Upload
shibangini
View
163
Download
8
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Classification of Microorganisms
DOMAIN : BACTERIA , ARCHAEA, EUKARYA
PHYLUM
CLASS :
ORDER : -ALES
SUBORDER : -INEAE
FAMILY :-CEAE
GENUS
SPECIES
SUBSPECIES
DOMAIN BACTERIA
NONPROTEOBACTERIA DEINOCOCCUS PROTEOBACTERIA FIRMICUTES ACTINOBACTERIA
gram negative gram positive
gram positive
NON PROTEOBACTERIA (gram negative)
PHYLUM Chlorob
i
PHYLUM Chlorofl
exi
PHYLUM Cyanobacter
ia
PHYLUM Deinococcus-Thermus
Radiation resistant, staingram +ve, aerobic, have OM and L-ornithine in PG, lack teichoic acid and PM has palmitoleic acid (no phosphatidyl glycerol phospholipids
CLASS: DenicocciORDER: Deniococcales ThermalesD. radiodurans
PHYLUM Aquificae
PHYLUM Thermotoga
e
Bacterial Thermophiles
•Oldest bacteria•Chemoautolithotro
phs•Aquifex
pyrophilus (85oC optimum and
max 95oC; chemolithoautotrop
h oxidizes H2, S2O3
2-, S with O2 as terminal acceptor)
•Hydrogenobacter
•Second oldest•Optimum 80oC and
max. 90oC•Chemoheterotroph
(glycolytic pathway) grow
anaerobically on CHO and prt
•Thermotoga (24% coding seq similar
to archaea)
Sphingolipids in CWCytophaga, Sporocytophaga
CLASSBacteroid
es
CLASSFlavobacteri
a
CLASSSphingobacteria
Digest complex carbhy. : chitin, pectin,
cellulose, keratin, agar
Anaerobic, chemoheterotropic,produce mixture of organic acids as fermentative
products
PHYLUM Spirochaetes
PHYLUM Planctomycet
es
PHYLUM Bacteroidet
es
PHYLUM Chlamydiae
Lack PGObligate
interacellular parasites, non
motileChlamydia trachomatisC. psittaci
Chlamydoiophila pneumoniae
Lack PGCompartmentalized cells
Intracytoplasmic membrane
(ICM)Anammoxosome
Motile free living,
symbiotic, parasiticTreponema palladiumBorrelia
burgdorferi
Closely related
PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA
•Form symbiotic relation ship with lichens, protozoa, fungi, plants
PHYLUM Chlorobi PHYLUM Chloroflexi PHYLUM Cyanobacteria
Anoxygenic Bacteria Oxygenic Bacteria
PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA
•Green Sulfur Bacteria
•CLASS Chlorobia•ORDER
Chlorobiaceae
•Use H2S, elemental Sulfur and H2 as e-
donors
•Rods, Cocci or Vibrios
•Chlorobium
•Green Non Sulfur Bacteria
•Photosyn and non photosyn
•e- donors (variety of sugars, aa, organic
acids and H2S, H2 and S•Some members are sulfur and some are
green
•Chloroflexus aurantiacus
•Cyanobacteria•Have chl and PSI and II;
blue green algae
•Phycobilisomes
•CO2 assm. By Calvin cycle (enzymes in carboxysomes)
•Have heterocysts to fix N2 (less NO2 and NH3)
•Trichodesmium (fix N2)•Nostoc, Anabaena (algal blooms), Microcystis, Oscillatoria (pollution resistant), Chlorococcus
•Prochlorophytes: have chl a, b lack phycobilins (only prokaryotes to possess chl
b)
•Green Sulfur Bacteria
•Bchla + c,d or e
•Chlorosomes
•Non motile
•Green Non Sulfur Bacteria
•Bchl and c
•Chlorosomes prst when grown
anaerobically
•Gliding
•Cyanobacteria
•Chl a +phycobiliprot
s. (phycocyanin
and phycoerythrin)
•Thalakoid membranes lines with
phycobilisomes
•Non motile
•Purple Non Sulfur Bacteria
•Bchl a or b
•Purple Sulfur Bacteria
•Bchl a or b
Anoxygenic Bacteria Oxygenic Bacteria
PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA
PHYLUM Chlorobi
PHYLUM Chloroflexi
PHYLUM Cyanobacteria
,-, - and -
proteobacteria
and - proteobact
eria
Desulfovibrionaceae
Desulfobacteralceae
Desulfuromonadalceae
Bdellovibrionaceae
