5.1 Early American Culture

OBJECTIVE:

•Learn about the causes and effects of the Great Awakening

•Learn about the Enlightenment

•Understand the impact of the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment on the American Revolution

1. The ______ Rebellion in 1739, though unsuccessful, terrified many Southerners.

2. The _____ _______ was a a religious revival that lasted throughout the 1730’s and 1740’s.

3 B_____ ________ was famous for his participation in the scientific spirit of the

E_____________.

5. J_______ _______ was a minister who sought to revive the intensity of the original Puritan vision in the early 1700’s.

The Great Awakening

CAUSE:Concern that Puritans were loosing connection to their religious roots and not attending church.

EFFECTS:•Brought many people into church for 1st time, including African Americans and Native Americans•Challenged authority of state-run churches. •Founded Princeton and Brown Universities•20,000 to 50,000 converts

Jonathan Edwards

The most important American preacher during the Great Awakening.

…Edwards was more than an effective evangelical preacher, however. He was the principal intellectual interpreter of, and apologist for, the Awakening.

…Edwards was a world-class theologian, writing some of the most original and important treatises ever produced by an American. He died of smallpox in 1758, shortly after becoming president of Princeton.

SOURCE: Library of Congress

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (EXCERPT)Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) Enfield, Connecticut - July 8, 1741

The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked: his wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire; he is of purer eyes than to bear to have you in his sight; you are ten thousand times more abominable in his eyes, than the most hateful venomous serpent is in ours. You have offended him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel did his prince; and yet it is nothing but his hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment. It is to be ascribed to nothing else, that you did not go to hell the last night; that you was suffered to awake again in this world, after you closed your eyes to sleep. And there is no other reason to be given, why you have not dropped into hell since you arose in the morning, but that God's hand has held you up. There is no other reason to be given why you have not gone to hell, since you have sat here in the house of God, provoking his pure eyes by your sinful wicked manner of attending his solemn worship. Yea, there is nothing else that is to be given as a reason why you do not this very moment drop down into hell.

O sinner! Consider the fearful danger you are in: it is a great furnace of wrath, a wide and bottomless pit, full of the fire of wrath, that you are held over in the hand of that God, whose wrath is provoked and incensed as much against you, as against many of the damned in hell. You hang by a slender thread, with the flames of divine wrath flashing about it, and ready every moment to singe it, and burn it asunder; and you have no interest in any Mediator, and nothing to lay hold of to save yourself, nothing to keep off the flames of wrath, nothing of your own, nothing that you ever have done, nothing that you can do, to induce God to spare you one moment.

George Whitefield

“In 1738 he made the first of seven visits to the America, where he gained such popular stature that he was compared to George Washington. Whitefield's preaching tour of the colonies, from 1739 to 1741, was the high-water mark of the Great Awakening there. A sermon in Boston attracted as many as 30,000 people. Whitefield's success has been attributed to his resonant voice, theatrical presentation, emotional stimulation, message simplification and clever exploitation of emerging advertising techniques. Some have compared him to modern televangelists.”SOURCE: Library of Congress

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-overview.html

Benjamin Franklin

“Born in Boston on January 17, 1706, young Franklin struck out on his own in 1723, eventually finding employment as a journeyman printer in Philadelphia. Franklin's newspaper The Pennsylvania Gazette, his Poor Richard's Almanack, and work as an inventor and scientist propelled him to the front ranks of Philadelphia society and made him a well-known figure throughout the American provinces and England.”

Franklin as Scientist and Inventor

• Bifocals• Franklin

Stove• Experiments

in electricity• Mapping the

Gulf Stream• Franklin’s

Armonica

John LockeTheories of Natural Rights

• People have natural right to:

LIFE

LIBERTY

PROPERTY

• Government must PROTECT these rights. If it fails, then people have the RIGHT to change their government.

• Denied the divine right of kings.

Why did the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment

lead people to question British authority?

5.2 Roots of Representative Rule

OBJECTIVE:

•Learn about the reasons for increasing Colonial Resentment towards British rule

Colonial Government prior to the American Revolution

England

Colonies

Raw Materials

Finished Products

Currency

Mercantilist Controls on Trade

1. Navigation Laws, 1650 = only English ships may trade with the colonies

2. Trade with Europe must first pass through England

3. Certain products could only be made in England

4. Currency was restricted – produced primarily in England

5. “Royal Veto” used against colonial assemblies

6. Royal Governor, ESPECIALLY Sir Edmund Andros

Salutary Neglect

• Stricter regulations on trade not enforced

AS LONG AS trade imbalance continued

• Colonies controlled by Royal Governors

BUT local assemblies used “power of the purse”

INTENTION/CAUSE

ECONOMICCONTROL OF

COLONIES

UNINTENDED EFFECT

UNIFY THE COLONIES

John Peter ZENGER, p.145

• 1734-1735

• Criticized corruption of royal governor of NY

• Charged with “seditious libel”

• Defended by Andrew Hamilton

• Truth established as defense against libel

• Bolstered freedom of the press

• Found Not Guilty by jury

The burning of Zenger's New York Weekly Journal (Bettman Archive)

Monday, November, 1733: It is indeed urged that the liberty of the press ought to be restrained

because not only the actions of evil ministers may be exposed, but the character of good ones traduced.  …But when did calumnies and lies ever destroy the character of one good minister?  Their benign influences are known, tasted, and felt by everybody: Or if their characters have been clouded for a time, yet they have generally shined forth in greater luster: Truth will always prevail over falsehood.

