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PILL CAMERA- (AAnn aapppplliiccaattiioonn ooffNNaannootteecchhnnoollooggyy)

BY

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ABSTRACT:The aim of technology is to make

products in a large scale for cheaperprices and increased quality. Thecurrent

technologies have attained a part of it,

but the manufacturing technology is atmacro level. The future lies inmanufacturing product right from the

molecular level. Research in thisdirection started way back ineighties. At

that time manufacturing at molecularand atomic level was laughed about. But

due to advent of nanotecnlogy wehaverealized it to a certain level. One such

product manufactured is PILLCAMERA, which is used for the

treatment of cancer, ulcer and anemia.It has made revolution in the field ofmedicine.

This tiny capsule can passthrough our body, without causing any

harm.

It takes pictures of our intestine and

transmits the same to the receiver of theComputer analysis of our digestive

system. This process canhelp in tracking

any ki

nd of dis

ease

relat

ed to dig

estiv

esystem. Also wehave discussed the

drawbacks of PILL CAMERA and how

these drawbacks can be overcome usingGrain sized motor and bi-directional

wireless telemetry capsule .Besides thiswe have reviewed the process of

manufacturing products usingnanotechnology.

Some other importantapplications are also discussed along

with

the

ir poten

tialimpacts on various fields.

INTRODUCTION:

We have made great progress in

manufacturing products. Looking backfrom where we stand now, we started

from flint knives and stone tools andreached the stage where we make such

tools with

more

prec

ision

thanever.The

leap in technology is great but it is not

going to stop here. With our presenttechnology we manufacture products by

casting, milling, grinding, chipping andthe likes. With these technologies we

have made more things at a lower costand greater precision thanever before. In

the manufacture of these products wehave been arranging atoms in great

thundering statistical herds. All of us

know ma

nufa

ctur

ed produ

cts ar

emad

efrom atoms. The properties of those

products depend onhow those atoms are

arranged. If we rearrange atoms in dirt,water and air we get grass. Thenext step

in manufacturing technology is tomanufacture products at molecular level.

The technology used to achieve

manufacturing at molecular level is

NANOTECHNOLOGY.Nanotechnology is thecreation of useful

materials, devices and system throughmanipulation of such miniscule matter

(nanom

eter).Na

notechn

ology deals wit

hobjects measured in nanometers.

Nanometercan be visualized as billionthof a meter or millionth of a millimeter or

it is 1/80000 width ofhumanhair.

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW:Manipulation of atoms is first talkedabout by noble laureate Dr.RichardFeyngman long ago in 1959 at the

annual meeting of the AmericanPhysical Society at the California

institute of technology -Caltech and atthat time it was laughed about. Nothing

was pursued init till 80s. Theconcept ofnanotechnology is introduced by Drexel

in the year 1981 throughhis article The

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Engines of Creation. In 1990, IBMresearchers showed that it is possible to

manipulate single atoms. Theypositioned 35 Xenon atoms on the

surface ofnickel crystal, using an atomic

force

micros

copy i

nstrum

ent.

Thesepositioned atoms spelled out the letters

IBM. Image of the IBM spelled with

35xenon atoms.

POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF

NANOTECHNOLOGY:As televisions, airplanes,

computers revolutionized the world in

the last century; scientists claim thatnanotechnology will have aneven more

profound effect on the next century.

Nanotechnology is likely to change theway almost everything, includingmedicine, computers and cars, are

designed and constructed

PILL CAMERA:INTRODUCTION:

Imagine a vitamin pill-sizedcamera that could travel through your

body taking pictures, helping diagnose aproblem which doctor previously wouldhave found only through surgery. No

longer is such technology the stuff ofscience fiction films.

CONVENTIONAL METHOD:Currently, standard method of

detecting abnormalities in the intestinesis through endoscopic examination in

which doctors advance a scope downinto the small intestine via the mouth.