Purple Sulfur bacteria
(Chromatiales) ThiotrichalesMethylococcalesPseudomonadalesVibrionales
EnterobacterialesPasteuralles
Campylobact--erales
Desulfovibrionales
Desulfobacterales
Desulfuromonadales
Bdellovibrionales
Myxococcales
PHYLUMProteobacteria
alpha deltagamma epsilonbeta
CLASS I CLASS II CLASS III CLASS IV CLASS V
Purple Non sulfur bacteria (Rhodospirillal
es)
Rickettesiales
Purple Non sulfur bacteria
NeisserialesBurkhoderialesNitrosomonadal
esHydrogenophila
les
ORDER ORDER ORDERORDERORDER
FAMILY
Rhodospirillaceae
RickettsiaceaeCaulobacteracea
eHyphomicrobiace
aeRhizobiaceae
NeisseriaceaeBurkhoderiaceaeNitrosomonadace
ae
FAMILYFAMILY
FAMILY
FAMILY
Chromatiaceae, Ectothiorhodospi
ra-ceaeThiotrichaceaeMethylococcaceaePseudomonadaceaeVibrionaceae
Enterobacteriaceae
Pasteurallaceae
Campylobact--eraceae
Helicobacteraceae
Nautiliaceae
(gram negative)
PHYLUMProteobacteria
alpha deltagamma epsilonbeta
CLASS I CLASS II CLASS III CLASS IV CLASS V
(gram negative)
Purple Non sulfur bacteria (Rhodospirillal
es)
RickettesialesRhizobiales
ORDER
FAMILY
Rhodospirillaceae
RickettsiaceaeCaulobacteracea
eHyphomicrobiace
aeRhizobiaceae
Bacteriochlorophylls a or bPhotosyn system in lamellar membranes continuous with PM, e- donor: org cpd: red. S cpds or H2Anoxygenic, photoorganoheterotrophsAnaerobic, motile S2- SO42- So SO42- Rhodospirullum, AzospillulumRickettesia prowazekii: lack glycolytic pathways use glu and TCA interm succinate. R. typhi: Typhus fever, R. rickettsii: Rocky Mountain Spotted fever
Hyphomicrobium, Caulobacter
Rhizobium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Fix N2 to NH4, symbiotic with root nodules of Leguminosae
Not stimulate root nodules or fix N2, cause tumors (genes on plasmids)
PHYLUM Proteobacteria
alpha deltagamma epsilonbeta
CLASS I CLASS II CLASS III CLASS IV CLASS V
(gram negative)
Purple Non sulfur bacteria NeisserialesBurkhoderialesNitrosomonadale
sHydrogenophilal
es
ORDER
NeisseriaceaeBurkhoderiaceaeNitrosomonadace
aeAlcaligenaceae
FAMILY
Some bacteria use H2, NH3, CH4, volatile fatty acids
Rhodocyclus
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis
Burkholderia cepacia (degrade 100 organic molecules) B.mallai and B. pseudomallai (bioterrorism)
Burkholderia and Ralstonia (FIX N2)
Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough)
Sphaerotilus (grows in polluted sewage or industrial waters) and Leptothrix (deposits large amount of Fe and MnO in its sheath
Nitrifying bacteriaNitrosomonas (ammonia to nitrite), NitrospiraSpirillum
Thiobacillus (colourless sulfur bacteria; sulfur oxidizing). T. ferrooxidans (Fe2+ as e- donor to Fe3+ & H2SO4)T.denitrificans (Nitrate to N2)Thiomicrospira (acid tolerance (pH 0.5-6)
NH4 oxidizing Bacteria (NH4 to NO2-)
Nitrosomonas europaea (b-proteobacteria)
Nitrosoccocus oceani (g-proteobacteria)
Nitrospira briensis (b-proteobacteria)
NO2- oxidizing Bacteria (NO2- to NO3)
Nitrobacter winogradskyi (a-proteobacteria)
Nitrosococcus mobilis (g-proteobacteria)
Denitrification
PseudomonasClostridium
Paracoccus denitrificans, Thiobacillis denitrificans
Nitrifying Bacteria
ThiospirillumThiocapsaChromatiumEctothiorhodospira
PHYLUMProteobacteria
alpha deltagamma epsilonbeta
CLASS I CLASS II CLASS III CLASS IV CLASS V
(gram negative)
Purple Sulfur bacteria
(Chromatiales) ThiotrichalesMethylococcalesPseudomonadalesVibrionales
EnterobacterialesPasteuralles
