50 Proofs for the Bible

50ProofsfortheBibleOldTestament

ThishandyeBook:

Givesaclearoverviewof50archaeologicalfindsthatbackupthereliabilityoftheBible.ItalsogivesinsightintothebackgroundsandculturesoftheBible.ExamineskeyarchaeologicalfindsthathelpconfirmtheBible’saccuracy,includingtheHouseofDavidinscription(Daninscription),whichwasthefirstreferencetoKingDavidfoundoutsidetheBible.Featureseasy-to-understanddescriptionsofeachoftheproofswithaccuratefull-colorpicturesandphotographs.

CONTENTS

SummaryArchaelogicalFinds1–10ArchaelogicalFinds11–20ArchaelogicalFinds21–30ArchaelogicalFinds31–40ArchaelogicalFinds41–50Details

ArchaeologicalFind

1.TheSumerianKingList,OneofHistory’sFirstMentionsofaGreatFloodTheSumeriansestablishedthefirstcivilizationinthebiblicalworld.SeveralclaytabletsandprismscontainingthelistoftheirkingshavebeenfoundintheruinsofMesopotamia.

DescriptionoftheFind

SurvivingcopiesoftheSumeriankinglistdatetoc.2100BC.Whatisstrikingaboutthelististhatthekingsaredividedintotwogroups—thosewhoruledbeforeagreatfloodandthosewhoruledafterit.Equallystrikingisthatthelengthsofreigns(andlifespans)ofthesekingsdrasticallydecreasedaftertheflood,asdidlifespansofpeoplerecordedintheBible.

ImportanceoftheFind

Thekinglistsays,“Afterthefloodhadsweptovertheearthandwhenkingshipwasloweredagainfromheaven...”Mentionofaflood,hardlynecessaryinalistofkings,isanargumentforthebiblicalflooddescribedinGenesis7-8.

Book(s)oftheBible

Genesis

ArchaeologicalFind

2.AnAncientFloodStoryAccountsofamassivefloodarefoundinmanyculturesaroundtheworld.TheGilgameshEpic(thesagaofanancientBabylonianking,Gilgamesh)includesanexpandedfloodstoryonTablet11,similartothefloodstoryinGenesis6-9.ThebestknowncopyoftheEpicwasfoundatNinevehonaseriesofbakedclaytablets.


Tablet11oftheGilgameshEpictellsofagreatfloodbroughtonearthbythewrathofgodsandincludesaherowhoistoldtobuildaship,totakeeverykindofanimalalong,andtousebirdstocheckifthewaterhadreceded.

Fragment(6incheshigh)ofacopyoftheBabylonianepicofGilgameshdatingfromthe7thcenturyBC,foundatNineveh.ArvelWitte

ImportanceoftheFind

CopiesoftheEpicandotherfloodstorieshavebeenfoundintheNearEast.ThepopularityofthefloodthemearguesforitshistoricityandsupportsthefloodofNoah’stime.

Book(s)oftheBible

Genesis

ArchaeologicalFind

3.Ur,HometownofAbrahamUrismentionedfourtimesintheBibleasthehometownofAbraham.Itwas

occupiedfromthe4thmillenniumBC.ExcavationsofUr(inIraqtoday)havecontinuedoffandonsincethe1800s.


ThefamousRoyalTombsatUr(c.2500BC)revealgoldandsilverobjectsofgreatbeauty.

Partofthe“StandardofUr,”fromthosetombs,madebeforeAbraham,showSumerianpeople.CarolWitte

ImportanceoftheFind

FindsshowthatAbraham’sancestralhomehadbeenapowerfulcity-statebeforeitfell.IfUr’sdeclineandfallcameduringAbraham’stime,perhapsarchaeologyhasprovidedanotherclueastowhyAbraham’sfatherrelocatedhisfamilytoHaran.Genesis11:31;15:7;Nehemiah9:7;Acts7:2-4.

Book(s)oftheBible

Genesis,Nehem.

ArchaeologicalFind

4.BeniHasanTombPaintingThisancientEgyptiantombpainting,datingclosetothetimeofAbraham,showsacaravanofpeoplefromPalestinecarryingmerchandisefortradeinEgypt.Theycarriedeyepainttosellandarmedthemselveswithbowsandspears.


PartoftheBeniHasantombpaintingshowsSemiticpeoplefromCanaan.

ImportanceoftheFind

Datingtoaround1900BC,thistombpainting,withwordsandpicturesonit,showshowOldTestamentpeoplefromthetimeofAbrahamandSarahlooked,howtheydressed,theirhairstyles,andevenamusicalinstrumentoftheday(lyre).Theweaponstheyused(spear,bowandarrow,ax,sword)depictsomeofthearmamentsavailabletoAbraham(Genesis14).

Book(s)oftheBible

Genesis

ArchaeologicalFind

5.TheLawCodeofHammurapiThisblackdioritestele(acarveduprightstoneslab)wascommissionedaround1750BCbyHammurapi(Hammurabi),kingofBabylon.Itcontainsabout300laws.Thestelewasfound,partiallydefaced,atSusa(inIrantoday)whereitwastakenaslootinthe12thcenturyBC.


OntopoftheCodeofHammurapi,thekingisshowninfrontofaseateddeity,Marduk.Theking’slawsarewrittenontheremainderofthesteleforpublicdisplay.Thesteleisoversevenfeettall.

ImportanceoftheFind

Someofthelaws,andthewaytheyarewritten,areremarkablysimilartothosefoundinExodus,Leviticus,andDeuteronomy,indicatingthata“commonlaw”existedintheancientNearEast.

Forexample,lextalionis(“aneyeforaneye”)isfoundinboththelawcodeofHammurapiandinExodus21:24.UnlikeHammurapi’slaw,thebiblicallawisbetweenGodandHispeople.

Book(s)oftheBible

Exodus,Leviticus,Deut.

ArchaeologicalFind

6.Boghazkoy,HittiteCapitol

6.Boghazkoy,HittiteCapitolTheancientHittites’largecapitolcityhasbeendiscoveredabout90mileseastofAnkara,Turkey.TheHittite’sruleextendedtoSyriaandLebanon.

WarriorgodfromKing’sGate.


