50 year old air conditioning systems in USA

CIBSE ASHRAE Group 15 February 2012

50 year old air conditioning systems in USA(How they are kept operating and energy efficient)

David Arnold

Partner, Troup Bywaters + Anders (D.Arnold@TBandA@com)

Royal Academy Visiting ProfessorFaculty of Engineering, Science and Built EnvironmentLondon South Bank University ([email protected])

Chicago Architecture and Art Showcase



Trump International Hotel and Tower Fisher Building

50 year old air conditioning systems in USA

Inland SteelRichard J Daley

John Hancock

Building Comparison

Building Inland Steel Richard J Daley John Hancock

Completed 1958 1965 1970

Floors / Height 19 / 101m (332ft) 31 / 203m (667'-5") 100 / 334m (1,127ft)

Gross Floor Area 28,780m² 136,220m² 232,542m²

Thermal Tinted Single/Double? Full height glass Tinted Single Single Ground to 41

Double 43 to 97

Air conditioningDual Duct

High Velocity Floor outlet

Perimeter Induction (Changeover)

CAV Reheat Interior

Perimeter Induction (Changeover)

CAV Reheat Interior

Fuel Gas Heavy Oil / Gas Electric

Boiler Power 10.3 MW 29MW 19.3MW

Frig Power 3.3MW 29MW 24MW

The Inland Steel Building - 1958


Interior Photo c1960


Steam Boiler (1957)

Fans and Pneumatic Controls (1957)

The Richard J Daley Center1966

John Hancock Center 1970

Energy Saving Measures

Energy Measure Inland Steel Richard J Daley John Hancock

Digital Controls ✓ ✓ ✓

Inverter Drives ✓ ✓ ✓

CAV to VAV ✓ ✓ ✓

Thermal Performance Retrofit Glazing / Windows

Air conditioning High VelocityVAV

P. Induction DayConvectors Night

VAV InteriorEnergy Star Rating

Fuel Gas

Boiler Operate Single Boiler

Frig District CoolingNew Leased Chillers 29MW Retained R114

Energy Saving Measures – Hancock

• Digital Controls• Inverter Drives• CAV reheat to VAV no reheat• Replace / Retrofit R114 Chillers with HFC

Inland Steel Building Transformation Project (2008)

• To transform the 52-year-old Inland Steel Building into a LEED Platinum project,

• SOM’s master plan had a comprehensive list of environmental strategies. The plans included:– Double Glazed External Walls– Heat Recovery– Chilled Beams– Fuel Cell on site generator

• http://www.metropolismag.com/story/20100616/blue-sky-thinking

Inland Steel Building Transformation Project (2008 Conference Paper)

• The Inland Steel Building is being rehabilitated and repositioned as an office building to compete in the 2008 marketplace.

• Project seeks 20% federal historic rehabilitation tax credits, thereby requiring compliance with Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation.

• As a Chicago Landmark, changes to exterior and lobby are subject to review and approval by the Commission on Chicago Landmarks.

• A challenge of rehabilitating the Inland Steel Building for the current market is to preserve significant modern interior features while accommodating the needs of a variety of tenants.

Inland Steel Building Transformation Project (2008)

• SOM matched the building’s original innovations in today’s terms—sustainability, flexibility, ease of use—and demonstrated the outer limits for LEED in a 52-year-old shell.

• Inland Steel has become a case study in what you can do to green a mid-century building, as well as what you can’t, economically and legally.

• National Landmark (1998)

• After the economy soured in 2008, Capital began to scale back its goals for Inland Steel……………………

Inland Steel Building Energy Saving Measures (2012)

• Replacement of Pneumatic Controls• Dual duct system conversion to VAV• Retrofitting vacant floors• Dual duct boxes replaced progressively• Disconnection from District Cooling• New 425 TonR Chiller (Leased)

The Richard J Daley Center –Energy Saving Measures

• Digital Controls• Inverter Drives• CAV reheat to VAV no reheat• Minimise Plant Use

– Cooling Towers– Boilers– Chillers

• Energy Star / LEED Measures• Fuel Bill Halved (Electricity 266 W/m² in 1997 to 151 W/m² in 2011)

Energy Star Measures

• Induction System Modification• Boiler/Cooling System Modification• Lighting Modification• Water Conservation Measures• Next Generation Improvements

http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=labeled_buildings.locatorhttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=labeled_buildings.showProfile&SEARCH_OWNER_ID=&S_CODE=IL&PROFILES=0&YEAR=&BUILDING_TYPE_ID=720&SEARCH_SPP_ID=&CITY=chicago&STARTNUM=1&ZIP=&SEARCH_PROP_MANAGER_ID=&FILTER_B_ID=&profile_id=1009467

Energy Saving Results

Richard Daley Center Electricity Use

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1997

19

98

1999

20

00

2001

20

02

2003

20

04

2005

20

06

2007

20

08

2009

20

10

2011

Year

kWh/

m2

Chicago - Green Roofs and Heat Islands




New v. Old• The Chicago Center for Green Technology (2003)

– LEED Platinum– Mixed Mode– Ground source heat pumps– http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/mixedmode/ccgt.html

• Art Institute Chicago – Extension (2009)– Architect – Renzo Piano– Building Services – Arup London

• LEED Silver

Art Institute Chicago – Modern Wing (2009)

Art Institute Chicago – Modern Wing (2009)LEED Silver

•Variable air volume system fan energy saving 40%•Carbon dioxide sensors 12% energy saving•An air-side economizer 4% saving.•A water-side economizer to provide “free cooling” 1% saving •High thermal performance glazing •A double-layer exterior envelope of transparent, glazed walls•A daylight-linked interior lighting system

Summary How does the USA manage energy use in its stock of old air

conditioned buildings?

• 18% of Energy is used in commercial buildings;

• IEA rate of replacement of old buildings is 1%;

• Old buildings will represent 60% to 75% of the building stock in 2050;

• Innovation to save energy in existing buildings essential;

• Techniques in these buildings show how it can be done;

• LEED/BREEAM/Energy Star demonstrate success

• Further innovation necessary to meet Carbon Emission Reduction Target

Thank You

• Brendan and Alison Capital Properties (Inland Steel)• Dan Romeo/Orestes Ruffin (Richard J Daley)• Tom Caulfield (John Hancock)• Julian De Bullet – ASHRAE DL and Fafco• Mikal Ahmed Arup – Chicago Art Institute Extension

David ArnoldPartner, Troup Bywaters + Anders (D.Arnold@TBandA@com)

Royal Academy Visiting ProfessorFaculty of Engineering, Science and Built EnvironmentLondon South Bank University ([email protected])

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50 year old air conditioning systems in USA