ORDER
FAMILYChromatiaceae, Ectothiorhodospi
ra-ceaeThiotrichaceaeMethylococcaceaePseudomonadaceaeVibrionaceae
Enterobacteriaceae
Pasteurallaceae
Strict anaerobes, photolithotrophsH2 to H2S S granules; H2 as e- donor
Largest subgroup
Oxidizes H2S S granules deposits internally. Beggaiatoa, Leucothrix, ThiotrixUse CH4, Methanol and red one Carbon cpds as carbon and energy in microaerobic conditions. Methylococcus, MethylomonasMotile with flagella, aerobic, functional TCA and oxidize completely to CO2 (sometimes use nitrate as terminal acceptor). Hexoses degraded by entner dourdoff than embeden meyerhoff.Important in mineralization, biofilms, metabolic regulation, pathogensP.putida, P.aeruginosa, P.flouresence, P.syringiae. Azotobacter (fix N2, nonsymbiotically(polar flagella) V. cholerae, V.parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, V. fischeri, Photobacterium (luciferase)
Peritrichous flagella, enteric bacteria. E.coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Yersinia, Erwinia, Serratia, ProteusSmall, non motile, parasitic. P.mulicida, P.haemolytica, H.influenza (meningitis)An
aerobic , G-ve ,
rods
PHYLUMProteobacteria
alpha deltagamma epsilonbeta
CLASS I CLASS II CLASS III CLASS IV CLASS V
(gram negative)
Desulfovibrionaceae
Desulfobacteralceae
Desulfuromonadalceae
Bdellovibrionaceae
Campylobact--erales
Desulfovibrionales
DesulfobacteralesDesulfuromonadale
sBdellovibrionales
Myxococcales
ORDERORDER
FAMILY
FAMILY Campylobact--eraceae
Helicobacteraceae
Nautiliaceae
Sulfate or S reducing bacteria, anaerobic, use S or SO4 as e- donorS SO4 H2S ATP (ETC)Desulfovibrio, Desulfuromonas Sulfur cycle in envt.Gliding motility, Found in soils in decaying matter. Myxococcus xanthus
Non growing predatory and intracellular reproductive (similar to phages forms plaques), multiple fission, polar flagellaBdellovibrio
Pathogenic and non pathogenic, microaerophillic, motile, helical, G-ve rods, cause septicemia to enteritis
C.jejuni: abortions in cattle and enteritis diahorrea in humansH.pylori:gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, produces urease and its hydrolysisNautilia: ox H2 and use S as e- acceptor
PHYLUMFirmicutes
Mollicutes (Mycoplasmas) Clostridia Bacillus (see next page)
CLASS I CLASS II CLASS III
MycoplasmatalesEntomoplasmatal
esAcholeplasmatalesAneroplasmata
les
ORDER ClostridialesORDER
ClostridiaceaeAcidominococcaceae
FAMILY
Low G + C gram positive
Stain gram negative
Ancestors gram positive, now lack CW and PG precursors, penicillin resistant but susceptible to lysis by osmotic shock and detergent treatmentATP by glycolysis or LA fermentation. None have complete TCAM.gentaliumM.pneumoniaeUreaplasma urealyticum
Smallest genomes in prokaryotes
Human
pathogens;
complete
genomes
sequenced
Obligate anaerobes, fermentative, form endospores
Clostridium botulinum: ferment aa to form ATP (Stickland Rn) NH3, H2S, FA, AminesC.tetani (tetanus), C.perfringens (gas gangrene; gen time 8-10min in human host)C.acetobutylicum (butanol)Desulfotomaculum SO4 S2- H2S (anaerobic)Helicobacterium and Heliophilum (photosyn, BChl g, PSI, pigments in PM)Vellionella (stain gram –ve, grows in lactate, malate ,pyruvate unable to ferment glucose)
PHYLUM Firmicutes
Mollicutes (Mycoplasmas) Clostridia Bacillus
CLASS I CLASS II CLASS IIILow G + C gram positive; <50%
BacillialesLactobacillales
