4th Grade - NJCTLcontent.njctl.org/courses/science/4th-grade... · 4th Grade Earth Systems 2015-11-10 Slide 2 / 101 Earth Systems ... Do you know the names of any of the systems represented

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4th Grade

Earth Systems

2015-11-10

www.njctl.org

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Earth Systems

· Earth's Systems

Click on the topic to go to that section

· Mechanical Weathering

· Chemical Weathering

· Erosion

· Biogeology

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Earth's Systems

Return to Tableof Contents

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Earth's SystemsEarth has many parts that work together

to make it the way that it is.

Can you think of some parts of the Earth that work together?

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Earth's SystemsEarth has four systems that are continually working together.

Do you know the names of any of the systems represented in these pictures?

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Earth's SystemsThe four systems that work together are:

the atmosphere the biosphere

the hydrospherethe geosphere

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Earth's Systems - Atmosphere

The atmosphere is a layer of gases that surrounds Earth.The atmosphere includes the air around us.

Layers of gases within the atmosphere interact with each other. We can feel when these layers interact through a cool

breeze or the thick air of a hot and humid day.

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Earth's Systems - BiosphereThe biosphere is where life is found.

The biosphere includes: animals, plants, and all living organisms.

What do you think the prefix "Bio" means?

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Earth's Systems - BiosphereThe biosphere is where life is found.

The biosphere includes: animals, plants, and all living organisms.

What do you think the prefix "Bio" means?

[This object is a pull tab]

Ans

wer

The prefix "Bio" means life.

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Earth's Systems: Geosphere

The geosphere is the solid, rock part of Earth.

The geosphere includes: the interior of Earth (the mantle and core), the crust, rocks, and all landforms that make up Earth.

Can you guess what the prefix "Geo" means?

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Earth's Systems: Geosphere

The geosphere is the solid, rock part of Earth.

The geosphere includes: the interior of Earth (the mantle and core), the crust, rocks, and all landforms that make up Earth.

Can you guess what the prefix "Geo" means?


Ans

wer

The prefix "Geo" means earth.


Earth's Systems - Hydrosphere

The hydrosphere is all of the water on Earth.

The hydrosphere includes: oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, water in the air, snow, rain, and sleet.

"Hydro" means ______________.

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Earth's Systems - Hydrosphere

The hydrosphere is all of the water on Earth.

The hydrosphere includes: oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, water in the air, snow, rain, and sleet.

"Hydro" means ______________.


Ans

wer

The prefix "Hydro" means water.


Earth's SystemsHow is this fish tank like Earth's four systems? Right now, write a few complete sentences to answer this question.

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Earth's Systems

Where do we see Earth's four systems here?(click the boxes to reveal the answers)

atmosphere - sky

biosphere - trees

geosphere - cliff

hydrosphere - lake

All of Earth's systems work together and interact with each other.

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Earth's SystemsWhat systems do we see here?

atmosphere - sky

biosphere - trees

geosphere - rocks

hydrosphere - river

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Earth's SystemsWhat systems can we see here?

biosphere - sea turtle hydrosphere - ocean

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1 Earth has four systems that work together.

True

False

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1 Earth has four systems that work together.

True

False


Ans

wer

True


2 The ________ includes water in, on, and surroundingthe Earth.

A atmosphere

B biosphere

C geosphere

D hydrosphere

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2 The ________ includes water in, on, and surroundingthe Earth.

A atmosphere

B biosphere

C geosphere

D hydrosphere[This object is a pull tab]

Ans

wer

D


3 The solid, rock part of Earth is the_________.

A hydrosphere

B atmosphere

C geosphere

D biosphere

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3 The solid, rock part of Earth is the_________.

A hydrosphere

B atmosphere

C geosphere

D biosphere[This object is a pull tab]

Ans

wer

C


4 The system that includes all life on Earth is the ________.

A biosphere

B geosphere

C hydrosphere

D atmosphere

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4 The system that includes all life on Earth is the ________.

