5 Early Atomic Theory

8/6/2019 5 Early Atomic Theory

1/55

Inrjy Nthcdl ]aihry


2/55

Hgoiltdvis

>. Ykmirstnkm tai adsthry hb nthc gy

kncdkf nkm trnldkf tai

lhktrdgutdhks hb tai sldiktdst

7. Ikucirnti tai Mnjthks nthcdl

taihry


3/55

Hgoiltdvis

=. Lhcpnri nkm lhktrnst nthcdl

cnss brhc nthcdl kucgir

9. Lhcputi bhr tai mibdkdti

prhphrtdhk nkm lhcphsdtdhk

2. Lhcputi bhr cujtdpji prhphrtdhk


4/55

]dcijdki hb Inrjy

Laicdstry

GL

Kh stumdis

wiri cnmi

==5 GL

Icpimhljis (Frii`)

Bdri, wntir,

Inrta nkm ndr

=65-


5/55

]dcijdki hb Inrjy

Laicdstry Njj bhrcs hb cnttirwiri mdvdsdgji

dkth tdky pnrtdljis

N]HC\(mirdvim brhc Frii`

N]HCH\) Nthcswiri dk lhkstnkt chtdhknkm

tant taiy lhcgdkim wdta hkinkhtairdk vnrdhus wnys.

Uurijy spilujntdvi ayphtaisdskhsldiktdbdl gnsds


6/55

]dcijdki hb Inrjy

Laicdstry

Nrdsthtjihpphsimtai taihry nkm

ikmhrsim nkm nmvnklim tai

Icpimhljink taihry.

]ai Nrdsthtjink taihry hb cnttir

mhcdkntimuktdj tai gifdkkdkf hb

tai >6taliktury.


7/55

Mnjthks Nthcdl ]aihry

Nbtir yinrs hb stumy, Ohak Mnjthk

prhphsim nk nthcdl chmijgnsim

hk bnltsnkm ixpirdciktnj

ivdmikli.

\tnkms ns n jnkmcnr`dk tai

mivijhpcikt hb laicdstry.


8/55


Ijiciktsnri lhcphsimhb cdkuti,

dkmdvdsdgji pnrtdljis lnjjim nthcs.

Nthcshb tai snci ijiciktnri

njd`idk cnssnkm sdzi.

Nthcshb mdbbirikt ijiciktsanvi

mdbbiriktcnssisnkm sdzis.


9/55


Laicdlnj lhcphukmsnri bhrcimgy tai ukdhkhb twh hr chri nthcshb mdbbirikt ijicikts.

Nthcslhcgdkith bhrc lhcphukmsdk sdcpji kucirdlnj rntdhs.

Nthcs hb twh ijicikts cny

lhcgdki dk mdbbirikt rntdhs th bhrcchri tank hki lhcphukm.


10/55


\hcihb tai phstujntisnri stdjj

vnjdmgut shcicust gi chmdbdim

nkm qunjdbdim.

Nthcsnri lhcphsimhb sugnthcdl

pnrtdljis.

Kht njj tai nthcshb n spildbdl ijicikt

anvi tai snci cnss. Nthcs, ukmir spildnj ldrlucstnklis

lnk gi milhcphsim.


11/55

Mdslhviry hb Dhks

Cdlanij Bnrnmny

Mdslhvirim tant lirtndk sugstnklis

waik mdsshjvim dk wntir lhkmult

ijiltrdl lurrikt.

Khtdlim tant lirtndk lhcphukms

milhcphsi dkth taidr ijicikts gy

pnssdkf nk ijiltrdl lurrikt


12/55

Mdslhviry hb Dhks

Nthcs hb shci ijicikts nri

nttrnltim th tai phsdtdvi ijiltrhmi

]ahsi hb tai htair ijicikts nri

nttrnltim th tai kifntdvi ijiltrhmi


13/55

Bnrnmnys Lhkljusdhk

Nthcs nri ijiltrdlnjjy lanrfim.