BacilliaceaeThermoactinomycetaceaeStaphylococcaceaeListeriaceae
LeuconostocaceaeEnterococcaceaeStreptococcaceae
FAMILY
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic (rods and cocci) Endospore forming, motile (peritrichous flagella)Bacillus subtilis (gene regulation, quorum sensing, cell differentiation, cell division) alternative factors in response to stressAntibiotic producing (bactracin, polymixin, gramicidin)B. cerus (food poisoning), B. anthracis (Anthrax), B.thuringiensis, B.sphaericus (mosquito larve)Thermoactinomycetes: thermophillic, 45-60oC,, high temperature habitats, true endospores. T. vulgarisCaryophynon (cow dung). Staphylococcus epidemidis (skin diseases, ab resistant) S. aureus (coagulase to clot blood plasma) causes food poisoning, skin and nasal membranes, GI tract and UT Listeria monocytogenes (food poisoning)•Lactic acid producing bacteria (LAB), non sporulating , motile. No cytochromes and
energy by SLP not by ETC and OP, facultatively anaerobic•Lactobacillus, grow in acidic conditions (pH 4.5-6.4)non pathogenic, dairy, meat, sewage, beer, fruits. Important in food and dairy industry to make fermented veg (sauerkraut, pickles), breverages (beer, wine, juices) sour dough bread, cheese, yogurt, sausages.•Streptococcus thermophilus, L. bulgaricus (diacetyl and acetaldehyde). L.plantarum (probiotic), L.lactis (curdles milk).Streptococcus pyrogenes (non motile, no endospores, pyrogenic, oral and others) Blood agar: - (green zone)and -hemolysis (clear zone). S. pneumoniae (a-hemolytic), S.mutans (Dental caries)•Enterococcus grow in 6.5% NaCl agents of transfer of Ab resistantce (intestinal tracts. E.faecalis (UTI and endocarditis)•Leuconostoc (wine production, frmentation (cabbage, cucumbers, milk, butter, cheese), grow in high sugar
ORDER
PHYLUM Actinobacteria
ActinobacteriaCLASS
High G + C gram positive; <50%
Filamentous hyphae and spores: substrate and aerial mycelium; produce secondary metabolites; form exosporesCW composition varies: PG composition and structure (DAP (meso or L isomer), aa in tetrapeptide side chain position3 (present or absent) and PG sugar content (arabinose, gal, madurose, xylose)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M.leprae. Streptomyces coelicolor, S.avermitilis: geneome
seq.Soil inhabitants, widely distributed, degrade enormous number and variety of organic cpds and mineralization of organic matter. Free living and pathogenic formsPG structure in gram positive bacteria
G+ve and G-ve bacteria: meso-DAP in position 3 is linked to free NH2gp with free COOH of terminal D-ala of adj. peptide (Bacillus, Clostridum, Coreynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia)
Other G+ve: lys substituted for DAP at position 3 and peptide subunits cross linked by interpeptide bridges l-carboxylic acids or Gly or both (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc)Streptomyces: L,L-DAP in position 3 and one Gly in interpeptide bridge
PHYLUM Actinobacteria
ActinobacteriaCLASS
High G + C gram positive; <50%
ORDER
Actinomycetales AcidimicrobialesCoriobacterialesSphaerobacteralesRubrobacterales
SUB ORDER
ActinomycineaeMicrococcineaeCorynebacterineaeMicromonosporineaePropionibacterineaeStreptomycineaeStreptosporangineaeFrankineae
Bifidobacterales
Bifidobacteriaceae
FAMILY
ORDER ORDERS
PHYLUM ActinobacteriaActinobacteriaCLASS
High G + C gram positive; <50%
ORDER
Actinomycetales
