5th Grade Summer Study Guide – Social Studies Dear Parents,

Please spend time helping your child become familiar with this information. It is also helpful to spend some time reading about these topics at the public library. Your child will be one step ahead of the game coming into 4th grade next year and will have some background knowledge on which to build.

Landform and Map Skills Bay bayou bluff branch canyon cape cave channel cliff coast cove delta equator fjord gulf hill inlet island isthmus lagoon latitude longitude marsh mesa mountain peninsula plain plateau pond prairie river sea sound source strait swamp tributary valley

The Civil War 13th Amendment Made slavery illegal in the United States. 14th Amendment Called the "Great Amendment," to help protect the rights of the freed slaves. It stated that all people who were born in the United States, including African-Americans, are considered natural citizens and have the same rights as all other Americans. It also prohibited any state from making or enforcing any laws that took away or hurt an individual’s civil rights

15th Amendment Protects blacks’ voting rights. It prohibited the national and state governments from refusing citizens the right to vote because of their race, color, or because they were a slave at one time.

19th Amendment Gives women the right to vote.

Citizens Rights When the Constitution was ratified, many people were concerned that it did not protect certain freedoms. They thought that the Constitution should be changed or amended to protect these freedoms, so ten amendments were added to guarantee certain freedoms and rights. Learn more about the Bill of Rights.

Due Process of Law

"The essential elements of due process of law are notice, an opportunity to be heard, and the right to defend in an orderly proceeding."

Responsibilities of Citizens

The right to vote is a duty or responsibility as well as a privilege. It is important for all citizens to vote in every election to make sure that the democratic, representative system of government is maintained. Persons who do not vote lose their voice in the government. Before voting in an election, each citizen should be well informed about the issues and candidates.

• The government may call upon citizens to serve on a jury. If an individual is chosen for jury duty, he or she must stop work and attend the trial as long as he or she is needed. The members of the jury need to decide the case in as fair a way as they can.

• Men can be asked to serve in the armed forces. During times of war, any man who is physically able can be called upon to fight for the U.S. In peaceful times, there can be a draft or men and women can enlist voluntarily.

Every person is expected to obey the laws of the community, state and country in which he or she lives. All Americans are expected to respect the rights of others. All persons living in the U.S. are expected to pay the income taxes and other taxes honestly and on time.

Slavery

Fredrick Douglass abolitionist emancipation Sojourner Truth Abraham Lincoln Harriet Tubman Dred Scott John Brown Underground Railroad

10th Amendment The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. States Rights Reconstruction Customs Sharecropping a. Describe the purpose of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. b. Explain the work of the Freedmen’s Bureau. c. Explain how slavery was replaced by sharecropping and how African-Americans were prevented from exercising their newly won rights; include a discussion of Jim Crow laws and customs. Turn of the Century a. Describe the role of the cattle trails in the late 19th century; include the Black Cowboys of Texas, the Great Western Cattle Trail, and the Chisholm Trail. b. Describe the impact on American life of the Wright brothers (flight), George Washington Carver (science), Alexander Graham Bell (communication), and Thomas Edison (electricity). c. Explain how William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt expanded America’s role in the world; include the Spanish-American War and the building of the Panama Canal. d. Describe the reasons people emigrated to the United States, from where they emigrated, and where they settled. World War 1 Explain how German attacks on U.S. shipping during the war in Europe (1914-1917) ultimately led the U.S. to join the fight against Germany; include the sinking of the Lusitania and concerns over safety of U.S. ships. b. Describe the cultural developments and individual contributions in the 1920s of the Jazz Age (Louis Armstrong), the Harlem Renaissance (Langston Hughes), baseball (Babe Ruth), the automobile (Henry Ford), and the airplane (Charles Lindbergh). The Great Depression Discuss the Stock Market Crash of 1929, Herbert Hoover, Franklin Roosevelt, the Dust Bowl, and soup kitchens. b. Analyze the main features of the New Deal; include the significance of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Works Progress Administration, and the Tennessee Valley Authority.

