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2012
National Commission for Human
Development
Ministry of Professional & Technical
Trainings
7/27/2012
5- Year Strategic Plan for the Promotion of Literacy in Pakistan 2010-2015
2
5- Year
Strategic Plan for the
promotion of
literacy in
Pakistan 2010-2015
3
Pakistan
I. Demography and Socio-economic Situation Estimated population of Pakistan in 2009 was 164.639 millions (including 79.204 millions females, i.e.
48.12% of total population). Population by age-group and gender as in 2009 is given in table-1 and its
graphical representation is given in Chart 1.
Table-1
Estimated Population by Gender and Age Group 1 as in 2009 (in numbers)
Age-group Male Female Total
0-4 9,650,660 8,838,750 18,489,410
5-9 9,482,620 8,653,360 18,135,980
10-14 10,168,700 9,488,750 19,657,450
15-19 9,884,670 9,272,090 19,156,760
20-24 9,130,960 8,523,880 17,654,840
10+ 66,636,000 62,094,000 129,320,000
II. Geographic Situation
Pakistan has a 1,046 kilometres (650 miles) coastline along the Atabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in
the south and is bordered by Iran and Afghanistan in the west and north-west, India in the east
and Peoples Repblic of China in the north-east. Tajikistan also lies very close to Pakistan in the
1 Estimated by National Institute of Population Studies
4
north-west, but is separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Thus, it occupies a crossroads
position between South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East.
The total area of Pakistan is 803,940 Sq Km, with the average population density of 205 persons
per Sq. Km.
The main regional languages are; Punjabi, Sindhi, Saraiki, Pushto, Balochi, Brahvi, Hindko and
Pothowari.
III. Administrative Division
Pakistan is administratively divided into four provinces (The Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan), and
territories of FATA, Gilgit-Baltistan, AJ&K and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT). NWFP and Balochistan
also have PATA (Provincially Administered Tribal Areas).
The third tier of government is 26 divisions. There are currently 107 districts, each with several tehsils/
talukas and union councils. The tribal area comprises seven agencies and six frontier regions. AJ&K has
seven districts and Gilgit-Batistan has got six districts.
IV. Socio-economic Situation of Pakistan
Progress made by Pakistan in socio-economic and cultural spheres has not been very encouraging over
the past few decades. The journey of socio-economic development continued at a relatively slower pace
because the successive education policies could not achieve the stipulated objectives of raising literacy
rate and universalizing primary education.
An eminent economist said “The most valuable of all capital is that which is invested in human beings.”
Education has always been considered as a vital investment and important element for the nation’s
social and economic development. In the modern competitive world, illiterate or less educated societies
do not achieve the heights of economic development and political sovereignty. Socio-economic
development is always dependent upon level of education and availability of skilled manpower.
5
Education and literacy empower the human beings and assist them in their capacity building to enhance
their efficiency and productivity. As such, the dream of sustainable socio-economic development can
not be realized without significantly improving literacy and education.
The Human Development Index (HDI)2, that measures the average achievements in a country in three
basic dimensions of human development i.e. the adult literacy rate, the gross enrolment rate (GER) and
per capita income is considered as fundamental aspect of social evolution. Pakistan was rated at 141st
position in HDI ranking for 2009, out of 182 states.
Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy. Despite being a very poor country in 1947,
Pakistan's economic growth rate has been better than the global average during the
subsequent four decades, but imprudent policies led to a slowdown in the late 1990s. Recently,
wide-ranging economic reforms have resulted in a stronger economic outlook and accelerated
growth especially in the manufacturing and financial services sectors. Since the 1990s, there
has been great improvement in the foreign exchange position and rapid growth in hard
currency reserves.
GDP growth was steady during the mid 2000s at a rate of 7%; however, slowed down during the
Economic crises of 2008 to 4.7%. A large inflation rate of 24.4%, a low savings rate, and other
economic factors, continue to make it difficult to sustain a high growth rate. Pakistan's GDP is
US$ 167 billions, which makes it the 48th-largest economy in the world or 27th largest by
purchasing power adjusted exchange rates. Today, Pakistan is regarded as the second largest
economy in South Asia.
The structure of the Pakistani economy has changed from a mainly agricultural base to to a
strong service base. Agriculture now accounts for roughly 20% of the GDP, while the service
sector accounts for 53% of the GDP. Significant foreign investments have been made in several
sectors including telecommunications and energy. Other important industries include apparel
2 UNDP Human Development Report 2009
6
and textiles (accounting for nearly 60% of exports), food processing, chemicals, iron and steel
industries. Pakistan's exports in 2008 amounted to US$20.62 billion.
The Economic crises of 2008 led Pakistan to seek more than US$100 billion in aid in order to
avoid possible bankruptcy. This mush was never given to Pakistan and therefore it had to
depend on a more aggressive fiscal policy, backed by the IMF and Friends of Pakistan Forum, US
being the largest donor. A year later Asian Development Bank (ADB) Reports Pakistan's
economic crisis easing in 2009. Furthermore it is projected that in 2010, Pakistan's economy
would grow at least 4 percent and could grow even faster, with strong international economic
recovery.
V. Educational Profile of the Country
A. Past Trend of Growth of Literacy Rate
The literacy rate of 10+ population in Pakistan had increased to 43.92% in 1998 from 26.20% in 1981
(68% increase in real term in 17 years), 53% in 2004 and is estimated at 60% in 2009, showing average
annual increase of 3.98, 3.45 and 2.64 respectively. The fastest growth was recorded from 1981 to 1998.
Table-2 and Chart 2 show that increase in literacy rate in rural areas and for females is faster than in the
urban areas and that of the males. Quite visible reduction can be seen in gender and area disparities.
Average Annual Literacy Growth
1981 to 19983 1998 to 20044 2004 to 20095
Total 3.986 3.45 2.64
3 Population census reports 1981 and 1998.
4 PSLM 2004-05
5 Estimated on the basis of past trends.
6 Formula for calculating average annual literacy growth= ((literacy rate 1998-literacy rate 1981)/ literacy
rate 1981*100))/ number of years. Other-wise calculation gives the literacy growth as 0.97% per annum. Formula
for this calculation= (Literacy rate in 1998-Literacy rate 1981)/number of years i.e. 17 years.
7
Male 3.33 3.10 2.15
Female 5.89 4.15 4.00
Urban 2.00 2.09 1.55
Male 1.56 1.91 1.41
Female 2.82 2.07 2.42
Rural 5.56 5.13 2.50
Male 4.53 4.18 2.24
Female 10.31 7.39 3.79
Chart 2
Following trends emerge from the analysis of table-2:
Average annual increase in literacy has been gradually declining at national level.
Total Male Female Urban Male Female Rural Male Female
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
10+ Average Annual Literacy Growth Rate
1981 to 1998
1998 to 2004
2004 to 2009
8
The highest annual growth in literacy was recorded during the period from 1981 to 1998, which
was mainly due to numerous donor funded basic education projects and programs.
Increase in female literacy rate is more rapid than that of the males. A visible reduction can also
be seen in gender disparity. The trend is quite positive; however, lot more needs to be done in
this regard.
VI. Analysis of Literacy Trends
In absolute terms, there is continuous increase in the number of illiterates (especially for females),
despite the increase in literacy rates since independence. This is primarily because of higher rate of
increase in population and not stopping illiterates’ entry from the source i.e. not providing quality
education to kids at Primary level which results in early drop out prior to completing primary education
cycle. The number of illiterates in 10+ age-groups by gender/ area is shown in following table:
Number of Illiterates in 10+ age-groups in 1981, 1998, 2004 and 2009
Gender/Area 1981 19987 20098
All areas Both
Sexes
53.93
Male 19.60
Female 34.34
Following are the salient conclusions from table-3:
The number of illiterates kept on increasing rapidly until 1998, but the tendency was arrested
after 2004.
Although the literacy rate has been increasing gradually, there is continuous increase in the
number of illiterates due to higher rate of growth in population in the corresponding years,
relatively poor NER and extensive drop-out rate after enrolment.
7 Population census 1981 and 1998 reports
8 Estimated. Calculation method: By subtracting number of literates from the 10+ population.
9
In order to achieve meaningful results we need to substantially enhance the number of literacy
centres, Non-Formal Basic Education Schools and launch an awareness campaign to bring the
out of school children in the main fold of formal and non-formal basic education.
In order to attract maximum illiterates, focus of literacy centres should also be on vocational
training to include subjects like agriculture, welding, motor mechanic, electrician, stitching,
embroidery, marketing etc. relevant to the needs of respective areas.