HittiteartifactsshownattheMuseumofAnatolianCivilizationsatAnkara,Turkey.ArvelWitte

Excavationsuncoveredfortifiedgateways,temples,andalargearchive.Thecityfellaround1200BC.ArvelWitte

ImportanceoftheFind

AlthoughHittitesarementionedoftenintheOldTestament,almostnothingwasknownaboutthemuntilmoderntimes.Onehundredyearsago,criticsthoughttheHittiteswereanimaginarypeoplemadeupbythebiblicalauthors.FindingtheHittite’sempireforcedthatclaimtobewithdrawnandsupportedthebiblicalrecord.Thefindalsohelpsexplainthelanguage,historyandliteratureofpeoplewhoappearintheOldTestamentandruledinthe2ndmillenniumBC.

Book(s)oftheBible

Genesis

ArchaeologicalFind

7.NuziTabletsExcavationsattheancientcityofNuzieastoftheTigrisRiverturnedupover20,000bakedclaytablets.


Datingbetween1500-1401BC,manyofthesetablets,withcuneiformwritingonthem,revealcustomsandstoriesverysimilartothosefoundinGenesis15-31,suchasmarriage,adoptinganheir,surrogatemothers,andinheritance.

ImportanceoftheFind

BecauseculturechangedveryslowlyintheancientNearEast,thetabletshelpexplainsomeofthecommonpracticesandbackgroundwhicharefoundinearlierbiblicaleventsofthepatriarchalperiod(2000-1500BC).

Book(s)oftheBible

Genesis

ArchaeologicalFind

8.Haran,HomeofthePatriarchsAvillageofHarran(Haran)existsinTurkeytoday,andhasbeenfoundtostandatoptheancientonefromtheOldTestamentperiod.


AlsofoundnearHaranarevillagesthatstillbearthenamesofAbraham’sgreat-grandfatherandgrandfather,SerugandNahor,asmentionedinGenesis11:22-26.HaranwasthefatherofLot(Genesis11:27).

ImportanceoftheFind

ThecitiesofUrandHaranbothhadthemoongodastheirmaindeity.Terah,fatherofAbraham,worshiped“othergods”(Joshua24:2)andmovedhisfamilyfromUr,insouthernMesopotamia(Iraqtoday),toHaraninthenorth(Genesis11:27-31).

Book(s)oftheBible

Genesis

ArchaeologicalFind

9.ShechemShechemwasstrategicallyplacedinthecentralhillcountry.Itcontrolledalltheroadsinthearea,butitslocationmadethecityvulnerabletoattack.ExcavationsinthecityofShechemrevealacitywithwallsmadeoflargemegalithicstonesandthecitygatesystem.


Themostimportantfindisafortress-templeofBaalfromthestoryofAbimelech(Judges9:46).Peoplecouldfindrefugeinthetemplefromenemies.BeforeAbimelech,AbrahamandJacobbuiltaltarstoGodintheareaofShechem(Genesis12,33)andaftertheExodus,theIsraelitesrenewedtheircovenantwithGodatShechem(Joshua24).

ImportanceoftheFind

Shechemisimportantinmanybiblicalstories.Itwasacityofrefugeforanyonewhounintentionallycauseddeath(Joshua20).Inthe10thcenturyBC,KingJeroboamIfortifiedthecityandmadeitthecapitolofthekingdomofIsrael(1Kings12:25).Shechem’svulnerabilitytoattackmaybeonereasonthecapitolwasmovedshortlyafterJeroboamIdied.

Book(s)oftheBible

Genesis,Joshua,Judges,1Kings

ArchaeologicalFind

10.PithomandRaamses,StoreCitiesofthePharaohThelocationofRaamsesisnowassociatedwithQantir(Tellel-Dab’a).

PithomwaswithintheWadiTumilat,anaturalcorridorinandoutofEgypt,butitsexactlocationisnotyetsettled.


OngoingexcavationsatTellel-Dab’a(Raamses)haverevealedaprosperousancientcitywithmanymonuments,temples,andbuildings.Tellel-RetabaisthoughttobethemostprobablelocationofPithom,butsufficientexcavationhasnotbeendoneatthesite.

ImportanceoftheFind

AccordingtoExodus1,theHebrewswereslavesintheEgyptiancitiesofPithomandRaamsesbeforetheExodus.TheEgyptiansforcedtheHebrewstomakebricks,bothwithandwithoutstraw(Exodus1:14a;5:7-19).

Book(s)oftheBible

Exodus

ArchaeologicalFind

11.HornedAltarsExcavationshaveturnedupsomeexcellentexamplesofhornedaltars.


HornedaltarsmadeofstonehavebeenfoundatplaceslikeDanandBeersheba.Onereconstructedhornedaltardatesfromthe10thcenturyBC

andwasfoundatthecityofBeersheba.Itwasmostlikelyapaganaltar.Itwasobviouslymadeofdressed(cut)stone,apracticeprohibitedbytheLORD

inExodus20:25.

ImportanceoftheFind

TheOldTestamentspeaksofhornedincensealtarsatleast20times.Thisfindshowshowhornedaltarswereshaped.TheBibletellshowtheywereused.OnewasintheTabernacle.TheLORDtoldMosestomakeanacacia-woodhornedaltarfivecubitslong,fivecubitsbroad,andthreecubitshighwiththehornsofitatthefourcornersandoverlaidwithbrass(Exodus27:2;1Kings1:50).

Book(s)oftheBible

Exodus,1Kings

ArchaeologicalFind

12.Merneptah(Merenptah)Stele(alsocalledTheIsraelStele)ThehieroglyphictextofthestelemadeinEgyptdescribesthevictoriesofPharaohMerneptaharound1230BCovertheLibyansandpeopleofPalestine.Thestelestandsmorethansevenfeethigh.


TheMerneptahStelecontainstheearliestextrabiblicalmentionofthename“Israel”thusfarknown.TheEgyptianpharaohbragsofavictoryoverIsraelaround1230BC.TwicethegodAmon-ReandMerneptaharedepictedinthecenter,withgoddessMuuatleftandgodKhonsuatright.

ImportanceoftheFind

AlthoughthisbattlebetweenEgyptandIsraelisnotmentionedintheOldTestament,thesteledoesshowthattheIsraeliteswereinfactlivinginthePromisedLandatthattime,andthattheirentranceintothelandhadalreadytakenplaceby1230BC.

ArchaeologicalFind

13.TheOldestPictureofIsraelitesInEgypt,onalongwallofthegreatKarnakTemple,isarecentlyidentifiedsceneoftheaftermathofabattlebetweentheEgyptiansandIsraelitesdatingtoabout1209BC.


