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Molluscan Molluscan Aquaculture Aquaculture Submitted to Submitted to Prof. (Dr.) B Prof. (Dr.) B Madhusoodana Kurup Madhusoodana Kurup Director, Director, School of Industrial School of Industrial Fisheries (SIF), Fisheries (SIF), CUSAT CUSAT Submitted by Submitted by Judine John Chacko Judine John Chacko 4 4 th th Semeseter Semeseter MSc. Industrial MSc. Industrial Fisheries, Fisheries, S.I.F S.I.F

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Molluscan Molluscan AquacultureAquaculture

Submitted toSubmitted toProf. (Dr.) B Madhusoodana Prof. (Dr.) B Madhusoodana

KurupKurupDirector,Director,School of Industrial Fisheries School of Industrial Fisheries

(SIF),(SIF),CUSATCUSAT

Submitted bySubmitted byJudine John ChackoJudine John Chacko44thth Semeseter Semeseter MSc. Industrial Fisheries,MSc. Industrial Fisheries,S.I.FS.I.F

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IntroductionIntroduction

Mariculture is the rearing of aquatic Mariculture is the rearing of aquatic organisms under controlled or semi organisms under controlled or semi controlled condition in coastal and controlled condition in coastal and offshore waters where salinity is offshore waters where salinity is maximal and not subject to maximal and not subject to significant daily or seasonal significant daily or seasonal variation.variation.

Mollusk farming is a type of Mollusk farming is a type of mariculture done in open sea water mariculture done in open sea water on racks, rafts or longlines.on racks, rafts or longlines.

Oysters, calms, mussels ,scallops Oysters, calms, mussels ,scallops and abalones are the major group of and abalones are the major group of mollusks farmed.mollusks farmed.

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The commercial imporstance of The commercial imporstance of mollusc culture is food security, mollusc culture is food security, pearl production, lime manufacture pearl production, lime manufacture etc..etc..

In 1984, molluscs accounted for In 1984, molluscs accounted for approximately 35% of the total approximately 35% of the total production of coastal aquaculture in production of coastal aquaculture in terms of gross weight in the region terms of gross weight in the region (Shang, 1986).(Shang, 1986).

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Global statusGlobal status

In 2006, molluscs accounted for the second-largest share, 14.1 million tonnes (27 percent of total production), worth US$11.9 billion. (SOFIA 2008).

Major countries farming mollusk are Major countries farming mollusk are China, Indonesia, Malaysia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri lanka, Taiwan and Thailand.Sri lanka, Taiwan and Thailand.

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Site SelectionSite SelectionSuccess of farming depends on proper Success of farming depends on proper

site selection.site selection.

Area location-Area location- Cockles, Clams culture Cockles, Clams culture ground should be located in areas where ground should be located in areas where strong winds do not prevail. Culture strong winds do not prevail. Culture systems such as poles, racks are placed in systems such as poles, racks are placed in low tide area.low tide area.

Water depth –Water depth – Water depth range from Water depth range from 1- 15 m as 1- 15 m as mean tide level.mean tide level.

Water movement –Water movement – Water current of Water current of 0.02 -0.1 m/sec 0.02 -0.1 m/sec suitable for suitable for bottom culture and stronger for bottom culture and stronger for hanging methods.hanging methods.

Turbidity –Turbidity – Minimum sechhi disc Minimum sechhi disc reading 15cm.reading 15cm.

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Salinity –Salinity – 24-31 ppt 24-31 ppt Bottom slope –Bottom slope – 5-15 ˚ seaward 5-15 ˚ seaward

slope is preferred for bottom slope is preferred for bottom culture.Muddy bottom for mussels culture.Muddy bottom for mussels and rocky or coralline substrate for and rocky or coralline substrate for oyester.oyester.

Food availabilityFood availability – – Phytoplankton Phytoplankton availability.availability.

Pollution –Pollution – Toxic waste can Toxic waste can contaminate mollusk meat so contaminate mollusk meat so pollution free areas should be pollution free areas should be selected. selected.

