII century. on afoundation of a more ancient stone structures in the XI.; building

Chernigovskogo collegium (1700); Kamenica J. Lizoguba (XVIIIcentury.) served as regimental office building, museum Tarnovskogo (str Grkogo, 4). There were remnants of Terem princes and boyars homes.At the shaft are 12 iron cannons XVII-XVIII centuries., A monument toShevchenko. Ekaterinenskaya Church (1715), Alley of Heroes. Locatedon the opposite of Detintsa hill at the entrance to the city. Built in thestyle of Ukrainian Baroque church on the site long period of Kievan Rus.Built Lizogubami, the famous Kozatskyi kind. Troitsko-IlyinskyMonastery (1069), st. L. Tolstoy, 92. Founded Anthony Caves. In

Antonievyh caves length 315 meters is the largest underground churchin Ukraine. Next - Ilyinskaya church. The complex also includes TrinityCathedral (1679), Vvedenskaya church with refectory (1677), 58-meter bell-five, cells. Near the southern wall of the cathedral buried poetfabulist L. Glebov. Near Ilinskoy Church of the tomb M. Kotsyubinskogowith monument. Yeletsky Assumption Monastery (XI century). Str.Proletarskaya 1. Founded Chernigov Prince SvyatoslavYaroslavovichem (1027-76 biennium.) And rebuilt in the 1445-95biennium. after the Mongol-Tatar invasions. Preserved ancient cave

period. The architectural ensemble has the features of the UkrainianBaroque: The Assumption Cathedral (XII century)., 36-meter nadvorotnaya bell, Peter and Paul Church with the refectory, cells,Tomb Lyzogubov. Pyatnitskaya Church (XII-XIII cc), SquareKhmelnitskogo. Prior to 1786 was mainly the construction Pyatnitskogomonastery. Repeatedly rebuilt. In 1962, restored in Old Russian style.Black tomb (X in.) Street corner. Proletarian and Vorovskogo. Accordingto legend, on this site was buried founder of Chernigov Prince Black. In1873 a burial mound at the memorial obelisk. Yalovschina, SD.

Yalovschina. Scenic Park area on the bank of the river. Strizhenovlocally ancient hill bronze era, the early Iron Age, Kievan Rus. Partlyzastroena private cottages. Museum-Reserve M. Kotsyubinskogo st.Kovel, 3.

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ST. CATHERINE CHURCH

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This monument to the past islocated in the central part of historictown near the Dytynets, in the view of Zemlyakiv avenue and Kyiv-Chernihiv

motorway. It is one of the leadingarchitectural dominants of the city.

It was built in honor of heroism of Chernihiv regimentCossacks showed up during theassault of turkey fortress Azov in1696 under the commandment of Chernihiv colonel Yakiv Lyzohub. The

church was sanctified in 1715 inhonor of St. Katherine, who had beenrespected in Ukraine for a long time.

St. Catherine church hasn’thad great changing. In 1837 the

narthex was built to the western façade of the church and the bell tower was erected in 1908 (both were taken apart during the restoration in1951). It suffered losses in 1941 – 1943 (roofs and the tops of domes

were burnt). The restoration works were conducted into 2 phases: 1947 – 1955; 1975 – 1980.

The church is made of bricks, it is cross-shaped, nine-fraction,five-dome. The composition is centrical, pyramidally built: with thehighest central dome, and lower ones – over the faceted sleeves of architectural cross. So, its composition reminds a wooden Ukrainianchurch with five octahedral capacities – octahedrons each crownedwith dome combined in one plastic unity. Thanks to such pyramidalconstruction the church looks tender, elegant and solemn.

The facades are a characteristic feature of the church. The mainrole in their decoration is played by portal and windows margins:triangular pediments, frames, shallow-cut cornices. Modelledornamentation is not used in the church, common and circle brick,which replaced plinth, is used both as building and ornamentalmaterial. The facades are plastered and limed.

The characteristic feature of the interior is its opening upwards.It is a five-chamber pillarless temple crowned by five domes. The top is

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designed in traditional Ukrainian style – with fractures. The walls arewhitewashed. The domes and crosses are gilded

St. Catherine church in Chernihiv is the greatest monument of

Ukrainian (Cossack) renaissance of the XVII-XVIII centuries, which hasauthentically remained; it produced decisive influence on thedevelopment of Ukrainian church architecture of the XVIII century and itstill plays the role of city building dominant of the historic part of thetown.

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Chernihiv’s architectural monuments chronicle two most flourishingperiods in the city’s history – those of Kievan Rus (11th and 12thcenturies) and of the Cossack Hetmanate (late 17th and early 18thcenturies). The Saviour Cathedral of Chernihiv (1030s) is the oldest inUkraine. Marble pillars of the Savior Cathedral provide the only glimpseto the Byzantine opulence of the original 1036 interior.The 5-domedSaviour Cathedral, commissioned in the early 1030s by Mstislav theBold and completed several decades later by his brother, Yaroslav theWise. The Cathedral of Sts Boris and Gleb, dating from the mid-12thcentury, was much rebuilt in succeeding periods, before being restored

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to its original shape in the 20th century. Built in brick, it has a singledome and six pillars. The crowning achievement of Chernigov masterswas the exquisite Church of St Paraskeba (Pyatnitskaya), constructedat the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries. This graceful building was

seriously damaged in the Second World War; its original medievaloutlook was reconstructed to a design by Peter Baranovsky.

Eletsky monastery cathedral was modeled after that of Kiev PecherskLavra. Thre is a contrast between its austere 12th-century walls andbaroque 17th-century domes. The caves of the Eletsky Monastery aresaid to predate those of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra. Its magnificent 6-pillared cathedral was erected at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries;some traces of its 750-year-old murals may still be seen in the interior.

After the domes collapsed in 1611, they were augmented andreconstructed in the Ukrainian baroque style. The wall, monastic cells,and bell-tower all date from the 17th century. The nearby mother superior’s house is thought to be the oldest residential building in theLeft-Bank Ukraine. The cloister’s holiest icon used to be that of Theotokos, who made her epiphany to Svyatoslav of Chernigov onFebruary 6, 1060. The icon, called Eletskaya after the fir wood it waspainted upon, was taken to Moscow by Svyatoslav’s descendants –Princes Boryatinsky – in 1579.

Troitsko – Illinskyi (St. Trinity-St. Elijah) monastery

One of the most expressive architecturalensembles of Ukraine is Troitsko – Illinskyi (St.Trinity-St. Elijah) monastery of the ХІ – ХУІІІcenturies in Chernihiv. It consists of two parts -former St. Elijah monastery of the ХІ – ХУІІ

centuries and St. Trinity monastery; built on thehighest plateau of Boldyn Hills during 1677 – 1780,incorporated a landscape and architecture in theunique ensemble. The beginning, according to achronicle, was fixed by a monk Anthony Pecherskyiin 1069.The “dug up” by his followers and himcaves in the ravine of Boldyn Hills in course of time

grew into a two tier large underground complex – known today all over the world monument of underground building as “Anthony caves”. In the

ХІІ century at an entrance to caves a cruciform pillarless St. Elijahchurch with one top was built. In 1239 the monastery was destroyed bythe hordes of Batyi. “In a year 1649 God church of the Saint prophet

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Elijah, and the monastery through the efforts and cost of churchwarden, mister Stephan Podobaylo, Chernihiv colonel, were restored byZosim Tyshkevych, Father Superior of that monastery...” Due to thereconstructions it got the form of a three dome church, the most

widespread in Ukraine during the Cossack times.The initiator of St. Trinity monastery construction was a well-knownpolitical, church figure and writer of the end of the ХУІІ centuryChernigiv archbishop Lazarus Baranovych. In 1672 he moved inChernihiv from the former residence in Novgorod – Siverskyi.The ensemble of St. Trinity monastery was formed during the ХУІІ – ХІХcenturies. The construction of this majestic complex became possiblebecause the monastery was a large feudal sector which possessedalmost 10 thousand peasants, 24 villages, 30 windmills, 31 factories

including brickworks in the middle of the ХУІІІ century. “The gallery builtup on the stone arches and posts” united St. Trinity and St. Elijahmonasteries. First the refectory with Vvedenska church (1677 – 1679)were built, the only two dome church among those refectory churcheswhich remained on Left-bank Ukraine; later there were built three corpsof monastic cells and utility rooms which created picturesque baroquesurroundings of main building – St. Trinity cathedral, built in 1679 –1695 years by architect Ioann Zauer-Baptyst’s project.An interestingfact: in the cathedral’s head tholobate the fragment of inscription of

hetman Mazepa times about Lazarus Baranovych’s and IoannaMazepa’s money offerings on cathedral construction remained.At theend of the ХVIII century instead of wooden there was built brickenclosure of monastery with square and octahedral angular towers;from the north part of cathedral a majestic 58meters bell tower of baroque forms was built. Abell tower was built between 1770 and 1780 byan archimandrite Ioil (Bikovskyi). The last nameof architect – builder is unknown; according to

some information the project drafts by IoganShedel, the author of the Large Lavra bell tower were used. Placed in the ensemble of monastery, a bell tower became the mainreference point for a traveler from the side of Kyiv, Nizhyn, Lyubech.In the seven chamber burial vault of the cathedral temporal andspiritual agents were buried in the ХVIII-ХIХcenturies, particularly Chernigiv archbishop and prominent researcher

of history of Ukraine Filaret Humilevskyi, representatives of well-knownfamilies of Miloradovich, Kochubey and others. In the church near thealtar the remains of saints Theodosius of Uhlych and Lawrence of

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Chernihiv are lying. Near-by a temple, among others there is a burialplace of prominent Ukrainian fable writer Leonid Hlibov, diplomat andscientist Hryhorij Scherbyna, Chernihiv and Nizhyn archbishop Anthony.St. Trinity-St. Elijah monastery operated till 1786, when by the order of

Katherine the II the patrimony of monastery were secularized. Thespecial role was given to St. Trinity monastery: on its territory it wasappointed to place Chernihiv university, a monastery also had aprinting-house and a library which counted more than 11 thousandbooks.After the death of prince of Tavrida Grigoriy Potyomkin, whoespecially took care of this question, an order was not executed.Therefore in 1790 the fate of monastery was changed: an empressdefined the Chernihiv bishop to move from St. Borys and Hlib in to St.Trinity monastery.From that time there was so called “Bishop house” -

the residence of Chernihiv archbishop on the territory of former monastery. As for a friary on Boldyn Hills, it was closed again in 1918.St. Trinity cathedral functioned as a parish temple till 1929.Till the II World war the buildings of monastery were in use by Chernihivzootechnical school. During the occupation in November, 1941 St.Trinity monastery became an operating nunnery; which mother superior was Anthonia (Sorokina). Buildings of monastery considerably sufferedduring the bombardments in 1941 and 1943 that is why a diocese in the40s of the ХХ century conducted repair works. A nunnery operated till

1961; from 1967 the complex of St. Trinity monastery was the part of Chernihiv state architectural historical park.In 1988, after the restoration works, conducted by a well-know architectMarionila Govdenko and restorer of painting Volodymyr Babyuk,buildings of former St. Trinity monastery were returned to the Chernihivdiocese. Today a former monastery continues to be the residence of archbishop of the Ukrainian church of Moscow patriarchy. In the houseof abbot the spiritual school on preparation of priests and regents –parish clerks operates from the 90s of the XX century. St. Trinity

cathedral, the remarkable sample of Ukrainian masters of the end of theXVII century, is an operating church.

Chernihiv was first mentioned in chronicles in 907, but is considered to haveexisted at least in the 9th century, as uncovered by archeological excavationsof a settlement which included the artifacts from the Khazar Khaganate.Towards the end of the 10th century, the city probably had its own rulers. Thefamous Black Grave, one of the largest and earliest royal mounds in EasternEurope, was excavated these in the 19th century. The city was the second in

importance and wealth in the southern part of the Kiev Rus. In the early 11thcentury it became the heart of powerful Grand Principality of Chernigov,whose rulers at times vied for power with Kievan Grand Princes, and often

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overthrew them and took the primary seat in Kiev for themselves. The grandprincipality was the largest in Kievskaya Rus and included not only theSeverian towns but even such remote regions as Murom, Ryazan andTmutarakan. The golden age of Chernigov, when the city population peaked

at 25,000, lasted until 1239 when the city was occupied by Batu Khan hords,which started a long period of relative obscurity. The area fell under theGrand Duchy of Lithuania in 1353. The city was seizes again by Crimeankhan Meli I Giray in 1482 and 1497 and in the fifteenth to seventeenthcenturies it changed hands several times between Lithuania, Muscovy(1408–1420 and from 1503), and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth(1618–1648), where it was granted Magdeburg rights in 1623 and in 1635became a seat of Czernihiv Voivodship. The area’s importance increasedagain in the middle of the seventeenth century during and after the

Khmelnytsky Uprising. In the Hetman State Chernihiv was the city of deployment of Chernihiv Cossack regiment (both a military and territorial unitof the time).

paso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral of the XIcentury was ordered by prince Mstyslav,Chernihiv’s golden age ruler. Back then it wasa major social center, these days, andespecially on summer season it’s a dim, cool,

gorgeous place.You will easily recognize the Cathedralbecause of its Golden towers resembled up-ended ice-cream cones. The Cathedral islocated immediately next to the Cathedral of Sts. Boris and Hleb. You’ll also want to seethe Cathedral of Sts. Boris and Hleb(Borisohlebsky Cathedral). It was built in the12th century and belongs to the oldest

cathedrals in Europe. It’s a great example of the famous Chernihivarchitecture of the period, and now a museum. Several renovations tookplace after severe pillages in the 13th and 17th century and also after WorldWar Second. The Collegium was built in the early 18th century and was oneof the first secular learning establishments in the region. The students weremostly sons of priests and Kozak officials who learned general education.During the rule of Catherine II of Russia, the school was turned into atheological seminary, which it remained until its closing in 1917. Nowadaysthe building houses a little museum. It resembles a vertically elongated

wedding-cake. Twelve cast-iron cannons of the 18th centuries werepresented by Petr the First, as a sign of heroism Chernihiv’s Cossacks in thestruggle against the Swedish army. This is a good place to take a stroll and

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look at the famous sightseeing of the Val.St. Catherine Church was built between 17th and the beginning of the 18thcenturies. It is used to be a symbol of Chernihiv. The Church is built inUkrainian Baroque style by Yakov Lisogub, representatives of Cossacks. The

museum of Ukrainian decorative arts is located here.

Troisko-Ilyinsky Monastery (1069) was founded by Antoniy Pechersky, whoalso founded the famous Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. One of Chernihiv’s best sightsis the St. Anthony monastic cave complex. The largest underground churchin Ukraine is located in Antoniy caves, which are 316 meters long. Themonastery also has Ilyinska church, Troitsky Cathedral was constructed inUkrainian Baroque stile in the second half of the 17th century, Vvedenskachurch with the refectory, 58 meter Bell-tower and cells. The Bell Tower was

built between 1774 and 1778. The yellow white tower can be climbed for magnificent views of Chernihiv and the Troitsky Cathedral.Troisko-Ilyinsky Monastery is located on the highest place in the city calledBoldyn Hill. Chernihiv oblast’ is famous for its great number of historicalmemorials and architecture of the XI-XII centuries and XVII-XIX century.More than 200 of them are of world importance. The most valuablememorials of pre-Mongolian period are unique Spas’ka (XI) andBorysohlibs’ka Cathedrals, Antoniyev caves and Illins’ka Church (XI-XII),P’yatnyts’ka Church (XII) in Chernihiv, Yur’yeva Church (X) in Ostroh.

Palaces of the late period: the Tarnovs’ky country (XIX) in the village of Kachanivka of Ichnyans’ky district, Halahaniv country (XVIII) in the village of Sokyryntsi, P.Rumyantsev-Zadunajs’ky (XVIII) in the village of Vyshen’ky of Korops’ky district. Lands of Chernihivshchyna are inspiration sources for agreat number of prominent representatives of culture and science. Thefamous navigator Y.Lysyans’ky was born here, Mariya Zan’kovets’ka startedhere her theater career, was born and spent his childhood outstanding filmdirector O.Dovzhenko. In the region lived, worked or just visited this land thehistorian and writer O.Bodyans’ky, sculptor I.Martos, writers – V.Zabila,

I.Kocherha, P.Tychyna, Oleksa Desnyak, composers H.Veryovka,L.Revuts’ky, T.Shevchenko, philosopher and poet H.Skovoroda, writersL.Hlibov, M.Kotsyubyns’ky, Marko Vovchok, V.Samijlenko, M.Verbyts’ky,designer of space rockets S.Korolyov, academic O.Bohomolets’, Russianhistorian M.Derzhavin, writer M.Hohol’, poet Y.Hrebinka, O.Pushkin,O.Hryboyedov, L.Tolstoj, M.Hor’kyj, Mhlinka, P.Chajkovs’ky.