ThedrawingofthecarvedsceneshowspossiblytheIsraelitesvanquishedbythearmiesofPharaohMerneptah.Scene4oftheKarnakTemplerelief,Thebes(Luxor).LawrenceE.Stager

ImportanceoftheFind

Carvedabout200yearsafterthetimeofMosesandJoshua,thisbattlesceneisbyfartheearliestpictureofIsraeliteseverdiscovered.ThissameeventisalsotoldofontheMerneptahStele.ItshowsthattheExodushadtakenplaceandtheIsraeliteswerelivinginthePromisedLandby1200BC.

ArchaeologicalFind

14.Jericho,GatewayintothePromisedLandTheearliestruinsatJerichodatetotheStoneAge(Neolithic).Atower(right)foundintheJerichoruinsdatesbackbeforeAbraham’stime.Thetowerismadefromstonesobtainedwhenthesurroundingmoatwascut.Itwasconnectedtoamudbrickwall.


ThereisdebateoverwhetherJoshua’swallofJerichohasbeenfound.Massiveerosionhasremovedmuchoftheremainsofthatperiod,andmudbrickscouldeasilyerodeawayoverthecenturies.

GretchenGoldsmith

ImportanceoftheFind

ThebiblicalimportanceofJerichoisunderscoredbythefactthatitisreferredtomorethan50timesintheOldTestament.PerhapsthemostsignificantreferencesarethoseinJoshua6,whichtelloftheIsraeliteconquestofthecity,theirfirstvictoryinthePromisedLand.Archaeologyhasshownwherethecityoncestood,andthatitguardedthekeyspotforenteringintothePromisedLandfromtheeast.

Book(s)oftheBible

Joshua

ArchaeologicalFind

15.ThePhilistinesandtheTempleofRamesesIIITheearliestknownrecordofthePhilistineswascarvedonthewallofanEgyptiantempleatThebesaround1175-1150BC.

TempleofRamesesIIIatThebes(Luxor).ArvelWitte


AttheTempleofRamesesIII,thePhilistinesarebothpicturedandlistedasbeingoneofseveralgroupsof“SeaPeoples”invadingthecoastalplainsfromEgypttoPalestine.

TheSeaPeoples’boat(rightsideofpicture)beingdefeatedbytheEgyptians.OrientalInstitute,UniversityofChicago

ImportanceoftheFind

Philistinesarementionedover200timesintheOldTestament.ThistemplerecordshowswhenthemainwaveofPhilistinestriedtoinvadeEgypt.FromSamson(Judges14-16)toDavid(ISamuel17),theIsraelitesbattledconstantlyagainstthePhilistinesforcontrolofmuchofthePromisedLand.ThisrecorddepictsthedressandarmorthePhilistinesmighthavewornastheyinteractedwiththeIsraelites.

Book(s)oftheBible

Judges,1Samuel

ArchaeologicalFind

16.CanaaniteGodsandGoddessesBetween1929-1939excavatorsfoundhundredsofstoriesaboutCanaanitegodsandgoddesseswrittenonclaytabletsamongtheruinsoftheancientcityofUgarit,inmodernSyria.


TheOldTestamentrepeatedlyreferstogodsandgoddesses,likeBaalandAshtaroth(AsherahorAstarte),whichwereworshipedbytheCanaanites

livingamongtheIsraelitesinthePromisedLand.TheprophetsofIsraelstronglywarnedGod’speoplenottoworshipthesefalsegodsinNumbers25,1Kings11,Jeremiah23,andHosea13.

ImportanceoftheFind

ThesefindsrevealmanydetailsabouttheCanaanitereligion.TheyhelpusbetterunderstandhowprevalentidolworshipwasinIsraelitecitiesandshowthechallengeforthechildrenofIsraeltoworshiptheonetrueGod.

Book(s)oftheBible

Num.,1Kings,Jeremiah,Hosea

ArchaeologicalFind

17.Dan(Laish),Israel’sNorthernmostCityExcavationsshowthatthelargeandwell-fortifiedCanaanitecitywasdestroyedaround1150BC,afterwhichthecitywasrebuilt,withIsraeliteartifactsfoundthereafter.


ThecityofDanwasoriginallyaCanaanitestrongholdthatwasconqueredbythetribeofDan(Judges18).Danhasmoreartifactsofbiblicalsignificancethanalmostanyothercityfoundsofar.

The4000-year-oldmud-brickGateofDanfromtheMiddleBronzeAgeshowsgatesystemconstructioninthepatriarchalperiod.

ImportanceoftheFind

AccordingtoJudges20:1,Israel’snorthernboundarywasthecityofDan.ThebookofJudgestellsusthatthechildrenofDandestroyedaCanaanitecitybyswordandfireandbuilttheirowncity.TheynamedthecityDanandsetupgravenimages.TheHighPlacewhereJeroboamIerectedagoldcalfhasbeenfoundinDan(1Kings12:28-31).

Book(s)oftheBible

Judges,1Kings

ArchaeologicalFind

18.Megiddo(Armageddon),CityofWarFindsrevealruinsofastrongprosperousCanaanitecityunderruinsofaheavilyfortifiedIsraelitecitywithastrongcitygate.


Megiddoisonahillbesideawideplain,astrategiclocationformanybattles.AlthoughJoshuadefeatedthearmiesofMegiddo’sCanaaniteking(Joshua12:21),theIsraelitesfailedtoconquerthecitythen.NotuntilthetimeofDavidorSolomon,diditcomeunderIsraelitecontrol.ThegatefoundatMegiddowaslikethoseassociatedwithSolomon’sreign.

ImportanceoftheFind

SolomonmadeMegiddoafortresscityinthe900sBC(1Kings4:12;9:15).Later,in609BC,KingJosiahofJudahwaskilledinabattleagainsttheEgyptiansontheplainbesideMegiddo(2Kings23:29,2Chronicles35:22).Revelation16:16referstoMegiddo(calledArmageddon)astheplacewherethearmyofChristbattlestheforcesofSatanintheendtimes.

Book(s)oftheBible

1Kings,2Kings,2Chron.,Rev.

ArchaeologicalFind

19.Ashkelon,PhilistineSeaportOngoingexcavationssince1985havediscoveredthelarge(about150acres)andheavilyfortifiedcityofAshkelon.Asmallbullfigurinewasfound,illustratingpaganworship.


ThereisevidencethatAshkelonwasamajorseaportthattradedwithotherMediterraneannations.AshkelonwasoneofthefivemajorcitiesofthePhilistines(Joshua13:3and1Samuel6:17).

