5 Themes of Geography5 Themes of Geography

a. What is it like?

b. Where is it?

c. How do people relate to the physical world?

d. How do people, goods, & ideas move from one place to another?

e. How are places similar or different

a. Place

b. Location

c. Human/Environment Interaction

d. Movement

e. Region

East

Hemispheres

(º North, º West) (º North, º East)

(º South, º West) (º South, º East)

West

North

South

Prime Meridian

Equator

180 º180 º

90 º

90 º

Latitude & LongitudeLatitude & Longitude

Absolute City LocationsAbsolute City Locations

• 23º N, 90º E• 46º N, 76º W• 4º N, 74º W• 35º S, 149º E

• Dhaka, Bangladesh• Ottawa, Canada• Bogotá, Colombia• Canberra, Australia

Absolute City LocationsAbsolute City Locations

• 33º N, 44º E• 52º N, 0º• 7º N, 80º E• 35º S, 59º W

• Baghdad, Iraq• London, England, UK• Colombo, Sri Lanka• Buenos Aires, Argentina

Time ZonesTime Zones

• Degrees around world?

• Hours in a day?

• # of degrees per time zone?

• 360

• 24

• 15=

Map DistortionsMap Distortions

1.The extent of space between two objects or places; an intervening space

2. The position of one point in relation to another

3. A form or condition in which something may exist or appear

4. A roughly bounded part of the space on a surface; a region

1. Distance

2. Direction

3. Shape

4. Size/Area

Map ElementsMap Elements

1. Shows Direction

2. Explains Content

3. Shows Distance

4. Explains Subject

1. Compass Rose

2. Legend/Key

3. Scale

4. Title

Topographic MapsTopographic Maps• Map showing the relief features of the

earth’s surface– Variation, or difference in elevation of an area

• Contour Interval– Difference in elevation between two contour

lines

240

200

Arctic Circle

Tropic of Cancer

Equator

Tropic of Capricorn

Antarctic Circle

66½°N

66½°S

23½°S

0°

23½°N

Important Lines of LatitudeImportant Lines of Latitude

High latitudes

High latitudes

Middle Latitudes

Middle Latitudes

Low Latitudes

Low Latitudes

Westerlies

Westerlies

Northeasterly Trade Winds

Southeasterly Trade Winds

Polar Easterlies

Polar Easterlies Sub Polar Low

Equatorial Low

Subtropical High

Polar High

Pressures Prevailing Winds

Subtropical High

Sub Polar Low

Polar High

The Earth’s StructureThe Earth’s StructureInside The Earth

Inner Core

Outer CoreThe Mantle

The Crust

Plate BehaviorsPlate Behaviors

1. Plates move towards each other

2. Plates move away from each other

3. Plates moving past and against each other

1. ConvergentSubduction & Collision

2. Divergent (Spreading)

3. Translation

ClimatesClimates

• Vernon Hills• Five Factors:

• Determined by Elevation

• Humid Continental• Latitude• Ocean Currents• Wind Currents• Topography (Rain Shadow)• Elevation• Highland

CultureCulture

• A new way of doing something

• A culture changes through its meeting with another culture

• The spread of an idea or culture trait

• Belief that one’s own ethnic group is superior

• Innovation

• Acculturation

• Diffusion

• Ethnocentrism

H&G

S.F.

C.F.

Ind.

Ser.

Mang.

Primary

Secondary

Quaternary

Tertiary

R&D

Stairway to Stairway to Economic StabilityEconomic Stability Q

uinary

Dependency Theory HistoryDependency Theory History

Settler Colonialism

• Settled by Europeans– Neo-Europes– Similar Climates & Land

• Production of Value-Added Products

• Mostly MDCs Today

Mercantile Colonialism

• Conquer/Occupied by Europeans

• Exporting Raw Materials• LDCs Today

– Neocolonialism

MDCs vs. LDCsMDCs vs. LDCs

MDCs• Urban

• Service (Tertiary) based economy

• Has Infrastructure• Low Growth Rate• Established Middle

Class

LDCs• Urbanizing (Rural ->

Cities)• Agricultural (Primary)

Base economy• Needs infrastructure• High Growth Rate• Income Gap

Age-Sex PyramidsAge-Sex Pyramids

• Why is the earth’s population increasing the same amount each year despite a falling growth rate?– Exponential Growth (6.6 Billion)

Types of EconomiesTypes of Economies

• Market Economy (Capitalism)– Consumers determine prices & production– Supply & Demand

• Command Economy (Communism)– Gov’t determines prices & production

Spheres of the EarthSpheres of the Earth

• All water on the earth• All land including

ocean basins• All air surrounding the

earth• All life on earth

• Hydrosphere• Lithosphere

• Atmosphere

• Biosphere

Layers of the EarthLayers of the Earth

TOP SOIL

SUB-SOIL

WEATHERED ROCK

SOLID ROCK

Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle

Precipitation

Condensation

Evaporation/Transpiration

LandformsLandforms

• Thin piece of land connecting two larger pieces

• Thin piece of water connecting two larger bodies

• Piece of land surrounded by water on three sides

• Chain of Islands

• Isthmus

• Strait

• Peninsula

• Archipelago

Industrial LocationIndustrial Location

• Five Factors– Raw Materials– Labor– Transportation– Infrastructure– Energy

• Most important?– Labor

• Leeways– Transportation– ?– Container Sys., $ per mile drops– “If you move there, it will come”– Long distance power & pipe lines

Deindustrialization/Roger & MeDeindustrialization/Roger & Me• New International

Division of Labor

• Manufacturing Export Zone

• High-Tech Corridor

• Globalization

• Man. Jobs -> Mexico• Rise of Services in Core

• Mexico

• Detroit (GM HQ)

• GM (HQ in MI, Factories in Mexico)

DeforestationDeforestation

• Causes– Subsistence Farmers– Slash & Burn– Commercial Logging– Livestock Grazing– Roads (Fishbone)

• Effects– Global Carbon Cycle– Global Warming– Extinct Species (50%)– Medical losses

Free Trade vs. Fair TradeFree Trade vs. Fair Trade

Free Trade

• Removing Barriers to Trade• Barriers

– Tariffs – Taxes on Imported Goods

– Subsidies– Quotas (limits on imported

goods)– Product Bans– Environmental Protection

laws

Fair Trade

• Provides for livable wages for LDC producers

• Protects infant industries

Political Instability

Spanish Rule Independenc

eOligarch

y

Junta/

Caudillo

Democracy

Oligarchy – Rule by the few

Junta – Military Leaders / Caudillo – Military strong man

Coup – Government Takeover

Authoritarianism – Concentration of power within a single entity/person

Simon Bolivar – Led many independence movements

???

Guerrillas – Paramilitary forces

Rise of Anti-Americanism in Rise of Anti-Americanism in Latin AmericaLatin America

• Anti-Globalization???– Brazil’s econ growth via exports???

• Why confusion of neocolonialism w/ globalization?– Life & Debt, use of IMF programs to take

advantage of developing markets

AuthoritarianismAuthoritarianism

• Hugo Chavez of Venezuela– Answer to social & economic problems???

• Band aid on a broken leg