Sivers’ka land is a motherland of the President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchmaand other politicians of Independent Ukraine

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the Val - the place of the former Chernihiv Dytynets. It is the most ancientpart of the city which is its cradle and its spiritual and administrative centrefor many centurys. And not accidentally most of historical buldings andmuseums are here. A special place among them occupies Spasky

cathedral - the most ancient of the cathedral which are preserved on theterritory of the Rus. It was founded by the first known Chernihiv princeMstislav at the beginning of the Xl-th century. Mstislav was a son of princeVladimir Svyatoslavich who baptized the Rus.

The St. Borys and Hlib cathedral which is nearby was erected by another ruler of Chernihiv-prince Davyd Svyatoslavych. Nowdays he is cananized bythe Russian orthodox church. It was erected about 1123 and converted intothe honourable tomb being devoted to the sky patrons of Jaroslavich's

generation. Now this nonument is a museum and is the object of theNational arehitect-historical preservation "Chernihiv drevniy".

In the second half of the XVII-th century building of the stone refectorystarted to the north-west of St. Borys and Hlib cathedral which was the maintemple of the same name monastery then. In 1700-1702 a belltower and thechurch named after loan Bogoslov were built over the refectory. Now thismonumental erection is knowon as College and is o ccupied by themanagement of the preservation "Chernihiv drevny" and a few museum

exhibition of Ukrainean icons.At the end of the XVII th century a nice brickhouse was erected in the southern-west part of Dytynets. The people calledit Mazepa's house. There is a legend that the aged hetman hid in it hisyoung mistress - his god-daughter Motrya Kochubey. She was damnedby her own mother for felonious tie with her father's killer . The territoryof the Val was the most fortified part of Chernihiv. It was the stronghold.As it was the safest part of the city there were not only administrativebuildings and churches there but dwellings and baazars and even thegrave-yard. A former palace of archbishop preserved till nowdays. It was

erected in 1780. Now it is occupied by Regional State archives.I t6hink that the story about the caves starts from that grave yard, first daysa small cave, later a tunel, after that a way which connect undergroundchurches. That means that only few special people knew how to use thatsystem. Later these caves become bpart of the defence system of the city.In 1799 Chernihiv fortress was demolished. The defence remparts werepulled down and boulevards were arranged instead of them. Since that timeon this place is called the Val. The city got a chance to widen. Baazar,grave-yard and jail were tran-sfered from the territory of the Val. At the

beginning of the XX th century a new building for governor was eretedhere. Soon it was handed to the boy's gymnasium. Now it is occupied by theRegional Historical museum named after V. V. Tarnovsky. At the same

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period the repair of the arch bishops's palace was going on with the purposeto place some province organizations in it and a post-station was beingerected. Now it houses "Ukrin-bank" in it. Always bankers preferedbuildings with secret pasages. Dont you agree?

In 1859-1870 a House of nobility meetings was built in front of thearchbishop's palace. It is not preserved. The nobiliary boarding house wasbuilt north ward the citadel in 1894.It was destroyed during the Great Patriotic war an a memorial stone withinscription that partisan detachments were organized in it stands here. In1899 the two-storeyed girl's high-schoot was built side by side with the boy'sgymnasium artistic museum). Near the Gymnasium public garden wasarranged. In the centre of it Pushkin's bronze bust was set in 1900. There isone more monument on the Val. It is the monument of Taras

Shevchenko. Both great poets visited Chernihiv and undo ubtedly walkedalong lanes of its public gardens and boulevards. One of the sights of theVal are 12 cast-iron cannons set here at the beginning of the XX thcentury. There is a legend that they were presented by Peter I as the sign of his recognition cossack's heroism displayed in battles against Svedishconquerors. We do not des-proved this legend because ancient talesdecorate the history.

St. Catharin's church is one of the most beautiful temples of the Ukraine. It

rises on the high cape seperatlby from the Val. It meets first all those whoarrive to Chernigiv by Kyiv highway. It is a real visiting card of Chernihiv. St.Catherine's church was built by general transport driver of thecossak's army Yakiv Lyzohub in 1715 to the memory of cossacks whodistinguished themselves when capturing the inpregnable Turkish fortressAzov. Lyzohub, Yakiv K., b ?, d 9 August 1698 in Chernihiv. Member of theCossack starshyna. He served as colonel of Kaniv regiment (1666–9),Hetman Ivan Briukhovetsky's emissary to Moscow (1667), PetroDoroshenko's general osaul (1669–74), and acting hetman (1670 and

1673). In 1674 he crossed over to Left-Bank Ukraine. He participated in thegeneral council that signed the Kolomak Articles and was a candidate for hetman in 1687. Lyzohub was known as a remarkable commander; he tookpart in the Crimean campaign and Chyhyryn campaigns, 1677–8, andserved as colonel of Chernihiv regiment (1687–98) and acting hetman at the

siege of Oziv (1696). He wasburied in the Yeletskyi DormitionMonastery

Few such scenic spots are foundeven in Chernihiv oblast whoseenvirons have long attracted

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travelers. Sedniv is situated on the steep bank of the beautiful river Snov (the“steep hill” immortalized by Leonid Hlibov in his poem “Grief” is located here).It is mentioned in chronicles starting in 1072, when Prince Sviatoslav of Chernihiv first defeated the Polovtsians in the vicinity. This town thus has a

remarkably eventful history. If we wanted to recount Sedniv’s past step bystep, we would recall how the populace twice repulsed formidable CrimeanTatar raids in the 15th century (1482 and 1497) and how Sedniv became a“company town of the Chernihiv Cossack Regiment” under Khmelnytsky. Butthe subject of this article is the direct link between Sedniv and the life andcreative work of our national prophet, Taras Shevchenko.

In this place the brilliant poet always felt special creative inspiration (he wroteThe Witch here and several dozen other colorful poems) and enjoyed theharmony of the environs. Visiting Sedniv in the spring of 1847, Shevchenko

marveled at the sight of the river Snov and the boundless, verdant plain; hemay have subconsciously felt that these were his last days of happiness andfreedom. He was immensely grateful to his friend Andriy Lyzohub, the owner of the Sedniv estate, for his hospitality. On the morning of April 3, 1847, ahappy and merry Shevchenko left Sedniv for Kyiv, where Tsar Nicholas I’sblue-coated gendarmes were waiting with an arrest warrant.

During the most tortured, lonely months and years of exile at the Orskfortress and Novopetrovsky Fort memories of Sedniv, where the brilliant poet

spent only a short while (April-May 1846; March-April 1847) were like abreath of fresh air infusing Shevchenko’s soul with new life, helping him tosurvive. In a letter to his close friend Varvara Mykolayivna Repnina (March 7,1850) he wrote, “I’m praying to the Lord and cherishing the hope that mymisfortune will eventually end. Then I’ll go to Sedniv and paint ‘The Death of the Savior’ in the church.” During the time of his greatest ordeal Shevchenkoremembered happy scenes from Sedniv: working hard and with inspiration onthe introduction for a new edition of the Kobzar (it was in Sedniv that he wrotethose beautiful lines filled with national and general human dignity about the

Russians having “a people and the word” and that the Ukrainians, too, had “apeople and the word”); the poet’s workshop in the attic over the bank of theSnov River (destroyed by fire in 1883); the charming old orchard in front of Lyzohub’s mansion (part of it is still standing).

A few words should be devoted to the history of the Lyzohubs, a family thatmay be called unique without any exaggeration. The following lines fromVarvara Repnina’s letter to the great poet (September 1844) were probablyharbingers of Shevchenko’s future meeting with Andriy Lyzohub: “I am so sadto know that you haven’t met Andriy Lyzohub. He speaks of your poems with

such warm appreciation, and he is so sorry he has never met you in person.”Naturally, quite a number of pseudo-fans of Shevchenko appeared among

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the Ukrainian nobility in Chernihiv and Poltava gubernias in 1842-43; theylavished false praise on him to prove that they too were “Ukrainian patriots”and also “for the people.” Shevchenko, however, singled out Andriy and hisrelatives from among the Ukrainian noble Cossack families, probably

because he knew the Lyzohub family history, recognizing their erudition,sincerity, and true democratic ways.

The Lyzohubs were an old Cossack family that had acquired property inSedniv in the 17th century; the name is first mentioned in historical sources inthe mid-17th century. A Cossack by the name of Kindrat Lyzohub, born in thevicinity of Zolotonosha, was a courageous and resourceful soldier whose twosons were appointed colonels (Ivan in Uman, in 1661, and Yakiv in Kaniv thefollowing year). Some time later the Lyzohubs sided with Hetman IvanSamoilovych; Yakiv Lyzohub settled in Konotop and proceeded to amass

“free” and unclaimed plots of land. Before long he became a great landowner.Andriy Lyzohub (b. June 1804) and his elder brother Illia (b. 1787, anamateur musician) were direct descendants of Kindrat and Yakiv Lyzohub.

Ukrainian songs were often heard at Lyzohub’s manor in Sedniv, which wasfrequented by artists, actors, and poets (Lev Zhemchuzhnykov left preciousrecollections of the family. Unfortunately, the mansion caught fire on March19, 1883, and a great many valuable old books, ancient deeds, memoirs, andShevchenko’s pictures perished. People who knew Lyzohub well described

him as a humane and kind-hearted landlord, who treated his peasants welland tried not to overburden them with work. He was also an amateur painter and this served to strengthen his friendship with Shevchenko. There wasmuch in Sedniv worthy of painting: not only the excellent environs openingfrom the top of the steep hill over the Snov River (standing by thesummerhouse in which Hlibov is said to have composed his Grief in 1859,one can see far and wide, including that “dense, verdant grove, like paradiseon earth”), but also the Lyzohubs’ stone church and Shevchenko’s belovedlinden (they say the tree is still there).

His friends recall that on April 3, 1847, Shevchenko was departing for Kyiv ina cheerful frame of mind. His mood was not even dampened by the sinister prophesying of Hryts, Sedniv’s well-known fortune-teller and saint (althoughsome regarded him as a yurodyvy , God’s fool). Hryts did his best to talkShevchenko out of his trip to Kyiv, repeating, “You’ll get in trouble! Badtrouble!” Taras just laughed.

Lyzohub should be recognized in Ukraine for being perhaps the first to begincorresponding with Shevchenko after learning the exact place of his exile. In

his letters he tried to encourage him morally and financially. Shevchenko, inturn, was always grateful to his friend and shared with him the excruciatingpain in his heart. In a letter dated Dec. 11, 1847, Shevchenko thanked

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Lyzohub for his kind and sincere words: “I haven’t heard from Ukraine sincethe spring. I have written to someone there. God must have prompted you towrite to ease the heavy burden of my loneliness in the desert...I wouldn’twant my worst enemies to suffer the way I am! You ask if I have stopped

painting. I wish I could, but I can’t and it makes me suffer even more, as I amforbidden to write and draw. And the nights, the nights! Oh God! They areterribly long, and in barracks at that! Dear Friend, please send me your box of paints and a clean album, and at least one Charion brush; I will look at themonce in a while and maybe I will feel better.” Lyzohub instantly did as theimprisoned poet requested.

Shevchenko and Lyzohub’s correspondence lasted until 1850. It was cutshort by very disturbing events that were generally characteristic of the lastyears of Nicholas I’s reign. Count Orlov, the omnipotent chief of the

gendarmes corps, who was spending the summer in Chernihiv, summonedLyzohub. On behalf of the tsar he brutally forbade him to maintain anycontacts with the “political criminal” Shevchenko, adding that otherwise “therewill be a place found for him, Lyzohub, where Shevchenko is now.” Andriy’sson Dmytro inherited his freethinking ways, with the most tragicconsequences. In August 1879 he was court-martialed in Odesa on chargesof involvement in an underground political society. His death sentence wasextremely cruel, considering that Dmytro had nothing to do with terrorist acts,although he sympathized with the revolutionaries and actively helped them.

He was executed on Aug. 10, 1879.

One thing is beyond doubt. Shevchenko remembered Sedniv with the utmostgratitude, as a place truly close and dear to his heart. However, there is noescaping the fact that the current condition of the Shevchenko memorial sitein Sedniv (Lyzohub’s mansion, the poet’s beloved stone church in which heworked, and the gorgeous ancient garden) is, to put it mildly, not the way thepoet’s devotees would want it to be. There is no modern infrastructure or roads, for which funds are required. Of course, it is much easier for our

ranking officials to place flowers at the Shevchenko monument in downtownKyiv once a year. Meanwhile, cultural monuments to the poet’s life, such asSedniv, remain neglected. Isn’t this hypocritical of the state the exhibition of the folk-art regional museum named after V. V. Tarnovsky is placed in thepremises of the church.

Churches of Dytynets, Tretiak & Midtown

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http://www.leopolis-huri.org.ua/cambridge_face/external/main/go/object_00-00-00?id=677







Complex of the Dormition Monastery

Complex of Trinity & St. Elias Monasteries

The Red square is the administrative and cultural centre of Chernihiv sincethe beginning of the XIX th century up today. To get it from St. Catherine'schurch one must overcome not long way along the wide Heroes avenuewhich is decorated with fountains. Monuments of our conutrymen who werenotable for their heroism during the civil war and the Great Patriotic war are

set here. Among them you can see monuments of J. Kotsubinsky, V.Primakov, V. Antonov-Ovseenko, N. Podvoysky, N. Shchors, N.Kropyvyansky, V. Senko. The monument devoted to the heros - liquidatorsof Chornobyl atomic power-station is also set here.

The Peace Avenue which is embraced from the both sides. Heros Avenuepreserves a few historical buildings. One can see among them the former notle "Alexandrovskaya" (now historical faculty of the pedagogy university,Nicholaev's eparchy fraternity (the regional Philharmonic Society), the

school of blind children (the musical college). All of them were built at thebeginning of the XX th century and became the decoration of the city.Besides two memorial stones were set on this section of Peace Avenue. Itwas named Shosseynaya street on the boundery of the XlX-th and the XX-thcenturies. One stone was set on the place of the house where lived thefamous Ukrainean fabulist L. Glibov in 1867 - 1893. The other stone is onthe place of the hotel "Zargrad". It was famous lecause A. Pushkin, T.Shevchenko and some prominent cultural workers put up there in varioustimes. The Red square appeared on the map of Chernihiv on the boundry of

the XVIII-th and the XlX-th centuries. Earlier this place was named"Pyatniytske pole". This name originates from nearby temple

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Paraskovya Pyatnytsia which was built at the end of the Xll-th century.Since the XVII th century it was a nunnery. Many historians think that thismonastery was founded in old times yet. Before the Tatar-Mongolianinvasion this territory was inside the city's buildings. The results of the

arcaelogical excavations proved that artizans and merchants lived here.Today's architectural ensemble of the Red square was forming gradually.One-storeyed city's magistracy was erected in the western part of it. Theauthor of the project was architect A. Kartashevsky. Now this building iscompletely reconstructed and the regional management of the National bankof the Ukraine is settled here.Approximately at that time the two-storeyed house for the provinceorganizations was built. After many reconstructions it changed itsappearance. Now it is occupied by the Regional state administration. One

more historical building is situated near on the cross-roads of Shevchenkostreet and Kyrponos street (in former times Bogoyavlenskaya andAlexandrovskaya street). It was built for the first police office in 1860. In1912 a beautiful two-storeyed house was built for the office of the state bankon the corner of Magistratskaya street and Alexandrovskaya street. Thisbuilding is nicely preserved and Chernigov city's municipality is settled herenow. On the place of military barracks the cinema named after Shchors waserected in 1939.All enumarated buildings are placed around the public garden named after

N. Popudrenko.It appeared here in the third quater of the XlX-th century. At that time it wascalled Teatralnaya because the wooden building of the first Chernigivtheatre was erected in the centre of the public garden in 1853. The theatreas well as the row of brick stalles is not preserved. The square wasreconstructed after the liberation of Chernigiv from German fascicts. And itobtained modern appearance when the musical-dramatic theatre namedafter T. Shevchenko was solemnly opened in 1959. The graves of the sovietsoldiers and a partisan commander N. Popudrenko remind about the tragic

events of the Great Patriotic war.

There are two architectural ensembles in Chernihiv - Yeletsky-Uspenskymonastery and Troytsko-llliya's monastery. The origination of them wasconnected with the name of Pussian monkhood father saint AntonyPechersky. Both monasteries were built behind city's fortifications in ancienttimes. Now their temples and belltowers defined the historical panorama of Chernihiv. They are well seen from the flood lands of Desna and from theformer Detinets.

Yeletsky-Uspensky monastery consists of the Assumption cathedral(erected in the XII-th century), the belltower (1670 - 1675), the cells (XVI -

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XVII). Petropavlovska church and the brick wall. Besides the woodenstructure where lived Feodosy Uglitsky at the end of the XVII th century ispreserved on the territory of the monastery up today.As to the caves of this monastery origination of which is connected with the

name of saint Antony Pechersky, it is not true. They appeared in the XVIII-thcentury. It was proved at the beginning of the XX-th century. They weredesignated for everyday necessities.The history of the monastery is filled with events which were connected withthe names of prominent church and secular men, as well as with theappearance of one of the most famous Chernihiv sacred thing-the iconofYeletsky God's mother that could made miracles. There are a few historical buildings side by side with Yeletsky monastery.