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Cultured SpeciesCultured Species

Perna viridis

Crassostrea madrasensis

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Pinctada fucata

Haliotis variata

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Anadra granosa

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Species descriptionSpecies description OystersOysters

Oysters are one of the most valued seafoods Oysters are one of the most valued seafoods and are farmed extensively.Nearly 12 species and are farmed extensively.Nearly 12 species are commercially popular. In India , are commercially popular. In India , Crassostrea madrasensis , C gryphoides, C, Crassostrea madrasensis , C gryphoides, C, rivularis and Saccostrea cucullata are the rivularis and Saccostrea cucullata are the main species and main species and

C .madrasensis is the most preffered for C .madrasensis is the most preffered for farming.farming.

Racks and rens are used for farming and Racks and rens are used for farming and culture period is 7-10 monthsculture period is 7-10 months

C.gryphoides- 17cm ; Saccostrea cucculata -C.gryphoides- 17cm ; Saccostrea cucculata -20cm20cm

Estimated average production 2.5 tonnes from Estimated average production 2.5 tonnes from 500 rens. (BFFDA)500 rens. (BFFDA)

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MusselsMussels Mussel farming is the one of the popular Mussel farming is the one of the popular

mariculture operation in the temperate mariculture operation in the temperate countries.countries.

Cultured 9 different species belonging to Cultured 9 different species belonging to genus Perna and Mytilus.genus Perna and Mytilus.

In India 2 species Perna viridis and P. indica In India 2 species Perna viridis and P. indica are extensively farmed.are extensively farmed.

Culture practice – Pole culture, Rack culture Culture practice – Pole culture, Rack culture and raft cultureand raft culture

Farming up to 4-8 months.Farming up to 4-8 months. P. indica and P . viridis reach about 63cm and P. indica and P . viridis reach about 63cm and

54cm length in one year.54cm length in one year. Estimated average production is 15kg/m Estimated average production is 15kg/m

rope/5 months.rope/5 months.

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Pearl OysterPearl Oyster The pearl oyster belong to the genus Pinctada.The pearl oyster belong to the genus Pinctada. Six species are found in India; Pinctada Six species are found in India; Pinctada

margeritifera, P.chenanitzii, P.sugillata, margeritifera, P.chenanitzii, P.sugillata, P.anomioides and P.atropurpurea.P.anomioides and P.atropurpurea.

The pearl oyster are reared for production of The pearl oyster are reared for production of cultured pearls.cultured pearls.

The nucleues implanted oysters grow in the The nucleues implanted oysters grow in the farm and secrete the mother of pearl around farm and secrete the mother of pearl around the nucleus.the nucleus.

Prevailing culture methods are Raft culture Prevailing culture methods are Raft culture and on bottom culture and cages are used to and on bottom culture and cages are used to protect oyster.protect oyster.

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Pearl implantationPearl implantation1.1. Selection and conditioningSelection and conditioning 1.5 to 2 yr old oyster with not less than 25gm 1.5 to 2 yr old oyster with not less than 25gm

are selected for implantation.are selected for implantation. Oysters are arranged in a container with its Oysters are arranged in a container with its

hinge point downwards.hinge point downwards. Narcotization of selected oyster by sprinkling Narcotization of selected oyster by sprinkling

menthol in the seawater.menthol in the seawater. Insertion of a small wooden peg between the 2 Insertion of a small wooden peg between the 2

valves to facilitate nucleus implantation.valves to facilitate nucleus implantation.2.2. Preparation of graft tissuePreparation of graft tissue Select healthy non narcotizd oyster and cut the Select healthy non narcotizd oyster and cut the

mantle strip into 5 cm length and 0.5cm width.mantle strip into 5 cm length and 0.5cm width. Remove mucous and mussel from the mantle Remove mucous and mussel from the mantle

and cut the mantle strip into 20 – 25 pieces of 2-and cut the mantle strip into 20 – 25 pieces of 2-3 mm squares 3 mm squares

Keep cell live by adding azumin/eosin solution in Keep cell live by adding azumin/eosin solution in sterilised sea water sterilised sea water

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ImplantationImplantation

3.3. ImplantationImplantation The graft mantle piece is placed in th The graft mantle piece is placed in th

gonad near the intestinal loop through an gonad near the intestinal loop through an incision and placing the sterilized nucleus incision and placing the sterilized nucleus on the graft mantl piece.on the graft mantl piece.