Sufficient space has to be catered in the middle and secondary schools to accommodate NFBE
graduates.
VII. Present Educational/ Literacy Situation
A. School Education
The education system in Pakistan comprises a mixed blend of public and private schools of multiple
types and shades. Resultantly there are some schools which are providing quality education whereas
many others barely meet the desired standards of education. Likewise capacity of all the existing schools
is much lesser than the actual number of students required to be enrolled. Due to prevailing low literacy
rate and poor economic conditions, parents often prefer to send their children for earning their
livelihoods rather than sending them to schools. The situation demands immediate attention and
concerted efforts by the government and all stakeholders to address the problem of illiteracy.
B. Gross Participation/ Enrolment Rate (GER)
Gross Participation rate at primary, middle and secondary stage as in 2006-07 is given in table, this table
indicates that girls, when compared with boys lag behind by 19% at primary level, 31% at middle stage
and 35.1% at secondary stage.
The overall difference of GER from primary to middle stage is 113% and from middle to secondary level
is 42.1%. These variations indicate that level-wise drop-out rate is high and is required to be minimized
through improving the quality of instruction and access to continuing education facilities. Access to
continuing education facilities may be enhanced by establishing formal schools or Non-Formal Schools.
10
Stage-wise Gross Participation/ Enrolment Rate 2006-07
Stage/ Age-group Population9 (in #) Enrolment10 (in #) GER11 (in %)
Primary12 (5-9)
Total 18,406,540 17,041,937 93
Male 9,600590 9,625,483 100
Female 8,805,950 7,416,454 84
Middle13 (10-12)
Total 12,324,484 5,367,608 44
Male 6,355,930 3,126,496 49
Female 5,968,554 2,241,112 38
Secondary14 (13-14)
9 Estimated by the National Institute of Population Studies.
10 Public sector enrolment has been taken from Pakistan Education Statistics Report 2006-07, estimated the
private and other public sector enrolment (GER at each level of education should be based on total enrolment in all
types of schools and education institutions, including public, private and all other institutions that provide organized
educational programs). 11
Definition: Total enrolment in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of
the eligible official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education in a given school year.
Calculation Method: Divide the number of students enrolled in a given level of education regardless of
age by the population of the age-group which officially correspond to the given level of education, and multiply the
result by 100. 12
Primary level/ stage mean Class-I-V. 13
Middle level/ stage mean Class VI-VIII 14
Secondary level/ stage means Class IX-X
11
Total 7,553,716 2,315,216 31
Male 3,895,570 1,365,821 35
Female 3,658,146 949,395 26
Graphic representation of gender/ stage-wise GER is given below
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total Male Female
Stage/ Gender-wise Gross Enerolment Rate
Primary (I-V)
Middle (VI-VIII)
Secondary (IX-X)
C. Out of School Children in 2009 Belonging to 5-9 Year Age Group Due to above mentioned reasons; Net Enrolment Rate (NER) at primary level (Classes 1-5) of education
is quite low (for details refer to table below). Accordingly our national literacy rate is also quite low
which stood at 56% in 2007-0815 (for males 69% and for females 44%).
National NER and Out of School Children at
Primary Stage (Class I-V) as of 2007- 08
Gender Number of Primary
Schools (numbers)
5-916
years
Population
(millions)
17NER (I-V) (%) Out of school
children (millions)
15
PSLM 2007-08 16
National Institute of Population Studies estimates for 2007-08 17
PSLM 2007-08
12
Male 73,938 9.601 65 3.344
Female 45,229 8.806 55 4.727
Co-education 19,271
Total 138,438 18.407 55 8.071
0
2
4
6
8
10
1
Out of School Children (5-9 Years age-group)
Boys
Girls
Total
It can be seen from table-6 below that for every girls’ school there are 1.62 boys’ schools, whereas
difference of ratio of girls’ population with that of boys’ is negligible i.e. 1:1.096. This indicates that
number of girls’ schools is not in consonance with their population. Resultantly 4.727 million girls were
out of school as against 3.344 million boys during 2007-08. This shows a significant gender disparity
which needs to be addressed on priority.
13
D. 10+ Population that Attended School
In Pakistan, 58% of 10 years and above (10+) population (71% for males and 46% for females) attended
the school till 2007-0818. This indicates that 42% of 10+ populations never attended the school. When
analysed by gender, it comes to 29% for males and 54% for females. The gender disparity in this case
also, is quite visible and alarming, which needs to be minimized on priority basis through formal and
non-formal schools because only the formal system can not address this issue.
E. Number of Schools and teachers
The number of public-sector schools by level and gender as in 2006-07 is given in following table
Number of Public Sector Schools by level and gender as 2006-0719
Gender Mosque 20
Schools
Primary21
Schools
Middle22
Schools
Secondary23
Schools
Higher24
Sec.
Schools
Total
Schools
Boys 10,587 63,351 7,358 6,068 517 87,881
Girls 75 45,154 7,135 2,990 375 55,729
Mix 13 19,258 727 289 41 20,328
Total 10,651 127,763 15,220 9,347 933 163,914
Graphic representation of schools by level/ gender is given in chart-2
18
PSLM 2007-08 19
Pakistan Education Statistics 2006-07 20
Mosque schools offer pre-primary and primary level education. 21
Primary schools offer pre-primary and primary level education. 22
Middle schools offer middle level education (majority of the middle schools in Pakistan have the pre-
primary and primary sections as well) 23
Secondary schools offer education from class VI to X (majority of the secondary schools have the primary
section also). 24
Higher Secondary schools offer education from class VI to XII.
14
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
Mosque
Schools
Primary
Schools
Middle
Schools
Secondary
Schools
Higher
Secondary
Schools
Number of Public Sector Schools by Level/ Gender
Boys
Girls
Mix
Total
It can be concluded from the table-6 above that for every boy’s middle school there are 10 feeding
primary schools and for girls this ratio is 1:6. This means boys have limited access at middle stage as
compared to girls.
In similar fashion for every boy’s secondary school there are 1.21 feeding middle schools and for girls’
the ratio comes to 1: 2.4. At this stage boys have a better access to education as compared to girls.
Number of teachers by level/ gender as in 2006-07 is given below.
Number of teachers by level and gender in 2006-0725
Gender/School
level
Mosque
Schools
Primary
Schools
Middle
Schools
Secondary
Schools
Higher
Secondary
Schools
Total 16,676 332,548 114,847 163,634 25,913
Male 16,572 204,695 60,384 108,749 15,996
Female 104 127,853 54,463 54,885 9,917
25
Pakistan Education Statistics 2006-07
15
The graphical representation of average number of teachers in one school by level and gender is shown
in chart-3
-
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
Mosque
Schools
Primary
School
Middle
Schools
Secondary
School
Higher
Secondary
Schools
Number of Teachers/ School
Number of Teachers
The analysis indicates that for every mosque school, average number of teachers comes to 1.57.
Likewise, for primary school it is 2.6, for middle school it is 7.55, whereas for secondary and higher
secondary schools, average number of teachers comes to 17.51 and 28.85 respectively.
F. 10+ Adult Literacy Rate
10+ literacy rate in Pakistan in 2007-0826 was reported as 56% (69% for males and 44% for females). In
urban areas it was 71% (80% for males and 63% for females) and in rural area it was 49% (64% for males
and 34% for females). An analysis of these figures reveals the following trends:
In urban areas literacy rate is much higher than in rural areas i.e. 71% and 49%, respectively.
In urban areas gender disparity, though significant, the gap is much wider in rural areas i.e.
literacy rate of males is higher than females by 17% in urban areas whereas it is higher by 30% in
rural areas.
The earlier findings of gender disparity are confirmed here and it is amply established that urgent
measures are needed to bring females at par with males. It is also clearly visible that in case of literacy
of 10+ age group, rural areas are much backward as compared to urban areas, which entails higher
priority for rural areas in formulating and implementing the literacy plan.
26
PSLM 2007-08
16
Brief provincial literacy plans are given below:
17
Sindh
Literacy & education is proved a change agent for the progress & guarantee for development of society,
state & country. Education is also a constitutional right for every citizen of Pakistan. Unfortunately
Pakistan standing in general & Sindh is standing in particular on this front has historically been proven.
Overall literacy rate in Sindh during 2008-9 was only 59% for population of 10 + years. The objective of
making 86 % people literate in Sindh by year 2015 is though challenging but achievable by sincerely
following short term & long term goals already determined by Govt. to fulfill international commitment,
national requirement & desperate need of nation’s progress & prosperity.