SUB ORDERActinomycineaeMicrococcineaeCorynebacterineaeMicromonosporineaePropionibacterineaeStreptomycineaeStreptosporangineaeFrankineae
CW contains Lys not DAP or gly, facultative or strict anaerobes, CO2 for optimal growth. A.bovis (cattle), A.iseraelii (human)
Aerobic catlase-ve, non motile. Arthrobacter(resp., Lys in PG)
Corynebacterium (meso-DAP, aerobic,facultative, catalase +ve),C. diptheriae (diptheria), Mycobacterium (v. slow growing, high lipid content of mycolic acids, acid fast, M. bovis, M.tuberculosis, M.lepre Nocardia (worldwide soil distribution and degradation of Hydrocarbons and waxes), N. asteroides (oppurtunistic pathogen in HIV-AIDS) and Rhodhococcus (degrade petroleum HC, detergents, benzene, PCB, pesticides, sulfur)Micromonospora: Degrades chitin and cellulose, produces antibiotics, gentamicin
Propionibacterium:Facultatively anaerobic; use lactate and sugars to form propionic acid and acetic acid and CO2; catalase positive. Swiss cheese, P.acnes (body odour and acne)
Aerial hypae (chains of spores) Streptomycetes (69-78% G+C), volatile substance : GEOSMINMajor role in mineralization: degrade pectin, lignin, chitin, keratin, latex, agar and aromatic compounds), produce vast range of antibiotics.S.griseus: streptomycin, S.coelicolor (largest prokaryotic genomes): 4 antibioticsHigh temperature habitats; have madurose in CW
Frankia (globular vesicles at ends, vesicles O2 sensitive and requires Mo and Co)Geodermatophilus (symbiotic association with non leguminous plants and fix N2.Sporichthya (lacks substrate mycelium)
PHYLUM Actinobacteria
ActinobacteriaCLASS
High G + C gram positive; <50%
Bifidobacterales
BifidobacteriaceaeFAMILY
ORDERGardnerella:human genital and urinary tract
Bifidobacterium: Non motile, non sporulating, anaerobic actively ferments CHO to produce acetic acid and lactic acid no CO2Found in mouth and intestinal tract, in seawage and insects. B. bifidum: Pioneer colonizer of human intestinal tract
DOMAIN ARCHAEA•Can stain gram +ve or Gram-ve•Spherical, rod, spiral, lobed, circular, triangular, irregular or pleomorphic•Filaments or aggregates•Binary fission, fragmentation•Aerobic, facultative anaerobes or strictly anaerbic•Range from chemolithoautotrophs to organotrophs•Psychropiles, mesophiles, hyperthermophiles that can grow above 100oC.
Extreme Environments: Very high or very low temp, pH, conc. salts habitats or completely anoxic, high pressure
Cell wall and membranes: lack murmaic acid, D-amino acids, pseudomurein (L-amino acids), some (thermophillic and methanogens) have protein walls, or polysaccharide like chondroitin sulfate. Branched chain HC attached to glycerol by ether diether or or tetraether linkages
Many features similar to eukarya and some to bacteria. Variation in G+C contents from 21% to 68%. Genes shared b/w Archaea and eukarya: proteins involved for transcription, translation or DNA metabolism and archaea and bacteria: metabolic pathways.
•Circular chr, single ORI and bidirectional rep but ORI is flanked by eukaryotic initiation proteins and may have mutiple origins•RNA poly has 10subunits, TATA box, TBP, transcription factors (Eukarya)•Polycistronic, no splicing (bacteria)•Translation is UNIQUE (TUC arm lacks T and contains pseudouridine or 1-methylpesudouridine, ribosomes are similar to bacteria but shape variable and differs from bacteria and eukarya.