4.4. ConvalescenceConvalescence Placing the implanted oyster in fresh Placing the implanted oyster in fresh

seawater with mild circulation for 2-3days.seawater with mild circulation for 2-3days. Maintaining water quality by water Maintaining water quality by water

exchange.exchange. Removing dead oysters and shifting the Removing dead oysters and shifting the

healthy implanted oysters to the natural healthy implanted oysters to the natural environment.environment.

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ClamsClams Clams or cockles for a valued item of food in many Clams or cockles for a valued item of food in many

countries.countries. Clams under commercial production are Venerupsis sp., Clams under commercial production are Venerupsis sp.,

Meretrix sp. , Mercentrica sp. and Anadra sp. And in Meretrix sp. , Mercentrica sp. and Anadra sp. And in India the important species are Villorita cyprinoids, India the important species are Villorita cyprinoids, Paphia malabarica, Meritrix casta and Anadra granosa.Paphia malabarica, Meritrix casta and Anadra granosa.

Simplest system of culture is the transplantation of seed Simplest system of culture is the transplantation of seed growing beds with sandy bottom in the shallow growing beds with sandy bottom in the shallow intertidal areas.Pens are also used.intertidal areas.Pens are also used.

Experimental culture of Anadara granosa , Villorita Experimental culture of Anadara granosa , Villorita cyprinoids and Meretrix meritrix were done in cyprinoids and Meretrix meritrix were done in Kakinada, Karnataka and Kerala respectively.Kakinada, Karnataka and Kerala respectively.

Average production rate is 39-41.6 tonnes/ ha/ Average production rate is 39-41.6 tonnes/ ha/ 5.5months for the blood clam culture.5.5months for the blood clam culture.

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ScallopsScallops Commercial scale production is limited mainly to Commercial scale production is limited mainly to

China and Japan.China and Japan. The major species cultured are Chlamys barrei, The major species cultured are Chlamys barrei,

C.nobills, Placopecten magellanicus and C.nobills, Placopecten magellanicus and Argopecten irradians.Argopecten irradians.

Grow out is by planting in suitable beds and Grow out is by planting in suitable beds and spats are released during summer months.spats are released during summer months.

Stocking density – 5-6nos./mStocking density – 5-6nos./m22.. In longline and raft system stocking density is 20 In longline and raft system stocking density is 20

nos./compartment.nos./compartment. Thy reach marketable size in 1.5-2 yrs.Thy reach marketable size in 1.5-2 yrs.

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Abalones (Gastropod)Abalones (Gastropod) Abalones have soft meat and are capable of Abalones have soft meat and are capable of

producing good quality rainbow colour pearls.producing good quality rainbow colour pearls. USA , Mexico , South Africa, Australia , China, USA , Mexico , South Africa, Australia , China,

Taiwan, Ireland etc are the major abalone Taiwan, Ireland etc are the major abalone farming countries. India has not yet started farming countries. India has not yet started farming abalones commercially.farming abalones commercially.

Babylonia spirata(whelk) is a common species Babylonia spirata(whelk) is a common species cultured.cultured.

Bottom culture with cages are used for Bottom culture with cages are used for farming.farming.

Stocking density is 150 larvae /litre and Stocking density is 150 larvae /litre and growth of juvniles is 0.06mm/daygrowth of juvniles is 0.06mm/day

Culture period is 18 months were the Culture period is 18 months were the organism attain 1010g weight.organism attain 1010g weight.

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Farming methodsFarming methods

Basic methodBasic method Bottom culture or broadcast techniqueBottom culture or broadcast technique

Off bottom culture techniqueOff bottom culture technique Stake or pole methodStake or pole method RackRack Raft Raft LonglineLongline

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Bottom cultureBottom culture

Mainly done in Phillipines, USA, Mainly done in Phillipines, USA, Holland and France. Holland and France.

Simplest way of farming Oyster and Simplest way of farming Oyster and Clam.Clam.

Oyster shells and bamboo splits are Oyster shells and bamboo splits are used as spat collectors or clutches.used as spat collectors or clutches.

Clams are protected from the Clams are protected from the predators through the use of predators through the use of screned boxes and trays with net screned boxes and trays with net coverings.coverings.

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Bottom culture

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Pole or Stake culturePole or Stake culture

France and Philippines are the major France and Philippines are the major countries doing pole or stake culture.countries doing pole or stake culture.