VIII. Situation Analysis
1. Geographic Situation
The province of Sindh is situated in the southern part of the country. The neighboring regions of the
Sindh are Baluchistan in west & north, Punjab to the north, India to southeast & east & the Arabian Sea
to the south.
2. Demography
The estimated population of Sindh province was 37.653 million during 2009 which is 23 % of total
population of Pakistan. Population estimates by age group & gender during 2009 is given below:
Age Group Male Female Total
0-4 2,088,367 1,879,433 3,967,800
10 + 15,589,872 14,080,248 29,670,120
Source: National Institute of Population Studies
Administratively, Sindh province has 23 districts, 121 talukas, 1108 union councils & 5864 Dehs/villages.
18
3. Socio-economic situation of Sindh
Sindh has the 2nd largest economy in Pakistan. Historically, Sindh’s contribution to Pakistan’s GDP has
been 30 % to 32.7 %. The Sindh’s contribution in the national economy is estimated to have increased
from 28.2 per cent in 1999-2000 to 28.6 per cent in 2004-05 and is expected to be around 29 per cent in
the 2006-07, revealed a recent study of the provincial government.
According to this study, the contribution of the Sindh-based industry in national industry is 37 per cent
while that of services sector is 27 per cent. Agricultural sector’s contribution has been estimated at 22.1
per cent.
In the industrial sector, the large scale industry contributed 49.1 per cent, small scale 31.5 per cent. In
agriculture, major crops contributed 16.9 per cent while minor crops 30 per cent. Livestock’s share is 25
per cent but that of forestry is only 0.2 per cent. Fisheries contributed 19.4 per cent.
In the services sector, the finance and insurance contributed 36.9 per cent, wholesale and retail trade
31.1 per cent, transport, storage and communications 27 per cent, ownership of dwellings 23.2 per cent,
public administration and defense 15.2 per cent, social services 23.8 per cent.
4. Literacy & Education Status
Overall literacy rate of Sindh during 2008-09 was only 59 % for the population of 10 + years. According
to PSLM survey 2008-09, there is wide gap in the literacy rate of urban areas (73 %) as compared to rural
areas (43 %).
Literacy rate for population of 10 + years in Sindh is given below:
Region Male Female Both
Urban Areas 81 65 73
Rural Areas 61 22 43
Overall 71 45 59
Source: PSLM 2008-09
19
PSLM 2008-09 also indicates that 40 % (27 % male & 55 % female) of population of 10 + years in Sindh
never attended school. It is 26 % for urban areas (18 % male & 34 % females) and 55 % for rural areas
(37 % for male 77 % for females).
A table of population is given below who ever attended school (2008-09) in percentage:
Region Male Female Both
Urban Areas 82 66 74
Rural Areas 63 23 45
Overall 73 45 60
Source: PSLM 2008-09
5. History of Literacy Programs:
A few programs were launched in Sindh for the promotion of literacy the past. Following programs were
implemented in Sindh in past.
Sr. # Literacy Program Year
1 Adult education Program under village AID 1950s
2 Adult Education Program under department of local
Govt. & rural development
Continued till 1980s
3 Eradication of illiteracy from selected areas of Pakistan During 1992
IX. Ongoing Projects:
National programs under implementation under provincial level:
1) Non Formal Basic Education Schools (NFBE)
2) National Commission for Human Development (NCHD)
3) Education Sector Reforms (ESR)
4) National Rural Support Program (NRSP)
5) Education Sector Reform Assistance (ESRA)
6) ED-LINKS
Private Sector
20
1) Sindh Education Foundation (SEF)
2) Health & Nutrition Development Society (HANDS)
3) Labour Education Foundation (LEF)
7- Existing Literacy Programs
1- Adult literacy centers by National Commission for Human Development (NCHD)
2- Basic Education Community (BEC) schools by National Education Foundation (NEF)
X. Actions / Activities and components of plans
Identification of projects: the projects under this plan will be identified in such a manner that there are
no chances of duplications or clash with the on-going literacy projects. Gender & area disparities will be
avoided.
Need Assessment Study/Survey: a study will be conducted to assess the need of adult literacy centers &
NFBE centers by districts in coordination with Education department, NCHD & local NGOs.
Preparation of PC-1: PC-1 will be prepared on the basis of recommendations of the need assessment
study 7 the projects identified by the Literacy & Education department. The procedure for approval of
PC-1 up to certain value as per rules exists at the district & provincial level.
Facilities & Services: Timely implementation of the PC-1s and availability of human and financial
resources will be ensured by the literacy & NFBE department.
XI. Programs / Projects and strategies to address the issues and challenge to
achieve the goals and targets (Adult Literacy)
Opening of basic literacy cum-functional literacy centers and income generation cum-basic
literacy centers
Private/ NGOs literacy Centers
Opening of Quranic Literacy Centers
Opening of non-formal basic education schools
21
XII. Challenges to achieve EFA Goals
Political will for the literacy movement.
Financial funding should conform to financial phasing for the plan
Timely preparation, approval and release of funds for the projects
Ensure maximum awareness of all communities and active participation of disadvantaged
groups especially of female folks.
Provision of continuing education/ post literacy facilities.
Ensure credibility of literacy and NFBE programs.
Ensure timely and optimal use of community and other stakeholders
Technical support services to ensure quality.
XIII. Recommended option to ensure success of Sindh Literacy Plan
Create demand through awareness
Involve political leadership and other stake holders to generate political will
Selection of literacy/ NFBE teachers/ managers/ supervisors
Trainings
Establishment of ALCs/ NFBE
XIV. Requirements
To achieve EFA goals Sindh require certain human & financial resources. Budget required for literacy
plan year 2010-2015 is as:
Unit Cost per anum:
Category-wise unit cost (recurring)( including salary of teachers, teaching learning material. Black board,
furniture, equipment, consumables, textbooks, slates, notebook etc) of the plan inputs is as follows:-
i. Basic Literacy centers including = Rs. 69,000 per cycle
Teacher salary, teacher training, utilities and manpower cost
ii. Community Learning centers ( CLC) = Rs. 420,480
iii. NFBE Schools =Rs. 93,840
iv. Quranic Literacy Centers = Rs. 67,620
22
Average Cost per Lerner of basic literacy center = Rs 2500
XV. Financial Requirement;
It is estimated that a total amount of Rs. 40,034 million will be required for five years period 2010-15 as
per break up given below;
Item 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Total
Non-
development
cost
3,978.15 4,513.92 4,482.83 4,552.63 4,571.91 22,099.44
Development
cost
1,756.70 1,330.67 1,341.57 1,318.40 1,315.33 7,062.67
Supervision &
monitoring
860.23 876.69 873.66 880.65 883.09 4,374.32
Administrative
cost
86.74 292.23 291.22 293.55 294.36 1,258.1
Unforeseen
cost
1,032.27 1,052.03 1,048.39 1,056.78 1,059.70 5,249.17
Grand total 7,714.09 8,065.54 8,037.67 8,102.01 8,124.39 40,043.7
23
Punjab
XVI. Situation Analysis
The Punjab is the most populous province of Pakistan, with approximately 56% of the country's total
population. The neighboring areas are Indian Kashmir to the north, the Indian states
of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east, the Pakistani province of Sindh to the south, the province
of Balochistan to the southwest, the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and the Islamabad
Capital Territory to the north. The Punjab is home to the Punjabis and various other groups. The main
languages are Punjabi and Saraiki and the dialects of Mewatiand Potowari. The name Punjab derives
from the Persian words Panj (Five), and Āb (Water), i.e. (the) Five Waters - referring to the Indus River
and its four primary tributaries of Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej, that flow through Punjab.
Punjab has always contributed the most to the national economy of Pakistan. Punjab's economy has
quadrupled since 1972 Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7% in 2000 and 59% as of 2010. It is especially
dominant in the Service & Agriculture sectors of the Pakistan Economy. With its contribution ranging
from 52.1% to 64.5% in the Service Sector and 56.1% to 61.5% in the Agriculture Sector. It is also major
manpower contributor because it has largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (Technically
trained) manpower in Pakistan.
The 10 + population literacy rate in the province increased to 46.56 % in 1998 from 24.7 % in 1981 (70
% increase in real term in 17 years).
