50 years of Space Exploration

G. Tancredi

Depto. Astronomía - Fac. Ciencias

Montevideo - Uruguay

Classification of space missions

Spacecraft or space probe• Fly-by• Rendezvous• Orbiter• Atmospheric probe• Atmospheric ballon• Lander• Surface penetrator• Surface vehicle - rover

Scientific InstrumentsDetection:

– Direct – the instruments interact with the target

– Remote:• Passive – receives the radiation• Active – Emits and receives the reflected radiation

Direct Detectors:– High-energy particles– Charged particles of low energy– Plasma detectors– Dust detectors– Magnetometers– Mass spectrometers– Sample collectors

Remote Detectors– Passive:

• Radio• Imaging (CCD)• Polarimeters• Photometers• Spectrographs• Infrared Radiometers

– Active: • Radares of sytnthetic aperture• Altimeters

Navigation Systems

Determination of: radial distance, radial velocity, angular direction, velocity in the sky-plane

Techniques based on tracking data:• Estimate of the Velocity from doppler-shift of the

downlink signal• Estimate of Distance from time delay between up and

downlink signal• Estimate of the angular direction from a pair of antennas

of the Deep Space Network (DSN)

Autonomous techniques• Reference stars• Using the target as reference

The first steps in the space• ’57 - Sputnik 1 (URSS) – First artificial satellite

• ’58 - Explorer III (USA) – Discovery of the Van Allen belts

• ’59 - Luna 1 (URSS) – Discovery of the solar wind

• ’59 - Luna 2 (URSS) – Impact on lunar surface

• ’59 - Luna 3 (URSS) – Fly-by of the dark side of the Moon

• ’61 - Venera 1 (URSS) – Fly-by of Venus

• ’62 - Mariner 2 (USA) – Approach to 350.000 km to Venus. Estimate of T=425°C

• ’65 - Mariner 4 (USA) – Fly-by of Mars

• ’66 - Luna 9 (URSS) – Landing on the lunar surface and first close by photos

• ’67 - Venera 4 (URSS) – Entrance to the Venus atmosphere, sampling of the extreme conditions of pressure and temperature

• ’67 - Surveyor 6 (USA) – Landing and take off from the Moon

• ’68 - Apolo 8 (USA) – Manned fly-by to the Moon

• ’69 - Apolo 11 (USA) – Manned landing to the Moon - 6 later landing until ’72

• ’71 - Luna 17 (URSS) – Landing with robotic rovers (Lunokhod)

• ’71 - Mars 3 (URSS) – Landing on Mars

• ’71 - Mariner 9 (USA) - Images of Phobos and Deimos, Mars’ orbiter, detection of a martian storm

• ’73 - Pioneer 10 & ’74 Pioneer 11 (USA) – Fly-by to Jupiter. In ’79 fly-by to Saturn (Pioneer 11)

• ’74 - Mariner 10 (USA) – Several fly-byes to Mercury

• ’75 - Venera 9 (URSS) – Landing on Venus

• ’76 - Viking 1 y 2 (USA) – Landing on Marts - Experiments searching for life. The mission was trasmitting data until ’82

• ’79 - Voyager 1 y 2 (USA) – Fly-by to Jupiter

– ’80-’81 - Fly-by to Saturn

– ’86 - Fly-by to Uranus

– ’89 - Fly-by to Neptune

Triton

Geyser

Where are the Pioneers and the Voyagers now?

July 2007Pioneer 10 - 94 AU (*)

Pioneer 11 – 74 AU (*)

Voyager 1 - 103 AUVoyager 2 - 83 AU

(*) Does not function

Present position

Voyager 1 reachs the “termination shock”

The retreat during the ’80s

• ’86 - Giotto (ESA), Vega 1 & 2 (URSS), Sakigake y Suisei (Japan) Fly-by to Comet Halley (Giotto)

(500 km)

• ’88 - Phobos 1 & 2 (URSS) – Sent to land in fly-by and land in Phobos, but they failed.