c. Discuss important cultural elements of the 1930s; include Duke Ellington, Margaret Mitchell, and Jesse Owens. World War II a. Describe Germany’s aggression in Europe and Japanese aggression in Asia. b. Describe major events in the war in both Europe and the Pacific; include Pearl Harbor, Iwo Jima, D-Day, VE and VJ Days, and the Holocaust. c. Discuss President Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. d. Identify Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, Hirohito, Truman, Mussolini, and Hitler. e. Describe the effects of rationing and the changing role of women and African- Americans; include “Rosie the Riveter” and the Tuskegee Airmen. f. Explain the U.S. role in the formation of the United Nations. The Cold War a. Explain the origin and meaning of the term “Iron Curtain.” b. Explain how the United States sought to stop the spread of communism through the Berlin airlift, the Korean War, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. c. Identify Joseph McCarthy and Nikita Khrushchev. Personal Finance a. Describe opportunity costs and their relationship to decision-making across time (such as decisions to remain unengaged at the beginning of World War II in Europe). b. Explain how price incentives affect people’s behavior and choices (such as monetary policy during the Great Depression). c. Describe how specialization improves standards of living, (such as how specific economies in the north and south developed at the beginning of the 20th century). d. Explain how voluntary exchange helps both buyers and sellers (such as among the G8 countries). e. Describe how trade promotes economic activity (such as trade activities today under NAFTA). f. Give examples of technological advancements and their impact on business productivity during the development of the United States.

5th Science Classification

Hierarchical system of the biological classification of an organism.

Category Name Characteristics

Kingdom Plantae Organisms that usually have rigid cell walls and usually possess chlorophyll.

Subkingdom Embryophyta Plants forming embryos. Phylum Tracheophyta Vascular plants.

Subphylum Pterophytina Generally large, conspicuous leaves, complex vascular system.

Class Angiospermae Flowering plants, seed enclosed in ovary. Subclass Dicotyledoneae Embryo with two seed leaves.

Order Sapindales Soapberry order consisting of a number of trees and shrubs. Family Aceraceae Maple family. Genus Acer Maples and box elder. Species Acer rubrum Red maple.

KINGDOMS OF LIVING THINGS IN THE LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

KINGDOM STRUCTURAL

ORGANIZATION METHOD OF NUTRITION

TYPES OF ORGANISMS

Monera small, simple single prokaryotic cell (nucleus is not enclosed by a membrane); some form chains or mats

absorb food bacteria, blue-green algae, and spirochetes

Protista large, single eukaryotic cell (nucleus is enclosed by a membrane); some form chains or colonies

absorb, ingest, and/or photosynthesize food

protozoans and algae of various types

Fungi multicellular filamentous form with specialized eukaryotic cells

absorb food funguses, molds, mushrooms, yeasts, mildews, and smuts

Plantae multicellular form with specialized eukaryotic cells; do not have their own means of locomotion

photosynthesize food

mosses, ferns, woody and non-woody flowering plants

Animalia multicellular form with specialized eukaryotic cells; have their own means of locomotion

ingest food sponges, worms, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

Cell Parts and Their Functions Nucleus - Large Oval body near the centre of the cell. - The control centre for all activity. - Surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

Nucleoplasm - is the protoplasm in the nucleus. - contains genetic material ---> CHROMOSOMES (DNA)

Nucleolus - is found in the nucleus. - contains more genetic information (RNA)

Cell Membrane - the outer boundary of the cell. - it separates the cell from other cells. - it is porous ---> allows molecules to pass through.

Cell Wall ( Plant Cells Only ) - non living structure that surrounds the plant cell. - protects + supports the cell. - made up of a tough fibre called cellulose.

Cyto Plasm - cell material outside the nucleus but within the cell membrane. - clear thick fluid. - contains structures called organelles.