One caff see among them the prison. It was built on the monastery plotwhich had been bought by the magistracy for 100 roubles. The other one istwo-storeyed building erected in 1879 for an Ecclesiastical school.Here opposite the monastery's wall one can see the most famous paganburial mound - Chorna Mohila. It was erected in old Rus period. The legendsays that the founder of Chernihiv prince Chorny was buried under it.But excavations made by professor D. Samokvasov in 1872 - 1873 provedthat this mound was erected in the 60-ties of the X th century when the cityhad been built long ago and was the second in Rus accordingly its

importance.

The Boldyn Hill is the highest part of the city's landscape which is occupiedby the architectural ensemble of Trinity Ylliya's monastery. This nameoriginated from the old rus "bold" that means an oak . For the first time itwas mentioned in the cronicle in 1074 on the occasion of foundationby Antony Pechersky this monastery in honour of God's mother in1069. In those ancient times the cloister located on the terraces and slopesof. the deep ravine near the ancient pagan burial ground that consists

even now of more than 200 barrows. Among them are well known inscientific circes burial mounds Besy-myany and Gulbische. Historians do notexcluded that sanctuary of the Slavic god Perun existed on the Boldin Hill inpre-cristianity times. At first the monastery was an underground one but later the one-cupola St. Illiya's church was built in the first half of the Xll-thcentury. It is preserved up today. Near the church is the entrance to thefamous St. Antony's caves the length of which is 350 meters. This complexconsists of underground churches and some other premises digged out invarious historical periods since the Xl-th century till the XlX-th century.

St. Illiya's church and caves are part of the National architectural-historicalpreservation and are accessible for tourists. Ancient caves and remians of architectural structures which had been erected in various ages were found

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on the territory of the monastery. The vast architectural complex was beingbuilt on the specious ground westward St. Illiya's church in the last quater of the XVII th century. In the centre of it was erected.

Trinity cathedral which was sanctified in 1695. It gave the modern name tothe monastery. The new architectural ensemble consisted of the cathedral,the refectory, Vvedenskaya church (1677 -1679), the belltower (1775) thecells the two-storeyed house where a bishop lived and a brick wall withtowers over them (XVII-XIX).Now Trinity cathedral serves as a parish temple. The eparchy of theUkrainian orthodox church is situated here. For a long time the territory of the monastery was a prestige necropolis. Reprisentatives of nobility, stateand cultural men, Chernigov bishops found eternal piece under the

cathedral and around it. The main holy things of the monastery are the iconof llliynskaya God's mother that can made miracles and saint relics of Feodosy Uglitsky and Lavrenty.

A friend from Chernigiv informed me the following, “Ancient cemeterywas dug out in Chern ih iv In the center of the Chern ih iv c itybuilders dug out remains of an ancient cemetery dated to 11-13centuries. Diggers found 30 tombs of the first Christians â€“ men,women and children. It is only a small part of the big necropolis,

which situated then on the terri tory of the modern city center.Historians assure ...”A ship burial or boat grave is a burialin which a shipor boatis used either as a container for the dead and the grave goods, or as a partof the grave goods itself. If the ship is very small, it is called a boat grave.This style of burial was used in the Vendel eraand by the Anglo-Saxons

, the Merovingians, the Vikings, the Rus, the Balts(especially the Curonians), and occasionally the Ancient Egyptians. For the Germanic peoples, this burial was seen as a way for the dead to sail to Valhalla

; ship burial was a high honour.

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I think we found the begining of the story dear friends. When Vikings went toChernigiv bring their customs there as boat graves which was great honour.The same method folowed the dynasty of Rus. Simply they bring their customs to Chernigiv which must be full of grave boats underground. The

Black Grave (Ukrainian: Chorna mohyla) is the largest burial mound (kurgan) in Chernihiv, Ukraine. Comparable to the barrows of Gnyozdovonear Smolensk, the Black Grave has a height of 11 meters and a circumference of 125meters.During excavations undertaken in 1872-73, Dmitry Samokvasov

uncovered two cremated bodies of Norsewarriors (probably father and son), surrounded by slaves, sacrificial animals,arms, armour, and decorations. Samokvasov dated the burial to the late 10thcentury, when Vladimir I was the ruler of Kievan Rus. It is likely that theburied warriors were two princes (knyazes) of Chernigov, although no local potentate is attested in the Slavonicchronicles before Vladimir's son, Mstislav of Chernigov.After the bodies were cremated, they were put upon a 7-meter-high mound,

where a funeral feast took place. Arranged near the bodies were two helmetsand knee-length chain mail (hauberks), probably extracted from the pyre, as well as a cauldron with ram bones,two sacerdotal knives, two golden Byzantine coins, an imported sabre, a miniature dark-red bronze idol of Thor , and two silver-bound aurochshorns decorated with floral motifs, fabulous animals, and figures of a manand a woman shooting at a bird. When the barrow was completed, a steleAnd if you are wondering which is the combination between the ship, the hill-

pyramid, and the grave yard, the answer is to the following lines, whatpeople from each country believes for death, for example the scandinavianpeopleIn Norse mythology, Valhalla (from Old Norse ValhΓ¶ll "hall of the slain") is a majestic, enormous hall located in Asgard, ruled over by the god Odin. Chosen by Odin, half of those that die in combat travel to Valhalla upondeath, led by valkyrie

s, while the other half go to the goddess Freyja's field FΓ³lkvangr

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. In Valhalla, the dead join the masses of those who have died in combatknown as Einherjar , as well as various legendary Germanic heroesand kings, as they prepare to aid Odin during the events of RagnarΓ¶k

.

In Norse mythology, Valhalla (from Old Norse ValhΓ¶ll "hall of the slain") is a majestic, enormous hall located in Asgard, ruled over by the god Odin. Chosen by Odin, half of those that die in combat travel to Valhalla upondeath, led by valkyrie

s, while the other half go to the goddess Freyja's field FΓ³lkvangr . In Valhalla, the dead join the masses of those who have died in combatknown as Einherjar , as well as various legendary Germanic heroesand kings, as they prepare to aid Odin during the events of RagnarΓ¶k. Before the hall stands the golden tree Glasir , and the hall's ceiling is thatched with golden shields. Various creatures livearound Valhalla, such as the stag EikΓΎyrnir and the goat HeiΓ°rΓΊn

, both described as standing atop Valhalla and consuming the foliage of thetree LΓ¦raΓ°r .Valhalla is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, the ProseEdda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, in Heimskringla, also written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, and in stanzas of an

anonymous 10th century poem commemorating the death of a Eric Bloodaxeknown as EirΓksmΓ΅l as compiled in Fagrskinna. Valhalla has inspired various works of art, publication titles, popular culturereferences, and has become a term synonymous with a martial (or otherwise)hall of the chosen dead.Valhalla is referenced at length in the Poetic Edda poem GrΓmnismΓ΅l , and HelgakviΓ°a Hundingsbana II , while Valhalla receives lesser direct references in in stanza 33 of the

VΓ¶luspΓ΅

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, where the god Baldr's death is referred to as the "woe of Valhalla", and instanzas 1 to 3 of HyndluljΓ³Γ° , where the goddess Freyja states her intention of riding to Valhalla withHyndla, in an effort to help Γ“ttar

, as well as in stanzas 6 through 7, where Valhalla is mentioned again duringa dispute between the two.

In stanzas 8 to 10 of GrΓmnismΓ΅l , the god Odin (in the guise of GrΓmnir ) states that Valhalla is located in therealm of GlaΓ°sheimr. Odin describes Valhalla as appearing shining andgolden, and that it "rises peacefully" when seen from afar. From Valhalla,every day Odin chooses from those who have died in combat. Valhalla hasspear

-shafts for rafters, a roof thatched with shields, coats of mail are strewn over its benches, a wolf hangs in front of its west doors, and an eagle hoversabove it.

From stanzas 22 to 24, more details are given by Odin about Valhalla: theholy doors of the ancient gate Valgrindstand before Valhalla, Valhalla has five hundredand forty doors that eight hundred men can exit from at once (from which theeinherjar

will flow forth to engage the wolf Fenrir at RagnarΓ¶k). Within Valhalla exists Thor 's hall Bilskirnir , and within it exist five hundred and forty rooms, and of all the halls withinValhalla, Odin states that he thinks his son's may be greatest. In stanzas 25through 26, Odin states that the goat HeiΓ°rΓΊn and the hartEikΓΎyrnir stand on top of Valhalla andgraze on the branches of the tree LΓ¦raΓ°r.HeiΓ°rΓΊn produces vats of mead

that liquor cannot be compared to, andfrom EikΓΎyrnir's antler s drip liquid into the spring Hvergelmir from which flows forth all waters.

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HelgakviΓ°a Hundingsbana II

In stanza 38 HelgakviΓ°a Hundingsbana II , the hero Helgi Hundingsbane

dies and goes to Valhalla. In stanza 38,Helgi's glory there is described:

So was Helgi beside thechieftainslike the bright-growing ashbeside the thorn-bushand the young stag,drenched in dew,who surpasses all other animalsand whose horns glowagainst the sky itself.

Prose follows after this stanza, stating that a burial-moundwas made for Helgi, and that when Helgi arrived in Valhalla, he was askedby Odin to manage things with him. In stanza 39, Helgi, now in Valhalla, hashis former enemy Hunding β€” also in Valhalla β€” do menial tasks; fetchingfoot-baths for all of the men there, kindling fire, tying dogs, keeping watch of horses, and feeding the pigs before he can get any sleep. In stanzas 40 to42, Helgi has returned to Midgard from Valhalla with a host of men. Anunnamed maid of SigrΓΊn, Helgi's valkyrie wife, sees Helgi and his large hostof men riding into the mound. The maid asks if she is experiencing a

delusion, if RagnarΓ¶k has begun, or if Helgi and his men have been allowedto return. In the stanzas that follow, Helgi responds that none of these thingshave occurred, and so SigrΓΊn's maid goes home to SigrΓΊn. The maid tellsSigrΓΊn that the burial mound has opened up, and that SigrΓΊn should go toHelgi there, as Helgi has asked her to come and tend his wounds, whichhave opened up and are bleeding. SigrΓΊn goes into the mound, and findsthat Helgi is drenched in gore, his hair is thick with frost. Filled with joy at thereunion, SigrΓΊn kisses him before he can remove his coat of mail, and askshow she can heal him. SigrΓΊn makes a bed there, and the two sleep

together in the enclosed burial mound. Helgi awakens, stating that he must"ride along the blood-red roads, to set the pale horse to tread the path of the

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sky," and return before the rooster SalgΓ³fnir crows. Helgi and the host of men ride away, and SigrΓΊn and her servant go back to their house. SigrΓΊnhas her maid wait for him by the mound the next night, but when she arrivesat dawn, she finds that he has not returned. The prose narrative at the end of

the poem relates that SigrΓΊn dies of sadness, but that the two are thought tohave been reborn as Helgi Haddingjaskatiand the valkyrie KΓ΅ra.

Prose Edda

Valhalla is referenced in the Prose Eddabooks Gylfaginning and SkΓ΅ldskaparmΓ΅l .

Valhalla is first mentioned in chapter 2 of the

Prose Edda book Gylfaginning , where it isdescribed partially in euhemerized form. Inthe chapter, King Gylfisets out to Asgardin the guise of an old man going by thename of Gangleri to find the source of thepower of the gods. The narrative states thatthe Γ†sir foresaw his arrival and hadprepared grand illusions for him, so that

when Gangerli enters the fortress, he sees ahall of such a height that he has troubleseeing over it, and notices that the roof of the hall is covered in golden shields, as if

they were shingles. Snorri then quotes a stanza by the skald Γ??jΓ³Γ°Γ³lfr of Hvinir (c. 900). As he continues, Gangleri sees a man in the doorway of the hall

juggling short swords, and keeping seven in the air at once. Among other things, the man says that the hall belongs to his king, and adds that he can

take Gangleri to the king. Gangleri follows him, and the door closes behindhim. All around him he sees many living areas, and throngs of people, someof which are playing games, some are drinking, and others are fighting with

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weapons. Gangleri sees three thrones, and three figures sitting upon them:Highsitting on the lowest throne, Just-As-Highsitting on the next highest throne, and Third

sitting on the highest. The man guiding Gangleri tells him that High is theking of the hall.In chapter 20, Third states that Odin mans Valhalla with the Einherjar: thedead who fall in battle and become Odin's adopted sons. In chapter 36, Highstates that valkyries serve drinks and see to the tables in Valhalla, and GrΓ-mnismΓ΅l stanzas 40 to 41 are then quoted in reference to this. Highcontinues that the valkyries are sent by Odin to every battle, where theychoose who is to die, and determine victory.

In chapter 38, Gangleri says: "You say that all men who have fallen in battlefrom the beginning of the world are now with Odin in Valhalla. With what doeshe feed them? I should think the crowd there is large." High responds thatthis is indeed true, that a huge amount are already in Valhalla, but yet thisamount will seem to be too few when "the wolf comes." High describes thatthere are never too many to feed in Valhalla, for they feast from SΓ¦hrΓmnir (here described as a boar), and that this beast is cooked every day and isagain whole every night. GrΓmnismΓ΅l stanza 18 is then recounted. Gangleriasks if Odin himself eats the same food as the Einherjar, and High responds

that Odin needs nothing to eat β€” Odin only consumes wine β€” and hegives his food to his wolves Geri and Freki. GrΓmnismΓ΅l stanza 19 is then recounted. High additionally states that atsunrise, Odin sends his ravens Hugin and Muninfrom Valhalla to fly throughout the entire world, and they return in time for thefirst meal there.

In chapter 39, Gangleri asks about the food and drinks the Einherjar consume, and asks if only water is available there. High replies that, of

course, Valhalla has food and drinks fit for kings and jarls, for the mead consumed in Valhalla is produced from the udders of the goatHeiΓ°rΓΊn, who in turn feeds on the leaves of the "famous tree" LΓ¦raΓ°r. Thegoat produces so much mead in a day that it fills a massive vat so large thatall of the Einherjar in Valhalla might satisfy their thirst from it. High further states that, more notably, the stag EikΓΎyrnir stands atop Valhalla and alsochews on the branches of LΓ¦raΓ°r. So much moisture drips from his hornsthat it falls down to the well Hvelgelmir, resulting in numerous rivers.

In chapter 40, Gangleri muses that Valhalla must be quite crowded, to whichHigh responds by stating that Valhalla is massive and remains roomy despitethe large amount of inhabitants, and then quotes GrΓmnismΓ΅l stanza 23. In

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chapter 41, Gangleri says that Odin seems to be quite a powerful lord, as hecontrols quite a big army, but he yet wonders how the Einherjar keepthemselves busy when they are not drinking. High replies that daily, after they've dressed and put on their war gear, they go out to the courtyard and

battle one another in one-on-one combat for sport. Then, when mealtimecomes, they ride home to Valhalla and drink. High then quotesVafΓΎrΓΊΓ°nismΓ΅l stanza 41. In chapter 42, High describes that, "right at the beginning, whenthe gods were settling" they had established Asgard and then built Valhalla.The death of the god Baldr is recounted in chapter 49, where the mistletoe

that is used to kill Baldr is described asgrowing west of Valhalla.

At the beginning of SkΓ΅ldskaparmΓ΅l , apartially euhemerized account is given of Γ†gir visiting the gods in Asgard and shimmeringswords are brought out and used as their sole source of light as they drink. There,numerous gods feast, they have plenty of

strong mead, and the hall has wall-panels covered with attractive shields. This location is

confirmed as Valhalla in chapter 33.In chapter 2, a quote from the anonymous 10th century poem EirΓksmΓ΅lis provided (see the Fagrskinna section below for more detail and another translation from another source):

What sort of dream is that, Odin? I dreamed I rose up before

dawn to clear up Val-hall for slain people. I aroused theEinheriar, bade them get up to strew the benches, clean thebeer-cups, the valkyries to serve wine for the arrival of aprince.

In chapter 17 of SkΓ΅ldskaparmΓ΅l , the jΓ¶tunn Hrungnir is in a rage and, while attempting to catch up and attack Odin on his steed

Sleipnir , ends up at the doors to Valhalla. There, the Γ†sir invite him in for a drink.Hrungnir goes in, demands a drink, and becomes drunk and belligerent,

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stating that he will remove Valhalla and take it to the land of the jΓ¶tunn,JΓ¶tunheimr , among various other things. Eventually, the gods tire of his boasting andinvoke Thor, who arrives. Hrungnir states that Thor is under their protection,

and subsequently he can't be harmed while in Valhalla. After an exchange of words, Hrungnir challenges Thor to a duel at the location of Griotunagardar,resulting in Hrungnir's death. In chapter 34, the tree Glasir is stated as located in front of the doors of Valhalla. The tree is described ashaving foliage of red gold and being the most beautiful tree among both godsand men. A quote from a work by the 9th century skald Bragi Boddasonis presented that confirms the description.