Ai lnjjim taic ns dhksnbtir tai

Frii` whrm wadla cinks

wnkmirir.


14/55

\vnkti Nrraikdus

Kn+ chvis thwnrms tai kifntdvi

ijiltrhmi (lntahmi)

Lj-chvis thwnrms tai phsdtdvi

ijiltrhmi (nkhmi)

Uhsdtdvi dhks lntdhks

Kifntdvi dhks nkdhks


15/55

Lrhh`is ]ugis

(Lntahmi Wny ]ugi)


16/55

]ai Ijiltrhk? Mdslhviry

Dk >146, Ohsipa O. ]ahcshk, nk

Ikfjdsa paysdldst, mitircdkim tai

ijiltrdl lanrfi-th-cnss rntdh hb

ijiltrhk (i/c), gy stumydkf taimibjiltdhk hb lntahmi rnys dk

cnfkitdl nkm ijiltrdlnj bdijms

nppjdim nt rdfat nkfji th inlahtair.

Dts vnjui ds ->.692 x >51lhujhcgs/f.


17/55

]ai Urhthk? Cnss

]ahcshk mdslhvirim tai knturi hb

prhthk

]ai cnss hb n prhthkwns bhukm th

gi >.26< x >5-7=fwadla ds istdcntim

th gi >1


18/55

]ai Kiutrhk? Mdslhviry

Ixpirdciktnj ivdmikli mdslussim inrjdir

sahw tant prhthks anvi chri cnss tank

ijiltrhks.

Ixtiksdvi risinrlais anvi sahwk tanttai kuljius lhktndks htair pnrtdljis nsdmi

brhc tai prhthks.

]aisi pnrtdljis nri lnjjim kiutrhks.

Oncis Lanmwdl , n Grdtdsa paysdldst,

mdslhvirim tai kiutrhk dk >4


19/55

]ai Kiutrhk? Cnss

Kiutrhks nmm th tai cnss hb tai

prnltdlnjjy iqunj th tant hb n

prhthk.

Dt wns bhukm th anvi n cnss hb >.269

x >5-7=f.


20/55

]ai Kuljius

Irkist Wutairbhrm, n Grdtdsa

paysdldst, lhcpjitijy ukrnvijim

tai knturi hb Gilquirij rnys. ]ai tarii typis hb rnys icdttim

hllurrdkf rnmdhnltdvi cntirdnjs

wiri kncim njpan (), gitn(), nkm fnccn().


21/55

]ai Kuljius? Njpan

\lnttirdkf Ixpirdcikt


22/55

]ai Kuljius? Njpan

\lnttirdkf Ixpirdcikt

]ai risujt hb ads ixpirdcikt sahwim

tant

Chst hb tai pnrtdljis pnssim tarhufa

ukmibjiltim.

N biw pnssim tarhufa wdta jnrfi

nkfjis hb mibiltdhk.

N biw ghuklim gnl` ds tai mdriltdhkbrhc wadla taiy lnci.


23/55

]ai Kuljius?

Fhjm Bhdj Ixpirdcikt


24/55

Nthcdl Kucgir? Mibdkdtdhk

]ai N]HCDL KYCGIW(kuljinr

lanrfis) riprisikts tai kucgir hb

ukdt phsdtdvi lanrfishk tai kuljius

nkm ds iqunjth tai kucgir hbprhthksdk tai kuljius sdkli inla

prhthk lnrrdis n (+) lanrfi.


25/55

Nthcdl Kucgir?

Mdstdkltdhk

]ads kucgir, kht tai nthcdl cnss

tant mdstdkfudsais hki ijicikt brhc

nkhtair.


26/55

Nthcdl Kucgir?

Lhkljusdhk

\dkli nk nthc ds ijiltrdlnjjy

kiutrnj, dt cust anvi cnky

ijiltrhks ns dt ans prhthks.

]airibhri, tai nthcdl kucgir njsh

dkmdlntis tai kucgir hb ijiltrhks ds

tai kiutrnj nthc ukmir

lhksdmirntdhk.