However, these scopes are unable toreach through all of the 20-foot-long

small intestine, and thus provide only apartial view of that part of the bowel.

With thehelp of pill camera not only candiagnoses be made forcertainconditions

routinely missed by other tests, but

disorders

can

be

detec

ted at a

nearli

erstage, enabling treatment before

complications develop.

DESCRIPTION:

The device, called the givenDiagnostic Imaging System, comes in

capsule form and contains a camera,lights, transmitter and batteries. The

capsule has a clear end that allows thecamera to view the lining of the small

intestine. Capsuleendoscopy consists ofa disposable video camera encapsulated

into a pill like form that is swallowedwith water. The wireless camera takes

thousands ofhigh-quality digital imageswithin the body as it passes through the

entire length of the small intestine. Thelatest pill camera is sized at 26*11 mm

and is capable of transmitting 50,000color images during its traversal through

the digestive system of patient.Video chip consists of the IC

CMOS image sensor which is used totake pictures of intestine .The lamp is

used for proper illumination in theintestine for taking photos. Micro

actuator acts as memory to store thesoftware code that is the instructions.

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The antenna is used to transmit theimages to the receiver. For the detection

of reliable and correct information,capsule should be able to designed to

transmit several biomedical signals, such

as pH, temp a

nd pr

essur

e.

This isachieved with thehelp of Soc.

external reference crystal or clock. The

decoder IC receives the serial stream andinterprets the serial information as 4 bits

of binary data. Each bit is used forchannel recognition of thecontrol signal

from outside the body. Since the CMOSimage sensor moduleconsumes most of

the

power

compar

ed to t

heothe

rcomponents in the telemetry module,

controlling the ON/OFF of the CMOSimage sensor is very important.

Moreover, since lightning LEDsalso use significant amount of power, the

individual ON/OFF control ofeach LEDis equally necessary. As such thecontrol

system is divided into 4 channels in thecurrent study. A high output current

amplifier with a single supply is utilizedto drive loads incapsule.

EXTERNAL CONTROL UNIT:

A schematic of theexternalcontrol circuit unit is illustrated below,

where the ON/OFF operation of theswitch in the front of the unit is encoded

into 4 channels Control signals. Thesedigital signals are then transferred to a

synthesizer and modulated into an RFsignal using a OOK transmitter with a

carrier frequency of 433 MHz.

To verify the operation of theexternal control unit and telemetry

capsule, CH1 was used to controlON/OFF of CMOS image sensor and

CHs 2-4 to control led lighting. The four

signals i

nfro

nt of t

hecontrol pa

nel w

ereable to make 16different control

signals (4 bit, 2^4 = 16).The bi-

directional operation of telemetrymodule is verified by transmitting video

signal from CMOS image sensor imagedata was then displayed

The proposed telemetry capsulecan simultaneously transmit a video

signal and receive a control determiningthe behavior of thecapsule. As a result,

the total power consumption of thetelemetry capsule can be reduced by

turning off the camera power duringdead time and separately controlling the

LEDs for proper illumination in theintestine. Accordingly, proposed

telemetry module for bidirectional andmulti-channel communication has the

potential applications in many

DRAWBACKS:It is a revolution, no question

about it but the capsule poses medicalrisks

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1."Unfortunately, patients withgastrointestinal structures or narrowing

are not good candidates for thisprocedure due to the risk of obstruction".

It might also happen that the pill camera

might

not b

eabl

eto trav

erse

free

lyinside digestive system, which maycause the tests to be inconclusive.

2. If there is a partial obstruction in thesmall intestine, there is a risk that the pill

will get stuck there and a patient whomight have come in for diagnostical

reasons may end up in the emergencyroom for intestinal obstruction.

