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5 POLICY DIMENSIONS ON INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE
GROWTH:BASED ON 10 YEARS OF RESEARCH
Queens International Institute20 August 2019
Caroline PaunovHead of Secretariat for the Working Party on Innovation
and Technology Policy and Senior Economist
5 DIMENSIONS LINKING INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH
1. Increasing the pie & trade-offs2. Steering innovation to societal
challenges 3. Widening engagement in innovation 4. Innovation disparities are
substantial5. The digital economy raises new
inclusion challenges
1. INCREASING THE PIE AND TRADE-OFFS
1. About increasing the pie & trade-offs
Objective of growth-enhancing policies incl. innovation: Increase the pie ex ante
Objective of social policies incl. redistribution, social services: See about adjusting how to share the pie ex post
Equality at any price? Beware of trade-offs between pie increase & equality !!
1. About increasing the pie & trade-offs
2. STEERING INNOVATION TO SOCIETAL CHALLENGES
7
Examples of innovations for lower-income groups in developing countries
Mobile money
3D printing from waste
2000$ car“Assembly line” cataract
operations
Fuel from waste
Off the grid electricity
Pedal washing machine
2. Steering innovation to address societal challenges
• Markets benefit from a push for innovation to address more effectively health, education, sustainability
• Why not just leave it to the market?1. Public goods / missing market phenomenon 2. Public sector involvement3. Coordination challenges requiring collective
efforts 4. Market size constraints -> minorities /
development
2. Steering innovation to societal challenges
3. WIDENING ENGAGEMENT IN INNOVATION
Policies that help ensure disadvantaged groups of
society have opportunities to participate in innovation
activities
Rationale: Removing costs associated with discrimination
(probably often statistical / stereotypes) & inclusiveness
3. Widening engagement in innovation
Source: Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2017), Inclusive innovation policies Lessons from international case studies, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, 2017/02
3. Widening engagement in innovation
Instruments used for integration
Building skills for innovation• Investment in scientific literacy (STEM skills) (e.g. China’s National
Action Plan for Scientific Literacy)• Entrepreneurship education and training• Grants to fund research projects led by researchers from disadvantaged
groups (e.g. Thuthuka programme – South Africa)
Addressing stereotypes• Awareness raising campaigns (incl. role models), e.g. to:
o encourage women to take up (research) careers in STEM (e.g. Japan)o incentivize women entrepreneurship (e.g. Enterprise Ireland)
Facilitating the integration of disadvantaged groups• Funds to research institutions to develop and implement plans to improve
the research environment for women (e.g. Japan)
4. INNOVATION DISPARITIES ARE SUBSTANTIAL
4. Innovation disparities are substantial
4. Innovation disparities are substantial
P. Aghion and M. Trajtenberg at our 2016Symposium on Technology, Innovation andInclusive Growth
It is not just a development issue.
Business expenditure on R&D (BERD) as % of GDP, TL2 regions
5. THE DIGITAL ECONOMY RAISES NEW INCLUSION
CHALLENGES
5. The digital economy raises new challenges of structural exclusion
Markups increased in the United States
Source: Eeckhout and de Locker (2018), The Rise of Market Power and the Macroeconomic Implications
010203040506070
NORNZL FIN
SWEUSA
GBRDNK
NLD CAN BEL IRLEST
KOR ISROECD
AUTCZE
FRAPOL ITA
ESPSVN
CHLDEU JP
NGRC
TURLTU
SVK
High risk of automation Risk of significant change
Source: OECD calculations based on the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) (2012); and Nedelkoska, L. and G. Quintini (2018), "Automation, skills use and training", OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 202, , https://doi.org/10.1787/2e2f4eea-en
Jobs at risk of automation in OECD countries
Digital technologies are changing the nature & characteristics of innovation
Digital innovation is changing market structures & dynamics
Market concentration• Expanding digital production at little cost
(scale without mass) favours dominantplayers
• Scarcity of skills to exploit data leads to concentration in few hotspots
Market entry & competition• Data access lowers cost of market
entry• Platforms can facilitate
entrepreneurship
Source: OECD (2019), Digital Innovation: Seizing Policy Opportunities, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/a298dc87-en
Digital technology patents are more concentrated compared to other tech fields
Dependent variable:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) 0.851*** 0.643** 1.651*** 1.658*** 1.675*** 1.720*** 1.669*** 1.728***
(0.290) (0.304) (0.253) (0.253) (0.252) (0.256) (0.253) (0.260)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Rank (c,1995) 0.339***
(0.053)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Rank (c,k,1995) 0.015***
(0.002)Digitalisation index - Broadband (t,c,t-1) * Top 10% (c,1995) 0.491***
(0.181)Digitalisation index - Broadband (t,c,t-1) * Top 10% (c,k,1995) 0.027**
(0.011)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 5% (c,1995) 0.290
(0.234)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 5% (c,k,1995) 0.022*
(0.013)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 1% (c,1995) 0.601
(0.380)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 1% (c,k,1995) 0.018