ImportanceoftheFind

TheIsraelitesdidnotconquerAshkelon(Judges1:18-19).Nebuchadnezzardestroyeditin604BCaspredictedbyJeremiah.TheprophetsAmos,Jeremiah,Zephaniah,andZechariahallpronouncedcondemnationuponthecityofAshkelon(Amos1:6-8,Jeremiah25:15-20and47:5-7,Zephaniah2:4-7,Zechariah9:5).

Book(s)oftheBible

Joshua,Judges,1Samuel,Jeremiah,Amos,Zeph.,Zech.

ArchaeologicalFind

20.Gezer,GifttoKingSolomonArchaeologistshaveexcavatedtheancientcityofGezerandfoundclearevidenceofEgyptiandestruction,aswellasabitofSolomon’sdefensivewallsandthecitygate.


GezerdidnotbecomeanIsraelitecityduringtheconquestandsettlementofthePromisedLand(Joshua16:10;Judges1:29).TheEgyptianPharaohdestroyedthecityanditsCanaaniteinhabitants,thengaveitasaweddinggiftwhenSolomonmarriedPharaoh’sdaughter(1Kings9:15-17).

ImportanceoftheFind

TheweddinggiftshowsthatEgyptwaspullingoutofPalestineandconsideredSolomonstronger.SolomonlaterrebuiltGezerasanIsraelitestronghold.ThesimilarityofGezer’sgatewaytothosefoundatMegiddoandHazorindicatestheywereallbuiltbySolomon.

Book(s)oftheBible

Joshua,Judges,1Kings

ArchaeologicalFind

21.Shiloh,FirstHomeoftheArkoftheCovenantArchaeologyatShilohhasfoundanIsraelitecityfromJoshua’stimeandevidenceofsubsequentdestructionbyfire.


AccordingtotheOldTestament,ShilohwasanimportantearlysanctuaryinthePromisedLand.TheTentofMeeting(partoftheTabernacle)andtheArkoftheCovenantresidedatShilohafterJoshua’sconquest(Joshua18and1Samuel1-4).

ImportanceoftheFind

1Samuel4tellsofIsraelmovingthearkfromShilohtoabattlefield,hopingitwouldprotectthemfromthePhilistines.ThePhilistinescapturedthearkinbattle.ArchaeologicalevidenceindicatesthatsometimelaterthePhilistinesdestroyedShiloh.

Book(s)oftheBible

Joshua,1Samuel,2Samuel

ArchaeologicalFind

22.Ashdod,WhereDagonFellAshdodwasoneofthefivemajorPhilistinecitiesmentionedinJoshua13:3and1Samuel6:17.Archaeologicalworkbetween1962-1969hasyieldedmuchnewinformationaboutAshdod.NotempleofDagonhasbeenfound,butanopenareawheretherehadoncebeenatemplehassurfaced.


ArchaeologistshavefoundthatthePhilistineculturehadbeguntofade

awayinthecityduringthe700sBCasAmosprophesied.

“DeityinaFish-Robe”wasoftenidentifiedasthePhilistinegodDagon,9thcenturyBC,foundinAssyriainthe1800s.ThetrueappearanceofDagonisuncertain.ArvelWitte

ImportanceoftheFind

In1Samuel5thePhilistinesbroughttheArkoftheCovenanttoAshdodaftertheycaptureditinbattle.AfterplacingtheArkinthetempleofDagon(thechiefPhilistinegod),thestatueofDagonfellandbrokeintopiecesandthepeopleofthecitybecameinfestedwithtumors.TheyeventuallysenttheArkbacktoIsrael.SomethreecenturieslatertheprophetAmosreceivedthiswordfromtheLORD,“IwillcutofftheinhabitantsfromAshdod...andtheremnantofthePhilistinesshallperish...”(Amos1:8).

Book(s)oftheBible

Joshua,1Samuel,2Samuel,Amos

ArchaeologicalFind

23.Shishak’sInvasionRecordArecordofPharaohShishak’sraidof140places,includingthekingdomofJudahhasbeenfoundinEgyptcarvedonawallintheKarnakTempleofAmun,godofThebes(Luxortoday).TheShishakRelief(SheshonkI)

commemorateshisvictoryoverRehoboamwhenSolomon’stemplewasrobbedofitsriches(probably925BC).ThereliefshowsthatEgyptraidedIsrael,notjustJudah.


EgyptiangoddessMutholdsaclubandbow,andleadsfiverowsofcaptives.KarnakTemple

Shishakgraspsagroupofcaptivesbythehairandstrikesthemwithhisclub.CarolWitte

ImportanceoftheFind

AccordingtotheOldTestament(1Kings14and2Chronicles12),PharaohShishakofEgyptinvadedJudahduringthefifthyearofKingRehoboam’sreign.“...Shishak,kingofEgypt,cameupagainstJerusalem,becausethey

hadtransgressedagainsttheLORD,withtwelvehundredchariots,andthreescorethousandhorsemen;andthepeoplewerewithoutnumberthatcamewithhimoutofEgypt...”(2Chronicles12:2-3).OtherversesthatrefertoThebes(thecityofNo)inEgyptareJeremiah46:25andEzekiel30:14-16.

Book(s)oftheBible

1Kings,2Chron.,Jeremiah,Ezekiel

ArchaeologicalFind

24.BethShemeshExcavationsnowunderwayattheancientfortifiedcityofBethShemeshhavealreadyyieldedbothPhilistineandIsraeliteartifacts,aswellasevidenceofitsdestructionasdescribedin2Chronicles12.

ImportanceoftheFind

Accordingto1Samuel6:12-15,thePhilistinesreturnedthecapturedArkoftheCovenanttotheIsraelitesatBethShemesh.Later,about940BC,PharaohShishakofEgyptinvadedanddestroyedseveralcitiesinthefoothillsregion(2Chronicles12:2-4).Also,discoveriesofmassivefortificationsandawatersupplyshowSolomon’sbuildingactivityinthecity.

Book(s)oftheBible

1Samuel,2Chron.

ArchaeologicalFind

25.PoolatGibeonThisremarkablepool,datingtobefore1000BC,wasfoundlargelyintactinGibeon,sixmilesnorthofJerusaleminexcavationsaround1956.



ThePoolofGibeongoesdownsome80feet.Theoriginaldiggersremoved3000tonsoflimestone.Atunnelforthepoolrunsunderthecitytoanoutsidespring.Thisinternalwatersupplywasimportantincaseofsiege.