A biosphere

B geosphere

C hydrosphere

D atmosphere


Ans

wer

A


5 The ________ is the layer of gases that surroundsEarth.

A geosphere

B hydrosphere

C atmosphere

D biosphere

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5 The ________ is the layer of gases that surroundsEarth.

A geosphere

B hydrosphere

C atmosphere

D biosphere


Ans

wer

C


6 Which of Earth's systems includes the crust?

A hydrosphere

B biosphere

C atmosphere

D geosphere

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6 Which of Earth's systems includes the crust?

A hydrosphere

B biosphere

C atmosphere

D geosphere


Ans

wer

D


7 These are part of which system?

A atmosphere

B hydrosphere

C biosphere

D geosphere (snow)

(rain)

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7 These are part of which system?

A atmosphere

B hydrosphere

C biosphere

D geosphere (snow)

(rain)


Ans

wer

B


8 Is this squirrel part of the geosphere?

Yes

No

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8 Is this squirrel part of the geosphere?

Yes

No


Ans

wer

No


Mechanical Weathering


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Mechanical WeatheringWe know that sometimes Earth's systems work together to

build up or create new rocks or crust - particularly the geosphere as tectonic plates interact.

But Earth's systems also work together to break down Earth's crust.

the geosphere building up rocks in the form of a mountain range

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Mechanical WeatheringWeathering is the breaking down or dissolving of rocks,

minerals, and sediments on Earth's surface. Weathering breaks down the land around us and shapes what

we see on the surface.

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Mechanical WeatheringMechanical weathering is one type of weathering.

For example, all of these small rocks were once part of the ledge above, but now physical forces have broken them off.

Mechanical weathering is when physical processes break

down rock.

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Mechanical WeatheringAn auto mechanic can help us remember what mechanical

weathering does.

A mechanic uses tools to break a car into smaller pieces .

You may know other things a mechanic does, but remembering that a mechanic does this can help us

remember what mechanical weathering is.

What does a mechanic do? (click the box to find the answer)

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Mechanical WeatheringLike a mechanic who uses tools to take apart cars,

mechanical weathering is Earth's way of using different physical tools to break apart features on its surface.

Mechanical weathering uses a different set of tools.

Can you guess what they are?

An auto mechanic may use these

tools:

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The tools of mechanical weathering are:(click boxes for answers)

water ice heat plants wind glaciers

All of these work to break down the rocks of Earth's crust.

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Some tools of mechanical weathering are:(click boxes for answers)

plants wind glaciers


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Mechanical WeatheringSome more tools of mechanical weathering are:

(click boxes for answers)

water ice the Sun


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Mechanical Weathering - Water

Water is a strong force that breaks down rocks.

Here, waves have smashed against

these rocks so many times that

the rocks are now smoothed out and

worn away.

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Mechanical Weathering - IceWhen water freezes, it expands.

When water gets into rocks and freezes, it expands inside the rock and causes the rock to crack.

Can you explain in your own words what happened in this video?

Click to watch a video demonstrating how ice can powerfully break apart rocks.

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Mechanical Weathering - Heat and Temperature Change

Temperature, the change between hot and cold, is another force of mechanical weathering.

This rock, which has many layers, is broken like a puzzle after many seasons of heating and freezing.

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Mechanical Weathering - PlantsPlants also can break apart rocks.

Here, this tree has grown into the rock

and caused it to crack.

The roots of plants often break apart

rocks.

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Mechanical Weathering - WindAlthough wind can be hard to see with our eyes, its effects on

rocks are not.

softer rock layers - very weathered by the wind

harder rock layers -less weathered by the wind

Here we can see how wind has weathered the softer layers this rock more than the harder layers.

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Mechanical Weathering - GlaciersGlaciers are giant masses of ice, often a mile high. They are extremely heavy, and can crush rock beneath them. The ice

and water from glaciers can also weather rocks by freezing in cracks.

This rock shows marks from a glacier scraping its surface.

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Mechanical weathering is constantly at work.

Which Earth system does mechanical weathering break down?

Do you notice which Earth systems work to break down rocks?