Area Male Female Total
Urban 79 68 73
Rural Areas 61 38 50
Total 67 48 58
24
XVII. Current Initiates for promotion of literacy & education in Punjab
A. Capacity building of the literacy & Non formal Basic Education
department
General objective of the project is to enhance the capacity of literacy & non formal basic education
department in two years. Strengthen the existing functions of planning & administrative wings of the
departments. Cost of the project is Rs. 48.801 million.
B. Establishment of 300 Adult literacy centers & 200 NFBE in brick kilns
The objective of the project is to provide literacy to 4125 adults & 5500 children at 275 brick kilns of
distruct multan & khanewal by establishing 275 adult literacy centers and 275 NFBE schools in 54
months.
Cost of the project is Rs. 109.884 million
C. Community learning centers
Community learning centers are places for providing learning opportunities to everyone in the
community in order to
Empower them to become self reliant
Improve their quality of life
Develop their community
D. Punjab Literacy & Livelihood Program
The project is about the promotion of literacy by making it more attractive for the learners by adding
the incentive of skilled training that will add the promise of earning livelihood towards the end of the
program.
E. Literacy Program
Literacy & non formal education department is committed to provide high quality learning opportunities
through non formal means to all illiterates & out of school children.
Cost for this program to achieve target is Rs. 1754.130 million
25
F. Campaign for Enhancement of Literacy in four districts of Punjab
Project aims at providing the primary education to those children aging between 5-14 years through non
formal basic education schools who have not been created by the formal education system because of
any reason. Scope of the project is to achieve total literacy in four districts of punjab. Districts are:
Khanewal
Khushab
Dera Ghazi Khan
Mandi Bahaudin
Cost of the project is estimated: Rs. 720.809 million.
XVIII. Prerequisites for success of Punjab Literacy Plan:
No plan can be successful unless it fulfills certain prerequisites no matter how meticulously it has been
chalked out. A few of these perpetuities may be:
Continuity of leadership and sincerity of purpose
Realization of gravity of the situation and understanding of the issues
Political will for the promotion of non formal education
Ensure maximum awareness of all communities and active participation of disadvantaged
groups especially of female folks.
Provision of continuing education/ post literacy facilities.
Ensure credibility of literacy and NFBE programs.
Ensure timely and optimal use of community and other stakeholders
Technical support services to ensure quality.
Very effective monitoring & evaluation mechanism
Effective advocacy and awareness campaigns
XIX. Requirements
Given the present capacity of the department it is difficult to carry out the activities identified under the
five year strategic plan 2010-15.
26
1. Human resources required with existing staff at provincial level:
Grade Post/ Designation
BS-16 Additional Secretary technical
BS-18 (2 posts) Deputy Director Monitoring and MIS
Deputy Director training & Vocational Skills
BS- 17 (7 posts) Section Officer (Budget)
Assistant Director LiMIS
Assistant Director Monitoring
Assistant Director Technical & Vocational Skills
Assistant Director Literacy Research &
Development
Assistant Director Training & Resource Center
Assistant Director Audit (contract)
2. Human resources required with existing staff at district level:
Grade Post / Designation
BS 17 Monitoring / MIS Officer
Research & training Officer
Mobilization & Communication Officer
BS-12 (1 post) Computer operator
BS-17 (1 post) Tehsil Literacy manager
BS-16 (6 post) Trainers (two per tehsil/town)
Literacy Mobilizers / monitors (four per tehsil)
BS-12 (1 post) Computer operator
27
1. Financial Resources Required:
Total Budget
in millions
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
31, 363.35 4,854.13 7,031.12 7,417.03 6,389.66 5,671.40
28
Khyber Pakhtun Khawa
XX. Situation Analysis:
XXI. Demography
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province has an estimated population of 24 million that does not include the
almost 1.5 million afghan refugees. The largest ethnic groups are the Pashtuns who form about two
third of the population.
KPK is located in the north west of the country. It borders Afghanistan to the north-west, Gilgit-
Baltistan to the north-east, Pakistan administered Kashmir to the east, the Federally Administered Tribal
Areas (FATA) to the west and south and Punjab and the Islamabad Capital Territory to the south-east.
XXII. Population
Currently total projected population of KPK is 24 million while population of 10+ age group is 15.66
million (Male 7.98 million & female 7.68 million).similarly according to 1998 census 83% of KPK
population comprises of rural area.
Literacy Rate in KPK during 2008-09 (in %)
Region Male Female Both
Overall 69 31 50
Urban 76 48 62
Rural 67 27 47
Source PSLM Survey 2008-09
The broad overall general issues, problems and challenges faced by the literacy sector are given bellow;
29
a) Lack of awareness about the importance and significance of adult literacy.
b) Primarily, adult literacy has suffered due to lack of political will and absence of consistency in
policy. Only a few projects on adult literacy could be launched during the post Jomtien period.
c) Scarcity of resources both human and financial.
d) There is an absence of a strong coordination and organizational structure with the result that
interaction among the principal actors in the field of adult literacy remained week.
e) The professional base of adult literacy initiatives remained under developed due to lack of
training of instructors, lack of formalized curriculum, and a virtual non existence of effectiveness
research.
f) Monitoring and Evaluation mechanism at the grass root level could not be strengthened, which
adversely affected the internal efficiency and effectiveness of the literacy programs & projects.
g) Population explosion, lack of community and civil society participation; irrelevance of literacy
programs and non availability of teaching- learning material are some other challenges and
issues in literacy.
h) Law and order situation and extremism in Pakistan
XXIII. Socio Political Situation
Century old struggle against the Britishers has resulted in deep rooted resentment and resistance in the
psyche of local. Government sponsored programs, even having small difference from the social norms, is
viewed with suspicion. The society of KPK reacts adversely to all the “Social Transplants”. Such benefits,
in most of the cases, are known to them but their inflated ego and obduracy acts as a stumbling block.
Use of now commonly used clichés such as “Motivation” and “awareness” would be counter productive.
XXIV. Education
Quality of education is vital for economic development of a nation. The provincial government is making
all out efforts for the promotion of education. It is largest department having staff strength of 182,707
employees (both elementary and higher education sectors). The provincial Education Department
comprises of the secretariat, Directorate, RITE and PITE.
30
A. Gross & Net Enrollment The current net enrollment is public / private sector at primary level is 83% of total population of age
group of 5-9 years. The total cost estimate is about 72 billion rupees for 100% enrollment and 86% adult
literacy, for the year 2005 Pakistan literacy % stood at 54% while the statistics of KPK at 46% in not
impressive. The situation is more alarming in case of female literacy, which is quite dismal i.e. at 30%.
B. Adult Literacy Although adult literacy in KP has increased at the rate of 1% per annum since 1981, it is still very low
especially as compared to other provinces of Pakistan. According to 1981 census the over all literacy
rate of 10+ age of KPK was 26.2% which was increased to 35.41% in 1998.Cumulative increase in literacy
rate over 8 years is 10%.
1. Literacy Rate
According to the economic survey of Pakistan 2007-08, the overall literacy rate of the KP is 49% (male
68%: female 33%) it indicates that almost two out of three women are illiterate.
Number of literates: in the year 2000, almost 51% of the 10+ years of age group population was
literate i.e. 9 million literates out of 17 million population. This number is planned to increase to
14.50 million by the end of the plan 2015.
Illiterates :
At present (2010), 8 million (male 3 million: female 5 million) out of total 17 million of 10+ years age
group population are illiterates. As per plan the number of illiterates will be reduced to 2.50 million
(male 2 million: female 5 million) by the end of 2015.
Past trends of growth of literacy rate in KP
Although adult literacy in KP has increased at the rate of 1% per annum since 1981, it is still very low
especially as compared to other provinces of Pakistan. According to 1981 census the overall literacy rate
of 10+ age of KPK was 26.2% which was increased to 35.41% in 1998.Cumulative increase in literacy rate
over 8 years is 10%.
Administrative & management structure of Formal education & Adult Literacy
Provincial Level
31
Elementary & Secondary Education Department
Directorates of School Education ( Elementary & Secondary)
District Level
Director public instruction DPI Elementary Education
PITE/ RITE
Monitoring % Evaluation issues
Coordination issues
Future Scenario & trends
Keeping in view the current situation of KP the following plan interventions are proposed.
2. Adult literacy & Non Formal basic Education
This plan is focused on adult literacy & Non formal Basic education especially in backward / remote
areas & slums of the whole province.
The proposed plan the approximate cost of R.s 7.38 billions by 2015.
