The Kennedy and Johnson Years

President Kennedy 35th President of the US, 19___-19___ Served in WWII Senator from Massachusetts Popular president

Achievements/Events• ___________________________

• Domestic Policy• ___________________

• Put a man on the moon• Berlin Wall was built• Alliance for Progress and Peace Corp• Cuban Missile Crisis• U.S. involvement in Vietnam• Negotiates first nuclear test ban treaty with Soviets• Assassinated, Nov. 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald

1960 Presidential Elections The first __________________ presidential debates in US History took place between John

Kennedy and Richard Nixono These debates impacted how the presidency would be perceived by Americans.

Kennedy won a close and disputed electiono _______________ president to be elected.o _____ years of age

Kennedy's New Frontier Domestic Program o Federal funding for _________________o __________________ for the elderlyo Government intervention to halt the recession with ____________________ o End to ___________________________

Established o Alliance for Peace and ____________________ to help Third World countrieso President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity to end racial discrimination in

hiring of government employees. New Frontier impossible to complete

o Due to conservative _________________ o Disappointed many civil rights activists = feared splitting Democratic Party.o New Frontier ideas led to President Johnson's "_______________________"

Kennedy’s Domestic Programs In a speech early in his presidency, Kennedy said that the nation was poised at the edge of a

“New Frontier.” o This phrase came to refer to Kennedy’s proposals to improve the economy, assist the

poor, and speed up the space program.

Kennedy’s efforts to improve the economy included ordering a federal investigation into steel _______________________ and proposing a large _____________. His tax cut proposal, however, became stuck in Congress.

Many of Kennedy’s proposals were aimed to combat ___________ and _________________. Although some were rejected by Congress, others were passed.

These included an ________________ in the minimum wage, funding for urban renewal, abolishment of __________________, and the Equal Pay Act, which required all employees doing the same work in the same workplace to receive equal wages.

Other Kennedy Initiatives Improved surplus food to unemployed Americans Largest _________________________ in peacetime history Help to communities plagued by long-term unemployment Extension of Social Security benefits Expansion of National Park System Doubling of federal resources ___________________________________ Construction of the world’s largest ___________________________________ Tightening of food and drug laws Encouragement of free trade Signing of the ________________________________ Changes in the welfare system Creation of first federal program to address juvenile delinquency

The Space Program The Soviet Union’s launch of the _______________ satellite in 1957 inspired the United States to

work toward placing a manned spacecraft in orbit. In April 1961, Soviet astronaut Yuri Gagarin became the ________________________________.

Americans worried that their technology was falling behind that of the Soviet Union. Funding for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (__________) was increased. In

1961 and 1962, American astronauts made initial space flights. On July 20, 1969, American astronaut ________________________ became the first man on the

moon. The first person to walk on the moon.

Crises over Cuba The Cuban Dilemma

o Revolutionary leader ___________________ declares himself communist

Seizes US properties, Eisenhower cuts off diplomatic relations

o ___% of Cuban population goes into exile, mostly to the US

Bay of Pigso Cuban exiles, CIA plan invasion to topple Castro

_________________________, exile forces killed or taken prisoner

o JFK pays ransom in food and medicineo Mission is a public embarrassment

o U.S. feared Castro was becoming an _________ with the Soviet Union.o Failed invasion of Cuba in April of 1961.o Accepting _________________________ made Kennedy a hero.

The Cuban Missile Crisiso _____________________________ sends weapons to Cuba, including nuclear missiles o JFK warns Soviets that missile attack will trigger _________ on U.S.S.R.o Soviets avoid confrontation at sea; reach agreement with U.S.

Kennedy and Khrushchev Take the Heato Khrushchev’s prestige severely damaged in U.S.S.R.o JFK _______________ for brinkmanship, also for not ousting Castroo Cuban exiles switch to GOP; Castro bans flights to and from Miami

Major countries and leaders involved US John Kennedy Cuba Fidel Castro Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev

Kennedy and Khrushchev both realized how close they came to nuclear war. The “monster” of nuclear war must never be released. Both leaders ___________ to better communicate with one another. US and Soviet Union would sign their first _________________________________________ in 1963

The Kennedy Assassination November _____, 1963 Kennedy went to __________ to campaign for re-election His wife accompanied him

o It was her first public appearance since they lost their baby in August

The President and First Lady rode in a motorcade through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas, Texas

Approximately 12:30 PM, shots rang out from the Texas School Book Depository Bullets struck the president's neck and head and he slumped over toward Mrs. Kennedy. The Governor of Texas was shot in his back At 1:00 p.m. John F. Kennedy was pronounced dead On Monday, November 25, 1963 President Kennedy was laid to rest in _____________________

_____________________o It was his son’s 3rd birthday

_____________________________, “the lone gunman”, killed JFK There is no evidence of a conspiracy He appeared to have feelings of ________________ toward authority in general, and the U.S.