The facts exposed are not to be believed because said or published; but it draws people's attention, directs their view, and fixes the eye in a proper position that everyone may judge for himself whether those facts are true or not.  People will recollect, enquire and search, before they condemn; and therefore very few good ministers can be hurt by falsehood, but many wicked ones by seasonable truth: But however the mischief that a few may possibly, but improbably, suffer by the freedom of the press is not to be put in competition with the danger which the KING and the people may suffer by a shameful, cowardly silence under the tyranny of an insolent, rapacious, infamous minister.

5.3 French & Indian War

OBJECTIVE:

•Learn about the causes and effects of the French and Indian War

•Understand how the war was a cause of the American Revolution

Map: European Claims in North America

European Claims in North AmericaThe dramatic results of the British victory in the Seven Years (French and Indian) War are vividly demonstrated in these maps, which depict the abandonment of French claims to the mainland after the Treaty of Paris in 1763.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Competition for Fur Trade

Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers Through the Cumberland Gap by George Caleb BinghamBingham's is the best known of the many prints and paintings depicting this singular moment in colonial westward expansion. (Washington University Art Gallery)

Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers Through the Cumberland Gap by George Caleb Bingham

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

http://www2.uiuc.edu/unit/armyrotc/program/mils123/necessity/fort.bmp

Fort Necessity, May 1754 (reconstruction)

htt

p:/

/ww

w.r

ep

ub

liqu

elib

re.o

rg/c

ou

stu

re/im

ag

es6

/PO

NT

IAC

1.J

PG

http://www.hsp.org/files/fortduquesnewatercolor.jpg

Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh)

htt

p:/

/ww

w.b

ritis

hb

att

les.

com

/ima

ge

s/b

rad

do

ck/b

rad

do

ck-m

ap

-l.jp

g

http://reenacting.net/images/graphics/braddock2.jpg

http://www.britishbattles.com/images/braddock/george-washington-l.jpgBRADDOCK ROAD

Braddock’s Defeat

• 1755 Gen. Braddock, 2,000 men march on Fort Duquesne

• Mix of colonial militia and Regulars

• Braddock’s slow moving forces decimated by French and Indian forces, flanking

• Frontier goes up in flames, Indian raiding parties move uncontested

• Britian’s invasion of Canada, 1756, fails

http://www.britishbattles.com/images/braddock/braddock-no-1-map.jpg

William Pitt takes Charge

• 1757, Pitt becomes leader in Parliament• 1758, Pitt organizes attacks on French forts• 1758 Fort Duquesne falls, renamed Pittsburgh• Pitt puts his best general, James Wolfe,

in charge of taking Quebec• 1759 Quebec falls; Generals Wolfe and Montcalm

killed• Battle for Quebec is one of most significant

engagements in British and American history• Montreal falls 1760

Fall of Quebec, 1759Battle on the Plains of Abraham

http://www.uppercanadahistory.ca/wm/wm8.html

http://www.britishbattles.com/battle-of-quebec.htm

Painting by Benjamin West called The Death of General Wolfe, 1770. The scene depicts the death of Gen. James Wolfe at the battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759. Read more: http://www.nationalpost.com/life/travel/Researchers+close+unearthing+Plains+Abraham+mass+graves/3259314/story.html#ixzz111qufuJF

Peace?Line of Demarcation 1763

• France thrown off continent entirely• Spain given possession of New Orleans and

trans-Mississippi Louisiana• Great Britain dominant in North America and at

sea• Friction growing b/w Britain and Colonials• Pontiac’s Uprising – Increasing tension with N.

Americans• Cost of War leads to increasing friction with

Britain

Pontiac’s Uprising

http

://e

n.w

ikip

edia

.org

/wik

i/Im

age

:Pon

tiac%

27s_

war

.png

Map: European Settlements and Indians, 1754

http://ww

w.sbg.ac.at/g

es/people/w

agnleitner/usa1/slide/early_settlem

ents_1750.jpg

European Settlements

and Indian tribes

1750

Colonies and Britain Grow Apart

• Line of Demarcation inhibits movement west!!!

This angers Colonials greatly.

• 10,000 British troops stationed in colony

• Quartering of troops angers colonists

• Cost of troops in Colonies heavy burden for Great Britain

• Seeds of Rebellion

Wash. defeated

FL now British

Braddock defeated

Ft. Duquesne fallsQuebec falls

CONFLICT IN THEOHIO

VALLEY

PEACE?1763France leaves Am.

Montreal falls

Pitt takes charge