A few missions during ’80s Japanese and European entering into the game

Reconquering the space in the ’90s• Magellan (USA) – Venus orbiter (’89-’94)• Ulysses (USA-ESA) – Polar orbiter around the Sun (’90 - ...) • Yohkoh (Japan - USA) – Solar flares (’91)• Clementine (USA) – Lunar orbiter (’94)• Failures: Mars Observer (USA) & Mars 96 (Russia)• Galileo (USA-ESA) – Jupiter orbiter and atmospheric probe

’95 - ’03• SOHO (ESA-USA) – Solar oscillations, corona and solar wind

(’96 - ...)• NEAR (USA) – Orbiter around asteroid 433 Eros (’99 - ’01)• Mars Pathfinder (USA) – Mars lander and Rover (’97)• Mars Global Surveyor (USA) – Mars orbiter (’98 - ...)• Lunar Prospector – Polar lunar orbiter (’98)

Sun

Yohkoh (’91) JapanThe changing sun

Ulysses (’92 - ...) NASA

Soho (’96 - ...) ESA/NASA

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)

Sungrazing comets over 1300 comets discovered since ‘96

Genesis (‘01 - ‘04) NASA

Genesis in the Lagrangian point L1

Recovery of particles from the solar wind

Cluster II (’00 - ...) ESA/NASA

Double Star (China, 03-…)

Mercurio

Caloris basincrater with a diameter over

1300 km

Region of chaotic terrain in the antipodes of Caloris Basin

Mercury

Beppi Colombo (’13) ESA

Venus - Magellan (’90-’94) NASA

Gula Mons (vulcano 3 km height) and Sif Mons (vulcano 2km height)

Sapas MonsVulcano of 400 km in diameter and 1.5 km height

Crater Addams - 90 km. diameterLava flodd extends over 600 km from the crater rim

Field with several lava floods

Crater Danilova49 km diameterwith central peakImpact crater

Venus Express (’06) ESA

Venus Climate Orbiter – Planet C(’10) JAXA

Luna - Clementine (’94) NASA

Albedo maps

Map of the Southern Lunar Pole

Ice in the in the bottom of a permanently shadowed crater close to the southern pole of the Moon?

Lunar Prospector (’98- ’99) NASAcontrolled crash into the Moon

SMART 1 (’03-’06) ESA

Ionengine

Japanese mission to the MoonSELENE – KAGUYA (’07)Main Orbiter and two small satellites (Relay Satellite and VRAD Satellite)

China Lunar Orbiter (’07)

CHANDRAYAAN 1India (’08)

Mars: Main target of the spapce missions in the last and next decades

Mars Pathfinder (’97) NASA

Mars Global Surveyor (’98 - ...) NASA

Topographic Map of Mars

Mars Poles (altimeter info)

Ocean in the Northern Pole

Improving the resolutionThe face in Mars

Fly-by to Valles Marineris

Recent water

Mars Odyssey Surveyor (’01 -….) NASA

Mars Express (’03-…) ESA

Beagle lander (fail)

Mars Rovers (’04) NASA Spirit & Opportunity

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (‘04, ‘06-…)

MRO Mars orbit insertion (10/3/06) and atmospheric aerobraking

Júpiter - Galileo (’89, ’95 – ‘03) NASA

Io

Active Vulcanos very hoy

Lava of magnesium rich sillicates

Loki PateraDark spot is a liquid sulfur lake

Lava flows of hundred kms and hot spots (vulcanos or lava lakes)

Sodium clouds sourrinding IoThe bright spot to the right is light scattered from the ejecta of Prometeus vulcano

Salty ocean under the surface of Europa

Moving Icebergs

Crunched ice on the surface of Europa

Ice plates of several ten kms colliding with each other

Ganimedes(the largest satellite in the Solar System)Detectedmagnetosphere

Magnetic field in Ganimedescaused by tide friction that heats

the nucleus and melt it

Improvement inthe image resolution between Voyager (1.3km) and Galileo (74m)

Terrain overlapping due to movement of tectonic plates.We observe faults and fractures that deform the terrains.In the lower part is an older terrain, the cental and higher part of th image there are younger terrains.

Callisto

Crater chains produced by the impact of a splitted prjectile

¿Ocean under the surface of Callisto?