Literacy
Skill development centers/ Vocational centers
Community schools / Feeder Schools
Community learning schools
XXV. Issues, problems and challenges in the areas of Adult Literacy
program & NFBE:
A. Financial Issues Delayed release of funds
Low allocation of funds
Funds diverted to other issues
Less release of allocated funds
32
B. Human resource Issues Resource in particular human in general in literacy directorate of KP has always hindered to proceed in
the field of literacy which is the prime need of the province especially in the given politico economic
scenario of the country.
Capacity development issues
Coordination issues
Access issues
Quality and relevance issues
Monitoring and evaluation issues
Accreditation, equivalence and certification issues
XXVI. 5- Year Literacy Plan Goals
a) Increase literacy rate up to 86% by 2015
b) Enrollment ratio ensure 100% enrollment at primary level
Objective of the Plan
a) To promote literacy in KP province
b) To materialize the commitment of EFA made by Pakistan in Dakar conference.
c) To integrate the adult literacy program with life and marketable earning skills.
d) To minimize the existing gender/ rural & urban disparity in literacy rate.
e) To institutionalize the post literacy and continuing education efforts.
f) To make optimum use of existing education facilities
g) To improve the rate of admission and retention at the primary stage to ensure lasting literacy.
33
Number of basic literacy centers by gender (in numbers)
ACTION /ACTIVITIES & SUB COMPONET OF THE PLAN
Identification of projects
Need assessment study/survey
Preparation of PC-1/ Strategy
Facilities & services
Implementation mechanism & Scheduling of plan
Adult Literacy:
Adult literacy plan will be implemented by EEF & NCHD
NFBE Community Schools:
The plan proposes the preparation of proper PC-1 regarding the NFBE community schools.
CLCs
EEF is already executing 15 CLCs throughout the province since 3 years. So EEF may be declared as the
executing agency in this regards.
Skill development / Vocational centers
Numbers of
Basic Literacy
centers by
gender (in
numbers)
2009-10(
base line)
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
Total 18000 18000 20000 20000 20000 20000
Male 3600 3600 4000 4000 4000 4000
Female 14400 14400 16000 16000 16000 16000
34
Skill development / vocational centers are the new to the people at village/ UC level.
Recommended options to ensure success of literacy plan.
Options.
Create demand through awareness
Involve political leadership and other stakeholders to generate political will
Planning and conduct of training
Establishment of ALCs/NFBE schools
Recruitment
Financing of the Plan
Unit costs (per annum) including salary of teachers @ Rs. 2500/= per month, teaching learning material.
Black board, Furniture, Equipment, consumables, textbooks, slates, Notebook, pencils, sharpeners,
erasers etc.
Adult literacy centers (ALC) = Rs. 3023.50 million
Community literacy centers (CLC) = Rs. 134.62 million
Quranic Literacy centers = Rs. 157.25 million
Non formal basic Schools = Rs. 911.11 million
Vocational centers (VC) = Rs. 3319.41 million
35
XXVII. Financial requirements during the planned period (2010-15) in millions
Item 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Total %age
Non
development
cost
304.64 359.40 431.08 485.84 582.72 2163.68 29.2
Development
cost
680.16 787.47 937.85 1045.16 1224.50 4675.14 63.3
Administrative
cost
22.24 30.35 38.45 46.56 60.37 197.97 2.7
Un-foreseen 50.35 58.86 70.37 78.88 93.38 351.84 4.7
Grand total 1057.40 1236.08 1477.75 1656.43 1960.97 7388.62
XXVIII. Funding sources
Government of the KP (15%)
Federal Government
NCHD
UNESCOUSAID
JICA
CIDA
Other donors.
36
Balochistan
Situation Analysis
A. Geographic Situation:
Balochistan is the country’s largest province covering nearly 43% of Pakistan’s total geographical area,
having land of contrast. It has fertile lands such as Naseerabad and thirsty tracks, for centuries in the pat
section of Sibi district and the Mekran desert zone having coastal area of more than 700 kilometers
which has given it a strategic position in the region.
Its neighboring regions are Iran to the west; Afghanistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the north;
and Punjab and Sindh to the east. To the south lies the Arabian Sea.
B. Demography
Balochistan has a population of around 8.4 million inhabitants, which makes up approximately 5% of the
Pakistan’s Population. Overall, the Baloch population is about 90 % whilst the Pashtuns are 6% of the
province population & 4% are other small minorities.
C. Socio Economic situation of the province and Districts
Balochistan’s culture is primarily tribal, deeply patriarchal and conservative. Baloch society is dominated
by tribal chieftains called “Sardars” who are the ruling elite of Balochistan. After independence,
agriculture industry and mineral resources were developed as a result of which it has gained an
economic base, although a small one. Agriculture and livestock are the most important economic
sectors for the people in Balochistan. At present only 4.6% of the total land area of Balochistan is
cultivated. The limited rainfall and non-availability of water drastically restricts the cultivated area.
As Agriculture is the mainstay of the province economy, it provides employment to over 60% of its total
population. The agriculture land area of Balochistan is about 85 million acres out of which only 1.2
million acres are under cultivation. Except Nasirabad Division where about one thousand square miles of
37
land is canal irrigated, rest of the cultivable land depends for irrigation water on wells, karezes
(underground water channels), spring, weirs and rains. Annual wheat production is about three hundred
thousand tones.
Educational Status/profile of the province
Number of Schools, Enrolment and teachers by level and gender in 2007-2008 (public+ Private)
Gender Primary Middle
Schools Enrolment
Teachers
Schools Enrolment Teachers
Boys 7,201 359,179 12,390 596 91,336 7,501
Girls 2,918 229,513 6,437 285 47,199 4,696
Co-Edu 378 240
Total 10,497 588,692 18,827 1,121 138,535 12,197
According to the survey, 12% educational institutions in the province are in a dangerous condition.
About 24.7 % of these need major repairs while 36.6 % require minor repairs. Only 30.2 % are in
satisfactory condition.
The total numbers of institutions in the country that have building is 216,490. out of those, 51.6 % are in
satisfactory condition, 26 % need minor repairs, 17 % need major repairs, and 5.7 % are in miserable
condition.
XXIX. Past trends of growth of literacy rate in Balochistan The literacy and NFBE directorate of Balochistan launched many activities with its meager human and
financial resources in the past. Which are enlisted briefly as under:-
Development of learning / teaching material based on Basic Literacy, Mathematics, and skill
orientation for the first time in Balochistan province.
38
Follow up material development for the post literacy activities in Balochistan in collaboration with
UNESCO.
Monitored the activities at above centers at all levels by extensive field visits to motivate people in
the interior of Balochistan for “Jihad” against illiteracy.
Involved actively in establishing Educational Cell to promote female literacy in Balochistan
sponsored by UNICEF Quetta.
Survey of Mekran District in collaboration with UNICEF about problem encountered in the field of
education.
100 % monitoring ensured on Non Formal Basic Schools & Literacy centers throughout Balochistan
in collaboration with Pak Army & Pakistan Literacy Commission.
Organized more than 100 workshops on education (Training of Master Trainers, promotion of
literacy) in all over the province.
Literacy rate in Balochistan, GER & NER from 2005-06 to 2007-08
Region/ Province Literacy Rates
(10 years & Above
GER Primary
(age 5-9)
NER
Primary (age 5-9)
2005-
06
2006-
07
2007-
08
2005-
06
2006-
07
2007-
08
2005-
06
2006-
07
2007-
08
Balochistan Male 54 58 66 79 89 88 39 49 47
Femal
e
20 22 23 50 52 59 27 32 35
Both 38 42 46 65 72 75 34 41 41
GPI 0.37 0.38 0.35 0.63 0.58 0.67 0.69 0.65 0.74
Source: - Pakistan Social & Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007-08
39
XXX. Ongoing Programs
A. A-National Programs under implementation at provincial level.
1. NFBE Schools: at the national level, the Non Formal Basic education Schools form the biggest network
promoting primary education and resultantly literacy in the country.
A project titled “Establishment of 82,000 non formal Basic Education (NFBE) Community Schools” was
launched by the Ministry of Education in 1996-97 throughout the country.
By the year 2005-06 the number of NFBE schools functioning throughout the country was 10,185
with the enrolment of 361,747 students. The project is being implemented in collaboration with
provincial Project Coordination Offices through Provincial Education Departments. Pass
outs/graduates of NFBE schools may get admission in formal schools. In view of acute shortage of
formal middle schools, it is proposed to open 4,000 non formal schools by upgrading the existing
basic education schools under the revised NFBE project.