(0.019)City fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesTechnology-year fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesCountry-year fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesNumber of observations 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169R-squared 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
Number of patent applications per city and technology fieldRanking (inverse) Top 10% Top 5% Top 1%
Source: Paunov et al. (2019), How has the geographic inclusiveness of innovation evolved in the digital age?, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers (forthcoming in September 2019)
Digital technologies positively relate to patenting shares of top cities
Dependent variable:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) 0.851*** 0.643** 1.651*** 1.658*** 1.675*** 1.720*** 1.669*** 1.728***
(0.290) (0.304) (0.253) (0.253) (0.252) (0.256) (0.253) (0.260)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Rank (c,1995) 0.339***
(0.053)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Rank (c,k,1995) 0.015***
(0.002)Digitalisation index - Broadband (t,c,t-1) * Top 10% (c,1995) 0.491***
(0.181)Digitalisation index - Broadband (t,c,t-1) * Top 10% (c,k,1995) 0.027**
(0.011)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 5% (c,1995) 0.290
(0.234)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 5% (c,k,1995) 0.022*
(0.013)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 1% (c,1995) 0.601
(0.380)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 1% (c,k,1995) 0.018
(0.019)City fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesTechnology-year fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesCountry-year fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesNumber of observations 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169R-squared 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
Number of patent applications per city and technology fieldRanking (inverse) Top 10% Top 5% Top 1%
Source: Paunov et al. (2019), How has the geographic inclusiveness of innovation evolved in the digital age?, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers (forthcoming in September 2019)
Top cities benefit even more
Dependent variable:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) 0.851*** 0.643** 1.651*** 1.658*** 1.675*** 1.720*** 1.669*** 1.728***
(0.290) (0.304) (0.253) (0.253) (0.252) (0.256) (0.253) (0.260)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Rank (c,1995) 0.339***
(0.053)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Rank (c,k,1995) 0.015***
(0.002)Digitalisation index - Broadband (t,c,t-1) * Top 10% (c,1995) 0.491***
(0.181)Digitalisation index - Broadband (t,c,t-1) * Top 10% (c,k,1995) 0.027**
(0.011)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 5% (c,1995) 0.290
(0.234)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 5% (c,k,1995) 0.022*
(0.013)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 1% (c,1995) 0.601
(0.380)Digitalisation index - Broadband (k,c,t-1) * Top 1% (c,k,1995) 0.018
(0.019)City fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesTechnology-year fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesCountry-year fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesNumber of observations 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169 157 169R-squared 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
Number of patent applications per city and technology fieldRanking (inverse) Top 10% Top 5% Top 1%
Source: Paunov et al. (2019), How has the geographic inclusiveness of innovation evolved in the digital age?, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers (forthcoming in September 2019)
5 DIMENSIONS LINKING INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH
1. Increasing the pie & trade-offs2. Steering innovation to societal
challenges 3. Widening engagement in innovation 4. Innovation disparities are
substantial5. The digital economy raises new
inclusion challenges
Inclusive Innovation
- Paunov, C. (2013), "Innovation and Inclusive Development: A Discussion of the Main Policy Issues", OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, No. 2013/01, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/5k4dd1rvsnjj-en.- OECD (2015), Innovation Policies for Inclusive Growth, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264229488-en.- OECD (2017), Making Innovation Benefit All: Policies for Inclusive Growth, OECD Publishing, Paris. - Symposium on Technology, Innovation and Inclusive Growth, http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/knowledge-inno-inclusive-dev-2016.htm- Symposium on Innovation and Inclusive Growth, http://www.oecd.org/sti/inno/knowledge-inno-inclusive-dev.htm
Project website:
https://oe.cd/2xw
The report and all project materials on digital innovation
Source:OECD (2019), Digital Innovation: Seizing Policy Opportunities, OECD Publishing, Paris.https://doi.org/10.1787/a298dc87-en
Policy papers on digital innovation
- Guellec, D. and C. Paunov (2018), "Innovation policies in the digital age", OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 59, OECD Publishing, Paris,https://doi.org/10.1787/eadd1094-en.
- Paunov, C. and S. Planes-Satorra (2019), " How are digital technologies changing innovation? Evidence from agriculture, the automotive industry and retail", OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, OECD Publishing, Paris
- Planes-Satorra, S. and C. Paunov (2019), "The digital innovation landscape in 2019", OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/6171f649-en
- Paunov, C., El-Mallakh, N., Guellec, D., Planes-Satorra, S. and L. Nüse (2019), How has the geographic inclusiveness of innovation evolved in the digital age?, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers (forthcoming: Sept. 2019)