Vacuoles - are clear fluid sacs that act as storage areas for food, minerals, and waste. - in plant cell the vacuoles are large and mostly filled with water. This gives the plant support. - in animal cells the vacuoles are much smaller.

Mitochondria - power house of the cell. - centre of respiration of the cell. - they release energy for cell functions.

Chloro Plasts ( Plant cells only ) - contains a green pigment known as chlorophyll which is important for photosynthesis.

Ribosomes - tiny spherical bodies that help make proteins. - found in the cyto plasm or attached to the endo plasmic reticulum.

Endo Plasmic Reticulum ( ER ) - systems of membranes throughout the cyto plasm. - it connects the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane. - passageway for material moving though the cell.

Golgi Bodies - tube like structures that have tiny sacs at their ends. - they help package protein.

Lysosomes - " suicide sacs " - small structures that contain enzymes which are used in digestion. - if a lysosome were to burst it could destroy the cell.

Labeled Cell

Plant Cell

Animal Cell

Learned Behaviors vs. Inherited traits

Big Ideas: Inherited Traits and Learned Behaviors Enduring Understandings: • Individual humans are alike and different because of the genes they have. • Genes carry information which may or may not be visibly evident. • Technology plays a role in our understanding of heredity. • Some behaviors of people are learned not inherited. Essential Questions: • Why do children in the same family not look identical to the parents? • Why do children look like relatives from generations in the past? • How do genes appear in multiple generations? • Why do children often have behaviors exactly like their parents or other important adults in the family? • How are dominant traits expressed differently from recessive traits ( brown eyes versus blue eyes)?

Harmful/Beneficial Microorganisms

Big Ideas: Cells and Microorganisms Enduring Understandings: Students will understand that… • Cells are the basic unit of life • Cells have three main parts which are the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus and additional parts such as mitochondria, and vacuole • Plant cells have cell membranes, cytoplasm, nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, vacuole and a cell wall. • The parts of the cell have different functions • Microorganisms can be beneficial and harmful. • Multi-celled organisms consist of plants, animal, and fungi • Single-celled organisms consist of moneran and protist. Essential Questions: • What is a cell? • What are the parts of a cell? • How do the parts of a cell function? • What is the difference between an animal and plant cell? • What is a single- celled/ multi- celled organism? • How is a multi-celled organism similar/ different to a single-celled organism? • What are microorganisms? • How are microorganisms beneficial? • How are microorganisms harmful?

Changes in the Earth’s surface

CORE

The inner part of the earth is the core. This part of the earth is about 1,800 miles (2,900 km) below the earth's surface. The core is a dense ball of the elements iron and nickel. It is divided into two layers, the inner core and the outer core. The inner core - the center of earth - is solid and about 780 miles (1,250 km) thick. The outer core is so hot that the metal is always molten, but the inner core pressures are so great that it cannot melt, even though temperatures there reach 6700ºF (3700ºC). The outer core is about 1370 miles (2,200 km) thick. Because the earth rotates, the outer core spins around the inner core and that causes the earth's magnetism.

Mantle

The layer above the core is the mantle. It begins about 6 miles (10 km) below the oceanic crust and about 19 miles(30 km) below the continental crust (see The Crust). The mantle is to divide into the inner mantle and the outer mantle. It is about 1,800 miles (2,900 km) thick and makes up nearly 80 percent of the Earth's total volume.

Crust

The crust lays above the mantle and is the earth's hard outer shell, the surface on which we are living. In relation with the other layers the crust is much thinner. It floats upon the softer, denser mantle. The crust is made up of solid material but these material is not everywhere the same. There is an Oceanic crust and a Continental crust. The first one is about 4-7 miles (6-11 km) thick and consists of heavy rocks, like basalt. The Continental

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crust is thicker than the Oceanic crust, about 19 miles (30 km) thick. It is mainly made up of light material, like granite.