27/55

Cnss Kucgir? Mibdkdtdhk

]ai cnss kucgirhb nk nthc ds tai

thtnj kucgir hb kiutrhks nkm

prhthks (kuljihks) dk tai kuljius hb

nk nthc.

Dt bhjjhws tant tai cnss kucgir

cdkus tai kucgir hb prhthks

iqunjs tai kucgir hb kiutrhks.


28/55

Cnss Kucgir? Lnjlujntdhk

Cnss kucgir 3 kucgir hb kiutrhks +

nthcdl kucgir


29/55

Kuljdmi? Mibdkdtdhk

N Kuljdmi, n spildbdl typi hb nthc,

ds misdfkntim gy usdkf tai laicdlnj

sycghj bhr tai ijicikt wdta nthcdl

kucgir pjnlim nt tai jhwir jibtlhrkir hb tai sycghj nkm tai cnss

kucgir pjnlim nt tai uppir jibt

lhrkir.


30/55

Kuljdmi? Ixncpji

>7L2 Cnss kucgir ds >7

Nthcdl Kucgir ds 2


31/55

Dshthpis

D\H]HUI\ nri nthcs hb n fdvik

ijicikt wadla mdbbir dk nthcdl

cnss gut wadla anvi tai snci

kuljinr lanrfi (nthcdl kucgir ).


32/55

Dshthpis

Dshthpis anvi viry sdcdjnr laicdlnj

prhpirtdis. Bhr ixncpji, lajhrdki

nthcs nri hb twh typis?

6 nkm6


33/55

]ai nthcdl lhcphsdtdhks hb

taisi dshthpis nri?

p k i

6 >6 >1 >6

6 >6 75 >6


34/55

Dshthpis

Inla ans >6 prhthks nkm >6

ijiltrhks0 ahwivir, 1

kiutrhks nkm


35/55

Nthcdl Vidfats

]ai widfat hb tads dshthpi ds

nrgdtrnrdjy mibdkim ns ixnltjy >7

nthcdl widfats ukdts nkm tai

cnssis njj htair nthcs nrilhcpnrim wdta dt.

]airibhri?

> ncu (hr nthcdl cnss ukdt) ds

mibdkim ns hki-twijbta tai cnss hb

tai kuljdmi >7L2.


36/55

Nthcdl Vidfats

Wij. Nt. Vt. 3 (% ngukmnkli x

dshthpdl widfat)

Lhksdmir tai knturnj dshthpis hb

lajhrdki?

Dshthpdl Vidfats Dshthpdl Ngukmnkli


37/55

Jnw hb mibdkdti prhphrtdhk hr

mibdkdti lhcphsdtdhkn. >5< f hb lhppir lnrghknti 9< f hb lhppir

+ =5 f hxyfik + >5 f lnrghk

g. >5 f hb jinm + >.92 f sujbur >>.92 f hb jinm sujbdmi

>5.55 f jinm + >.92 f hb jinm sujbdmi +>.== f sujbur ( jibthvir)

Nky sujbur dk ixliss hb >.92 f wns n jibthvir, ukrinltim.

>1.55 f hb jinm + >.92 f hb sujbur >>.92 f hb jinm

sujbdmi + 1.55 f hb jinm ( jibthvir)


38/55

Jnw hb Cujtdpji Urhphrtdhk

]ads stntis tant waik twh ijicikts

lhcgdki th bhrc chri tank hki

lhcphukm, tai cnssis hb hki ijicikt

wadla lhcgdkim wdta bdxim cnss hb taihtair ijicikts nri dk rntdh hb scnjj wahji

kucgir sula ns >?>,7?>,7?2 f hb hxyfik bhr

iviry >7 f hb lnrghk.

]ai rntdh hb tai nchukts hb hxyfik dk

lnrghk chkhxdmi nkm lnrghk mdhxdmi ds >2

th 7< hr >?7


40/55

Jnw hb Lhcgdkdkf Vidfats

\tntis tant tai prhphrtdhks gy widfat

waik laicdlnj rinltdhks tn`i pjnli lnk

gi ixprissim dk tircs hb scnjj dktifrnj

cujtdpjdis hb bdxim kucgirs lnjjimlhcgdkdkf widfat.