The geosphere is broken down by weathering.

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9 Mechanical weathering changes the size and shapeof rocks.

True

False

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9 Mechanical weathering changes the size and shapeof rocks.

True

False


Ans

wer

True


10 What does an auto mechanic do that is similar to what mechanical weathering does?

A fixes things that are broken

B uses tools to put things together

C uses tools to break things apart

D figures out a problem and how to fix it

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10 What does an auto mechanic do that is similar to what mechanical weathering does?

A fixes things that are broken

B uses tools to put things together

C uses tools to break things apart

D figures out a problem and how to fix it[This object is a pull tab]

Ans

wer

C


11 Which of the following is not a form of mechanical weathering?

A plants

B gravity

C temperature change

D glaciers

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11 Which of the following is not a form of mechanical weathering?

A plants

B gravity

C temperature change

D glaciers


Ans

wer

B


12 Does rock that is hard weather faster than rock that is soft?

Yes

No

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12 Does rock that is hard weather faster than rock that is soft?

Yes

No


Ans

wer

No


LAB: Ice Breaks RocksHow does ice break rocks apart?

In this lab, we will create models of how ice breaks apart rocks.

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LAB: Water WeathersHow does water mechanically weather rocks?

In this lab, we will create models of how water weathersrocks.

Get your arms ready to do some shaking!

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Chemical Weathering


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Chemical Weathering

Chemical weathering is the second type of weathering.

Chemical weathering is when chemicals change the materials that make up a rock.

Chemical weathering does not just break down rocks like mechanical weathering does, but actually changes what the

rocks are made of.

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Chemical Weathering

For example, you can see where

this rock has been chemically

weathered. It has changed from

being a smooth brown rock to a

rough yellow one.

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Chemical WeatheringA chemist can help us remember what chemical weathering

does.

A chemist uses chemicals to change one material into another .

You may know other things a chemist does, but remembering that a chemist does this can help us remember what

mechanical weathering is.

What does a chemist do?(click on the box to find the answer)

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Water and heat are the two largest means through which chemical weathering occurs.

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Mechanical Weathering - WaterRain is not pure water. It contains acids that, over time, can

dissolve rocks.

Have you ever seen a statue like these, worn down and smooth?

Over time statues made of rock get this way because of acid rain . The acid rain dissolves the rock the statue is made of.

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Acid rain has dissolved some of the rock in these statues.

From looking at the pictures closely, can you tell what it means to dissolve a rock?

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Mechanical Weathering - WaterAcid rain can also cause rocks to rust.

Here, acid rain water flowed into this rock through the crack towards the front of the slab. The darker portion is iron rust.

We can also see rust on this rock.

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On top of acid rain, other bodies of water can also carry acids and chemicals that have the power to change the rocks around them.

The lake at the bottom of these falls is green because of the dissolved minerals and chemicals it has picked up from the river.

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Caves (left) and karsts (right) are also created from water that contains acid wearing away at rocks.

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Mechanical Weathering - Heat

Heat, too, can change the material a rock is made of. Exposure to hot air over time can cause changes like this.

Chemical reactions caused by heat and water break down the bonds holding the rocks together, causing them to fall

apart, forming smaller and smaller pieces.

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13 Chemical weathering is the process of ___________.

A breaking down rocks into smaller pieces

B changing the size of pieces a rock is made of

C mixing chemicals

D changing the material a rock is made of

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13 Chemical weathering is the process of ___________.

A breaking down rocks into smaller pieces

B changing the size of pieces a rock is made of

C mixing chemicals

D changing the material a rock is made of


Ans

wer

D


14 Rainfall can make rocks dissolve.

True

False

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14 Rainfall can make rocks dissolve.

True

False


Ans

wer

True


15 Which of the following is NOT an example of chemical weathering?

A A rock freezes and breaks.

B A rock turns red with rust.

C A rock is dissolved and washed away.

D A rock changes color and composition when exposed to air.

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15 Which of the following is NOT an example of chemical weathering?

A A rock freezes and breaks.