Plate Tectonics

The earth's crust consists of a number of moving pieces or plates, that are always colliding or pulling apart. The Lithosphere consists of nine large plates and twelve smaller ones. The continents are imbedded in continental plates; the oceanic plates make up much of the sea floor. The study of Tectonic plates - called plate tectonics - helps to explain continental drift, the spreading of the sea floor, volcanic eruptions and how mountains are formed. The force that causes the movement of the tectonic plates may be the slow churning of the mantle beneath them. Mantle rock is constantly moved upwards to the surface by the high temperatures below and then sinks by cooling. This cycle takes millions of years.

Continental drift: The drift of the plates across the surface of the earth has been going on over millions of years, which still changes the outward appearance of the earth. When you look at the map of the world, you see how well the east coast of North and South America fits into the west coast of Europe and Africa. Over millions of years these continents have slowly drifted apart. (Continental Drift).

Diverging plates: Where plates pull apart, hot molten rock (fluid magma) emerges as lava and so new matter is added to the plates. In this way new oceanic plates are formed. The place where this happens is known as a mid-ocean ridge. Mid-ocean ridges are rarely more than about 4,920 ft.(1,500 m) high, but they may snake along the ocean bed for thousands of miles. Beneath each of the world's great oceans there is a mid-ocean ridge. An example is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the Atlantic Ocean, which stretches from the North Pole to the South Pole. Mid-ocean ridges are areas of much volcanic and earthquake activity.

Converging plates: In many places the huge plates of the earth's surface are slowly moving together with unimaginable force. Sometimes the edge of one plate is gradually destroyed by the force of collision; sometimes the impact simply crimps the plates' edges, thereby creating great mountain ranges. When one tectonic plate bends beneath the other, it is called subduction. Most of the time, this happens because a dense oceanic plate collides with a lighter continental plate. You can see this along the Pacific coast of South-America.

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The oceanic plate dips beneath into the Asthenosphere. Through the heat of the Asthenosphere the subducted plate melts. At the surface an ocean trench is created, followed by an arc of islands. In this area also volcanic activities and earthquakes occur.

Atmosphere

The earth is surrounded by all kind of gases. This layer is called the earth's atmosphere. Without these atmospheres life on earth isn't possible. The atmosphere gives us air, water, warmth and is protecting us against harmful rays of the sun and against meteorites. This layer around the earth is a colorless, odorless, tasteless 'sea' of gases, water and fine dust. The atmosphere is made up of different layers with different qualities. It consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0,03% carbon dioxide and 0,04% of other gases. The Troposphere is the layer where the weather happens; above this layer is the Stratosphere. Within the Stratosphere is the Ozone layer that absorbs the Sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. Above the Stratosphere is the Mesosphere, the Thermosphere - in which the Ionosphere - and the Exosphere. The atmosphere is about 500 miles (800 km) thick.

Influence of the Sun and Moon

The sun and the moon both have their influence on the earth. Sometimes they cooperate and sometimes they counteract each other. Such influences are: the gravity, the warmth of the sun, the sunlight and the chronology. Through the gravitational force of the earth the moon orbits the earth. The moon also gravitates the earth, but less powerful. By the way gravity pulls the Earth and Moon toward each other, tides are caused (high tide and low tide). The sun also has some influence here. The sun brings light and is also responsible for the warming up of the earth.

Earthquakes

An Earthquake is in fact the shaking of the ground caused by sudden movements in the earth's crust. The biggest earthquakes are set off by the movement of tectonic plates. Some plates slide past each other gently, but others can cause a heavy pressure on the rocks, so they finally crack and slide past each other. By this, vibrations or shock waves are caused, which go through the ground. It is these vibrations or seismic waves which cause an earthquake. The closer to the source of the earthquake (the focus or hypocenter), the more damage occurs. Earthquakes are classified according to the depth of the focus.