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
Metabolism: •No enzyme phosphofructokinase and donot degrade by embeden Meyerhof pathway. Some archaea have but have novel enzymes(ADP-dependent phosphofructokinase).•Can oxidize pyr to Acetyl CoA but lack pyr dehydrogenase complex and use enzyme oxidoreductase. Halophile and extreme thermophile
•Thermoplasma have TCA, methanogens do not have TCA. Some methanogens can fix N2, some can use reversal of Embeden –Meyerhof pathway and some employ glycogen as reserve.•Autotrophy (methanogens and extreme thermophiles and CO2 fixation occurs
DOMAIN ARCHAEACrenarchaeota
Thermoprotei
Euryarchaeota
CLASS
PHYLUM PHYLUM
MethanobacteriaMethanococciMethanomicrobiaHalobacteriaThermoplamataThermococciArcheoglobiMethanopyri
CLASS
Nanoarchaeota
ORDER
ThermoprotealesDesulfurococcalesSulfolobales
Methanogens, extreme halophiles, sulfate reducers and extreme thermophiles with Sulfur dependent metabolism. Methanogens are dominant.
Thermophiles or hyperthermophiles, many are acidophiles and sulfur dependent
Nanoarchaeum equitans
DOMAIN ARCHAEACrenarchaeota
PHYLUM
ThermoproteiCLASS
ORDER
ThermoprotealesDesulfurococcalesSulfolobales
Thermophiles or hyperthermophiles, many are acidophiles and sulfur dependent. Sulfur may be e-acceptor (anaerobic resp) e- donor (lithotrphs). Many strict anaerobes.
Sulfolobus : gram –ve, aerobic , optimum 70-80oC and pH 2-3 (thermoacidophiles). CW has lipoprotein and CHO. Found in hot actd springs, Oxidize S to sulfuric acid. O2 is terminal e- acceptor, fe(III) may be used. Sugars and aa (Glu) as carbon and energy sources
FAMILY
PyrodictiaceaeHyperthermophiles: Optimum growth rate: 105oC and autoclaving at 121oC fails to kill. Use Fe(III) as terminal e-acceptor and H2 or formate as e- donor
Thermoproteus : CW has glycoprotein, strict anaerobe. 70-97oC and pH 2.5-6.5. Hot springs and S rich habitats, oxidize glucose, aa, alcohols, organic acids with elemental S as e- acceptor. CO or CO2 serve as carbon sources.
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
Euryarchaeota
PHYLUMMethanogenic, halophillic, thermophillic, sulfur reducing organisms
MethanobacteriaMethanococciMethanomicrobiaHalobacteriaThermoplamataThermococciArcheoglobiMethanopyri
CLASSMethanogens: strict anaerobes, energy by converting CO2, H2, formate, methanol, acetate to methane or methane and CO2. pseudomurein.All are methanogens or methanotrophs (use CH4 as carbon and energy)
Hyperthermophillic, rod shaped. Temp min 84oC and 98oC optimum, grow at 110oC. Methanopyrus (deepest and ancient branch) CH4 as clean burning fuel and a greenhouse gas
Solute dependency on high conc of NaCl (1.5M NaCl; 85(w/v)), growth optimum 3-4M NaCl (17-23%), also grow at saturation salt con (36%); Have caroteinoids to protect againts sunlightHalobacterium salinarium (has bacteriorhodopsin, can trap light without chlorophyll)Thermoacidiphiles: Thermoplasma (oxidize FeS to sulfuric acid, 55-59oC and pH 1-2, lacks CW and PM strengthened by diglycerol tetraethers and lipd containing polysacc and glycoproteinsDNA stabilized by archaeal histones.Picrophilus: has S-layer outside PM, aerobic, grows b/w 47-65oC with optimum of 60oC. Grows only below pH 3.5 and optimum of pH7, even grow at pH 0.
Extremely thermophillic S-metabolizers: Strictly anaerobic, optimum 88-100oC
Archaeaglobus: Sulfate reducing: Strictly anaerobic, optimum 88-100oC, S not used as acceptor, optimum 83oC
DOMAIN EUKARYAPROTISTA FUNGI; Eumycota (true fungus)
•Unicellular•Photosynthetic eukaryotes (algae)•Sapropyhtic or holotrophy, association with other organisms: mutualism, commensalism or parasitic•Asexual, binary fission, budding, diploid zygote, cyst•One or more nuclei (macro and micronucleus)•Energy in mitochondria, hydrogenosome, chloroplast
•Filamentous hypae, mycelium•Digest insoluble organic matter and secrete exozymes and absorb solubilized nutrients•Spore bearing, lack chlorophyll, reproduce sexually and asexually•Form association with vascular roots (mycorrhizae)•Pathogenic and beneficial•Saprophytic (dead organic material)
PROTISTA •Photosynthetic protists are all aerobic, have PSI and II and undergo oxygenic photosyn•Ectoplasm, endoplasm, pellicle, plasmalemma, contractile vacuoles, phagocytic vacuoles, cytostome, hydrogenosome (pyr is oxidized and decarboxylated to CO2, H2 and acetyl CoA.