ImportanceoftheFind

2Samuel2:13andJeremiah41:12speakofagreatwaterpoolatGibeon.ThefindverifiesthelocationofthePoolatGibeonasmentionedintheBibleandshowsthegreatefforttakentohaveasecuresourceofwater.

Book(s)oftheBible

2Samuel,Jeremiah

ArchaeologicalFind

26.Gibeah,KingSaul’sCapitolArchaeologistshaveidentifiedGibeahwiththeancientruinsonahillknowntodayasTelel-Ful,aboutthreemilesnorthofJerusalem.


ExcavationshaveshownthatthesiteofGibeahwasinhabitedabout1100BC,thetimeofKingSaul.Saul’sfortress-palacewasfoundhere.ItwassmallandmodestcomparedwiththelaterpalacesofDavidandSolomon.

ImportanceoftheFind

GibeahwastheprincipaltownofthetribeofBenjamin(Judges19:11-14).ItwasalsoSaul’shome.Heeventuallymadeithiscapitol(1Samuel10:26;11:4;and15:34).FindingGibeahsoclosetoJebusiteJerusalemindicatesthatSaulneverfullycontrolledtheland.

Book(s)oftheBible

Judges,1Samuel

ArchaeologicalFind

27.BethSheanArchaeologyshowsthatCanaanites,andpossiblyPhilistines,occupiedBethSheanfromthetimeoftheJudgesuntilafterSaul.BethSheanwasacitywithinthetribalallotmentofManasseh(Joshua17:11).However,theIsraelitesdidnotconquerBethShean(Judges1:27),andthePhilistineseventuallytookit.


LaterKingSaulandhisarmiesfoughtthePhilistinesonMt.Gilboa.KingSaulandhissons(allbutone)diedinthebattle.

BethSheanisthelargetellinthebackground.GretchenGoldsmith

ImportanceoftheFind

ThePhilistineshungthebodiesofKingSaulandhissonsfromthewallsofBethShean(1Sam.31:10).Seethelargetell(hill)atleft.SomebelievethatfindingPhilistinecoffinsshowsthatthePhilistinesoccupiedthecityatorbeforethetimeofSaul.

Philistinecoffinlidfromnearbycemetery.ArvelWitte

Book(s)oftheBible

Joshua,Judges,1Samuel

ArchaeologicalFind

28.KingDavid’sJerusalemTheCityofDavidArchaeologicalProjectuncoveredmuchoftheburiedremainsofDavid’scityofJerusalembetween1978-1985.


Archaeologistshaveuncoveredremainsofthatcity,includingevidenceofDavid’sconquestandapalacethatmayhavebelongedtoKingDavidhimself.ThemostimportantfindhasbeenthattheSiloamspringwasguardedbytowers.

ImportanceoftheFind

AccordingtotheOldTestamentbooksof2Samueland1Chronicles,KingDavidconqueredJerusalemandmadeitthecapitolofIsrael.VirtuallynothingapartfromtheBiblewasknownaboutthecityofthattimeuntil

excavationsweredonebetween1978-85.

Book(s)oftheBible

2Samuel,2Chron.

ArchaeologicalFind

29.TheHouseofDavidInscription(DanInscription)In1993and1994anarchaeologistworkingattheOldTestamentsiteofthecityofDanfoundthreepiecesofaninscribedstonereferringtoDavid.


ThisstoneinscribedinAramaicwiththeexpression“thehouseofDavid”,referstoKingDavid’sdescendants.OriginallypartofavictorypillarofaneighboringkingofDamascus(possiblyHazael),thestonehasbeendatedtotwoorthreecenturiesafterDavid’stime.Itmentionsa“kingofIsrael,”possiblyJoramsonofAhab,andakingofthe“HouseofDavid,”possiblyAhaziahofJudah.

ImportanceoftheFind

ThisTelDaninscriptionisaveryimportantfindbecauseitisthefirstreferencetoKingDavidfoundoutsideoftheBible.

Book(s)oftheBible

2Kings

ArchaeologicalFind

30.Beersheba,SouthernBoundaryofthePromisedLandExcavationsbetween1969-1976uncoveredtheIsraelitecityofBeersheba

withitsstrongdefensivewallsandamassivecitygate,builtafterDavid’stime.


Beershebawasfoundtohavealargewell,longstorehouses,andprivateresidenceswhichdatetothe1stmillenniumBC.

ImportanceoftheFind

BeershebaeventuallybecameIsrael’skeyfortresscityinthesouthduringtheperiodofKingSolomon(1Kings4:25).FindingthestrongwallsandgatesupportstheBibleaccountofBeershebaafterthetimeofDavid.

Book(s)oftheBible

Judges,1Kings

ArchaeologicalFind

31.Samaria,CapitoloftheNorthernKingdomofIsraelFewcitiesarementionedmoretimesintheOldTestamentthanSamaria.Excavationshaveuncoveredmuchofthecityandhavefoundittohavebeenextravagant,prosperous,andstrong.


FormostofthehistoryofthekingdomofIsrael—afterthekingdomwassplitintwofollowingSolomon’srule—Samariawasthethird,andlast,capitoloftheNorthernKingdom.TheBiblespeaksofthiswell-fortifiedcitybuiltbyKingOmriandKingAhab.

Samarianivoryfurnitureinlay,8thcenturyBC.ArvelWitte

ImportanceoftheFind

AlthoughmuchoftheruinsoftheOldTestamentperiodweredestroyedwhenKingHerodbuiltoverandthroughearlierlevels,enoughhasbeenfoundtoshowthatSamariawasextravagantandstrong,asdescribedintheOldTestament.See1Kings16:24,2Kings6-22,2Chronicles18,andtheprophetsHosea,Amos,andMicah.Amosreferstohousesandbedsofivory(Amos3:15;6:4).

Book(s)oftheBible

1Kings,2Kings,2Chron.,Hosea,Amos,Micah

ArchaeologicalFind

32.Hazor,KeytoIsraeliteVictoryArchaeologyhasfoundevidenceoffierydestructionofHazor,themajorcityofthenorthduringtheConquest,possiblybytheforcesofJoshua(Joshua11).


TherebuildingandfortificationbySolomonparallelswhathedidatMegiddoandHazor.Thedistinctivegateswerefoundtobenearlyidenticaltogatesofthesecities.