Heimskringla

Valhalla is mentioned in euhemerized form and as an element of remainingNorse paganbelief in Heimskringla. In chapter 8 of Ynglinga saga, the "historical" Odin is described as ordaining burial laws over his country.These laws include that all the dead are to be burned on a pyre on a burialmound with their possessions, and their ashes are to be brought out to sea or buried in the earth. The dead would then arrive in Valhalla with everything

that one had on their pyre, and whatever one had hidden in the ground.Valhalla is additionally referenced in the phrase "visiting Odin" in a work bythe 10th century skald Γ??jΓ³Γ°Γ³lfr of Hvinir describing that, upon his death, King Vanlandi went to Valhalla.In chapter 32 of HΓ΅konar saga GΓ³Γ°a, Haakon I of Norwayis given a paganburial, which is described as sending him on his way to Valhalla. Versesfrom HΓ΅konarmΓ΅l are then quoted in support, themselves containing references to Valhalla.

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Fagrskinna

In chapter 8 of Fagrskinna

, a prose narrative states that, after thedeath of her husband Eric Bloodaxe, Gunnhild Mother of Kingshad a poem composed about him. Thecomposition is by an anonymous author from the 10th century and is referred to asEirΓksmΓ΅l

, and describes Eric Bloodaxe and five other kings arriving in Valhalla after their death. The poem begins with comments by Odin (as Old Norse Γ“Γ°inn):

'What kind of a dream is it,' said Γ“Γ°inn,in which just before daybreak,I thought I cleared ValhΗ«ll,for coming of slain men?I waked the Einherjar,bade valkyries rise up,to strew the bench,

and scour the beakers,wine to carry,as for a king's coming,here to me I expectheroes' coming from the world,certain great ones,so glad is my heart.

The god Bragi

asks where a thundering sound is coming from, and says that the benches of Valhalla are creaking β€” as if the god Baldr had returned to Valhalla β€” and that itsounds like the movement of a thousand. Odin responds that Bragi knows well thatthe sounds are for Eric Bloodaxe, who will soon arrive in Valhalla. Odin tells theheroes Sigmundand SinfjΓ¶tlito rise to greet Eric and invite him into the hall, if it is indeed he.Sigmund asks Odin why he would expect Eric more than any other king, to whichOdin responds that Eric has reddened his gore-drenched sword with many other lands. Eric arrives, and Sigmund greets him, tells him that he is welcome to come into

the hall, and asks him what other lords he has brought with him to Valhalla. Eric says

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" (1970).

Valhalla is referenced in the video game titles Valhalla (1983), Valhalla: Before theWar (1995), and Valhalla Knights(2006). Amusement park attractions named after Valhalla include Valhalla Borgen in

Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen, Denmarkand Valhallain Pleasure Beach Blackpoolin Blackpool, England. Locations named after Valhalla exist in North America(including Valhalla, New York, Valhalla Centre, Alberta, Walhalla, Michigan, Walhalla, North Dakota

, Walhalla, South Carolina, and Walhalla, Texas), Australia(Walhalla, Victoria), and South Africa(Valhalla, Pretoria).There also exists Valhalla Golf Club, located in Louisville, Kentucky.

The Eternal fire is burning on the Grave of the Unknown soldier side byside with the ancient burial mounds on the top of the Boldin Hill as thehomage of those who died in the battle for independence of our Motherland.The ancient part of Chernigiv and Holly grove are well seen from this place.The old legend says that Chernihivites were baptized in that grove in 992.The well known Ukrainean men of letters M. Kotsubinsky and A. Markovichliked to visit this place not accidentally. There are some other temples andhistorical buildings in Chernihiv. They are scattered on all territory of oldChernihiv. Among them one can see Voscresenskaya church near thecentral market. It was built in the XVIII th century.Kazanska church stands in Kotsubynsky street. It was erected in the XVIIIth century. There is a Museum-preservation of M. Kotsubynsky which wascreated on the territory of the writer's country set near that church. Up to dayPeace Avenue is decorated with the building of the Peasant and Nobilityland bank (now the library named after Korolenko) and with the Free firemensociety.The country-set of Chernihiv govenor with a two-storeyed beautiful palace is

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preserved on the other side of the Stryshen river near the city's park of culture and rest. The moderu building of the Military historical museum risesside by with it. Buildings of the military hospital are situated near the bridgeacross the Stryzhen where the river crosses the Hetman Polubotko street.

The S.S. Michael and Fedor's church which stands near the hospital showsthe old age of this complex. If you think so you are right. The country-set of well-known colonel Pavlo Polubotok was situated here at the beginning of the XVIII th century. And then till the October revolution the most ancienteducational establishment Ecclesiastical seminary settled here.We touched only the past of Chernihiv, but the city has the present. Newmodern buildings and temples are being erected. The city lives with dreamsof the future and it resembles its past. Going to ancient Chernigov , about140 kilometers north of Kyiv, is nice. ... ago: as a city of God , so to speak,

rising out of the mystical Slavic soil. The Black God survives in numerousSlavic curses and in a White God , ... prophet Elijah is considered to be thesuccessor to Ukko, the ancient spirit of lightning. ... But the Ukranians of Chernigov , when lighting the drying-house fire, ... In the period of the KyivRus Chernihiv was an active rival of the present capital, Kyiv, in the strugglefor domination. The Chernihiv Principality of the 11th-12th centuries wasone of the largest and most powerful states of the medieval Europe. Theliving witnesses of those days and other periods are numerous monumentsof history and architecture (32 objects of national and 39 of local

importance).

Ancient Gods, Black and White gods, until today, with the power of the bloodof earth, commands peoples lifes to Chernigiv waiting you to search for their secrets and pasages between worlds...

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Val (Rampart) of Chernihiv (Dytynets)

The most ancient part of the city, the territory of the former Prince’spalace and fortress. The original historical and cultural heart of Chernihiv.

Savior(Transfiguration) Cathedral(Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral)A unique pre-Mongol building, one of the few in Eastern Europe that have

been preserved in such good condition. The cathedral was founded in the11th century.

Boris and Hleb Cathedral(BorisohlebskyCathedral)The cathedral was

built in the 12thcentury on thefoundation of the11th century andbelongs to theoldest cathedrals inUkraine andEurope.

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St. Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Church (Pyatnitska Church)A unique piece of the Kyiv Rus architecture dating back to the end of the12th – beginning of the 13th century. An original monument of the Slavicbuilding.

Athony Caves (Antonievy Caves)A unique piece of underground religious

architecture, one of the few subterraneanmonasteries in Europe. The complex wasestablished in 1069 by Anthony Pechersky,the founder of the famous Kyiv-PecherskLavra. In the 12th century the Church of St.

Elias (Illinska) was built over the caves’ entrance, the onlybuilding of the kind that hasremained intact bynowadays.

Chernihiv CollegiumOne of the oldest secular educationalinstitutions in Ukraine founded in 1700.

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St. Catherine’s Church (Katerynynska Church)The Ukrainian baroque-styled church is built in the beginning of the 18thcentury. It is a kind of the city’s visiting card, situated on the entrance to

Chernihiv. Im sure that there is underground connection between Val and StCatherine Church

Trinity-Elias Cloister (Troitsko-Illinsky Cloister)The complex includes the Caves of Anthony, the Church of St. Elias, and theTrinity (Troitsky) Cathedral of the 17th century. A magnificent view of the cityopens from the tower-bell of the cloister. Its almost sure that the crypt to st.

Catherine church leads underground to Troisko-Illinsky monastery.

Bolda’s Hills (BoldynyHills)Another historical center of Chernihiv. A nice place for walking, from which one canenjoy an excellent overviewof the ancient city. Under

your feet the secrets of Chernigiv stays alive until

today waiting the prince to open the old pasages

There are several versions of the origins of Chernigov name. Some peopleguess that the word Chernigovoriginated from the word “Chorny” or Black. Dark forest surrounded the cityand was so dense that people called itblack. There is also the version that the

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(“Black Princess”), whose beauty caught the lustful eyes of a Polovtsianking, whose army laid siege to the city. The Boldyni Hills are crowned withthe Troyitsko-Illinsky (Trinity-St. Elijah) Monastery, one of the oldestmonasteries in Rus. The biggest mystery of this monastery is Antony’s caves.

They were founded back in 1069 by the monk Antony, who was also thefounder of the Kyivo-Pecherska Lavra (Cave Monastery). It is an entireunderground city with cells, a necropolis and underground churches. TheChernigiv caves also impress researchers and visitors with their size. Thelargest of the underground churches, Feodosiy Totemsky’s Church, is over eight meters high and is crowned with a dome. When you get inside thischurch, you completely forget that you are underground.

Another one of Chernigiv’s historic sites is the Val (“Mound”). The Val itself

has not survived to our days, and the place where the Chernigiv strongholdonce stood surrounded by high walls is now bordered by an alley with afascinating panorama of the city. The Val is crowned by the Spaso-Preobrazhensky (Savior Transfiguration) Cathedral (11th century), the oldestremaining cathedral in Rus, and the Boryso-Glibsky (Borys and Glib)Cathedral (12th century). It is a single temple virtually completelyreconstructed in its original form. It is decorated with a jewelry masterpiece –a gilded silver iconostas. It was cast from a pagan god’s silver statue.Another ancient monastery, the Yeletsky Uspensky (Assumption) Monastery

(11th century), is nestled between the Chernigiv stronghold and the BoldyniHills. Together with the Troyitsko-Illinsky (Trinity-St. Elijah) Monastery andthe Spaso-Preobrazhensky (Savior Transfiguration) Cathedral towering over the Desna River, it forms a breathtaking panorama of the old Chernigiv.

The Palace of Hetman Rozumovsky in Baturyn, Chernigivska Region

A picturesque town with a long and turbulent history Baturyn was from 1669to 1708 the capital of Left Bank Ukraine which, somewhat confusingly, was

located on the right side of the country when looking at the map. It wasfounded by Polish King Stephen Batory in 1576, who ordered theconstruction of fortress which was to undergo a series of reconstructions andrenovations over the centuries. The town thrived during the seventeenth andeighteenth centuries, becoming a thriving mercantile centre governed under its own charter and, as a seat for the Hetmans Demian Mnogogrishny, IvanSamoilovych and the controversial Ivan Mazepa, a political power base; thiswas a golden era for the town, with merchants and craftsmen doing goodbusiness with travelling tradesmen, attracted by a growing population and the

garrison. There are several legends associated with Baturyn, both involvingMazepa; the first is of the romantic sort which was noted down by the

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immortal Pushkin in his poem ‘Poltava’ in which Mazepa falls for the fair Motrya, the daughter of his old military colleague, the Supreme JudgeKochubey. The second is altogether darker and based on the actualdestruction of the town following Mazepa’s betrayal of Peter the Great, when

the Hetman leader decided to throw in his lot with the Swedish monarchCharles XII. As a reprisal Peter levelled the city, executing men, women, andchildren alike. Local legend says that whenever a storm brews over the town,cries of anguish can be heard from the victims of Peter’s massacre. It tookalmost a century for Baturyn to recover though it was never the same again;Hetman Kyrylo Rozumovsky spent the last ten years of his life there after it -along with several surrounding villagers - was granted to him by the agingKatherine the Great; historians remain divided as to what services wererendered by him to have received this honour. Like many a retired pensioner,

Rozumovsky’s thoughts began to turn towards his legacy, enlistingfashionable British architect Charles Cameron to come up with a blueprint for a palace according to his instructions; a magnificent three storied buildingwith two adjacent wings, with a vast ‘English’ garden stretching out to theriver. Rozumovsky died just before the palace was finished and with nobodyto oversee its completion, the building began to crumble. Today the romanticruin is one of Baturyn’s main attractions, together with the tomb of Rozumovsky, which is located within the so-called ‘Hetman’s Capital’ part of the Christ Resurrection Church. Till present there exist a legend in Chernihiv

that caves of Lyubech, Kyiv and Chernigiv were united in ancient times andserved people to escape during enemy’s attacks.Later on in Cossack epoch Lyubech was owned by Chernihiv colonels andthen Ukrainian hetmans. That period is recalled by the ruins of stone buildingof hetman Polubotok (end of 17th century). There has also been preservedthe Transfiguration church (1811-1817) which is a burial vault of the family of Earls Miloradoviches. For a long years Lyubech was owned byrepresentatives of this outstanding family. 11th to 13th cent., Chernihiv wasthe capital of a principality of the same name, but the city declined after the

Mongol invasion of 1239. It passed to Lithuania in the 14th cent. and toRussia in the 16th cent. It was under Polish control during part of the 17thcent. Chernihiv's architectural monuments include the 11th-century SpaskyyCathedral, the Church of the Assumption in the Yelets Monastery (11thcent.), and Ivan Mazeppa's baroque army building (17th-18th cent.).

One of the oldest and most important East Slavic monasteries, the Kievan

Caves Monastery is located in the southern part of Kiev along the Dnieper River . Its name derives from the tunnels and caves that served first as cells

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for monks and later as burial crypts. According to the Primary Chronicle, themonastery was founded by Saint Anthony of the Caves (died c. 1073) in 1051after his return from Mount Athos in Greece, where he was tonsured.Anthony's pious life attracted a number of followers, and soon he appointed

Varlaam, the son of an influential boyar , as abbot and secluded himself in anearby cave. In 1062 Varlaam left to lead the St. Demetrius monastery, andthe brethren chose Theodosius to replace him. The monastery grew steadilyunder Theodosius's guidance, and in an attempt to provide an orderly life for the monks, he introduced the Byzantine rule of Theodore of Studion (759 -826). Despite the strong coenobitic nature of this rule, which required acommon life under the strict guidance of the abbot, the way of life describedin the Primary Chronicle at the time of Theodosius's death in 1074 is moreidiorrythmic, in that each monk was left to develop his own method of

monastic practice. A hallmark of caves monasticism in the Kievan period wasthe claim, often repeated in the sources, that the Caves was a monasteryfounded not by princes or rulers, but through tears, fasting, prayer, and vigils.As a spiritual center, the monastery was a major source of bishops andmissionaries in pre-Mongol Rus.

The Caves Monastery was also the center of cultural life in Kievan Rus. ThePrimary Chronicle has been traditionally ascribed to Nestor, a monk of theCaves Monastery writing at the end of the eleventh century, who also wrote

the Life of Theodosius and the life of the slain princes Boris and Gleb. Inaddition, the monastery is the setting of the Kievan Caves Patericon, athirteenth-century compilation of stories about caves monks, which wasreworked and later reprinted until the nineteenth century.

Theodosius's successors undertook a major building campaign thatcontinued with some minor setbacks until the invasion of the Mongols, whosacked Kiev and destroyed the monastery under Batu Khan in 1240. Themonastery began to flourish once again in the fourteenth and fifteenth

centuries under Lithuanian rule. By the sixteenth century the Caves hadbecome quite wealthy, although as a citadel of Orthodoxy it still faced somemajor challenges. After the Treaty of Lublin, which combined Poland andLithuania, and the Treaty of Brest, which created the Eastern Rite CatholicUniate Church (1596), there was pressure to subject the monastery to theUniate metropolitan of Kiev. Only strong resistance by the Caves monksreversed this process. With the acquisition of Kiev by Tsar AlexeiMikhailovich, the monastery and the see of Kiev were placed under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Moscow. The Caves was the first (1598), and

one of only four monasteries in Russia to be given the special designationlavra, which signified a particularly large and influential monastery. The

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monastery was an important center of Orthodox spirituality until 1926, when itwas made a museum by the Soviet government. It was restored to theOrthodox Church in 1988.

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Magnetic Earth Field. Magnetic Exploration

Abnormal magnetic fieldAbnormal magnetic field. Regional magnetic anomalies

During the last years the abnormal magnetic field has beensuccessfully used for the construction of non-uniformly scaledsolid models, the geological environment, which is also an integralpart of the estimation of perspectivity of geological structures ondifferent minerals.

The magnetic or geomagnetic field, is a force field caused byelectromagnetic processes in a kernel of the Earth (main, or a normalfield), in the top layers of the ionosphere (a variation of a geomagneticfield) and magnetisation of earth crust materials. The former factor forms an abnormal magnetic field which displays presence of materialswith different concentration of magnetic minerals in earth crust. Themost abnormal magnetic field on the territory of Ukraine is representedon NAU map "the Abnormal magnetic field". It is received by anexception of the variations connected with ionospheric processes, and,

a so-called, normal field from intensity of the general geomagnetic field.The normal field has no exact analytical image and consequently hasseveral approximating models, one of which is represented on NAUmap "the Normal magnetic field".