3. The pill camera can transmit imagefrom inside to outside the body.

Consequ

ently it b

ecom

es impossibl

etocontrol the camera behavior, including

the on/off power functions and effectiveilluminations inside the intestine. The

first drawback is overcomed usinganother product manufactured with the

help of nanotechnology which is therice- grain sized motor. This miniature

motor, when attached to the pill cameragives it a propelling action inside the

body, which makes it easy for the pill tofind its way through the digestive

system. Also the grain-sized motor hasan application of its own too. It can be

employed to rupture and break painfulkidney stones inside the body. The other

two drawbacks can be overcome using abidirectional wireless telemetry camera.

Thecurrent paper presents the design ofa bidirectional wireless telemetry

camera, 11mm in diameter, which cantransmit video images from inside the

human body and receive the controlsignals from an external control unit. It

includes transmitting antenna andreceiving antenna, a demodulator, a

decoder, four LEDs, a CMOS imagesensor, along with their driving circuits.

The receiver demodulates the receivedsignal that is radiated from theexternal

control unit. Next, the decoder receivesthis serial stream and interprets the five

of the binary digits as address code. Theremaining signal is interpreted as binary

data. As a result proposed telemetry

model

can

demodulat

ethe

ex

ternalsignals to control the behavior of the

camera and 4 LEDs during the

transmission of video image. The CMOSimage sensor is a single chip 1/3 inch

format video camera, OV7910, this canprovide high level functionality with in

small print footage. The image sensorsupports an NTSC-type analog color

video and can directly interface withVCR TV monitor. Also image sensor

has v

ery low pow

erconsumptio

nas itrequires only 5 volt dc supply.

APPLICATIONS OF

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN OTHER

FIELDS Nanotechnology may have its biggest

impact on the medical industry. Patientswill drink fluids containing nanorobots

programmed to attack and reconstructthe molecular structure of cancer cells

and viruses to make them harmless. Nanorobots could also be programmed

to perform delicate surgeries --suchnanosurgeons could work at a level a

thousand times more precise than thesharpest scalpel. By working on such a

small scale, a nanorobot could operatewithout leaving scars that conventional

surgery does. Additionally, nanorobots could change

your physical appearance. They could beprogrammed to perform cosmetic

surgery, rearranging your atoms tochange yourears, nose, eyecolor or any

other physical feature you wish to alter. There's even speculation that

nanorobots could slow or reverse theaging process, and lifeexpectancy could

increase significantly.

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In thecomputer industry, the ability toshrink the size of transistors on silicon

microprocessors will soon reach itslimits. Nanotechnology will beneeded to

create a new generation of computercompo

nents. Mol

ecular

comput

ers

could

contain storage devices capable ofstoring trillions of bytes of information

in a structure the size of a sugarcube. Nanotechnology has the potential to

have a positive effect on theenvironment. For instance, airborne

nanorobots could be programmed torebuild the thinning ozone layer.

Contaminants could be automaticallyremoved from water sources, and oil

spillscould b

ecleane

d up insta

ntly. A

ndifnanotechnology is, in fact, realized, it

might be the human race's greatestscientific achievement yet, completely

changing every aspect of the way welive.

CONCLUSION:Though nanotechnology has not

evolved to its full capacity yet the first

rung of products have already made animpact on the market. In thenear future

most of the

con

ven

tional ma

nufa

cturi

ngprocesses will be replaced with a

cheaper and better manufacturingprocess nanotechnology. Scientists

predict that this is not allnanotechnology is capable of. They even

foresee that in the decades to come, with

the

he

lp ofnanotechn

ology one

canmake hearts, lungs, livers and kidneys,

just by providing coal, water and some

impurities and even prevent the agingeffect. Nanotechnologyhas the power to

revolutionize the world of production,but it is sure to increase unemployment.

Nanotechnology can be used tomake miniatureexplosives, which would

createhavoc inhuman lives. Every newtechnology that comes opens new doors

andhorizo

ns but

clos

es som

e.The

sameis true withnanotechnology too.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:1.Electronics for you, journal

2.Web Sites:a.www.sciencedaily.comb.www.zyvex.com.c.www.nanotech.gov

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