41/55

]airi nri twh wnys th shjvi bhr tai

lhcgdkdkf widfat hb nk ijicikt

>. Brhc tai fdvik pirliktnfi lhcphsdtdhk hb

tai lhcphukm hr tai fdvik widfats hb tai

ijicikts.

7. Brhc tai `khwk nthcdl widfat nkm dts

vnjikli.


42/55

Ixncpji

>. ]ai lhcphsdtdhk hb cnfkisduc hxdmi ds =5% H

nkm 25% Cf. Vant ds tai lhcgdkdkf widfat hb

cnfkisduc8

\hjutdhk? Cn`i n prhphrtdhk ns?% hb ijicikts hr

widfat hb ijicikt 3 % hr widfat hb hxyfik

lhcgdkdkf widfat 1hb tai ijicikt


43/55

Ixncpji

Dk lnsi Aymrhfik ds fdvik dk tai prhgjic, usi >

dkstinm hb 1.

widfat hb Cf 3 % hr widfat hb hxyfik

lhcgdkdkf widfat 1hb Cf

25 3 =5

Q 1Q 3 >7 ( lhcgdkdkf widfat hb cnfkisduc) hr brhc

tai nthcdl widfat nkm tai vnjikli hb tai

ijicikt


44/55

Ixncpji

Q 3 >7 ( lhcgdkdkf widfat hb cnfkisduc) hr brhc

tai nthcdl widfat nkm tai vnjikli hb tai

ijicikt?

LHCGDKDKF VIDFA] 3 nthcdl widfatvnjikli

7=/ 7 3 >7


45/55

Ixncpji

>2

hb zdkl

>2

Q 3


46/55

Urhgjic >

N 5.1.167 f hb kdtrhfik fns.

Njj tai cnfkisduc ds usim up0>.>97

f hb cnfkisduc kdtrdmi , ahwivir,ds tai hkjy prhmult.

n. Vant ds tai cnss dk frncs hb

kdtrhfik tant ricndks ukrinltim8


47/55

Urhgjic >




g. Vant ds tai cnss dk frncs hb

kdtrhfik tant ds lhksucim8


48/55

Urhgjic >




l. Vant ds tai prhphrtdhk hb

cnfkisduc dk cnfkisduc kdtrdmi8


49/55

Urhgjic >




m. Vant ds tai prhphrtdhk hb kdtrhfik

( lhksucim hr lhcgdkim kdtrhfik)dk cnfkisduc kdtrdmi8


50/55

Urhgjic >




i. Vant ds tai prhphrtdhk hb

cnfkisduc th kdtrhfik dkcnfkisduc kdtrdmi8


51/55

Urhgjic >




b. Vant ds tai lhcphsdtdhk hb

cnfkisduc kdtrdmi8


52/55

Urhgjic 7

Ysdkf tai mntn dk Ixncpji >

n. Lhcputi bhr tai widfat hb

cnfkisduc nkm kdtrhfik dk


53/55

Urhgjic 7

l. Bdkm tai widfat hb cnfkisduc

kdtrdmi bhrcim brhc tai rinltdhk hb

9.271 f cnfkisduc nkm >.71< f

kdtrhfik.

Fd ta j j


54/55

Fdvi tai chjilujnr

bhrcujn

>. Fdvi tai chjilujnr hr bhrcujn

cnss hb inla lhcphukm

n. Nsgisths, Cf (\d=H>5)(HA)1

g. Yrin, LH(KA7)7

l. Drhk Wust, Bi7H


55/55

Dshgnrs

Nthcs cny njsh anvi tai sncicnss kucgirs gut mdbbirikt nthcdlkucgirs.

7>=Ug17nkm 7>=Gd1

Documents

5 Early Atomic Theory