4.How can power be maintained?4.How can power be maintained?

Warm up!Complete the sheet of heads and tails by matching the correct statements with a line – refer back to notes if stuck.If finished consider how the theories suggest power is or maintained (e.g. how are countries kept dependent/ low level of Rostow’s model?)

Modernisation

World Systems

Dependency

• Based on three regions• Theory based on pure capitalism• Brain drain takes from periphery• Poorer countries will remain poor• USA - perfect example• Every country will develop• Based on core and periphery• A critique is that stages can be leapt over • Poorer countries will develop over time• Different stages of development evident• China upsets this theory• Poorer countries can break free of dependency• Africa is largely exploited in this theory• Semi periphery can exploit periphery• Colonial model• Criticised as too simplistic• Resources go to core• The existence of the core only occurs because of the periphery• Individuals are all consumers

How can power be maintained?How can power be maintained?

Warm up!Complete the sheet of heads and tails by matching the correct statements with a line – refer back to notes if stuck.If finished consider how the theories suggest power is gained or maintained (e.g. how are countries kept dependent/ low level of Rostow’s model?)

Modernisation

World Systems

Dependency

• Based on three regions• Theory based on pure capitalism• Brain drain takes from periphery• Poorer countries will remain poor• USA - perfect example• Every country will develop• Based on core and periphery• A critique is that stages can be leapt over • Poorer countries will develop over time• Different stages of development evident• China upsets this theory• Poorer countries can break free of dependency• Africa is largely exploited in this theory• Semi periphery can exploit periphery• Colonial model• Criticised as too simplistic• Resources go to core• The existence of the core only occurs because of the periphery• Individuals are all consumers

Superpower Geographies

2. Impacts and influences of Superpowers a) The changes from colonial rule to indirect neo-colonial rule b) Key roles in international decision making, policy and action c) Control of trade d) Superpower influence in the idea of developing a ‘global culture’

Learning Objectives:• Understand how superpower rule has changed from colonial

rule to indirect neo-colonial rule • Assess the mechanisms of neo-colonial control – trade, aid

and debt

What mechanisms of control are there?These Images can help.

4.2.1 How can power be maintained?4.2.1 How can power be maintained?

What mechanisms of control are there?These Images can help.

4.2.1 How can power be maintained?4.2.1 How can power be maintained?

Era of decolonialisationEra of decolonialisationIndependence brought about conflict rather than immediate freedom for 3

main reasons

1. Colonial borders did not match religious or ethnic boundaries = conflict

2. Colonies had a government but indigenous people excluded from running them = lack of experience

3. As colonial powers left, insurgents pushed them out = violence

Neo-ColonialismNeo-Colonialism• A form of indirect control over

developing countries, most of them former colonies

Direct political control decreased whilst economic control increased

- Economic dependence on primary goods- Economic dominance of multinational companies- Impact of foreign aid and foreign debt

How were they being How were they being indirectly controlled?indirectly controlled?1) Aid Often given with ‘strings attached’ forcing the

developing countries to spend it in particular ways2) TradeLow raw material export prices contrast with high

prices that developing countries have to pay for manufactured goods

3) DebtMany developing countries pay huge sums of money

to developed countries each year in interest

Neo-colonialism?• Left-wing geographers argue that

superpowers use subtle, indirect ways to maintain power today

• These ways are often termed neo-colonialism

• Aid is often given to allies and ‘friends’ rather than the most needy countries (see table), and much aid is ‘tied’ in various ways.

• Debt repayments channel money from the developing to the developed world

• Even debt relief schemes, such as the HIPC scheme (see map) have been criticised

• For HIPC countries to qualify for debt relief, they must follow the economic policies of bankers in the developed world

Top 10 Recipients of

USA foreign aid

2006 ($ millions)

Israel 2,520Egypt 1,795Colombia 558Jordan 461Pakistan 698Peru 133Indonesia 158Kenya 213Bolivia 122Ukraine 115

Note the total lack of overlap between the most indebted nations and the top 10 receivers of US

aid.

Ghana @ 50: success or failure?

• In 1957 gained independence from British Colonial rule.

• Read pg 152-157 Oxford and extra sheets on blog

• Using table of development indicators for Ghana on p.152. In what ways has Ghana

a)Made progress?b)Fallen behind?

• Create a mind map around the key phrase ‘neo-colonialism a bridge between the developed and developing nations using Ghana as an example’

Exam Question• Using examples, assess the view that

the relationship between the developed and the developing world is a neo-colonial one’ (15 marks)