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Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)
The Hematoxylin is a basic dye that stains acidic
components of cells a blue color.
This characteristic is known as basophilia.
Hematoxylin stains the nuclei of cells, and the RER of
the cytoplasm.
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Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining
PAS is a widely used staining technique that stains the
neutral sugars ofglycosaminoglycans a pink color.
Common components stained positively with PAS
include mucus, glycogen, muco-protein, glycoprotein,
thebasal lamina, organcapsules,blood vessels, etc.
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Orcein
Orcein staining is used to stain elastic fibers a dark
brown-purple color.
This is used, for example, to show the elastic
components in the walls of arteries, or in the matrix
of elastic cartilage.
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Osmium tetroxide
Osmium is used to stain lipids a dark blackcolor.
It is very useful for demonstrating the myelin of
myelinated nerves, or lipid droplets in the liver or
steroid-secreting cells.
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Toluidine blue
Toluidine blue is a so-called metachromatic stain.
It is a blue stain that stains specific components of tissues
a purple color.
This change in staining color known as metachromasia.
Metachromasia is seen in the matrix of hyaline cartilage,
or in the granules of mast cells.
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Impregnation
Impregnation is a staining technique in which
blocks of tissue are processed in solutions
containing metals such as silverorgold, which
attach to specific components in tissues.
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The silver or gold are then further processed
(reduced) and develop into dark metallic deposits.
The stained blocks are then sectioned.
Silver impregnation is widely used to stain
neuronsand to demonstrate reticular fibers.
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Vital staining
Vital staining refers to the uptake of dyes by cells.
If we inject Trypan blue into experimental animals,
the dye is rapidly engulfed by specific macrophages.
We can use such vital staining to demonstrate the
Kupffercells of the liver.
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Giemsa stain
There are a variety of "Romanowsky-type" stains with
mixtures ofmethylene blue, azure, and eosin
compounds.
Among these are the Giemsa stain and the Wright's stain
(orWright-Giemsa stain).
The latter is utilized to stain peripheral blood smears.
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Connective tissue stains
The trichrome stain helps to identify the supporting
collagenous stroma in sections from a variety of organs.
Trichrome helps in identifying normal structures, such
as connective tissue capsules of organs, the lamina
propria of gastrointestinal tract, and the broncho-
vascular structures in lung.
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Malory stain
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Masson`s trichrome
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Examples of trichrome stain:
Malory stain: stains collagen blue
Masson`s trichrome: stains collagen
green