B A rock turns red with rust.

C A rock is dissolved and washed away.

D A rock changes color and composition when exposed to air.


Ans

wer

A


16 When a large rock falls off a cliff and breaks into many small pieces, this is an example of ________ weathering.

A mechanical

B chemical

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16 When a large rock falls off a cliff and breaks into many small pieces, this is an example of ________ weathering.

A mechanical

B chemical


Ans

wer

A


Weathering Review

Discuss in small groups:

How do you think mechanical and chemical weathering relate to Earth's four systems?

Which of the four systems are involved in weathering?

Which of the four systems get weathered?

Are any of the systems not very involved in weathering?

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ACTIVITY: Modeling Chemical Weathering

How does chemical weathering work?

We will look at how chemical weathering works through two activities using chalk and old pennies.

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LAB: Chemical Weathering

How does chemical weathering affect different types of rocks?

This lab will take multiple days and involves conducting MOHS HARDNESS TEST of a number of rock samples.

Get ready!

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Erosion


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Weathering and ErosionWeathering causes rocks to break down into smaller pieces.

Erosion is the movement of these small pieces to different locations.

There are several ways erosion occurs.

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Erosion by Gravity

Mechanical weathering broke these rocks into small pieces, but gravity caused them to move to a new location. This is erosion.

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Erosion by Wind

This rock experienced mechanical and

chemical weathering. Then the wind carried

the small pieces of rock, sand and debris away.

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Erosion by Rain

After weathering has broken up materials, rain can wash it away.

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Erosion by RiversAs rivers flow, they move sediment and other materials that

have been broken down by weathering.

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Erosion by Oceans

Oceans carry broken rock, sediment, and sand to other locations.

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Erosion by GlaciersGlaciers can move pieces of rock and sediment to different

locations.

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Erosion

Sometimes the same factors can cause both weathering and erosion.

The glaciers' pressure breaks down the rock beneath it (weathering). The glaciers' movement carries the rock away (erosion).

What is causing weathering and erosion in

this picture?

Click the box to check your answer.

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ErosionWhat is causing weathering and erosion in this picture?

The ocean waves break apart the land (weathering). The water washes the small pieces away (erosion).

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ErosionThis is a picture was taken during aftermath of Hurricane

Katrina in 2005.

Discuss how you think a hurricane

can cause weathering and

erosion.

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17 Erosion is the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces.

True

False

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17 Erosion is the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces.

True

False


Ans

wer

False


18 When a glacier crushes the rock beneath it, this is an example of ____________.

A mechanical weathering

B chemical weathering

C erosion

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18 When a glacier crushes the rock beneath it, this is an example of ____________.



C erosion


Ans

wer

A


19 When a glacier moves small rocks to a new location, this is an example of __________.



C erosion

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19 When a glacier moves small rocks to a new location, this is an example of __________.



C erosion


Ans

wer

C


20 Can rocks or sediments that are washed away ormoved by erosion change their form?

Yes

No

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20 Can rocks or sediments that are washed away ormoved by erosion change their form?

Yes

No


Ans

wer

Yes


21 Which of Earth's four systems are involved in weathering and erosion?

A atmosphere

B biosphere

C geosphere

D hydrosphere

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21 Which of Earth's four systems are involved in weathering and erosion?

A atmosphere

B biosphere

C geosphere

D hydrosphere[This object is a pull tab]

Ans

wer A, B, C, & D

All four of Earth's systems are involved in weathering and

erosion.


22 Discuss at your table how all four of Earth's systems are involved in weathering and erosion. Students type their answers here

the atmosphere the biosphere

the hydrospherethe geosphere

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LAB: ErosionHow are new landforms created through erosion and

deposition?

During this lab, we will create models of landforms and then erode them with water.

Make sure you are a good observer throughout the lab.

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LAB: Weathering & ErosionHow are weathering and erosion related?

Using skittles, you will create a model of weathering and erosion.

You will be recording what you see throughout the lab. It is important that you draw what you see, not what you think of when you think of a skittle or anything else.