ImportanceoftheFind

FindingthatHazoroccupiedabout200acres,farlargerthananormalcityinthatday,providesreasonfortheBiblecallingit“thehead.”Thecity’sking,Jabin,ralliedthekingdomsinthenorthagainsttheIsraelites.YettheforcesofJoshuaprevailed(Joshua11).

Book(s)oftheBible

Joshua,1Kings

ArchaeologicalFind

33.IvoryOrnamentsandObjectsDecorativeivoryhasbeenfoundinseveralsitesinPalestine,includingMegiddoandSamaria.



Anivorypomegranate,foundinadealer’sshop,possiblyanornament(thoughttohavebeenatopascepter)fromSolomon’stemple.Theinscriptionsays:“Belongingto...HolytothePriest.”

ImportanceoftheFind

Accordingto1Kings10:18and2Chronicles9:17,KingSolomonhadathronemadeofivorycoveredwithgold.“Thekingmadeagreatthroneofivory,andoverlaiditwiththebestgold”(1Kings10:18).Theauthenticityoftheinscriptionisdisputed.

Book(s)oftheBible

1Kings,2Chron.

ArchaeologicalFind

34.TheGezerCalendarThissmallpalm-sizedlimestonetabletbearsoneofthefirstknownexamplesofHebrewwriting(971-913BC).


FoundatGezer,oneofKingSolomon’sfortresscities,thistabletcontainsaschoolmemorizationdrill—ashortpoemabouttheagriculturalseasonsinbiblicalPalestine.

ImportanceoftheFind

Thetextgivesinsightintowhencertaintasksweredoneduringtheagriculturalyear.Itshowsliteracyinthe10thcenturyBC.

Book(s)oftheBible

Genesis,Exodus,Numb.,Joshua,1Kings,2Kings,Psalms,Isaiah

ArchaeologicalFind

35.HouseofYahwehOstraconThisfindappearstobeareceiptforadonationofthreeshekelsofsilvertotheHouseofYahweh(Solomon’sTemple).


Thisostracon(writingonapieceofpottery)is4incheswideand3.5inchestall.Itisnotknownwhereitwasfound.Somescholarsdateitbetween835and796BC,some130yearsaftertheTemplewasbuilt.

ImportanceoftheFind

ThisextremelyimportantfindistheoldestmentionofSolomon’sTemplethathasbeenfoundoutsidetheBible.

HouseofYHWHostracon.ShlomoMoussaleff

Book(s)oftheBible

1Kings,2Chron.

ArchaeologicalFind

36.SealsfromtheRoyalCourtsofIsraelandJudahExcavationsatseveralsitesinmodernIsraelandantiquityshopshaveturnedupcarvedsemi-preciousstonesbelongingtomembersoftheroyalcourtsofkingsintheOldTestament.


Datingfromabout900BCtoabout600BC,thesestoneswereusedtopressimagesintopiecesofclaythatsealedupkings’importantdocuments.Oneofthemostfamousseals,foundatMegiddo,depictsalionwiththewords,“belongingtoShema,servantofJeroboam.”Sealswiththenamesofotherkingswerefoundalso(See1and2Kings).

ImportanceoftheFind

SealswerefoundforUzziah(around760BC),Hoshea(around730BC),andHezekiah(around700BC).Oneofthesealssays“SHLOMO”(Solomon)inHebrew.

Book(s)oftheBible

1Kings,2Kings,2Chron.

ArchaeologicalFind

37.TheMoabiteStoneIn1868,aGermanmissionaryfoundastoneslaboverthreefeettallnearDibon,eastoftheDeadSea.InscribedonthestoneweretheaccomplishmentsofMesha,kingofMoabaround850BC.ThisstoneissometimescalledtheMeshaStele.


TheancientMoabiteswererelativesoftheIsraelitesaccordingtoGenesis19:37.OnthisstoneKingMeshabragsofhavingdriventheIsraelitesoutofhisland.2Kings3tellsthatthekingofMoabrebelledagainstthekingofIsraelafterthedeathofKingAhabofIsrael.

ImportanceoftheFind

TheMoabitestoneisoneoftheearliestfindsthatmentionbiblicalpeople.ThestonesaysthatKingOmriandhissonAhab“humbled”Moabformanyyears.AfterAhab’sdeath,KingMeshasaidhehad“triumphed”overAhab’sfamilyandthatIsraelhad“perishedforever.”Somescholarssaythatthestonealsocontainsareferencetothe“houseofDavid.”

Book(s)oftheBible

Genesis,2Kings

ArchaeologicalFind

38.TheBlackObeliskofShalmaneserThis6.5foottallblackbasaltobelisk(four-sidedpillar)reportsinpicturesandwordstheconquestsofAssyrianKingShalmaneserIII,enemyoftheIsraelites.

ArvelWitte


TheBlackObeliskwasdiscoveredinthepalaceatNimrudin1846andshowsthebiblicalJehu,kingofIsrael,kneelingdownandbringingtributetotheAssyrianking,Shalmaneser.Datingfrom841BC,thisimportantfindistheonlypicturewehavesofarofanIsraeliteking.ThisisthefirstmentionoftributepaidtoAssyriabyIsrael.KingJehu’sreignismentionedin2Kings9-10,eventhoughthetributeisnot.

ImportanceoftheFind

Partoftheinscriptionreads:“TributeofJehutheIsraelite.”ArvelWitte

Book(s)oftheBible

2Kings

ArchaeologicalFind

39.KingUzziah’sBurialPlaqueAstoneplaque,foundonthegroundsoftheRussianchurchontheMt.ofOlives,reads:“Here,thebonesofUzziah,KingofJudah,werebrought.Donotopen.”


KingUzziahruledJudah792-740BC,atthetimethatAmos,HoseaandIsaiahwereprophesying.Hewas16yearsoldwhenhebecamekingandhereignedinJerusalemfor52years.AslongashesoughttheLORD,Godgavehimsuccess.

ImportanceoftheFind

Accordingto2Chronicles26,UzziahsinnedagainsttheLORDandwasstrickenwithaleprousdiseasetowardtheendofhislife,anduponhisdeathwasburiedina“fieldofburialthatbelongedtothekings.”

Book(s)oftheBible

2Chron.

ArchaeologicalFind

40.TheSiloamTunnelInscriptionTwoboysdiscoveredthisancientHebrewinscriptioncarvedinstonealongthewallofatunnelastheywerewadingthroughthesouthernendofthetunnel’swatersin1880.