0-43 miles (0-70 km) below ground: shallow earthquakes

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43-186 miles (70-300 km) below ground: intermediate earthquakes

deeper than 186 miles (300 km) below ground: deep earthquakes

The closer the focus to the surface, the heavier the earthquake. The earthquake is always the most intense on the surface directly above the focus (Epicenter). In general big earthquakes begin with light vibrations (foreshocks). These are the initial fractures in the rocks. After the main shock, there may be minor aftershocks, most of the time for months. This occurs as the rocks settle down.

In general people do not like earthquakes because they cause a lot of damage. On the other hand, earthquakes have been very helpful to get information about the inside of the earth. Vibrations (seismic waves) not only move to the earth's surface, but go to all sides. Big earthquakes can therefore be measured at places all over the world. All these vibrations from the earth are broken or diffracted by the different layers of the earth. The way which seismic waves are diffracted is helpful for scientists to understand the structure of the earth. By measuring many earthquakes and by data processing in computers, three-dimensional images can be made of the variations in the density and the temperature of the mantle.

What are volcanoes? A Volcano is a gap in the earth where molten rock and other materials come to the earth's surface. Some volcanoes are just cracks in the earth's crusts. Others are weak places in the earth's crust, which occur on places where magma bubbles up through the crust and comes to the earth's surface. Magma is molten rock that occurs by partial melting of the crust and the mantle by high temperatures deep down in the ground. Once magma comes to the earth's surface it is called lava.

Active and non-active volcanoes There are volcanoes in different phases of activity: Active volcanoes, which are likely to erupt at any moment, dormant volcanoes, which lie dormant for centuries, but then erupt suddenly and violently, and extinct volcanoes - ones no longer likely to erupt.

Types of volcanoes In the surroundings of boundaries of tectonic plates the following types of volcanoes occur:

The fissure volcano:

Is a long crack in the earth's surface through which magma erupts. These cracks may form as two tectonic plates

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pull apart. You'll find them mainly near mid-ocean ridges.

The ordinary volcanoes can be divided in different types, relating to their forms:

The shield volcano:

This is a broad, shallow volcanic cone, which arises because the running lava, which is fluid and hot, cools slowly.

The dome volcano:

This one has a steep, convex slope from thick, fast-cooling lava

The ash-cinder volcano:

Throws out - besides lava - much ash into the air. Through this the volcanic cone is built up from alternate layers of ash and cinder.

The composite volcano:

These are also built up from alternate layers of lava and ash but, besides its main crater, it has many little craters on its slope.

The caldera volcano:

An older volcano with a large crater which can be 62 miles(100km) wide. In this crater many little new craters are formed.

At other places, not at the margins of the tectonic plates, hot-spots can occur. Hot-spots are formed because a very hot area (focus) in the earth's mantle burns its way through the earth's crust. Examples can be found on the Hawaiian Island Chain.

Other forms of volcanism are the Geysers and the Hot Springs. You often find them in the neighborhood of volcanoes, where the earth's crust is thinner and the heat of the magma further penetrates into the earth's crust. A Geyser is a hole in the earth's crust, spouting fountains of boiling water. Hot rock heats up water in an underground chamber and when the water boils, it sends out a fountain of boiling water, up to 1,640 ft. (500 m) into the air. A Hot Spring works in the same way, but the water is not so hot that it spouts with pressure.

Matter

1. 1. Matter is anything that takes up space. 2. 2. Properties of matter: color, taste, odor, shape, and volume 3. 3. There are 3 main states or phases of matter:

Gas Liquid Solid

1. What is Matter? Look around the classroom. Everything, from the clothes you are wearing to the air you breathe is matter. Matter is very important. Matter makes up everything including living things like plants and people. It also makes non-living things such as tables and chairs. Things as big as an elephant or as tiny as a grain of sand on a beach are

matter.

Everything is matter and matter comes in three different states: solid, liquid and gas. That means that everything is either a solid, a liquid, or a gas. Each state has properties.