Oak or bamboo poles are used for stake Oak or bamboo poles are used for stake culture.culture.

Poles with 3 m length and 20cm diameter Poles with 3 m length and 20cm diameter are driven into the sea bed with 1-2 m are driven into the sea bed with 1-2 m exposed above the ground and spaced 1 m exposed above the ground and spaced 1 m apart.apart.

Seed or spats are wrapped around the Seed or spats are wrapped around the poles.poles.

Harvesting is done after 5-7months by Harvesting is done after 5-7months by pulling up the pole and the mussels are pulling up the pole and the mussels are striped off using an iron rod.striped off using an iron rod.

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Rack or Ren methodRack or Ren method

Rack and string methodRack and string method The racks are constructed at 1-1.25m depth.The racks are constructed at 1-1.25m depth. Rack is a fixed structure comprising several Rack is a fixed structure comprising several

wooden poles vertically driven into the wooden poles vertically driven into the substratum over which a wooden frame is made substratum over which a wooden frame is made at a height of 0.5m above the water level.at a height of 0.5m above the water level.

Nylon ropes or strings with cocofibres or empty Nylon ropes or strings with cocofibres or empty oyster shells attached at 10 cm interval.oyster shells attached at 10 cm interval.

The spat will attach the substrate and grows.The spat will attach the substrate and grows.Rack and trayRack and tray Cultch free spat are transferred to 40x40x10cm Cultch free spat are transferred to 40x40x10cm

size trays at a density of 150-200 seed /tray.size trays at a density of 150-200 seed /tray. The tray is suspended from rack.The tray is suspended from rack.

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Suspended rack cultureSuspended rack culture

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Raft methodRaft method

In raft mthod, frames are floated In raft mthod, frames are floated using any floating structures or rafts using any floating structures or rafts and are held in a tray or stringed.and are held in a tray or stringed.

Raft can be of any shape or Raft can be of any shape or material , usually oil drums are used material , usually oil drums are used as floats.as floats.

Rafts are anchored to the bottom Rafts are anchored to the bottom and each raft carries 200-300 and each raft carries 200-300 hanged ropes.hanged ropes.

Harvesting is done by pulling up the Harvesting is done by pulling up the ropes and giving a vigorous shake to ropes and giving a vigorous shake to remove the oysters.remove the oysters.

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Long line methodLong line method

Long line culture is an alternative to Long line culture is an alternative to raft culture where areas less raft culture where areas less protected from wave action.protected from wave action.

A long line is supported by a series A long line is supported by a series of small floats joined by a cable or of small floats joined by a cable or chain and anchored at the bottom on chain and anchored at the bottom on both end is employed.both end is employed.

Spats collected are suspended on Spats collected are suspended on ropes or strings on the line.ropes or strings on the line.

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Longline culture

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DepurationDepuration

The process of purification by which The process of purification by which the mussels are rendered free of the mussels are rendered free of harmful materials or to remove toxic harmful materials or to remove toxic metals is called depuration.metals is called depuration.

Depuration can be done simply by Depuration can be done simply by starving the bivalves in clean and starving the bivalves in clean and filtered sea water for a certain filtered sea water for a certain period of time.period of time.

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ReferencesReferences

Agarval, V.P, 2000. Aquaculture Science, Agarval, V.P, 2000. Aquaculture Science, S.R Scientific Publication, Agra , 321-341 S.R Scientific Publication, Agra , 321-341 p.p.

Narasimham, K.A, Molluscan fisheries of Narasimham, K.A, Molluscan fisheries of India, B.R Publishing Corporation, Delhi, India, B.R Publishing Corporation, Delhi, 56- 98 p.56- 98 p.

John, S.L, 1998. Aquaculture, Farming John, S.L, 1998. Aquaculture, Farming aquatic plants and animals, Blacwell aquatic plants and animals, Blacwell publishing ,USA, 443-465 p.publishing ,USA, 443-465 p.

Handbook of fisheries and aquaculture , Handbook of fisheries and aquaculture , 2006 ,ICAR, New Delhi, 406-422 p.2006 ,ICAR, New Delhi, 406-422 p.

www.fao.orgwww.fao.org Molluscan aquaculture Molluscan aquaculture practices.practices.