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The abnormal magnetic field, which is found on the territory of Ukraineis differentiated greatly and consists of the regional and localcomponents, which differ in the lateral dimensions of anomalies and thedepth of their sources. Regional field component, represented on the

map "Regional magnetic anomalies" is conditioned by the heterogeneityof structure of the lower part of earth crust and a relief of themagnetoactive layer bottom, which can be identified with an earth crustbottom (Мохоровічич section) or with an isothermal surface of Curietemperature magnetite as the main carrier of materials' magnetism. Itdisplays regional features of the big geostructures, and particularly of separate blocks of the Ukrainian sheet and the imposed trenches of aplatform part of territory, border of the East European platform andheterogeneity of earth crust within Mountainous Crimea and

Carpathians. Local component of an abnormal magnetic field isinfluence of magnetised materials of the top part of the crust anddisplays its composition and a structure. Use of local magneticanomalies in the search purposes has begun in Ukraine more than 100years ago with opening and the further research of Krivorozhsky iron-ore deposit. Now this component of a magnetic field is used as one of the reliable information sources during geological mapping of materials,studying of fold and explosive tectonics, tectonic zoning, and together with the regional component and other geophysical data - for studying

of correlations between near-surface and deep lithospheric structures.The former is an important factor in the development of searching

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criteria for the different types of minerals, including oil-and-gas. Fromthis point of view special value acquires tracing according to abnormalmagnetic field data of the so-called through faults and a trance of regional tectonic zones, which are often enough zones of activization

and concentration of minerals.During the last years the abnormal magnetic field has been successfullyused for the construction of non-uniformly scaled solid models, thegeological environment, which is also an integral part of the estimationof perspectivity of geological structures on different minerals.

Conclusions

General conclusions concerning conducted research.

1. The construction technique of the maps, displayingabnormal magnetic field (ΔТ)а, its regional (ΔТ)а.reg and local(ΔТ)а.loc. components and module T was developed.

2. The new estimation criterion of the terrestrial magnetic

field storminess was offered, which can be used in the study of the geomagnetic field's secular course and its ecologicalaspect.

3. Maps of abnormal magnetic field (ΔТ)а, its regional(ΔТ)а.reg and local (ΔТ)а.loc. components, module T,storminess ΔD and ecological storminess ΔDecol foer theterritory of Ukrain were worked out.4. Maps of the geomagnetic field’s regional component(ΔТ)а.reg., storminess ΔD and ecological storminess ΔDecol for the East-European platform were created.

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Natural conditions and natural resources. Geophysical fields

Physical fields that were caused or changed with planet naturalenvironment called geophysical fields (GF). GF change and distributionin time and space depend on resources availability and power and onnatural environment characteristics structure and its dynamics under theinfluence of natural and anthropogenic factors as well. It is important toknow the present condition and change nature of GF for understandingof natural processes, that influence the people’s life and countryeconomics, for long-timed socio-economic planning, rational earth

usage, task-oriented minerals seeking and dangerous processesprediction.Gravitational field of the Earth or field of gravity force is the field causedby gravity force and centrifugal force, that was entailed Earth axialrotation. It is conventionally divided into abnormal and normal.Abnormal gravitational field (AGF) represents Earth form and its subsoilstructure characteristics. AGF changes in the wide range on the territoryof Ukraine, thatia connected with characteristics of Earth crust materialand upper mantle thickness. On the atlas map the AGF distribution is

showed with the lines of the similar values of its quantity, that is calledisoanomaly.

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On the base of gravitational modeling of the schistose inhomogeneousthree dimensional deep structures with the usage of data aboutabnormal gravitational field, deep seismic sounding data (DSS),experimental correlate dependences between specific thickness and

seismic-wave propagation under the conditions of differenttemperatures and tenses considering material constitution amendmentswas created a map of abnormal Earth crust and upper mantle thickness.Due to the tendency to isostatic equilibrium of separate blocks and itscomplexes the bottom of the Earth crust immerses under heavier blocksand rises under lighter ones.Thermal field also gives the important information about structure anddynamics of our planet. Thermal condition of the Earth crust ischaracterized by thermal flow thickness that comes from the Earth

subsoil and dissipates from its surface and by temperature changedepending on depth.The main part in formation of the thermal flow plays: the long-livingradioelements’ (uranium, thorium, potassium) break-up energy, themaximal concentration of which is observed in the Earth crust materials,primary Earth energy and the energy of the physicochemical processesthat take place in its subsoil. The important part in positive geothermalanomalies formation plays also thermal conduction conditions thatsignificantly change depending on depth and according to lateral. The

leading part in positive geothermal anomalies formation plays activetectonic and magmatic processes that is attended by release of thegreat amount of heat.Thermal flow thickness – is a quantity of heat that is released fromsubsoil to surface per time unit on area unit. It is measured in mW/m2and is defined as the result of multiplication of the geothermal gradientin the definite depth interval and the material thermal conductivity of thisinterval. On the territory of Ukraine the thermal flow thickness changesfrom 25-30 mW/m2 to 100-110 mW/m2. Temperatures on the depth of 1

km changes from 20 to 70oC, and on the depth of 3 km – from 40 to135oС. Thermal flow distribution is closely connected with geologicaldevelopment characteristics or the regions and its tectonics.Deep thermal flow (DTF) is defined as observed thermal flow correctedconsidering numerous nearsurface influences: paleoclimate,groundwater move with vertical component, geological structures, thatcause out-of-level bedding of the distribution surfaces with differentthermal conductivity, young overthrusts, conglomeration of youngsediments etc. DTF map shows the distribution of its background (35-50

mW/m2) and abnormal (60-130mW/m2) values on the territory of Ukraine.

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Earth thermal energy is a geoenergy resource. The map given in theatlas (map of geoenergy resources thickness in tones of conditional fuelon square meter that can be mined with water geocirculate system withthe carrier temperature not less than 60oC and its returning to the

subsoil with T ~ 20oC) was made on the base of DTF data. Generalgeoenergy resources of Ukraine (present time defined) approximately20 times exceed all the reserves of fuel minerals on its territory. Theyreach 10 t c.f/m2 on some areas, that exceeds reserves that can bemined from the big oil or gas field. Geoenergy resources suitable for practical usage by steam getting (electric power) without additionalheating are investigated only in Transcarpathia and not very limitedterritories of Crimea.Magnetic or geomagnetic field is geophysical force field caused by

electromagnetic processes in the Earth core (main or normal field), inupper ionosphere (geomagnetic field variation) and Earth crust materialmagnetization. Last factor forms abnormal magnetic field that showsavailability of the materials with different concentration of magneticminerals in the Earth crust. It is defined by excluding normal fieldintensity and its variations from general geomagnetic field intensity.Normal field does not have exact analytical image. Several approximatemodels are used for its description, one of which is in the atlas.Abnormal magnetic field of the territory of Ukraine is very differentiated

and consist of regional and local components which differ by diametricalanomaly sizes and source placing depth.Regional field component showed on the map “Long waved magneticanomalies” is provided by inhomogeneous structure of the Earth crustlower part and the relief of magnetoactive layer bottom, that can beequaled to Earth crust bottom (Mokhorovichich discontinuity) or toisothermal surface Curie temperature magnetite – the main carrier of materials’ magnetism. It reflects regional characteristics of the biggeostructure.

Local abnormal field component is formed under the influence of magnetized materials of upper Earth crust part and represents itsstructure. This magnetic field component is used as one of theimportant information sources for geological material mapping, fold anddisjunctive tectonics, tectonic zoning study and in complex with regionalcomponent and other geophysical data – for studying surface and deeplithosphere structure correlations, for making non-uniformly scaledthree-dimensional models of geological environment, that are usedwhen geologize geological structures to find different materials.

Magnetotelluric Earth field is a natural electromagnetic field, causedcurrent system. This field is one of the important source of knowledgeabout present geological structure, tectonic processes, geodynamics

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and fluid rate of Earth crust and mantle. Material electrical propertiesare closely connected with temperature and fluid subsoil rates, mineralchemical composition, consisting of C, S, Fe and other metals, juvenilewaters mineralization level, available melt of crust and mantle materials

etc. On the base of observed magnetotelluric field analysis using themethods of film and two-dimensional finite difference electromagneticfields modeling the given in atlas maps “Earth crust electroconductivity”and “Upper mantle electroconducivity” in the siemens (S) – units of conductivity were made. Electroconductivity anomalies aredistinguished above “normal” generalized Eastern Europe geoelectricalsection, that characterized by specific electric resistance (in ohm.m):1000, 600, 250, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 1, 0.1 – in the geologicalenvironment layers with power (in km): 160, 40, 50, 70, 80, 100, 100,

160, 200, ∞. Value of longitudinal electroconductivity of the environmentfilm was taken as 10cm.For studying deep Earth structure: geometry and main tectonic bounder location, physical parameters distribution of geological environment etc – another type of GF is used widely – seismic field. It is observed in theform of mechanical oscillations on the soil surface or in mines, caves,adits, boreholes. Oscillations are generated by seismic waves(longitudinal, diametrical, surface, channel), that propagate from thesource fading, reflecting, refracting and reradiating in other types on

geological environment inhomogeneities. Depending on source seismicfield can be natural or anthropogenic.Studying of anthropogenic seismic fields that were by specialexplosions or by Vibroseis generated and observed along geologicprofiles, allowed getting unique data about Earth structure, that areused for minerals searching and solving other geological-geophysicalproblems. There are Earth crust and lithosphere sections through themain tectonic structures on the territory of Ukraine in the atlas.

1. Observations on the deep seismic sounding (DSS)geotraverse “Holovanivs’k – Kirovohrad - Taganrog”, thatcrosses in latitudinal way Eastern and Central parts of Ukrainian board, were made according to the uninterruptedprofiling method using the mutually connected travel- timecurves of the main waves. This model shows velocity propertiesand deep structure of the Archean-Proterozoic parts of theboard.2. Geotraverse “Black Sea – Baltic Sea” on the territory of

Ukraine has the 900 km length. It crosses Paleozoic Skythianplate and Precambrian Ukrainian board. Velocity model was

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made on the base of two-dimensional figure wave fieldmodeling, that was taken by DSS method.3. DSS profile “Poltava- Sverdlovsk” goes along Dnipro-Donets’k avlakogen. DSS results was taken and interpreted by

the big staff of Ukrainian geologists and geophysicians.4. Deep seismic researches on the profile “Berehovo –Dolyna – Vyshnevets’ – Shepetivka - Chernigiv” showed thetectonic structure of different age and genesis: TranscarpathianMesozoic – Palaeogene bending, Carpathia, that are one of themain European Alpine orogenes and Archean-earlyProterozoicUkrainian board.5. DSS profile “Putyvl’-Kryvyi Rih” join the ultradeep wellUDW-8 and 9. In its Southern part it goes along Kryvoriz’ko-

Kremenchutc’ka submedidianal early protherozoicprotogeosyncline, and in the Northern – obliquely crossesDnipro-Donets’k late proterozoic- Devon paleorift north-westernextent.6. On the territory of Ukraine great amount of seismicprofiling were done (over 10 th km) for studying Earth crust andlithosphere structure. A map of Mokhorovichich surface wasmade in the atlas according to these data. The word “surface” isconventional, as actually it is powerful transition zone, that

divide Earth crust from the upper mantle, that is characterizedby complicated structure, alternation of thin layers with higher and lower seismic waves velocities.

On the territory of Ukraine Earth crust thickness changes in wide rangesfrom 25 to 65 km. Maximal crust thickness fixes under the Carpathia (65km), Mountain Crimea (up to 60 km), jn the Ukrainian board (Odessa-Yadliv, Kryvyi Rih-Krupets’k, Orikhovo-Pavlohrad early Protherozoicgeosyncline zones – 50-60 km). Minimal Earth crust thickness is

observed in the Transcarpathian bending region (25 km), under Dnipro-Donets’k avlacogene (30-35 km), on the Ukrainian board, in theZaporizhzhya middle massif region (25-30 km), Kirovohradprotoplatform block region (35 km) and on the water area of Black Seadepression (25-30 km).Natural seismic fields caused by the local and strong distant earthquakefoci, must be taken into account because of their dangerousness whenaccommodations, important buildings, objects at ecological andanthropogeneous risk are built. The cause of earthquakes is the present

geological structure tectonic activity. Distribution of different magnitudeearthquakes on the given territory in time and dimension is calledseismicity.

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On the territory of Ukraine the high seismicity level is observed mainlyon the territory or Carpathia and Crimea-black Sea region.Seismicity of the Carpathia region depends on the earthquakes withepicenters in Transcarpathia, Carpathia and on the adjacent territory of

Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania. The most active isTranscarpathia.On the Western regions territory (from 18th century and to the presenttime) earthquakes are characterized mainly by foci depth (h) 2-10 kmand magnitudes (M)< 5,5. due to the small depth these earthquakescaused local effects on the soil surface with intensity up to 7-8 points onthe MSK-64 scale. Similar fluctuations are felt on the Transcarpathiafrom deeper (h=35 km) and bigger (M=6.8) earthquakes with epicentersin Romania at the ~60 km from Ukrainian bounder. the biggest at the

adjacent territories of the Precarpathia earthquake was in the 1875 year in the Lvivs’ka region. It has magnitude M=5.3, focus depth h=19 kmand was felt in the epicenter with the intensity 6 points. In Chernivtsiintensity reached 3 points.The territory of Ukraine is influenced by the subcutaneous earthquakesfrom Vrancea zone in Romania. Earthquake foci are placed in themantle on the depths from 80 to 190 km. Maximal magnitudes reached7.6. Due to big depths of the foci and magnitudes earthquakes from theVrancea are felt on the huge territory: from Greece on the south to

Finland on the north. There are earthquake foci from the Vrancea zonefrom 11th century with magnitudes higher than 3.5 on the epicenter map. For the last two centuries isoseims for the strongest earthquakeswere defined.Seismicity of the Crimea-Black sea region is defined by the earthquakeepicenters, placed in the Black Sea water area near the Southern Coastof Crimea. They are characterized by the highest in the Ukrainemagnitudes (M=6.8). On the epicenter map earthquake are representedwith M>2 from the first century to the present time. On the lower part of

Crimea and Sea of Azov waters area earthquake foci with M>1 areshown.On the platform part of Ukraine only several local earthquakes areknown. Their foci were in the Earth crust range, and to it, seismic effecthad local character. Seismic swing intensity in the epicenter reached 6-7 point. Earthquake with intensity of 6 points on the MSK-64 scale thattook place on January 3, 2002, near the village Mykulyntsi Ternopils’karegion and aftershock trail are the evidence of seismic activityavailability of the platform tectonic structures on the territory of Ukraine.

Danger level, which can be caused by earthquakes, is displayed on themaps of general seismic zoning (GSZ) in the numbers of MSK-64macroseismic scale. These maps are used in long-term social-

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economic planning, rational land use, acceptance of administrative andtechnical decisions concerning maintenance of existing constructions'stable operation and placing of the new ones (HPS, APS, pipelines,etc.). In Ukrainian seismic areas design-survey and construction works

are regulated through three probabilistic ЗСР-2004 maps, marked as A,B and C. They represent intensity values of seismic shakings, whichcan become evident once in 500, 1000 and 5000 years accordingly, or,in other words, may be exceeded with probability of 10 %, 5 % and 1 %in the next 50 years.Maps of seismic zoning (SZ) display a predicted increase in seismicnumbers on different territory lots, according to the one, presented onGSZ map. Increases may be positive or negative, depending on thelocal soil conditions, relief and presence of tectonic failures.

Engineering-geological researches data, macroseismic inspections of earthquakes consequences data, tool observation over theearthquakes' seismic fields, explosions, natural and technogenicmicroseisms are used while creating SZ maps. SZ maps are used for planning of population aggregates' development, maintenance of existing constructions' stable operation and designing of the new ones.The maps of geophysical fields represented in the atlas and the mapsand schemes, created on the basis of their interpretation, which displaydepth of the lithosphere structure, dynamics of tectonic structures, the

danger, connected with earthquakes, creep movements, shifts,subsidences, etc., is an important tool for the preception of a deepplanet structure, purposeful search of minerals, protection of thepopulation, habitation and important constructions from dangerousendogenous processes and the secondary engineering-geologicalphenomena, connected with them.

Data of geomagnetic measurements of the Arctic and Antarctic

These geomagnetic measurements on the site of Geophysics Center RAN: the importance of the components of magnetic fields, catalogsand maps of measured values of isolines of the geomagnetic field.

• Arctic

• Antarctic

Data of National Antarctic Research Center is available by arrangement

with the NASC.

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http://www.wdcb.ru/WDCB/IPY/Arctic_mag.html


http://www.wdcb.ru/WDCB/IPY/Antarctic_mag.html







• Description of geological and geophysical researches.

• Contacts NASC

Geomagnetic data of Antarctic

Geomagnetic data

• The value of the components of geomagnetic field (hour and minute).

• Catalogs measured values and maps isolines of thegeomagnetic field (publishing).