TheinscriptioncomesfromthedaysofKingHezekiah(701BC)whoorderedthetunneltobemadesothewaterfromJerusalem’sGihonSpringcouldbebroughtintothecitytoaman-madereservoir,thePoolofSiloam.ThistunnelprovidedwatertoJerusalemduringtheanticipatedsiegeofKingSennacheribofAssyria.

ImportanceoftheFind

Theinscriptioncelebratesthecompletionofthisremarkabletunnelasmentionedin2Kings20:20and2Chronicles32:30.

Book(s)oftheBible

2Kings,2Chron.

ArchaeologicalFind

41.TheLachishReliefsAmongtheruinsoftheNinevehpalaceofAssyrianKingSennacheribwerefound62-foot-longreliefsthatpicturethefalloftheJudeanfortressofLachishin701BC,over100yearsbeforetheattackonandfallofJudah.


Assyriantroopsareshownadvancingwithstoneslingersandarchers.Siegetowerswerewheeleduprampstobatterthecitywall.ArvelWitte

ImportanceoftheFind

TheseNinevehpalacecarvingsoftheLachishdefeatamplifythebiblicalrecordconcerningthesiegeofthekingdomofJudahinthedaysofKingHezekiah.In2Kings18:13itsays,“NowinthefourteenthyearofKingHezekiahdidSennacherib,kingofAssyria,comeupagainstallthefencedcitiesofJudah,andtookthem.”However,beforetheAssyrianscouldcaptureJerusalem,theyweredestroyedby“God’sangel”andSennacheribwithdrew(2Kings20:35;2Chronicles32).

Book(s)oftheBible

2Kings,2Chron.

ArchaeologicalFind

ArchaeologicalFind

42.SennacheribPrismA15-inchtall,six-sidedbakedclayprismfromancientAssyriacontainsthestoryoftheinvasionofthekingdomofJudahbySennacheribin701BC.TheprismwasfoundatNineveh.


KingSennacheribofAssyriaismentionedin2Kings18-19.IsaiahprophesiedthatGodwouldprotectJerusalemagainstattackbySennacherib(Isaiah36-37,2Chronicles32).WhiletheprismdoessaythattheAssyrianstrappedHezekiahinJerusalem“likeabirdinacage,”likethebiblicalrecord,itsaysnothingofthemconqueringthecity.

ImportanceoftheFind

TheBiblesaysthatGodsparedJerusalem.Theprism,togetherwiththeLachishreliefsandexcavations,addsdetailtothebiblicalaccount.KingHezekiahprayedtotheLORD.IsaiahbroughthimGod’smessage.ThatnighttheLORDsmote185,000Assyrians,andSennacheribwentbacktoNinevehandlaterwaskilledbyhissons(Isaiah37:35-38).

Book(s)oftheBible

2Kings,2Chron.,Isaiah

ArchaeologicalFind

43.TheTombofthePriestlyHezirFamilyInanelaboratetombcomplexcutintothewallofJerusalem’sKidronValleyisaHebrewinscriptionidentifyingtheburialcaveasbelongingtothedescendantsofHezir.


ThenamesofthreegenerationsofpriestlyHezirfamilymembersalsoappearintheinscription,verifyingtheexistenceofthispriestlyfamilymentionedin1Chronicles24:15andNehemiah10:20.

ImportanceoftheFind

AlistoftheLeviticalpriestsduringKingDavid’stimefoundin1Chronicles24includesthenameofHezir.Later,inNehemiah10,anotherpriestnamedHezir(possiblyadescendantoftheformerHezir)islistedasoneofthepriestswhosignedacovenanttokeepGod’sLawintherestoredTemplearound450BC.

Book(s)oftheBible

1Chron.,Nehem.

ArchaeologicalFind

44.Carchemish,WhereHistoryChangedCourseThiscityismentionedonlythreetimesintheBible,butarchaeologyrevealsthatitwasinastrategiclocation,desiredbytheHittites,Assyrians,andBabylonians.



Carchemishwasimportantinbiblicalhistoryforonekeybattle.In605BC,theBabyloniansdefeatedtheAssyrianandEgyptianarmiesthere.ThisdestroyedtheAssyriansandpavedthewayfortheBabylonianstoconquermuchofthebiblicalworld,includingthekingdomofJudah.

ImportanceoftheFind

In586BC,theBabyloniansstormedJerusalemanddestroyedtheTemple.Jeremiah46and2Chronicles35-36speakofthepropheciesandcircumstancesleadinguptotheBattleofCarchemish,andthedevastatingchainofeventsthatfollowed.

Book(s)oftheBible

2Chron.,Jeremiah

ArchaeologicalFind

45.TheLachishLettersIn1935anarchaeologistunearthedseveralletters,writtenabout588BC,on21potterypieces(ostraca)fromamongtheburnedruinsoftheancientcityofLachishofJudah.


TheLachishmessagesweredesperatepleasbytheJudeandefendersofthecityformilitaryassistance.ApparentlythecitywasconqueredbyNebuchadnezzarbeforetheletterscouldbesent.

ArvelWitte

ImportanceoftheFind

ThelettersshowJudahwastryingtoobtainhelpfromEgypt,relyingonmanratherthanGod.Oneostraconmentionsthatnofiresignalsfromanotherdefensivecity,Azekah,couldbeseen.Jeremiah34:2-7prophesiedtheconquestofJudah,destructionofJerusalem,andexiletoBabylon.See2Kings24-25.

Book(s)oftheBible

2Kings,Jeremiah

ArchaeologicalFind

46.SilverAmuletsIn1979,whileexcavating6thcenturyBCtombsinJerusalem,excavatorsfoundtwosmallamulets(undertwoincheslong)thatlookedlikenecklacesmadeofsilversheetsrolleduplikeminiaturescrolls.TheydatetoaboutJehoakim’sreigninJudah(2Chronicles36).


Whenunrolled,eachofthescrollswasfoundtohavetheprayerfromNumbers6:24-26scratchedonit:“TheLORDblesstheeandkeepthee;TheLORDmakehisfaceshineuponthee,andbegraciousuntothee:TheLORDliftuphiscountenanceuponthee,andgivetheepeace.”ThisisthefirsttimeGod’sdivinenamehasbeenfoundonanartifactfromJerusalem.

ImportanceoftheFind

Datingtoabout600BC,theseamuletscontaintheoldestexamplesofaScripturepassageyetfound.

Book(s)oftheBible

Numb.,2Chron.