Unikonta ChromalveolataRhizaria
AmoebazoaArchaeaplastida
Phylum:Euglenozoa
Excavata
Amoeba proteusEntamoeba histolyticaDictyostelium discoidium (cellualr slime mould), cAMP serve as molecular signalling
Phtosyn with chl a and b from ancestral BGA, later lost plastid, CW made of celluloseCyanophoraChloroplastida: Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Volvox
RED ALGAEGREEN ALGAELAND PLANTS
Trichomonas vaginalis, T. tenaxGiardia intestinalisLeishmania (Leishmaniasis)Trypanosoma cruzi, T.brucei (sleeping sickness)Euglena (chl a, b, caroteinoids)Trypanoplasma
AxopodiaRadiolaria, ForaminiferaPlasmodium
EimeraToxoplasma (undercooked meat and cat feaces)Crptosporidia (AIDS)
1 Apicomplexa2 Dinoflagellates3 Ciliphora
NoctilucaGymnodiumGonyaulax
Paramecium, Vorticella, Stentor
Photosynthetic protists : diatoms (fucoxanthin), brown algae, golden algae, Peronosporomycetes (oomycetes; Phytopthora infestans (Blight of potato), Peronospora viticola (blue mold of tobacco), Plasmopara viticola (grape downy mildew). Seaweeds, kelps
Bikonta
Opisthokonta
AnimalsFungi
Heterokontophyta
Alveolata
1 2 3
KINGDOM
GOLDEN ALGAEBROWN ALGAEOOMYCETES
STRAMENOPILES
FUNGI; Eumycota (true fungus) Convergent and divergent evolution: many structurally and functionally similar structures evolved independently and some diverged to become dissimilar
Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota or zygomycetes
Glomeromycota
Uredinimycetes and Ustilaginomycetes
Basidiomycota or basidomycetes
Microsporidia
Ascomycota or ascomycetes
Zoospores with a posterior single whiplash flagellum; Allomyces
Live on decaying organic matter, few are parasites, haploid nucleiRhizopus stolonifer (bread mould) causes seedling blight: Burkholderia (b-proteobacteria) within fungus produces toxin (stops cell division; anti cancer agent). Mucor (used with soyabeans to make curd). Others used in anesthetics, industrial alcohols, birth control agents, yellow colour used in margarine and butterSac fungi, degrade stable organic compounds like lignin, cellulose, collagen. Red, brown, blue green moulds, powdery mildew. Ascus (reproductive structure). Edible morels, Neurospora crassa Parasitic fungi: Claviceps purpurea (ergot poisoning and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Unicellular fungi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Aspergillus (A.fumigatus, A.nidulans, A.oryzae genome sequenced to understand immune system, role in food and industrial microbiology and eukaryotic evolution)
Club fungi, puff balls, toadstools, mushrooms, shelf fungi. Basidium (sexual reproduction)Polysporus squamous, Agaricus campestris, Russula emetica (vomitting), Amanita phalloides (phallodin and a-amanitin), Cryptococcus neoformans (cryptococcosis, human and animal pathogen)
Plant pathogens; cause “Rusts” and “smuts”
Mycorhizzal fungi: association with roots of herbaceous plants and tropical trees; Fungus protects from stress and gives soil nutrients and plant provides CHO to fungus
Considered to be protists; but show close relation to fungi, lack mito, peoxisomes, centrioles.Obligate parasites infect fish, insects, humans.HIV/AIDS: Enterocystozoon bieneusi: diahorrea and pneumoniaEncephalolitozoon cuniculi: encephalitis and nephritis