2. What does property mean?

Each state has properties, but what does that mean?

A property describes how an object looks, feels, or acts. So that means that liquids look, act, or feel differently than solids or gases.

One property of all matter, whether it's a solid, liquid, or gas, is that it takes up space and has mass.

To help you decide if something is a solid, a liquid or a gas, you need to know the properties, (how it looks, acts or feels) of these three states.

3. What are the properties of a solid? 1. Solids don't change shape easily.

Think of a piece of paper, you can change its shape by crumpling it, but it doesn't change its shape by itself. You have to use your energy to make the shape change.

If you put a solid in a container it won't change its shape... No matter

how much you move or slide it around. Think of an ice cube inside a cup. The cube is solid and it stays the same shape.

2. Solid particles don't move around.

3. Solid particles are in an aligned array. Look at the pictures. Notice the circles (particles) are lined up in tight rows. They are so tight they can't move, they just wiggle.

4. What are the properties of liquids? 1. Liquids take the shape of their container.

If you pour milk into a glass it will take the shape of the glass. If

you pour the milk into a bowl, it takes the shape of the bowl.

2. Liquids have surface tension. The particles hold on to each other, like holding hands with a friend. The skin or surface of a glass filled with water holds together because the particles hold one to each other. That is called surface tension.

3. Liquids move around. The particles in liquids are farther apart than those of solids, so they can move around more. That's why liquids take the shape of their container.

5. What are the properties of gas? 1. Gas is invisible. That means you can't see it. The particles are so far apart they are invisible, but they are still there! Think about oxygen. You can't see it, but you know it's there because you breath it.

2. Gas particles move around freely. They are spread out move fast, like when you are running on the playground at recess.

Matter can change in different ways. There are physical changes and chemical changes.

Some matter can change states. That means some matter can change from a solid to a liquid, or from a liquid to a gas.

3. What is a Physical Change? If you change something physically, it may look, act, or feel different, but it is still the same thing. The molecules haven't changed. For

example, if you tear a piece of paper it looks different, but it is still a piece of paper. That is a physical change.

An ice cube, a solid, becomes a liquid when it melts. You can take the liquid and turn it back into a solid by freezing it. The change is reversible. It is a different state, but it is still water. This is called a PHYSICAL CHANGE. The state has changed, but it is still the same thing - water.

What is a Chemical Change?

Matter can also change and become something completely different, that is called a CHEMICAL CHANGE. A chemical change is irreversible; that means it cannot change back.

Think about baking a cake. The batter is a liquid mixture of flour, sugar, water and other ingredients. When you heat it in the oven, the batter turns into a yummy solid. You cannot change it back into flour, sugar, water and the other ingredients. The batter has made a chemical change that is irreversible and it has become something new.

Electricity and Magnetism

Here are a few things to remind you about magnetism.

• Magnets have two poles, north and south. • A magnet's force is strongest at the poles (the ends)

• Like poles repel

• Unlike poles attract • Not all metals are magnetic. It must contain

iron to be magnetic.

• The Earth is like a giant magnet. It has a north and south pole. The Earth has an invisible magnetic field that surrounds it, just like a magnet.

Electricity

• Electricity can be used to heat, move, or light things.

Heat Light Motion

Static Electrcity

Here are some things you need to know about static electricity...

• You can move electrons from one thing to another by rubbing, like shuffling your feet across the floor.

• You get shocked when you touch a doorknob because the extra electrons are pulled toward the protons in the metal.

• An unequal amount of electrons causes 2 objects tattract

o

• An equal amount of electrons causes 2 objects to repel

These are just a sampling of the concepts students will be learning in depth in fifth grade. You can go to the county website (http://www.gwinnett.k12.ga.us) and look at the AKS for each subject for a more in-depth picture. When visiting your local public library this summer try and interest your child in some of these topics. You will be amazed at what you both will learn reading and discussing them.