2. NCHD: the National Commission for Human Development is a national level organization in the public
sector. It launched a massive literacy initiative in August 2002 to support the Ministry of Education. It is
operating at the national level and the literacy program of NCHD is operational in 117 districts of
Pakistan.
3. ESR: Education is the key to change and progress. The linchpin of our policy objectives in education is
the “Education Sector Reforms” Action Plan 2001-2006.
4. ESRA: Education Sector Reform Assistance (ESRA) program was launched by USAID in collaboration
with government of Sindh and Balochistan at a total cost of US $ 60 million (equivalent Rs. 4920 million)
out of total assistance of US $ 100 million for improvement of education sector in Pakistan.
Under the literacy initiative of ESRA, the program aimed to increase the government ability to provide
literacy training to learners of all ages, especially those between the ages of 10-25 years and to families.
It assisted to establish models for literacy instruction (content and materials), as well as service delivery
mechanism, including the following;
National guidelines for adult and youth
40
Integrated literacy model, 6-month comprehensive course including literacy, Math’s and vocational
skills, developed and tested.
Literacy center or posts created. Literacy instructors trained.
Learners enrolled and completed USA supported literacy programs.
5. ED-LINKS: as a follow up of ESRA program, USAID launched its ED-LINKS (Links to Learning) program in
2007, at a total cost of US $ 90 million (equivalent Rs. 7.560 billion) for improvement of education
sector, especially to improve the quality and sustainability of teacher education and student
performance, in selected 11 districts of Sindh 11 districts of Balochistan, Islamabad capital territory, and
Federally Administered tribal areas FATA.
B. B- Private Sector Programs
Non- government organizations have been actively involved in the promotion of literacy and adult
education sine 1990. In 1992, NGOs were involved in the project namely “Eradication of illiteracy from
the Selected Areas of Pakistan”. Since then, the non government organizations have been playing an
increasingly important role in literacy and non formal education.
1. Balochistan Education Foundation (BEF): Balochistan Education foundation was established in xx as
a semi- autonomous organization to undertake educational initiatives in the disadvantaged areas of
Balochistan.
XXXI. Future Programs:
The National, provincial and District plans of Action on Education for All (2001-15) have already been
prepared and launched. Some of the main Programs/inputs/Strategies designed for the EFA plan of
action include:
41
New primary Schools
Masjid / Maktab schools
Introduction of double shift in existing schools
Providing missing facilities to existing schools and
Focusing on school effectiveness and better quality of education
Adult literacy centers
Skill development centers.
XXXII. Profile of illiterates in Balochistan:
Rural People: According to the 1998 Census, two thirds (67%) of the population of Pakistan lives in rural
areas. In the remote areas of the country there is lack of basic facilities of life such as roads, education
and health facilities.
Poor and Disadvantaged people: illiteracy rate amongst poor people is very high at 35% of the
population in Pakistan lives below the poverty line.
Ethnic and Linguistic Minorities: Illiteracy is high among ethnic minorities due to the lack of access to
educational facilities and services as well as due to their peculiar customs, traditions and taboos.
People with Special Needs: most of the handicaps and people with special needs are illiterate, due to
non availability of literacy centers and educational institutions specially required for them.
Girls and Women: literacy rate is low among girls and women besides, some social norms, institutions
and tradition deny educational access to girls and female.
Street Children and Young Child Labourers: Street children constitute a significant part of our
population. Similarly, young children working in workshops and private factories also contribute towards
illiteracy in the country.
Feudal / Tribal Population: By virtue of their tradition, tribal people in general, are found more involved
in their personal feuds. Hence they are generally not inclined to send their children to school, most of
them due to security risk.
42
Tillers of Land under Feudal system: Tillers of Land under feudal system also form a significant, but so
far neglected par of our illiterate population.
Household workers / employees: As in the case of Land- Tillers, this class is also over-burdened with
work for their employers.
Main Concentrations of Illiterates: The main concentrations of illiterates are in remote rural areas;
mountainous regions; slum areas (Katchi Abadies) in urban areas; deserts and pockets of refugee
population.
XXXIII. Issues, problems and challenges in the areas of Adult Literacy
program & NFBE:
The broad overall general issues, problems and challenges faced by the literacy sector are given
bellow;
1. Lack of Awareness: About the importance and significance of Adult literacy.
2. Primarily, adult literacy has suffered due to Lack of Political will and absence of consistency in
policy. Only a few projects on adult literacy could be launched during the post Jomtien period.
3. Scarcity of resources both human and financial.
4. There is an absence of a strong coordination and organizational structure with the result that
interaction among the principal actors in the field of adult literacy remained week.
5. The professional base of adult literacy initiatives remained under developed due to lack of
training of instructors, lack of formalized curriculum, and a virtual non existence of effectiveness
research.
6. Monitoring and Evaluation mechanism at the grass root level could not be strengthened, which
adversely affected the internal efficiency and effectiveness of the literacy programs & projects.
7. Population explosion, lack of community and civil society participation; irrelevance of literacy
programs and non availability of teaching- learning material are some other challenges and
issues in literacy.
8. Law and order situation and extremism in Pakistan.
43
XXXIV. Resources (Both Human and Financial) Issues:
Resource in particular financial and human in general in literacy directorate of Balochistan has always
hindered to proceed in the field of literacy which is the prime need of the province especially in the
given politico economic scenario of the country.
Capacity development issues
Coordination issues
Access issues
Quality and relevance issues
Monitoring and evaluation issues
Accreditation, equivalence and certification issues
XXXV. Goals, objectives and targets in Adult literacy and NFBE
Goals: to enhance literacy rate from 47% to 64% by 2015 in Balochistan, to increase the literacy rate up
to 64% and to improve the overall human living standard.
Objectives: to promote and uplift literacy rate in the province, to improve the quality of life as an
ultimate goal, to enable people learning income generating skills and to impart Non formal basic
Education to the masses.
Targets: Annual Targets: the current literacy rate is 47% while the desired literacy rate by 2015 is 64%.
To bridge the gap of 17%, the annual target aims to obtain 3.4% progress in literacy improvement each
year.
5-year (2010-15) targets: five year target will be to increase literacy rate from 47% to 64% i.e. 17%
improvement in 05 year with more focus on rural areas especially females.
Targets:
Literacy Rate: According to the economic Survey of Pakistan 2009, the overall literacy rate of
Balochistan is 47% the breakup is as: Male Urban 1.046 Male rural: 2.014, Female Urban: 0.685 while
44
Female rural is: 1.752 (Male Urban 79% Male rural: 55%. Female Urban 45% Female Rural: 18%) this
indicates that almost two out of three women are illiterate.
Inputs for Reduction of Adult Literacy
The following inputs have been proposed to enhance the literacy rate and eradicate the illiteracy.
Opening of literacy centers is one of the major programs proposed to eradicate illiteracy in
Balochistan. A total number of 20,582 centers (including 2,272 Private/ NGOs literacy centers, 1,729
Community Literacy centers/ vocational) will be opened in five year with different yearly breakup.
Each center will complete 2 cycles of 6 months duration in a year, with an objective to impart
general literacy (basic skills of literacy) to the adult population of the catchments area. After
completing one or two cycles around 2/3 of the centers would be either closed or shifted to other
places if needed for literacy center. Where as, 1/3 of the centers would be converted / upgraded to
functional literacy/trade or skill development centers.
It is expected that private sector would also actively participate in this national cause against
illiteracy. On the average 2,272 literacy centers per year may be opened in the project period in
private sector.
Some NGOs and CBOs have already opened literacy centers. These centers may continue to increase
at the planned rate.
Low participation rate at primary level of education is mainly due to the increasing poverty. Poverty
alleviation through educational development is one of the important strategies outlined in the
provincial Literacy Framework for action.
Vocational and income generating skills is one of the major programs / inputs included in the
provincial Action Plan.
Imparting literacy skills through Quranic Literacy is a very successful experience in our province,
which needs to be replicated throughout the province on massive scales coupled with modern
approaches. Around 197 Quranic literacy centers during each year of the plan will be opened to
impart literacy skills through Quranic literacy.
Community viewing centers (CVCs) is another successful experience. However, it needs proper and
effective implementation and management mechanism. A token amount of 1000/ per month will be
paid as rent to the person who will provide TV set and VCD for the center.
45
XXXVI. Resources and number of LCs annually under the plan will be as
under:
A. Human resources:
Each literacy center will be provided with one literacy teacher preferably selected from the same
community. Under the plan 3,341 literacy teachers in the first year, 3,853 in the second year and
4,075 in the third year, 4537 in the fourth year and 4,413 in the 5th year will be required. Services of
these teachers would be required for one year for completion of 2 cycles of general literacy.