Geomagnetic observatories in Antarctic

Name Code

Coordinates

Latitude

Longitude

Leningradskaya LEN 69.50°S 159.40°E

Mirny MIR 66.55°S 93.02°E

Molodezhnaya MOL 67.67°S 45.85°E

Novolazarevskaya NVL 70.77°S 11.83°E

Pionerskaya PIO 69.73°S 95.50°E

Vostok VOS 78.45°S 106.87°E

Geomagnetic data of Arctic

Geomagnetic data

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• The value of the components of geomagnetic field (hour and minute).

• Catalogs measured values and maps isolines of thegeomagnetic field (publishing).

Geomagnetic observatories in Arctic.

Name CodeCoordinates

Latitude Longitude

Amderma AMD 69.47°N 61.42°E

Arkhangelsk ARK 64.60°N 40.50°E

Beliy Island BEY 73.30°N 70.00°E

Cape Chelyuskin CCS 77.72°N 104.28°E

Cape Kamenniy CKA 68.50°N 73.60°E

Cape Schmidt CPS 68.92°N 179.48°W

Cape Wellen CWE 66.16°N 169.83°W

Chokurdakh CHD 70.62°N 147.89°E

Dixon Island DIK 73.54°N 80.56°E

Heiss Island HIS 80.62°N 58.05°E

Kharasavey KHS 71.13°N 66.83°E

Kotelny Island KTN 75.94°N 137.71°E

Leningrad LNN 59.95°N 30.71°E

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Magadan MGD 60.12°N 151.02°E

Murmansk MMK 68.95°N 33.05°E

Pevek PBK 70.83°N 170.90°E

Podkam. Tunguska POD 61.60°N 90.00°E

Seykha SEY 70.10°N 72.50°E

Srednikan SRE 62.44°N 152.31°E

Tanbey TMB 71.50°N 71.80°E

Tixie Bay TIK 71.58°N 129.00°E

Ugut UGT 61.00°N 74.00°E

Vise Island VIZ 79.48°N 79.98°E

Yakutsk YAK 62.02°N 129.72°E

Zyrjanka ZYK 65.75°N 150.78°E

Floating stations:

North Pole 8 NP08

North Pole 12 NP12

North Pole 13 NP13

Geomagnetical ecology

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Earth magnetic field environmental storminess in 1950 – ΔDecol.1950 (height 0 km). Favourable areas for

human living on the Earth are marked with yellow colour Authors: M.I. Orlyuk, A. O. Romenets.

Earth magnetic field environmental storminess in 2000 г – ΔDecol.2000

(height 0 km)Authors: M.I. Orlyuk, A. O. Romenets.

Environmental storminess

Comparison table of Earth magnetic field storminess and disease quantity on acute respiratoral viral infection for administrative regions of Ukraine

Authors: M.I. Orlyuk, A. F. Frolov (corresponding member of NASU of medical sciences of Ukraine, Doctor of Medicine, professor, director of influenza centre)

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Time dependence of average annual values

Dependence of infectious diseases quantity

Information of magnetic observatories of Ukraine

2005

01APR2005LVV 01AUG2005LVV 01DEC2005LVV

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01FEB2005LVV

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01JUN2005LVV

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01NOV2005LVV

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02APR2005LVV 02AUG2005LVV

2006

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Magnetic Field of Ukrainian Shield

Taktonichne division of the Ukrainian shield

Ukrainian abnormalmagnetic field shield and

related

Regional magnetic anomalies of Ukrainian

shield

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Deep magnetic heterogeneity and depth of insulation to the surface

The magnetic model of the earth's crust alonggeotraverse II

Magnetic model along geotraverseEUROBRIDGE

The magnetic model of the earth's crust along geotraverse VI

The magnetic model of the earth's crust alonggeotraverse VIII

The magnetic model of the earth's crust along geotraverse DOBRE

New maps of the magnetic fields of Ukraine

Comparison between the magnetic

heterogeneity of Ukrainian board earth crust and distribution areas of

The scheme of the Ukrainian board

magnetic heterogeneities

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magmatic and metamorphic rocks of the basic structure

Local anomalies of the geomagnetic field

Nonmagnetic Deep Blocks of Earth Crust in connection with theNodes of Traversal of Transemegablock Crustmantle Magmoactivezones

Edges of the deep magnetic blocks of the earth crust in association withsection knots of transmegablock crust-mantle structurally-deformational(magmoactive) zones are perspective in kimberlite magmatism.Non-magnetic deep blocks of the earth crust in association with sectionknots of transmegablock crust-mantle structurally-deformational(magmoactive) zones are perspective in kimberlite-lamproitemagmatism.Genetic and structural-genetic connections between abnormal magneticfield of the earth and its oil-and-gas content are substantiated.

On the basis of the developed maps of regional and local magneticanomalies of the oil-and-gas basins of Ukraine, locations of the basicdeep oil-and-gas monitoring fractures and fractures and oil-and-gasproviding channels are substantiated, and the ways of hydrocarbonsmigration can be connected with it.

Petromagnetic Types of Earth Crust

By the magmatism type, size of magnetisation and yhe lithosphere

structure, four petromagnetic earth crust types are singled out.

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The most widespread mafic and sialmafic types, which arecharacterised by the basic magmatism and high magnetisation values,are considered to be the structures of extension modes. Areas of primordial continental crust consolidations, rifts (paleorifts) and zones of

oceanic and continental lithosphere articulation can be analogues of such structures.Initial magmatism of the basic structure and formation of the magneticsources is considered to date back to early stages of the largetectonomagmatic cycles, which coincide in the time relation with theperiods of maximum dislocations of the Ukrainian board in width or itsmaximum turns.Regions' perspectivity in minerals of magmatic, hydrothermal andpegmatite types is defined by the through lithospere structures together

with corresponding conditions in earth crust.

Results of 3D Analysis of Magnetic Model of Earth Crust

3D Earth crust magnetic models with other geological-geophysical datain connection with tectonics, magmatism, metallogenic specialisationand minerals prognostication were analysed.Magmatic formations of the basic and ultrabasic structure of pre-platform development stage of Ukrainian board, which are drawn off on

the surface of crystal base, are situated mainly over deep blocks (or their edges) of the Earth crust with the raised magnetisation values;Reduction of average magnetisation value of the materials with basicand ultrabasic structure along with the reduction of their formation ageis discovered, and the maximum magnetisation of crust bottoms of archaic Podolsky, Buzhsky, and partially Serednyoprydniprovskymegablocks and the West Priazovsky block, its smaller intensity in theVolynsky megablock and practically not magnetic bottom crust of theplatform activization areas is connected with it.

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DIFERENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELDBETWEEN 1950 and 2000

THE RIVERS OF PETROLΛ




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MAGNETIC FIELD UKRANIAN SHIELD

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UKRANIAN UBNORMAL SHIELD

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REGIONAL MAGNETIC ANOMALITIES

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Deep magnetic heterogeneity and depth of insulation to thesurface

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Magnetic model along geotraverse EUROBRIDGE

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Comparison between the magnetic heterogeneity of Ukrainian board earthcrust and distribution areas of magmatic and metamorphic rocks of the basicstructure

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The scheme of the Ukrainian board magnetic heterogeneities

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Local anomalies of the geomagnetic field

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Nonmagnetic Deep Blocks of Earth Crust in connection with theNodes of Traversal of Transemegablock Crustmantle Magmoactivezones

Edges of the deep magnetic blocks of the earth crust in association withsection knots of transmegablock crust-mantle structurally-deformational(magmoactive) zones are perspective in kimberlite magmatism.Non-magnetic deep blocks of the earth crust in association with sectionknots of transmegablock crust-mantle structurally-deformational(magmoactive) zones are perspective in kimberlite-lamproitemagmatism.Genetic and structural-genetic connections between abnormal magneticfield of the earth and its oil-and-gas content are substantiated.

On the basis of the developed maps of regional and local magneticanomalies of the oil-and-gas basins of Ukraine, locations of the basicdeep oil-and-gas monitoring fractures and fractures and oil-and-gasproviding channels are substantiated, and the ways of hydrocarbonsmigration can be connected with it.

Petromagnetic Types of Earth Crust

By the magmatism type, size of magnetisation and yhe lithospherestructure, four petromagnetic earth crust types are singled out.The most widespread mafic and sialmafic types, which arecharacterised by the basic magmatism and high magnetisation values,are considered to be the structures of extension modes. Areas of primordial continental crust consolidations, rifts (paleorifts) and zones of oceanic and continental lithosphere articulation can be analogues of such structures.Initial magmatism of the basic structure and formation of the magneticsources is considered to date back to early stages of the largetectonomagmatic cycles, which coincide in the time relation with theperiods of maximum dislocations of the Ukrainian board in width or itsmaximum turns.Regions' perspectivity in minerals of magmatic, hydrothermal andpegmatite types is defined by the through lithospere structures together with corresponding conditions in earth crust.

Results of 3D Analysis of Magnetic Model of Earth Crust

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Saturday, 27th day of July, 1051Dusk leaves.Veritor gets 1 pawn of Imaginem from the reflection, and 3 pawns of Mentemfrom the daisies. He gives 2 pawns of Mentem to the covenant.

Sunday, 28th day of July, 1051There are storms with a lot of lightning outside the holly, but not inside. Is thisa coincidence with Dusk's exit from the holly?

Wednesday, 31th day of July, 1051Grösschen answers the bell, and finds Vilus outside the holly. Vilus needs totalk, but is in a hurry and asks Grösschen to come outside. The guardsspread out in the woods.

Vilus just came from Novgorod. The grain shipment from Chernigov hasn'tmade it here yet, and it should be by now. Vsevolod thinks that the shipmentmay have been "taken." He was hoping that the magi could check down theriver to see if there is any sign of the shipment, but Vsevolod wasn't surewhether the covenant would want to help.Vilus asks for news, and Grösschen tells about Dusk coming here with threeapprentice candidates.Vilus says that there is some sort of boundary around Novgorod that preventshis means of magical travel there; someone seems to be trying to seal in the

Church's influence, and has walked a path around the city.Vilus also asks if Veritor's wife got here safely, and that Vsevolod said that hewould try to protect her if she made it to Novgorod.Vilus decides to leave, and Grösschen goes back inside the holly with theguards. Grösschen calls magi of the covenant to a meeting; they don't askMagus Frederick to leave the library, since he won't be paying any attentionto it anyway.The magi discuss whom to send out. Lochlan is a possibility. Veritor was alsoplanning on a trip down to Chernigov, and can take a few people with him. So

Veritor will take a few people with him, Lochlan will check out the magicalproperties of the protection of Novgorod, and Brigitte will be asked to scoutalong the rivers for a couple of days' travel.Acernus tells Veritor that if he runs into Vilus, he wants to talk to Vilus abouttransporting grain.Acernus "borrows" Veritor's "lodya" for an experiment. He shrinks it, alongwith some grain, and lets it expand again.

Thursday, 1st day of August, 1051

Acernus realizes that his lab has started feeling good recently; unexpectedthings don't happen as often.

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Demetrios is teaching Latin to the three boys. Nikolai sits in on the lessons.Marya sits in when she can.Veritor sets off on the trip to Chernigov. He takes a Gunther, a Varangian,and Grigorii, Marya's tiun. Paulo also goes along. He also takes 5 of Marya's

guards.

Saturday, 3rd day of August, 1051Veritor's flying circus is at the junction of two rivers in the late morning whenthey find evidence of some recent funeral pyres. He sets down to let theguards have a look, and it looks like a battle within the last few weeks. Itlooks like the caravan was ambushed from the bank and from the secondbranch of the fork. The funeral arrangements argue against the attackersbeing Christians.

Veritor collects 3 pawns of Corpus from the funeral pyres while the guardsare looking at the tracks and such.Veritor decides to scout down the branch of the river that doesn't lead toChernigov for the rest of the day. He eventually finds a series of villagesalong the river, but no clear indication of the fate of the grain. He heads backtoward Holly Hill.

Sunday, 4th day of August, 1051Veritor gets back to Holly Hill. He gives the information about the site of the

attack to the magi, and asks that they find a way to get it to the prince.

Monday, 5th day of August, 1051Veritor leaves to go toward Chernigov again.

Wednesday, 7th day of August, 1051Veritor gets to Cliff Side. There are two villages, one on either side of theriver.Vilus comes out to greet Veritor. Veritor says that he is here to do some

shopping, and introduces his passengers. Veritor and the others are invitedinto the caves.After they start eating, they see a harried-looking Johan go up to the cook.Veritor learns that Vilus moved Julka and her village here earlier in thesummer. Julka now has a lab in Cliff Side.After a bit, Ilsa comes out to say hello.Vilus offers to have Rurik recommend a small clearing nearer Chernigov sothat Veritor's people don't have to walk so far.Vilus and Veritor exchange news. There was an attempt to burn a church in

Chernigov, but no other trouble so far. Vilus does not go into Chernigovmuch.Vilus offers some French wine to his guests.

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Thursday, 8th day of August, 1051Vilus' men show Veritor the clearing near Chernigov. Actually, Veritor borrows Vilus' arcane connection to the place so that he can find it. Rurikgoes along to accompany Veritor on the way back to Cliff Side. A few other

people are sent along as well to do some shopping for Cliff Side.The people who are going into Chernigov are given a lecture on how the cityis neutral, and anybody who starts trouble will be dealt with severely.Once in the city, Paulo and Grigorii go off to place orders for things.Paulo and the others hear some taunting between opposing sides (Churchand volkhvy). Those who burned the church are being forced to rebuild it.Veritor, Gunther, and Rurik's men are back at Cliff Side before sunset.Rotblitz is there for supper. Veritor asks for news from the Tribunal. TheMarch on Octavia is set aside for the moment, and a senior Quaesitor named

Lanista will be coming to investigate the circumstances of the incident.Northern Dawn's charter was accepted, and Romagrad was declared to nolonger exist. Veritor asks for new Peripheral Code rulings, and Rotblitz saysthat there were some small ones.Rotblitz says that the members of Romagrad who survived the fall were ruledto share in the resources that belonged to Romagrad. If Octavia is Marched,her portion will be divided among the others.Magus Lanista will be coming north with Alexei. There is one other maguscoming with them with the intent of settling there, a Tytalus, Rotblitz thinks.

That evening, Julka and Johan come out of the lab carrying all sorts of littlethings. They move purposefully across the hall and toward Vilus' Sanctum.There are no sounds of explosions, though. About half an hour later, Julkaand Johan come back the other way; some of the containers are full now,and one might contain blood. Julka is grumbling to herself.

Friday, 9th day of August, 1051 (New Moon)Shortly before dawn, Gunther notices Julka and Johan come through the hallagain; Julka is more upset this time.

Saturday, 10th day of August, 1051Tonsa emerges from Vilus' Sanctum in the afternoon. Vilus and Veritor discuss the political situation. Vilus mentions that Vsevolod has said that itmight be advantageous if the magi of Northern Dawn were to help any newbishop get to Novgorod. Veritor allows that such aid might be arranged if Northern Dawn were notified in time to be of any help.

Sunday, 11th day of August, 1051

Rotblitz leaves in the morning.

Tuesday, 13th day of August, 1051

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Rotblitz arrives at Northern Dawn. Grösschen has fun talking about the"other" Quaesitor who is coming for a visit to investigate the investigation. Headvises that we work on having a fit place for her to stay.Acernus and Rotblitz talk about a lot of topics that would horrify Veritor if he

heard them.Near Chernigov, Veritor meets the shoppers at the lodya. He flies them allback to Cliff Side.

Wednesday, 14th day of August, 1051Veritor leaves Cliff Side for Northern Dawn.

Friday, 16th day of August, 1051Veritor and the rest get back to Holly Hill.

Saturday, 17th day of August, 1051 (First Quarter Moon)Magus meeting. Rotblitz joins the covenant. He brings up the issue of Octavia's status as a member of the covenant. After much discussion, themagi of Northern Dawn vote to offer membership to Magus Octavia.The construction plans are discussed. Rotblitz wants the entire bottom floor of the new wing for his lab (and a spare). Grösschen will be on the secondfloor, and Veritor and Parcus will be on the third floor, with an empty lab onthe second floor.

Over the next several days, the new addition to the keep grows.

Saturday, 24th day of August, 1051 (Full Moon)Veritor asks Acernus, Parcus, and Grösschen (and Heidi) if they want to seeif they can collect their reflections for vis that evening. They all agree to go,and Parcus plans to bring Feral and Bran along. Parcus plans to fly Feral andBran himself using his Wizard's Boost to make Wings of Soaring Wind workon a group.Veritor takes off first with everyone except Parcus, Feral, and Bran. Then

Parcus uses his own magic to take off with his guards. They all fly off to thepool.At midnight, they all peer into the pool. Feral and Bran do not see their ownreflections, Gunther sees "Karl's" face instead of his own, and draws hissword. Heidi's reflection is a fire, and Heidi is gone. The magi other thanGrösschen have their priorities: they scoop out their reflections. Grösschencalls out Heidi's name.Grösschen asks if that is Heidi in the water, and the flame wavers some.Gunther hits the water with his sword, and it sounds like a sword hitting flesh

and cloth. The ripples spread out, and the reflections of Grösschen and Heididisappear.

