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5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH: BASED ON 10 YEARS OF RESEARCH Queens International Institute 20 August 2019 Caroline Paunov Head of Secretariat for the Working Party on Innovation and Technology Policy and Senior Economist

5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

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Page 1: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE

GROWTH:BASED ON 10 YEARS OF RESEARCH

Queens International Institute20 August 2019

Caroline PaunovHead of Secretariat for the Working Party on Innovation

and Technology Policy and Senior Economist

Page 2: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

5 DIMENSIONS LINKING INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH

1. Increasing the pie & trade-offs2. Steering innovation to societal

challenges 3. Widening engagement in innovation 4. Innovation disparities are

substantial5. The digital economy raises new

inclusion challenges

Page 3: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

1. INCREASING THE PIE AND TRADE-OFFS

Page 4: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

1. About increasing the pie & trade-offs

Objective of growth-enhancing policies incl. innovation: Increase the pie ex ante

Objective of social policies incl. redistribution, social services: See about adjusting how to share the pie ex post

Page 5: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

Equality at any price? Beware of trade-offs between pie increase & equality !!

1. About increasing the pie & trade-offs

Page 6: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

2. STEERING INNOVATION TO SOCIETAL CHALLENGES

Page 7: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

7

Examples of innovations for lower-income groups in developing countries

Mobile money

3D printing from waste

2000$ car“Assembly line” cataract

operations

Fuel from waste

Off the grid electricity

Pedal washing machine

2. Steering innovation to address societal challenges

Page 8: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

• Markets benefit from a push for innovation to address more effectively health, education, sustainability

• Why not just leave it to the market?1. Public goods / missing market phenomenon 2. Public sector involvement3. Coordination challenges requiring collective

efforts 4. Market size constraints -> minorities /

development

2. Steering innovation to societal challenges

Page 9: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

3. WIDENING ENGAGEMENT IN INNOVATION

Page 10: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

Policies that help ensure disadvantaged groups of

society have opportunities to participate in innovation

activities

Rationale: Removing costs associated with discrimination

(probably often statistical / stereotypes) & inclusiveness

3. Widening engagement in innovation

Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017), Inclusive innovation policies Lessons from international case studies, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, 2017/02

Page 11: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

3. Widening engagement in innovation

Instruments used for integration

Building skills for innovation• Investment in scientific literacy (STEM skills) (e.g. China’s National

Action Plan for Scientific Literacy)• Entrepreneurship education and training• Grants to fund research projects led by researchers from disadvantaged

groups (e.g. Thuthuka programme – South Africa)

Addressing stereotypes• Awareness raising campaigns (incl. role models), e.g. to:

o encourage women to take up (research) careers in STEM (e.g. Japan)o incentivize women entrepreneurship (e.g. Enterprise Ireland)

Facilitating the integration of disadvantaged groups• Funds to research institutions to develop and implement plans to improve

the research environment for women (e.g. Japan)

Page 12: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

4. INNOVATION DISPARITIES ARE SUBSTANTIAL

Page 13: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

4. Innovation disparities are substantial

Page 14: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

4. Innovation disparities are substantial

P. Aghion and M. Trajtenberg at our 2016Symposium on Technology, Innovation andInclusive Growth

It is not just a development issue.

Page 15: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

Business expenditure on R&D (BERD) as % of GDP, TL2 regions

Page 16: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

5. THE DIGITAL ECONOMY RAISES NEW INCLUSION

CHALLENGES

Page 17: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

5. The digital economy raises new challenges of structural exclusion

Markups increased in the United States

Source: Eeckhout and de Locker (2018), The Rise of Market Power and the Macroeconomic Implications

010203040506070

NORNZL FIN

SWEUSA

GBRDNK

NLD CAN BEL IRLEST

KOR ISROECD

AUTCZE

FRAPOL ITA

ESPSVN

CHLDEU JP

NGRC

TURLTU

SVK

High risk of automation Risk of significant change

Source: OECD calculations based on the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) (2012); and Nedelkoska, L. and G. Quintini (2018), "Automation, skills use and training", OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 202, , https://doi.org/10.1787/2e2f4eea-en

Jobs at risk of automation in OECD countries

Page 18: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

Digital technologies are changing the nature & characteristics of innovation

Page 19: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

Digital innovation is changing market structures & dynamics

Market concentration• Expanding digital production at little cost

(scale without mass) favours dominantplayers

• Scarcity of skills to exploit data leads to concentration in few hotspots

Market entry & competition• Data access lowers cost of market

entry• Platforms can facilitate

entrepreneurship

Source: OECD (2019), Digital Innovation: Seizing Policy Opportunities, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/a298dc87-en

Page 20: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

Digital technology patents are more concentrated compared to other tech fields

Dependent variable:

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) 0.851*** 0.643** 1.651*** 1.658*** 1.675*** 1.720*** 1.669*** 1.728***

(0.290) (0.304) (0.253) (0.253) (0.252) (0.256) (0.253) (0.260)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Rank (c,1995) 0.339***

(0.053)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Rank (c,k,1995) 0.015***