ArchaeologicalFind

47.BabylonTheruinsofancientBabylon,capitoloftheBabylonianKingdom,cover2000-3000acresinIraq,56milessouthofBaghdad.


Babylon’sruinsincludeoneofmanyziggurats(steppedtowers)fromthearea.LaterfindsincluderuinsofthepalaceofKingNebuchadnezzar(Daniel4:29).

ImportanceoftheFind

ThepalaceofKingNebuchadnezzar,whodestroyedJerusalemin586BCandsenttheJewsintoexile,wasthesiteofBelshazzar’sfeastinDaniel5.JeremiahwrotethattheLORDwouldmakeBabylondesolateforever(Jeremiah25:12;51).ThepresentruinsalsoechotheprophecyofIsaiah13:19-20.

Book(s)oftheBible

Genesis,Isaiah,Jeremiah,Daniel

ArchaeologicalFind

48.TheCyrusCylinderA9-inchlongclaycylinderfoundatancientBabylon,datingto539BC,tellsofKingCyrusofPersia’sconquestofBabylonandofhisdecreetoletcaptivesheldbyBabylonreturntotheirlandsandrestoretheirtemples.


KingCyrusofPersia(Iranareatoday)alsomadeasimilardecreethattheJews,carriedawaycaptivetoBabylon,couldreturntoJerusalem.

CyrusCylinder.ArvelWitte

ImportanceoftheFind

CyrussenttheJewsbacktotheirhomelandaftermanyyearsofexileinBabylonasIsaiahprophesied(2Chronicles36:23;Ezra1;Isaiah44:28).This“return-home”decreewasoneofmanyissuedbyCyrus.ThoughnotmentioningJudah,itconfirmsthatthiswasCyrus’spolicyandgivescredibilitytothebiblicalrecord.

Book(s)oftheBible

2Chron.,Ezra,Isaiah

ArchaeologicalFind

49.Susa,RoyalCityofQueenEstherLocatedinmodernIran,Susa’sruinshavebeenexcavatedbyseveralteamsduringthelastcentury.ThemostimpressivefindhasbeentheremainsoftheelegantroyalpalacebuiltmainlybyDarius(522-486BC).ThebookofEstherissetinSusalater.


Susa(“Shushan”inHebrew)wasoneofthreeroyalcitiesduringthereignofKingCyrusofPersia.XerxesandArtaxerxescarriedonthebuildingofthepalacecomplex.AlargenumberofbeautifulartifactsandelaboratestonecolumnswerefoundatSusa.DanielsawavisioninSusa(Daniel8:2,c.551BC).

Friezeoflife-sizePersianroyalguardfromthepalaceofDariustheGreat(fatherofXerxesI)atSusa.ArvelWitte

ImportanceoftheFind

QueenEsther(c.478BC)wasmarriedtoKingAhasuerus(XerxesI)andsavedtheJews.ArtaxerxessentEzraandNehemiahtorebuildJerusalem(Ezra

7:14-21;Nehemiah13:5-8).

InscribedsilverbowlofArtaxerxesI(c.464-424BC),sonofKingXerxes.ArvelWitte

Book(s)oftheBible

Esther,Daniel

ArchaeologicalFind

50.TheDeadSeaScrollsTheDeadSeaScrollsareactuallyhundredsofscrollsandscrapsthatdatebetween300BCandAD70.Thefirstofthemwasfoundin1947incavesintheQumranareaneartheDeadSeaaboutsevenmilessouthofJericho.


Someofthescrollswerefoundinjars.Aboutone-thirdofthescrollscontaincopiesofportionsofOldTestamentbooks(everybookbutEsther).Thesecopiesareover1000yearsolderthanmostofthemanuscriptsscholarspreviouslyhadavailableforstudyandtranslation.

ImportanceoftheFind

ThisisoneofthemostimportantfindsinhistorybecauseitshowsthattheOldTestamentwascopiedveryaccuratelyoverthecenturies.WhenthescrollswerecomparedwiththeoldestMasoretictext,onwhichmostmoderntranslationsarebased,onlyinsignificantdifferenceswerefound.Thereforewecanbeconfidentthatourcurrenttranslationsarefaithfultotheoriginal.

ArvelWitte

ArrangementofEventsThecontentsofthischartaregenerallyarrangedfromtheearliesteventsmentionedintheBibletothemostrecentevents.

DatesofEvents(examples)1stcenturyBC=100BCto1BC2ndcenturyBC=200BCto101BC10thcenturyBC=1000BCto901BC13thcenturyBC=1300BCto1201BC1stmillenniumBC=1000BCto1BC2ndmillenniumBC=2000BCto1001BC

ReferenceMaterialsArchaeology&theOldTestament,Dr.AlfredJ.Hoerth

RosePublishingresourcesthatwillhelpinthestudyofthistopicare:420XBibleTimeLinepamphlet425LKings&Prophetswallchart306XThenandNowBibleMapsbook561LBibleOverviewwallchart562XBibleOverviewpamphlet422LArchaeology&theBible:OldTestamentwallchart434LArchaeology&theBible:NewTestamentwallchart624XArchaeology&theBible:NewTestamentpamphlet621X100ProofsfortheBiblePowerPoint®

TheprintedversionofthiseBookisthe50ProofsfortheBible:OldTestamentpamphlet,ISBN-13:9781596361584

Acknowledgements:TextbyProfessorLarryMcKinney,CentralBaptistTheologicalSeminary(Kansas);AdditionalResearchbyDanMaster,AssistantProfessorofArchaeology,WheatonCollege(Illinois);Dr.JohnMonson,AssistantProfessorofArchaeology,WheatonCollege(Illinois).

Photos/Art:TheBritishMuseum,London;MuseumofAnatolianCivilizations,Ankara,Turkey;OrientalInstituteoftheUniversityofChicago,ArvelWitte,CarolWitte,GretchenGoldsmith,LawrenceE.Stager,ShlomoMoussaieff

CoverArt:BeniHasanTombPainting,KarnakTempleReliefofCaptives,HouseofDavid(TelDan)inscription,IvoryPomegranate,Fragmentoffloodstory,DeadSeaJar,RoyalSeals.

Itisillegaltophotocopy,transmitelectronically,postontheinternet,orreproducethispamphletinwholeorinpartinanyform.

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4733TorranceBlvd.,#259Torrance,California90503U.S.A.Email:[email protected]

www.rose-publishing.comAllrightsreserved.

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50 Proofs for the Bible