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Gunther hits the water again, but it just splashes. Heidi is nowhere to beseen. Acernus says that maybe Heidi will be back in the morning, or maybehe should come back next month without Heidi.Elsewhere, Sebastian is having fun.

Back at the pool, Grösschen is looking around. Veritor decides to catch somesleep.

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Rotblitz is heading south to tell Vilus what happened last night. After sometalk, though, he agrees to take Acernus, Lochlan, and Cormac into the city sohe will have more concrete news to tell Vilus.Rotblitz sets them down on the edge of the woods. They walk toward the

town through the fields of crops. The statue is gone, and can be made outover the city walls. The gate is destroyed, and the buildings just past themhave been smashed. Some cleanup efforts are ongoing. There are no guardsaround.They approach the bridge, where there are some guards stationed. Theguards challenge us, and ask who we are. "Foreign wizards," says Acernus.He says that we are here to see the prince who rules Novgorod. The guardsgive them an escort to the other end of the bridge, and hand them off to theguards there. The statue is standing in front of the palace, facing southwards.

They go in to see Prince Sevaschek. The hall is a little messed up, but thereis Sebastian near the throne wearing unevenly dyed red boots. Acernusgreets him as "Prince Sevaschek."Acernus explains that he heard about some excitement last night. Sebastiansays that "we won," and Rotblitz wants to know if he intends to hold the city.Sebastian says that he plans to get things organized. Acernus asks if heplans to rule the city. Sebastian evades the question, but says that he will bemoving on. Not according to his own ambition, though. Presumably, that willbe Perun's ambition.

Acernus asks what he plans to do with the Christians in Novgorod. Sebastiansays that he plans to get rid of the Church and have everyone follow Perun.Those who don't wish to follow Perun may leave. Acernus asks Sebastian'spolicy on foreign wizards. Sebastian says that Perun will leave them alone if they do not try to hinder Perun's forces. Sebastian beat the previous prince inbattle, but Sebastian hasn't seen the corpse.Acernus requests that we be allowed to take the books from the library.Sebastian doesn't give an answer. Acernus asks to be allowed to treat thewounded. "Which side?" Sebastian asks. "Both," is the answer. Sebastian

wants to know if he intends to use "the food thing." Acernus mainly plans tokeep wounds from going bad, not heal them quickly. Sebastian has noobjections to his healing those on Perun's side, or innocents. He's not surehow Perun would feel about Acernus healing the wounded enemy.Sebastian allows the healing of his people, and the city guard, and any of thecity folk who got injured in the course of the fighting.Rotblitz returns to Holly Hill with Lochlan.

Tuesday, 27th day of August, 1051

That evening, Acernus asks Cormac to go to the covenant in the morning totell them that he wants transportation back to Holly Hill. Then he goes to tellSebastian that he plans on going back to Holly Hill the next day, and asks if

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Sebastian has made any decision regarding the books. Acernus points outthat some of them are Christian books.Sebastian says that the books are safe where they are, and he doesn't planon destroying the books. He says that he will decide later.

Acernus says that he can take anyone who is "inconvenient" out of the city.Nobody comes to mind.Acernus gives Sebastian some advice, saying that he might give somethought to saying "no" to Perun in some cases. When asked for messages,Sebastian says to tell Sadko that he knows how Sadko feels.Acernus asks whether it is all right to purchase things in the city, and sendguards on leave. Sebastian says that this is fine.At Holly Hill, the bells rings, and Veritor sees a tired-looking, vaguely familiar man. It turns out to be a messenger from Vsevolod. Vsevolod is wounded,

and is being taken to a place of safety. He asks for healing. Veritor invites theman in for food and drink. Veritor starts making arrangements to go toVsevolod's aid.

Everything happens around Holly Hill. The secret is there. The StoneGrave, discovered in the 1820s, contains caves and grottoes withpetroglyphs of animals and other motifs. Shilov is convinced that these

glyphs constitute a primitive script; on the basis of this conviction, hedeclared that the world’s first writing system was developed in the lower Dnieper basin at least two millennia before the Sumerians inventedcuneiform.

The Russian linguist Anatoly Kifishyn claimed to have deciphered themysterious script and confirmed Shilov’s discovery. Kifishyn’s findings werepublished in Ukraine with the financial support of Shilov, Polischuk, andMykola Senchenko, director of the Book Chamber of Ukraine, a state

organization that supports publishing. Senchenko is well known for hisnumerous nationalistic, anti-Semitic publications.

Kifishyn, 63, is a hardy character who lived for a period in a shelter hefashioned from tree branches in a village near Moscow while he spent hisdays doing research in the Lenin Library. His 850-page volume is his firstpublished book. According to the biographical note, he has always beenobsessed with arcane subjects that are ignored by “normal researchers” andas a result has been persecuted by other scholars. Until the 1990s virtually

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the only venue that would publish his writings was a magazine called Useful Technology.

Professional archeologists believe that the Stone Grave glyphs have nothingto do with any script. Kifishyn, however, concluded his book with an evenmore astonishing statement. He asserted that the linear markings paintedwith red ochre on mammoth bones, which have been found at severalPaleolithic sites in Ukraine, are also primitive texts. Thus he has extended thehistory of writing back 44,000 years.

Historians have dismissed Kifishyn’s theory as nonsense, but a number of nationalistic politicians who are happy to consider themselves descendants of

proto-Sumerians have treated his book very seriously. It was formallypresented in Parliament. Kiev’s then mayor, Oleksandr Omelchenko,bestowed the city’s highest honors on the author, and a group of Ukrainianwriters petitioned the Nobel Committee in Stockholm to nominate Kifishyn for the Nobel Prize. The proto-Sumerian migration from Ukraine to Mesopotamiaeven made its way into a textbook.

Yushchenko also made a contribution. A museum was constructed at StoneGrave with funds provided by a local company. The president himself opened

the museum in October 2005, a much-publicized event that was described onYushchenko’s official Web site as one of his first “steps toward the people.”

This high-level attention paid to the subject of the extremely distant pastprovoked a veritable frenzy of well-publicized archeological discoveries thatsupported Ukraine’s claim to be the cradle of civilization. Thus there werereports on a burial site of “pure Ukrainians” unearthed in Kiev; on the remainsof a Varangian (Norse) warrior found near the city of Chernigov, described asevidence of “Ukraine’s European past”; on the alleged invention of hamburgers by the Scythians; on Polischuk’s museum as proof that Ukrainewas the birthplace of the “white race”; on the settlement of Kharkov 6,000years ago (the city was founded in the 17th century); and many other interesting facts. All of these reports appeared in a single month, reflectingthe intensity of the mythmaking.

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in 1718 after a disastrous fire.The beautiful paintings thathang on the church's wallswere also done in the 18th

century. A medieval legendsays: When you pass throughthe Saint gates under theNadvratnaya Church, you getrid of 50 percent of your sins.So come on in. It certainly won'tdo you any harm, will it?The centre of the complex andthe main temple of the

monastery is UspenskiyCathedral. The originalstructure was the first buildingin the complex, built in 1078. Itwas reconstructed in the 18thcentury in Ukrainian baroquestyle but destroyed duringWorld War II. Happily, it wasrebuilt in 2000.

Unless you are really fit, youshouldn't try to make your wayto the top of the church's BellTower. At 96 meters high, thegraceful, refined creature of the18th century was the tallestbuilding in the country at thetime. If you can make it to thetop, you will find an

unbelievable view of Kievdowntown, the River Dniper, itsbridges and the districts of thelow left bank. The big clock onthe tower's fourth floor hasseven bells, which strike every15 minutes.The Lavra complex includesother wonderful churches as

well as the two largest. Thehigh, proud white buildingshave dark-blue and green

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St. Sofia's CathedralSt. Sofia's is a historic part of Ancient Kiev Ruse that hassurvived intact since it was built in

1037.The builder was one of the mostcapable Kiev Ruse princes -Yaroslav the Wise. In the 10thcentury the temple was a culturalcenter of the whole Kiev Rusestate.Lots of scientific societies andschools were established at the

facility. Their members wrote,translated and commented onscientific and religious books.Yaroslav the Wise established anenormous library in the cathedral.It disappeared sometime duringthe medieval centuries -- anoccurrence that is still a mystery tohistorians.

In the 17th and 18th centuries,other stone buildings were builtaround the cathedral, transformingthe complex into a monastery.The interior of the cathedral hasbeen left unchanged since the11th century! The most impressivepart of the interior is about 3,000square meters of ancient Ruse

frescoes. The shining mosaicbackground contains at least 177colors. In the center you can seethe figure of Maria Oranta with her arms up.A medieval legend says Kiev willlast as long as St. Sofia does.

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St. Michael's CathedralTogether with St. Sophia, St.Michael's Cathedral gives youa unique portrait of ancient

Kiev.The building was built in 1113by Prince Svyatopolk. Other buildings were added later tocreate the St. Michael'smonastery complex. Thecathedral was partiallydestroyed during the time of Tatar-Mongol rule, but it was

reconstructed in the 17thcentury.During that century,St.Michael's became one of the most importantmonasteries of Kiev Rus. Themonastery complex itself wasenlarged, a bell tower to thecathedral and gates built. The

Ukrainian getmanSkoropadskiy addedwonderful icons to thecathedral during that time.It is hard to believe it now, butin 1934 the government of Soviet Ukraine decided to putthe headquarters of theCentral Committee of the

Ukrainian Communist Partyon the St. Michael's grounds.To make for that building, thegovernment ordered thecathedral razed.When Ukraine becameindependent in recent years, itdecided to rectify thesituation. It rebuilt the

cathedral between 1997 and2000. It even used copies of the frescos and mosaics of

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the 12th century toreconstruct thosemasterpieces.Visitors enjoy the gloomy

charm of the ancientOrthodox cathedral. It isalways dark and cool inside.The only light comes from thecandles of visitors. Bycandlelight, the icons glimmer and the religious paintingslook very mysterious. Light asecond candle and ask God

to wipe away your sins.

St. Vladimir CathedralThis cathedral is devoted tothe Ruse christener, the greatPrince Vladimir. It was built for 20 years, the architectsBeretty, Berngard, Nikolaev,took part in the project. The

building itself as well as theinterior decoration wasfinished in 1896.The building is implemented inthe traditions of the Russian-Byzantine architecture and itkeeps the old Ruse historyand traditions. It is built in thecross shape and pyramid

composition. The main domeheight is 49 meters.The interior of the Cathedral iscreated by the group of thefamous painters, whichincluded Vasnetsov, Vrubeland others. The most colorfuland emotionally expressingare the Vasnetsov's paintings.

The monumental figure of theGodmother (the height is 10,5meters) in the altar part of the

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Cathedral is the compositionalcenter of the building.

St. Andrew's StreetThe most romantic place in Kiev, thisnarrow road slopes down from theStarokievskaya and Anreevskayahills to where it levels off in the Podoldistrict.The district, which dates to the timesof the Kiev Ruse empire, is now the

center of Kiev's cultural life. Thebuildings that went up there in thelate 19th and early 20th centuriesand the overall bohemianatmosphere give a unique charm tothe place. Each building is a piece of art in itself. There are painters'studio, theaters, museums, exhibitionhalls, galleries and souvenir shops.

Those working in theseestablishments are as colorful as thebuildings themselves.

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Tourists often say this street remindsthem of the Monmartre Hills. St.Andrew's may be more vibrant,however. When the weather is good,

artists place their works right in thestreet. You can find everything here -from modern paintings to a Kazak'shat (papaha) from the Russian civilwar of 1918.The centerpiece of St. Anrew'sStreet is St. Andrew's Church. It isone of the best examples in thecountry of the Ukrainian baroque

style architecture. Russia's QueenElizabeth ordered it built in the 18thcentury. The famed architectRastrelli personally supervised theproject.The other impressive building in thearea is the Castle of Richard the LionHeart. The structure actually hasnothing to do with Richard the First

of England It was built in the late19th century. But it does look like areal Western medieval castle.Another popular place in the area isSt. Andrew's 13, the house of thefamous Russian writer MichaelBulgakov who is the author of well-known "Master and Margarita."

Podol Where the St. Andrew's Street slope levels off is Podol, a district thatfrom ancient times has been a centre of handicrafts, portrait painting,education and of course beautiful churches and monasteries.

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St. Kirill MonasteryThis monastery was founded in1139 by the Chernigov prince,Vsevolod Olgovich. The first

building on the complex was theSt. Kirill Church.The Mongols and Tatars badlydamaged the church in the 13thcentury. Restoration work on thefacility was done during both the17th and 18th centuries.In 1786 Russia's Queen EkaterinaII ordered the monastery closed

and a mental hospital set upthere.In 1860 some priceless 12thcentury frescoes were discoveredunder a layer of plaster. Theplaster was taken off to reclaimthe art. The famous Russianpainter Vrubel restored the partsof the frescoes that were

damaged when the plaster wasremoved.

BrotherhoodBogoyavlenskiyMonasteryThe Kiev Brotherhoodfounded the monasteryand the academy in 1615.

In the 17th century thecomplex was a culturaland spiritual centre of KievRus. Thus it had asignificant impact onEuropean cultural life.Famed Ukrainian educator Peter Mogila was the forcebehind the founding of the

academy. He modelled iton the principles of thebest European schools of

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the times. The school anda university that grew outof it prepared generationsof Ukrainian scientists,

artists and teachers.The main temple of themonastery/academycomplex, theBogoyavlenskiy Cathedral,became a victim of politicalrepression in 1935: Stalin'sgovernment blew it up.The most important

building that still stands isthe Old Academic building,which along withBlagoveschenskayaChurch was built in 1703.

Flora and Lavra MonasteryThis is one of the oldest women'smonasteries in the world.

The complex, situated right at thefoot of Mount Zamkovaya, wasbuilt between the 17th and 20thcenturies. It was a wealthyinstitution because the nuns weremostly from aristocratic families -and those families poured moneyinto the complex and itsprograms. The nuns made

beautiful embroidery, carpets anddecorations that gained fame inKiev and beyond.The monastery was closed in1929. Some buildings weredestroyed while others werereconstructed. The complexreopened in 1941.The most beautiful old buildings

that continue to stand today arethe Trapeznaya Church of Flor and Lavr, the Voznesenskiy

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Cathedral and the Nadvratnayabell tower.

Pokrovskiy MonasteryThis women's monastery wasfounded in 1889 by Russia'sPrincess Alexandra Romanova. Ithas achieved fame for its medicaland educational facilities.For example, the monasteryhospital was the first in Kiev to

have X-ray equipment. Lots of well-known scientists and doctorsworked in the monastery complex.The famed Ukrainian entrepreneur Nikolay Tereschenko financed thecomplex's administration buildingon the foothills of MountVoznesenskaya.The complex's architectural style is

known as Moscow-Jaroslavl - for the two Russian cities. Thecomplex includes the biggest

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church in Kiev - NikolaevskiyCathedral - which seats 3,000people. It also includes PokrovChurch, a hotel, and surgery and

therapy facilities.

Pirogoscha ChurchKiev's Prince Mstislawstarted the church in 1131.After the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the church becamea centre of Kiev social life.Many important celebrations

were held there, manynotables were buried on thechurch grounds, and the cityarchive was kept there.The original building wasdestroyed in 1935 byStalinists.The people of Kiev decidedto rebuild the church after

Soviet rule ended. Therestoration was completed in1998.

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St. Ilea ChurchThis church wasbuilt not far fromthe River Dnieper

in 1692. The one-story building,while onlymodestlydecorated, is agreat example of Ukrainian Baroquearchitecture. Thebuilding was

rebuilt in the 18thcentury, andrepainted in the19th century.Some of the 18thcentury paintinghas been keptinside the building.The complex also

includes a belltower that wasbuilt in the early18th century.

Chernigiv BranchShchorsa Str., 8, 14000 Chernigivtel. +380-46-224-10-46fax +380-46-224-32-86

e-mail: [email protected] "CHERNIGIVNAFTOGAZGEOLOGIYA"Ουκρανία, 14000, Chernigiv, 16, st Shevchenka.

Tel.: +38 (04622) 7-70-81,fax: +38 (04622) 10-14-65

Juridikal διεύθυνσηNJSC "Nadra Ukrayny"Volodymirska Str.34, Κίεβο, 01601, Ουκρανία

Ταχυδρομική διεύθυνσηNJSC "Nadra Ukrayny"

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Ancient Chernigiv

Chernigiv and the surrounding oblast are worth a visit for at least three

reasons. First of all, in the 12th-13th centuries, the town was the capital of amighty principality about the size of modern-day France. Secondly, you canview musical instruments 15 thousand years old. Thirdly, you might see themysterious Black Monk in St Anthony’s Caves, a phenomenon that Ukraine’stop scientists are unable to explain According to historians, Chernigivconceals as many secrets as Egypt’s Valley of the Kings. The first historicalmention of this town on the right bank of the Desna River 140km from Kyivdates back to 907. In the 11th-13th centuries, it was the capital of theChernigiv principality before being looted by the Mongol Tatars and later

conquered by Lithuania and Poland. In 1654, Chernigiv became affiliated withthe Kyivan Rus, becoming one of its major cultural and handicraft centres.