Trade/ Vocational skill teachers at the rate of 2 teachers per center would be recruited for
trade/vocational/functional literacy centers. As an alternative services of experts in vocational skills
and trades may be hired as master trainers on short term contract basis.
Additional administrative, supervisory and supporting staff will also be required to run literacy
center. An estimated number of 200 posts of literacy administrative/ managers & 500 literacy
centers supervisors will have to be created to run the literacy centers & NFBES envisaged to be
opened under the provincial plan.
B. Financial Resources:
Total cost for literacy programs:
Total cost for literacy programs comes out to be Rs. 284.97 millions as Development cost and Rs.
1,136.71 millions as non development cost, Rs. 259.9 millions for un foreseen, 284.34 millions for
administration, supervision and monitoring cost as Recurring cost thus, total amounting to 1,961.92
million (PKR).
Summary of future targets and financial requirement
S. No Description Number/ Amount
1
Number of literacy centers 1st year 3341
2nd year 3853
3rd year 4075
46
4th year 4537
5th year 4413
2 Target literacy rate in five Years 47% to 64% (17%)
3 Population to be literate 4.6 Million of 10+ Age group
4
Financial cost 284.97 (PKR) Million
a. development cost
b. Non Development cost 1136.71 (PKR) Million
c. Unforeseen 255 (PKR) Million
d. administrative, supervision & monitoring cost 284.34 (PKR) Million
5 Total cost 1961.92 (PKR) Million
XXXVII. Risks, Constraints and bottlenecks in implementation of the plan:
Political instability which has always been a barrier in development activities.
Organizational weakness at the directorate of literacy and NFBE Balochistan.
Capacity building of the staff of literacy & NFBE directorate.
Sudden discontinuation of the funds from the donor agency.
Fragile law and order situation especially target killing, bomb blast, kidnapping for ransom etc in the
province.
47
Interventions of NCHD to enhance literacy
National Commission for Human Development being the lead agency of Govt. of Pakistan in the field of
adult literacy is working hard to achieve the EFA & MDGs goals in the country. As Pakistan is among the
countries with slight chances of achieving EFA & MDGs goals, regarding a scrupulous strategy to meet
the target in time; in the available resources NCHD has adopted following strategies to enhance the
literacy rate of the country.
1. To enhance the literacy rate in Pakistan in under-developed and under privileged districts of the
country.
2. Involvement of provincial stakeholders to play their role to fill the gap in order to achieve EFA
goals.
3. Ensuring 100 % enrollment and reducing dropout rate in the primary education at the level
below to 10 %.
In order to implement the program under the first strategy NCHD has planned to establish 40,000 adult
literacy centers, 100 community learning centers (CLCs), 100 Quranic literacy centers (QLCs) and 100
functional literacy centers (FLCs) per year in the 57 districts of the country. Financial resources to
establish 8000 ALCs are available with NCHD. For establishing additional 32,000 ALCs summary to
Cabinet has been moved.
Provincial departments/ ministries will be sensitized to launch adult literacy program from their own
resources as well as by mobilizing & coordinating provincial governments.
Secondly coordination, liaison, mobilization & capacity building of the provincial stakeholders including
provincial departments & ministries, donor agencies, NGOs, & philanthropists will be taken on regular
basis.
As a third strategy it is suggested to continue 7400 feeder schools in the country in three years in order
to provide the education to under privileged & rural areas of the country. It is also planned to establish
additional 7500 feeder schools with the support of provincial stakeholders. Through this strategy we will
encounter the influx of illiterates adding annually.
48
XXXVIII. Comparison of provinces
Pakistan is among the countries with slight chances of achieving EFA & MDGs targets in time. Between
1980 and 2011 Pakistan’s mean years of schooling increased by 3.1 years and expected years of
schooling increased by 1.2 years; Adult literacy rate increased by an average of 0.9 % annually. (From
29.9 % to 58 %)
An analysis of the literacy rates of districts of Pakistan is carried out it shows a different scenario. Below
is a table of comparison of literacy wise districts of Pakistan. Only 7 districts of Pakistan including
Islamabad capital territory is of literacy rate above 70 % while 6 districts are with literacy rate of 70 to 74
%, 12 districts are with literacy rate between 65 to 69 %, a huge number of districts are below the
literacy rate of 64 & below.
A total of 52 districts of Sindh, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa & Punjab are with literacy rate below
50 %.
Table: Classification of Districts on the Basis of
Literacy Rate
It is clear from the above figures that 83 % of the districts of Pakistan are below 64 % literacy rate;
province wise situation also varies from province to province. Punjab is in better condition as compared
to other provinces. Balochistan is the province of Pakistan with a large number of districts with literacy is
below 60 & even 50 %.
Sr. # Literacy Rate No. of
Districts
1 75 % & above 7
2 70 to 74 % 6
3 65 to 69 % 12
4 64 & below 120
49
Punjab is the province of Pakistan with
comparatively high literacy rate as compared to
other provinces of Pakistan. While we observe the
district wise situation of Punjab with the EFA targets
in view we see the astonished results. 11 % of
districts of Punjab are with literacy rate of 75 % &
above, 6 % of districts are with literacy rate ranging
70 to 74 %, 11 % of districts are with literacy rate
ranging 65 to 69 % while 72 % of districts of Punjab are below 64 % of literacy rate. Rawalpindi is the
highest literacy rate i.e. 79 % and Rajanpur is the
district of Punjab with lowest literacy rate in the
province i.e. 34 %.
Sindh is on the second position on the basis of
literacy rate while compared on the national level.
While we observe the district wise situation of Sindh
with the EFA targets in view we see the
overwhelmed results. 4 % of districts of Sindh are
with literacy rate of 75 % & above, 9 % of districts
are with literacy rate ranging 65 to 69 % while 87 % of districts of Sindh are below 64 % of literacy rate.
We consider the provincial figures, the metropolitan cities add up in the overall literacy rate of the
province but the rural districts of every province shows somewhat different scenario. Karachi has
highest literacy rate with 79 % while Thatta & Tando Muhammad Khan districts have lowest literacy rate
in the province.
While we observe the district wise situation of KPK in
the light of EFA targets we see the incredulous results.
4 % of districts of KPK are with literacy rate ranging 70
to 74 %, 4 % of districts are with literacy rate ranging
65 to 69 % while rest of 92 % of districts of KPK are
below 64 % of literacy rate. There is not a single
district in the KPK with literacy rate of 75 % or above.
50
The district wise situation of literacy in Balochistan is
really terrible one. 93 % of districts of Balochistan are
below 64 % of literacy rate. Remaining 7 % of districts
are with special conditions…………………… the district
with highest literacy rate in Balochistan is QUEETA
with 64 %. Barkhan & Dera Bugti are the districts of
Balochistan with lowest rate of literacy i.e.16%.
10 % of districts of Azad Jammu & Kashmir are with literacy
rate 75% & above, 10 % of districts are with literacy rate 70%
to 74 %; 30 % of districts are with literacy rate between 65 to
69 % while 50 % of districts are with literacy rate 64 % and
below. Neelum is the only district with low level of literacy i.e.
49.7 % in AJ&K.
AJ&K is the only province of Pakistan with higher literacy rates
in the districts. AJ &K can achieve EFA targets in time if literacy
program is implemented accurately & timely.
Gilgit Baltistan is divided into 7 administratively units/ districts. Literacy rate of all districts is below 64
%.
Literacy situation is worst in FATA; due to law & order situation & area partially controlled by local tribes
and cause not only low level of literacy in FATA but also damaged a number of educational institutions.
So in current circumstances it shows that the local community can play a major role to enhance &
increase education & literacy level in the area.
In the light of above scenario NCHD adopted the strategy to focus on the districts with lowest &
moderate literacy rates. NCHD has begun interventions in 57 districts of Pakistan with focus on the
districts of low level of adult literacy.
Two types of interventions are adopted:
1- An addition of 2.93 %(av) in existing literacy rates per anum to 50 districts of Pakistan
2- Special interventions in seven districts of Pakistan to enhance the literacy rate up to 75 %.
51
XXXIX. An addition of 2.93 %(av) in existing literacy rates per anum to 57
districts of Pakistan
The annual literacy rate growth of Pakistan in last
decade was 1 % per anum but it is shown from the
PSLM 2010-11 that the literacy rate increase rate of
this year was reported 0.5 %. The cumulative
literacy rate of selected 57 districts of Pakistan in
2012 is 46.83 %; it is expected to increase up to
62.22 % by 2015. Here is given a table of province
wise literacy rates before & after interventions of
NCHD.