(0.002)Digitalisation index - Broadband (t,c,t-1) * Top 10% (c,1995) 0.491***

(0.181)Digitalisation index - Broadband (t,c,t-1) * Top 10% (c,k,1995) 0.027**

(0.011)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 5% (c,1995) 0.290

(0.234)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 5% (c,k,1995) 0.022*

(0.013)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 1% (c,1995) 0.601

(0.380)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 1% (c,k,1995) 0.018

(0.019)City fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesTechnology-year fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesCountry-year fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesNumber of observations 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169R-squared 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55

Number of patent applications per city and technology fieldRanking (inverse) Top 10% Top 5% Top 1%

Source: Paunov et al. (2019), How has the geographic inclusiveness of innovation evolved in the digital age?, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers (forthcoming in September 2019)

Page 21: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

Digital technologies positively relate to patenting shares of top cities

Dependent variable:

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) 0.851*** 0.643** 1.651*** 1.658*** 1.675*** 1.720*** 1.669*** 1.728***

(0.290) (0.304) (0.253) (0.253) (0.252) (0.256) (0.253) (0.260)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Rank (c,1995) 0.339***

(0.053)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Rank (c,k,1995) 0.015***

(0.002)Digitalisation index - Broadband (t,c,t-1) * Top 10% (c,1995) 0.491***

(0.181)Digitalisation index - Broadband (t,c,t-1) * Top 10% (c,k,1995) 0.027**

(0.011)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 5% (c,1995) 0.290

(0.234)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 5% (c,k,1995) 0.022*

(0.013)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 1% (c,1995) 0.601

(0.380)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 1% (c,k,1995) 0.018

(0.019)City fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesTechnology-year fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesCountry-year fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesNumber of observations 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169R-squared 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55

Number of patent applications per city and technology fieldRanking (inverse) Top 10% Top 5% Top 1%

Source: Paunov et al. (2019), How has the geographic inclusiveness of innovation evolved in the digital age?, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers (forthcoming in September 2019)

Page 22: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

Top cities benefit even more

Dependent variable:

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) 0.851*** 0.643** 1.651*** 1.658*** 1.675*** 1.720*** 1.669*** 1.728***

(0.290) (0.304) (0.253) (0.253) (0.252) (0.256) (0.253) (0.260)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Rank (c,1995) 0.339***

(0.053)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Rank (c,k,1995) 0.015***

(0.002)Digitalisation index - Broadband (t,c,t-1) * Top 10% (c,1995) 0.491***

(0.181)Digitalisation index - Broadband (t,c,t-1) * Top 10% (c,k,1995) 0.027**

(0.011)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 5% (c,1995) 0.290

(0.234)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 5% (c,k,1995) 0.022*

(0.013)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 1% (c,1995) 0.601

(0.380)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 1% (c,k,1995) 0.018

(0.019)City fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesTechnology-year fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesCountry-year fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesNumber of observations 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169R-squared 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55

Number of patent applications per city and technology fieldRanking (inverse) Top 10% Top 5% Top 1%

Source: Paunov et al. (2019), How has the geographic inclusiveness of innovation evolved in the digital age?, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers (forthcoming in September 2019)

Page 23: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

5 DIMENSIONS LINKING INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH

1. Increasing the pie & trade-offs2. Steering innovation to societal

challenges 3. Widening engagement in innovation 4. Innovation disparities are

substantial5. The digital economy raises new

inclusion challenges

Page 24: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

Inclusive Innovation

- Paunov, C. (2013), "Innovation and Inclusive Development: A Discussion of the Main Policy Issues", OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, No. 2013/01, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/5k4dd1rvsnjj-en.- OECD (2015), Innovation Policies for Inclusive Growth, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264229488-en.- OECD (2017), Making Innovation Benefit All: Policies for Inclusive Growth, OECD Publishing, Paris. - Symposium on Technology, Innovation and Inclusive Growth, http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/knowledge-inno-inclusive-dev-2016.htm- Symposium on Innovation and Inclusive Growth, http://www.oecd.org/sti/inno/knowledge-inno-inclusive-dev.htm

Page 25: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

Project website:

https://oe.cd/2xw

The report and all project materials on digital innovation

Source:OECD (2019), Digital Innovation: Seizing Policy Opportunities, OECD Publishing, Paris.https://doi.org/10.1787/a298dc87-en

Page 26: 5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH › qiisp › sites › webpublish... · 3. Widening engagement in innovation Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017),

Policy papers on digital innovation

- Guellec, D. and C. Paunov (2018), "Innovation policies in the digital age", OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 59, OECD Publishing, Paris,https://doi.org/10.1787/eadd1094-en.

- Paunov, C. and S. Planes-Satorra (2019), " How are digital technologies changing innovation? Evidence from agriculture, the automotive industry and retail", OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, OECD Publishing, Paris

- Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2019), "The digital innovation landscape in 2019", OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/6171f649-en

- Paunov, C., El-Mallakh, N., Guellec, D., Planes-Satorra, S. and L. Nüse (2019), How has the geographic inclusiveness of innovation evolved in the digital age?, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers (forthcoming: Sept. 2019)