Ancient Churches of Dytynets

Some believe the city was named after its founder, the warrior Cherniga.Locals prefer the romantic legend about a girl who threw herself out a windowrather than be forced to marry against her will. Her father, Prince Chornyy,was allegedly the founder of the town and was buried there in the Chorna

Grave.

Most of Chernigiv’s architectural sites are found in Dytynets, an historicalarea in the centre of town. The earliest settlements appeared at thebeginning of the first millennium, and in the 8th-12th centuries, the town’sfortifications came into being. On the east, Dytynets borders the Desnabeside what is known as the Ramparts, where there are still twelve oldcannons once used for the city’s defense. The city’s historical treasure is the11th-century Church of the Transfiguration of Our Saviour. One of the oldest

cathedrals of the Kyivan Rus, it was built by the legendary Prince Mstislav theBrave, whose remains were laid to rest there, along with the remains of Prince Igor and Prince Svyatoslav. The weapons of the Kyiv princes and thebattle colours of Chernigiv’s Cossack regiments are also preserved there.The Cathedral of St Boris and St Glib, also in Dytynets, was built in the 12thcentury on the foundations of an even earlier building. The Tsars’ Gates, builtat the beginning of the 18th century by the order of Hetman Ivan Mazepa, stillstand there, and the cathedral itself houses an architectural exposition.

The 18th-century St Katherine’s Church near Dytynets is considered the

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symbol of Chernigiv. It houses the oblast’s Museum of Folk and DecorativeArt (tel.: 0462-43-236).

Archaeologists’ Paradise

The Chernigiv area is a prize catch for researchers, since the Mezinskaexcavation site is unrivalled in the world. About 20 thousand years ago,people of the late Palaeolithic period lived in the few primitive shelters there.Tools made from the local chalky flint along with interesting works of ancientart, such as a bracelet made from mammoth ivory, female figurines andpendants were found at the site. These artefacts are on display in theChernigiv V.V. Tarnovsky Historical Museum (4 Gorky St., tel.: 0462-17-66-50, 17-67-93). But the most interesting exhibits are a “noisy bracelet” similar to a castanet and six mammoth bones decorated with patterns that represent

the world’s only remnants of a Palaeolithic percussion orchestra! Byanalysing the impact patterns on the bones, experts have even been able toreconstruct the music composed in those prehistoric times.

Secrets of the Chernigiv CavesThe most mystic and visited place in Chernigiv are the legendary StAnthony’s Caves at the Holy Trinity-St Elias Monastery (92 Tolstoy St.), oneof the oldest remnants from the times of the Kyivan Rus. In 1069 the founder of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, St Anthony of the Kyiv Caves, visited Chernigiv.

Later a monastery was built there, and the famous St Elias’ Church appearedin the 12th century.For many centuries the monks dug catacombs until an underground complexappeared. These catacombs have been the site of many phenomena for which there is no scientific explanation. In the 1960s, members of archaeological expeditions claimed to hear strange sounds and to smell thearoma of burning incense, and they often reported feeling that someone wasbreathing down the backs of their necks. In 1970, the famous Black Monk, anapparition in a long black robe, made his first appearance …

Most visitors to the caves experience increased vitality, a feeling of euphoriaand the correction of abnormal heart rhythms, so from time immemorial,people from all over Ukraine have travelled there to be cured of variousailments.Besides the caves, the Holy Trinity-St Elias Monastery boasts the Holy TrinityCathedral (1679), where the relics of St Feodosy and St Lavrenty are kept,the Church of the Presentation with a refectory (1677) and a 58-metre belltower that offers a fascinating view of the city. No wonder these picturesqueplaces have inspired many Ukrainian writers! From 1898 to 1913, the great

writer Mikhailo Kotsyubinsky lived and worked in Chernigiv. A museum nowoccupies his house on the street named after him. The author of Shades of Forgotten Ancestors is buried near St Anthony’s Caves. Another prominent

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Places to Stay and Relax

Slovyansky Hotel Complex

Just 200 metres from the city’s main square with deluxe and semi-deluxesuites, single and double rooms with all amenities, a café/bar, sauna, pooland parking.Address: Chernigiv, 33 Myra Ave., Tel.: (04622) 74-604

Gradetsky Hotel Chernigiv’s biggest hotel is a 10-minute walk from the centre and has deluxeand semi-deluxe suites, single and double rooms and probably the bestcuisine in town.

Address: Chernigiv, 68 Myra Ave., Tel.: (04622) 45-025

Etoile CafeLocated on the Ramparts and very popular with the locals, it offers theCourage disco, billiards, the Traffic Light bowling alley and delicious,inexpensive meals.Address: Chernigiv, 50 Pyatnitska St., Tel.: (0462) 18-57-30

Old Town Tavern

Situated on the town’s main street, it has a quiet atmosphere and offers avariety of reasonably priced Ukrainian dishes.Address: Chernigiv, 32 Myra Ave., Tel: (04622) 7-41-65

Kachanivka Hotel This hotel sleeps 26 people (UAH20 per person), has its own restaurant andis located in the former servant and guest wings of the Tarnosky Palace.Address: Kachanivka Village, Ichnyanskiy District; Tel.: (04633) 24-115, 24-

125

Mislivets-Cozelets Grill It works round-the-clock at the 79th kilometre on route E-95, a 30-minute ridefrom Kyiv. A very stylish place decorated with hunting trophies and Ukrainiansouvenirs with a large hall seating 50 people, a 10-person banquet hall, anarea with sofas and two braziers.Address: 79th km, Chernigiv Route, Cozelets; Tel.: (04646) 42-454

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Natural conditions and natural resources. Geophysical

fields

Physical fields that were caused or changed with planet natural environmentcalled geophysical fields (GF). GF change and distribution in time and spacedepend on resources availability and power and on natural environmentcharacteristics structure and its dynamics under the influence of natural andanthropogenic factors as well. It is important to know the present conditionand change nature of GF for understanding of natural processes, thatinfluence the people’s life and country economics, for long-timed socio-economic planning, rational earth usage, task-oriented minerals seeking anddangerous processes prediction.

Gravitational field of the Earth or field of gravity force is the field caused bygravity force and centrifugal force, that was entailed Earth axial rotation. It isconventionally divided into abnormal and normal. Abnormal gravitational field(AGF) represents Earth form and its subsoil structure characteristics. AGFchanges in the wide range on the territory of Ukraine, thatia connected withcharacteristics of Earth crust material and upper mantle thickness. On theatlas map the AGF distribution is showed with the lines of the similar valuesof its quantity, that is called isoanomaly.

On the base of gravitational modeling of the schistose inhomogeneous threedimensional deep structures with the usage of data about abnormalgravitational field, deep seismic sounding data (DSS), experimental correlatedependences between specific thickness and seismic-wave propagationunder the conditions of different temperatures and tenses consideringmaterial constitution amendments was created a map of abnormal Earthcrust and upper mantle thickness. Due to the tendency to isostatic equilibriumof separate blocks and its complexes the bottom of the Earth crust immersesunder heavier blocks and rises under lighter ones.

Thermal field also gives the important information about structure anddynamics of our planet. Thermal condition of the Earth crust is characterizedby thermal flow thickness that comes from the Earth subsoil and dissipatesfrom its surface and by temperature change depending on depth. The mainpart in formation of the thermal flow plays: the long-livingradioelements’ (uranium, thorium, potassium) break-up energy, themaximal concentration of which is observed in the Earth crustmaterials, primary Earth energy and the energy of the physicochemicalprocesses that take place in its subsoil. The important part in positivegeothermal anomalies formation plays also thermal conduction conditionsthat significantly change depending on depth and according to lateral. Theleading part in positive geothermal anomalies formation plays active tectonic

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and magmatic processes that is attended by release of the great amount of heat.

Thermal flow thickness – is a quantity of heat that is released from subsoil to

surface per time unit on area unit. It is measured in mW/m2 and is defined asthe result of multiplication of the geothermal gradient in the definite depthinterval and the material thermal conductivity of this interval. On the territoryof Ukraine the thermal flow thickness changes from 25-30 mW/m2 to 100-110mW/m2. Temperatures on the depth of 1 km changes from 20 to 70oC, andon the depth of 3 km – from 40 to 135oС. Thermal flow distribution is closelyconnected with geological development characteristics or the regions and itstectonics.

Deep thermal flow (DTF) is defined as observed thermal flow corrected

considering numerous nearsurface influences: paleoclimate, groundwater move with vertical component, geological structures, that cause out-of-levelbedding of the distribution surfaces with different thermal conductivity, youngoverthrusts, conglomeration of young sediments etc. DTF map shows thedistribution of its background (35-50 mW/m2) and abnormal (60-130mW/m2)values on the territory of Ukraine. Earth thermal energy is a geoenergyresource. The map given in the atlas (map of geoenergy resources thicknessin tones of conditional fuel on square meter that can be mined with water geocirculate system with the carrier temperature not less than 60oC and itsreturning to the subsoil with T ~ 20oC) was made on the base of DTF data.

General geoenergy resources of Ukraine (present time defined)approximately 20 times exceed all the reserves of fuel minerals on itsterritory. They reach 10 t c.f/m2 on some areas, that exceeds reserves thatcan be mined from the big oil or gas field. Geoenergy resources suitable for practical usage by steam getting (electric power) without additional heatingare investigated only in Transcarpathia and not very limited territories of Crimea.Magnetic or geomagnetic field is geophysical force field caused byelectromagnetic processes in the Earth core (main or normal field), in upper ionosphere (geomagnetic field variation) and Earth crust material

magnetization. Last factor forms abnormal magnetic field that showsavailability of the materials with different concentration of magnetic mineralsin the Earth crust. It is defined by excluding normal field intensity and itsvariations from general geomagnetic field intensity. Normal field does nothave exact analytical image. Several approximate models are used for itsdescription, one of which is in the atlas.

Abnormal magnetic field of the territory of Ukraine is very differentiatedand consist of regional and local components which differ bydiametrical anomaly sizes and source placing depth.

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Regional field component showed on the map “Long waved magneticanomalies” is provided by inhomogeneous structure of the Earth crust lower part and the relief of magnetoactive layer bottom, that can be equaled toEarth crust bottom (Mokhorovichich discontinuity) or to isothermalsurface Curie temperature magnetite – the main carrier of materials’

magnetism. It reflects regional characteristics of the big geostructure.

Local abnormal field component is formed under the influence of magnetized materials of upper Earth crust part and represents itsstructure. This magnetic field component is used as one of the importantinformation sources for geological material mapping, fold and disjunctivetectonics, tectonic zoning study and in complex with regional component andother geophysical data – for studying surface and deep lithosphere structurecorrelations, for making non-uniformly scaled three-dimensional models of

geological environment, that are used when geologize geological structuresto find different materials.

Magnetotelluric Earth field is a natural electromagnetic field, caused currentsystem. This field is one of the important source of knowledge about presentgeological structure, tectonic processes, geodynamics and fluid rate of Earthcrust and mantle. Material electrical properties are closely connectedwith temperature and fluid subsoil rates, mineral chemical composition,consisting of C, S, Fe and other metals, juvenile waters mineralizationlevel, available melt of crust and mantle materials etc. On the base of

observed magnetotelluric field analysis using the methods of film and two-dimensional finite difference electromagnetic fields modeling the given inatlas maps “Earth crust electroconductivity” and “Upper mantleelectroconducivity” in the siemens (S) – units of conductivity were made.Electroconductivity anomalies are distinguished above “normal”generalized Eastern Europe geoelectrical section, that characterized byspecific electric resistance (in ohm.m): 1000, 600, 250, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5,1, 0.1 – in the geological environment layers with power (in km): 160, 40,50, 70, 80, 100, 100, 160, 200, ∞. Value of longitudinal

electroconductivity of the environment film was taken as 10cm.

For studying deep Earth structure: geometry and main tectonic bounder location, physical parameters distribution of geological environment etc –another type of GF is used widely – seismic field. It is observed in the form of mechanical oscillations on the soil surface or in mines, caves, adits,boreholes. Oscillations are generated by seismic waves (longitudinal,diametrical, surface, channel), that propagate from the source fading,reflecting, refracting and reradiating in other types on geological environmentinhomogeneities. Depending on source seismic field can be natural or

anthropogenic.

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(30-35 km), on the Ukrainian board, in the Zaporizhzhya middle massif region(25-30 km), Kirovohrad protoplatform block region (35 km) and on the water area of Black Sea depression (25-30 km).

Natural seismic fields caused by the local and strong distant earthquake foci,must be taken into account because of their dangerousness whenaccommodations, important buildings, objects at ecological andanthropogeneous risk are built. The cause of earthquakes is the presentgeological structure tectonic activity. Distribution of different magnitudeearthquakes on the given territory in time and dimension is called seismicity.

On the territory of Ukraine the high seismicity level is observed mainly on theterritory or Carpathia and Crimea-black Sea region.

Seismicity of the Carpathia region depends on the earthquakes withepicenters in Transcarpathia, Carpathia and on the adjacent territory of Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania. The most active is Transcarpathia.On the Western regions territory (from 18th century and to the present time)earthquakes are characterized mainly by foci depth (h) 2-10 km andmagnitudes (M)< 5,5. due to the small depth these earthquakes caused localeffects on the soil surface with intensity up to 7-8 points on the MSK-64scale. Similar fluctuations are felt on the Transcarpathia from deeper (h=35km) and bigger (M=6.8) earthquakes with epicenters in Romania at the ~60km from Ukrainian bounder. the biggest at the adjacent territories of the

Precarpathia earthquake was in the 1875 year in the Lvivs’ka region. It hasmagnitude M=5.3, focus depth h=19 km and was felt in the epicenter with theintensity 6 points. In Chernivtsi intensity reached 3 points.

The territory of Ukraine is influenced by the subcutaneous earthquakes fromVrancea zone in Romania. Earthquake foci are placed in the mantle on thedepths from 80 to 190 km. Maximal magnitudes reached 7.6. Due to bigdepths of the foci and magnitudes earthquakes from the Vrancea are felt onthe huge territory: from Greece on the south to Finland on the north. There

are earthquake foci from the Vrancea zone from 11th century withmagnitudes higher than 3.5 on the epicenter map. For the last two centuriesisoseims for the strongest earthquakes were defined.

Seismicity of the Crimea-Black sea region is defined by the earthquakeepicenters, placed in the Black Sea water area near the Southern Coast of Crimea. They are characterized by the highest in the Ukraine magnitudes(M=6.8). On the epicenter map earthquake are represented with M>2 fromthe first century to the present time. On the lower part of Crimea and Sea of Azov waters area earthquake foci with M>1 are shown.

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On the platform part of Ukraine only several local earthquakes are known.Their foci were in the Earth crust range, and to it, seismic effect had localcharacter. Seismic swing intensity in the epicenter reached 6-7 point.Earthquake with intensity of 6 points on the MSK-64 scale that took place onJanuary 3, 2002, near the village Mykulyntsi Ternopils’ka region and

aftershock trail are the evidence of seismic activity availability of the platformtectonic structures on the territory of Ukraine.

Danger level, which can be caused by earthquakes, is displayed on the mapsof general seismic zoning (GSZ) in the numbers of MSK-64 macroseismicscale. These maps are used in long-term social-economic planning, rationalland use, acceptance of administrative and technical decisions concerningmaintenance of existing constructions' stable operation and placing of thenew ones (HPS, APS, pipelines, etc.). In Ukrainian seismic areas design-

survey and construction works are regulated through three probabilistic ЗСР-2004 maps, marked as A, B and C. They represent intensity values of seismic shakings, which can become evident once in 500, 1000 and 5000years accordingly, or, in other words, may be exceeded with probability of 10%, 5 % and 1 % in the next 50 years.Maps of seismic zoning (SZ) display a predicted increase in seismic numberson different territory lots, according to the one, presented on GSZ map.Increases may be positive or negative, depending on the local soil conditions,relief and presence of tectonic failures. Engineering-geological researchesdata, macroseismic inspections of earthquakes consequences data, tool

observation over the earthquakes' seismic fields, explosions, natural andtechnogenic microseisms are used while creating SZ maps. SZ maps areused for planning of population aggregates' development, maintenance of existing constructions' stable operation and designing of the new ones.The maps of geophysical fields represented in the atlas and the maps andschemes, created on the basis of their interpretation, which display depth of the lithosphere structure, dynamics of tectonic structures, the danger,connected with earthquakes, creep movements, shifts, subsidences, etc., isan important tool for the preception of a deep planet structure, purposefulsearch of minerals, protection of the population, habitation and important

constructions from dangerous endogenous processes and the secondaryengineering-geological phenomena, connected with them.

Scale 1:5 000 000

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