It will boost up the overall
literacy rate of Pakistan with
an addition of 15.39 % to the
existing rate of literacy. This
intervention will add up 9.66
% in the literacy rate of Punjab
& 14.44 %, 13.37 %, 11.72%,
23.14 % & 20 % to Balochistan,
Khyber PakhtunKhwa, Sindh,
Aazad Jammu &Kashmir and
Gilgit baltistan respectively.
Special focused districts will
achieve 75 % literacy rate in three years from 2012 to 2015.
S# Districts Literacy
rate 2012
Literacy
rate 2015
1 Pakistan 46.83 62.22
2 Punjab 47.2 56.86
3 Sindh 45.45 57.17
4 KPK 42.33 55.7
5 Balochistan 39.13 53.57
6 AJK 51.86 75
7 GB 55 75
52
XL. Impact of three years interventions on the literacy rate of the
selected districts
Punjab: NCHD has selected eleven districts of Punjab to start literacy program. The literacy rate of the
selected districts is comparatively low. By this intervention a total of 1272770.56 illiterate adult
populations will be provided basic literacy skills. 44 Functional & post literacy centers, 44 Quranic
literacy Centers & 11 Community Learning Centers (CLCs) will also be initiated to empower the neo
literates to generate their livelihoods. Environmental & family health literacy is also a part of this
program to meet the MDGs targets. Below is given a table of focused districts in Punjab showing the
difference in the literacy rate to be carried out by this intervention. 32,284 adult literacy centers will be
established in order to achieve the literacy targets. A total of Rs. 849,043,196 is required to establish
above mentioned centers.
Bakhar is taken as the model district of Punjab whose literacy rate will be enhanced to 75 % till 2015.
2593 adult literacy centers are required to achieve the 75 % literacy rate till 2015.
Sr. # District Illiterate
Population
Target
Population
three years
Literacy rate in
2012
Literacy rate in
2015
1 Rahim Yar Khan 1280077.019 179103.89 48 59
2 Rajanpur 553332.3559 77420.324 36 48
3 Dera Ghazi Khan 709486.1436 99268.815 45 56
4 Muzaffargarh 1130704.719 158204.24 45 49
5 Lodhran 481520.8628 67372.712 48 56
6 Pakpattan 538874.921 75397.491 47 57
7 Bhakhar 401,063 194450.16 51 75
8 Bahawalnagar 788740.0792 110357.75 51 62
9 Bahawalpur 975432.317 136479.07 49 52
10 Chinniot 409055.2148 57233.572 46 57
11 Okara 839661.7583 117482.53 52 62
53
Sindh: 14 districts are selected from Sindh for literacy interventions. This will help in the enhancement
of literacy skills to 770289.4 thousand illiterate population in 14 districts. Matyari is selected as model
district of Sindh whose literacy rate will be increased to 75 % till 2015. 1362 adult literacy centers will
are required to achieve this target till 2015. Over all 19,515 basic literacy centers will be established in
selected districts of Sindh in three years; besides these centers 56 Functional & post literacy centers, 56
Quranic literacy Centers & 14 Community Learning Centers (CLCs) will also be established.
Sr.
#
District Illiterate
Population
Target Population
(three years)
Literacy rate
in 2012
Literacy
rate in 2015
1 Badin 526498.3887 73665.80968 41 53
2 Thatta 543066.2968 75983.93333 38 50
3 Ghotki 410631.2541 57454.08621 46 58
4 Jacobabad 356578.6414 49891.23404 39 51
5 Kamber Shahdadkot 518681.1866 72572.05415 46 57
6 Tharparker 357076.5937 49960.90577 51 64
7 Umerkot 276896.8556 38742.43777 47 59
8 Shaheed Banzir Abad 440815.6822 61677.38562 48 58
9 Kashmor 318112.9353 44509.24723 41 53
10 Jamshoro 304204.2503 42563.19276 46 57
11 Matiari 205956.7505 102147.9045 50 75
12 Tando Allah Yar 197482.1187 27631.00606 49 60
13 Tando M. Khan 199165.4778 27866.53577 38 51
14 Shikarpur 326077.6796 45623.64635 53 58
54
Graphical representation of literacy rate in 2012 & 2015
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 14 districts are taken from KPK for literacy interventions. By this intervention
635827.7 thousands population of the selected districts will acquire basic literacy skills & this will add up
9.1 % in the existing literacy rate of the selected districts. 16,223 ALCs will be established besides these
centers 56 Functional & post literacy centers, 56 Quranic literacy Centers & 14 Community Learning
Centers (CLCs) will also be established. A total of Rs. 426,655,172 is required to establish adult literacy
centers.
Battgram & Kohat are taken as the model districts of KPK whose literacy rate will reach 75 % till 2015.
Sr. # District Illiterate
Population
Target Population
(three years)
Literacy rate in
2012
Literacy rate in
2015
1 Bannu 276698.227 38714.64637 51 62
2 Lakki Marwat 222215.2629 31091.58094 45 56
3 Dera Ismail Khan 462797.5789 64753.01558 34 44
4 Shangla 213263.224 29839.04302 41 55
55
5 Charsadda 445847.6839 62381.44566 47 58
6 Battagram 116706.8065 53120.22783 54 75
7 Tank 122991.6049 17208.55439 38 49
8 Kohistan 279735.2213 39139.57196 28 42
9 Hangu 139937.1887 19579.5211 46 57
10 Kohat 222475.8707 106045.1241 52 75
11 Buner 278287.391 38936.99662 34 45
12 Mardan 604291.6417 84550.36904 50 60
13 Kohat 232861.4933 32581.16419 50 57
14 Tor ghar 127836.2748 17886.40363 22 36
Graphical representation of literacy rate in 2012 & 2015
Balochistan: 12 districts are selected from Balochistan for literacy interventions. This will help in the
enhancement of literacy skills to 240189.3 thousand illiterate population in 12 districts. Kalat & Ziarat
are selected as model districts of Balochistan who will achieve 75 % literacy till 2015. 6114 adult literacy
centers are required to achieve this target till 2015 besides these centers 48 Functional & post literacy
centers, 48 Quranic literacy Centers & 12 Community Learning Centers (CLCs) will also be established. &
Rs. 2,006,452,539 is required to establish above mentioned centers.
56
Sr. # District Illiterate Population
Target Population (three years)
Literacy rate in 2012
Literacy rate in 2015
1 Jafferabad 248310.3138 34742.70902 32 45
2 Pishin 174480.2228 24412.66138 44 54
3 Kech-Turbat 190157.8956 26606.22644 46 57
4 Lasbela 175543.4389 24561.42287 34 45
5 Loralai 186826.7561 26140.14506 26 37
6 Zhob 152320.9411 21312.21234 35 48
7 Noshki 45463.31064 6361.067119 45 56
8 Kalat 92808.44868 42525.75236 54 75
9 Kharan 97841.98725 13689.70801 44 58
11 Ziarat 15006.25338 7957.534124 47 75
12 Musakhel 84907.03803 11879.89524 25 39
Graphical representation of literacy rate in 2012 & 2015
AJ & K: AJ & K is the province of Pakistan with comparatively high literacy rate. Neelam is the district of
AJ & K with low level of literacy hence NCHD has selected Neelam as model district of AJ & K which will
achieve 75 % literacy rate till 2015. 622 ALCs will be established in three years and Rs. 16,362,134 is
required to establish above mentioned centers.
57
Gilgit Baltistan: Literacy program will be launched in three districts Ganche, Ghizer & Diamir of GB, by
this intervention 20 % of literacy rate will be added up in each of the three district of the GB. 1,536
literacy centers will be established & a total of Rs. 40,389,750 is required to establish above mentioned
centers. Here is a table of districts of AJ &K & GB showing the number of target population and the
existing & literacy rate after intervention in 2015.
Besides these centers 16 Functional & post literacy centers, 16 Quranic literacy Centers & 4 Community
Learning Centers (CLCs) will also be established.
Sr. #
District Illiterate
Population Target Population
(three years) Literacy rate
in 2012 Literacy rate
in 2015
1 Neelum (AJ &K) 78285.80571 23330.92641 52 75
2 Ganche 54238.86962 14945.82185 55 75
3 Ghizer 73789.56191 20333.12373 55 75
4 Diamir 80975.29451 22313.19227 55 75