Scientists must draw what they see.

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Biogeology


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BiogeologyThe biosphere is not only involved in shaping Earth through

weathering, but also through animals and all living organisms which help to shape the environments around them.

Biogeology is how life interacts with Earth.

How do you think living organisms affect their environments?

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BiogeologyAll living things affect the physical characteristics of the

regions they live in.

Here is one example. This is lichen, an organism that grows on rocks. It absorbs minerals

from the rock, eventually causing the rock to break down. This lichen is 100's of years old.

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BiogeologyHumans change their environments in many ways.

Humans plow fields, mine, and build buildings.

What else can you think of that we do to change our environment?

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BiogeologyPlants also change their environments in many ways.

Plants, like this tree, grow roots into the soil around them and they stabilize the soil.

Can you think of anything else that plants do to change their environment?

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BiogeologyAnimals also change their environments in many ways.

One example is beavers; they build damns that change the flow of water just like humans do when they build dams.

How else do animals change

their environment?

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Biogeology

Although all living organisms change the environments around them, they also must respond as their environments change, sometimes from factors other than themselves (for

example, because of plate tectonics).

When an organism cannot adapt to changes in their environment, they will become extinct, meaning they will no

longer exist.

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Extinction

This is what happened to the dinosaurs.

Dinosaurs are extinct because they did not adapt to changes in Earth's environment many years ago.

What are some theories on what happened in the environment that lead to their extinction?

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BiogeologyAll living organisms must adapt to things in their

environments, even as these organisms also change their environments.

For example, humans change their environment by building big buildings.

At the same time, it may snow in that environment and humans have to adapt and learn to live in those conditions.

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Biogeology - RainfallRainfall is one of the largest factors that determine which

organisms can live in a region.

Rainfall helps to shape land and it affects the types of living organisms found in a region.

For example, in a desert with very little rainfall, you find cacti and lizards.

You would not find big trees and tree frogs here.

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Biogeology - RainforestBut in a place with large amounts of rain, like a rainforest,

you find many large trees and tree frogs.

These plants and animals grow and live where they do because of rainfall. Some organisms have adapted to very

little rainfall, like cacti, and some have adapted to live where there is lots and lots of rainfall, like these trees.

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BiogeologyAs environments change, life forms need to respond and

adapt to the changes.

As humans have cut down trees to build more roads, we have changed the habitats of plants and animals. This has caused extinction of some species, death of animals and

plants, and a shortage of resources.

But sometimes we can take steps to help other organisms adapt to the changes we make in our environments.

Click here to see a video on how humans have provided a structure to help animals adapt where there are major

highways.

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23 Biogeology is how rocks interact with Earth.

True

False

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23 Biogeology is how rocks interact with Earth.

True

False


Ans

wer

False


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24 As environments change, living organisms need to _______ to the changes.

A not respond

B adapt

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24 As environments change, living organisms need to _______ to the changes.

A not respond

B adapt


Ans

wer

B


25 Humans change the environments around them, but they do not have to adapt to their environments.

True

False

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25 Humans change the environments around them, but they do not have to adapt to their environments.

True

False


Ans

wer

False


26 When humans change their environments, can they sometimes help other organisms learn to adapt to those changes?

Yes

No

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26 When humans change their environments, can they sometimes help other organisms learn to adapt to those changes?

Yes

No


Ans

wer

Yes


27 Does rainfall help to shape the land and affect the type of living organisms found in a region?

Yes

No

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27 Does rainfall help to shape the land and affect the type of living organisms found in a region?

Yes

No


Ans

wer

Yes


28 Only some living things affect their environment.

True

False

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28 Only some living things affect their environment.

True

False


Ans

wer

False


Earth's System WalkIn this activity, you will find evidence of weathering, erosion and

biogeology in the world around you.

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4th Grade - NJCTLcontent.njctl.org/courses/science/4th-grade... · 4th Grade Earth Systems 2015-11-10 Slide 2 / 101 Earth Systems ... Do you know the names of any of the systems represented