Weak magnetic field possibly produced by

currents generated in the interaction between the

Jovian magnetic field and a salty ocean

Small satellites

Jovian rings

Clouds at different heights and densities

Atmospheric probe

JIMO: Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter

(cancelled) NASA

Submarines in Europa

Saturn - Cassini - Huygens (’97, ’04 -...) NASA/ESA

Huygens probe to Titan

27/11/04 ESA

Titan

Images of Titan surface

Big storms in Saturn atmosphere

Detail structure of saturnian rings

Phoebe: a capturaded satellite

Dione: terrains with tectonics fractures

AsteroidsGaspra (Galileo - ’91)

Ida y Dactyl (Galileo - ’93)

Mathilde (NEAR) NASA

Eros (NEAR - ’00) NASA

Very fast fly-byes

Asteroid Braille (DS1)

Asteroid 5535 Annefrank(Stardust)

MUSES – C / Hayabusa (EAGLE) JAXA

Asteroid Itokawa (25413 - 1998SF36)

Possible landing places

Dawn (‘07) to Vesta (‘11) & Ceres (‘15)

Comets

Deep Space 1 - 19P/Borrelly - NASA

Stardust (’99, ’04 - ’06) - NASA

Aerogel

Collected particles

Tamaño: 2 μm

Deep Impact9P/Tempel 1

NASA

Images of the impact

Rosetta (’04, ’14 - ’15) ESA67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Rosetta lander

The dwarf planetPluto

Pluto-Kuiper Mission - New Horizon - NASA

(’06,’15,’26,…)

Spitzer IR (’03)Next Generation HSTJames Webb (’13)

Space Telescopes - NASA

Terrestrial Planet Finder

Coronograph (’14)Formation-fly IR interferometer (’20)

Space Telescopes ESA - I

COROT ‘06COnvection ROtation and planetary Transits

Herschel ‘08(Far Infrared and Sub-millimetre Telescope)

Space Telescopes – ESA II

Gaia (’11)

Japanese Space Telescope - JAXA

AKARI- IRIS - Infrared Imaging Satellite (22/2/06)

NASA missionshttp://www.nasa.gov/missions/highlights/index.html

JPL: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/

ESA: http://sci.esa.int/

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency - JAXAhttp://www.jaxa.jp/

Upcoming Planetary Events and Missionshttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/upcoming.html

Space.com: http://www.space.comSondas espaciales: http://www.sondasespaciales.com/

Upcoming Planetary Events and Missions

Upcoming Planetary Launches and Events

2007 August 3 - Phoenix Scout Mission - Launch of Mars Lander2007 August 16 - SELENE - Launch of ISAS Orbiter Mission to the Moon2007 September - Dawn - Launch of NASA mission to asteroids Ceres and Vesta2007 September - Chandrayaan 1 - Launch of ISRO (India) Lunar Orbiter2007 September - Chang'e 1 - Launch of Chinese Lunar Orbiter

2008 January 15 - MESSENGER - First flyby of Mercury2008 September 5 - Rosetta - ESA mission flies by Asteroid 2867 Steins2008 October 6 - MESSENGER - Second flyby of Mercury2008 October - Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter - Launch of Moon Orbiter2008 - Kepler - Launch of NASA Extrasolar Terrestrial Planet Detection Mission

2009 September 30 - MESSENGER - Third flyby of Mercury2009 - Mars Scientific Laboratory - Launch of Mars Rover

2010 June - Hayabusa - Return of ISAS Sample Return Mission from Asteroid Itokawa to Earth2010 July 10 - Rosetta - ESA mission flies by Asteroid 21 Lutetia2010 - Planet-C - Launch of ISAS Venus Orbiter

2011 March 18 - MESSENGER - Goes into orbit around Mercury2011 - Mars Scout Mission - Launch of NASA Scout mission to Mars

2012 June 6 - Transit of Venus - Venus Crosses the Sun's Disk2012 September - BepiColombo - Launch of ESA and ISAS Orbiter and Lander Missions to Mercury

2014 May-November - Rosetta - ESA mission reaches Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko2014 November - Philae - ESA Rosetta Lander touches down on Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko2014 - Mars Sample Return Mission - Launch of NASA sample return mission to Mars

2015 July - New Horizons - NASA mission reaches Pluto and Charon

2231 April 5 - Pluto - is passed by Neptune in distance from the Sun for the next 20 years

4,000,000 - Pioneer 11 - NASA flyby of star Lambda Aquila