Government in particular While being transferred from a jail cell to an interrogation office, Oswald murdered by ________

___________ two days after JFK’s murder Ruby was tried and found guilty of murder (March 14, 1964) and sentenced to death. In October 1966 a Texas appeals court reversed the conviction, but, before a new trial could be

held, Ruby died of a blood clot, complicated by cancer

Lyndon B. Johnson

Johnson, the Vice President, was sworn in as President aboard _______________________ with Mrs. Kennedy by his side.

o The swearing-in ceremony administered by Judge Hughes It was the first time that a _______________ administered the presidential oath

of office It was the only time it was conducted on an airplane Instead of the Bible, Johnson was sworn in upon a missal found on a side table in

Kennedy’s Air Force One bedroom Missal - a book containing the texts used in the Catholic Mass

throughout the year Won Silver Star in the S. Pacific Member of U.S. House of Representatives, 1937- 49 WWII served in Navy as a lieutenant commander United States Senator, 1949 - 61 Vice President, 1961- 63 37th President, 1963 – 69

o Democrat VP – Hubert Humphrey

Major Events Civil Rights Movement ______________________________ ______________________________ War On Poverty = "_____________________" Anti-Poverty Act, 1964 Education reform Cold War = US involvement in Vietnam

The Election of 1964 In the 1964 election, Johnson won a landslide victory over Republican opponent Barry

Goldwater. A controversial television advertisement known as the “daisy” commercial took advantage of

Americans’ fear of nuclear war to support Johnson’s campaign. Republicans nominate Senator Barry Goldwater

o Goldwater: government should not deal with social, economic problemso Threatens to bomb ___________________________, advocates intervention

LBJ says ____________________ troops to Vietnam; wins by landslide Democrats big majority; Southern Democrats not needed to pass bills

The Great Society Johnson used his talent in working with Congress to initiate many reforms on domestic issues. Johnson’s programs on __________________, ________________, _____________________,

economic development, and conservation became collectively known as the Great Society.

Great Society Programs ___________________ — Like Kennedy, Johnson believed that a budget deficit could be used to

improve the economy. A tax cut caused the deficit to shrink, since renewed prosperity generated new tax revenues.

_______________________ — Johnson initiated new programs such as Head Start, a preschool program for low-income families, and Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), which sent volunteers to help people in poor communities.

_________________________ — The 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act, also initiated by Johnson, provided billions of dollars in aid to public and private schools.

_________________________ — Johnson helped Congress pass two new programs, Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare provides low-cost medical insurance to most Americans over age 65, while Medicaid provides similar services to poor Americans of any age.

_________________________ — The Immigration Act of 1965 replaced immigration quotas with overall limits from various parts of the world. Immigration rose during the 1960s and 1970s.

Effects of the Great SocietyEffects on Poverty During the 1960s and early 1970s, the number of Americans living in poverty in the United

States was __________________. However, some Americans complained that too many of their tax dollars were being spent on

poor people. Others criticized the way Great Society antipoverty programs _________________ ___________________________________

The End of the Great Society Johnson received both ___________ and _________________ for Great Society reforms. A conflict in Southeast Asia, later to become the Vietnam War, began to consume the resources

Johnson needed for his domestic programs. The Great Society came to an end when Johnson ______________________________________

_________________________

The Warren Court During the Kennedy-Johnson years, the Supreme Court, headed by _______________________

________________, handed down many controversial landmark verdicts. The Court ruled on social issues including _______________, ______________ in public schools,

and use of _______________________. The Warren Court was also interested in safeguarding the rights of persons accused of

committing crimes. The ___________________________, a result of the 1966 case Miranda v. Arizona, required police to inform accused persons of their rights.

A series of Warren Court decisions changed the nature of apportionment, or the distribution of the seats in a legislature among electoral districts.

The Chaos of the 1960sLBJ disgraced Tet offensive ______________ to run for Presidency in 1968

Democratic Party collapses

Eugene McCarthy vs. Robert Kennedy for control of partyo Both gain anti-war supporto _______________________ assassinated (June 6, 1968)

Democratic National Convention in Chicagoo mass protests against waro Americans witness the radical “anti-war and counter culture” on TVo VP Hubert Humphrey wins Democratic nomination

Civil Rightso ________________________________ opposes MLKo Cities burn with Black riots o ___________________________________ assassinated (April 4, 1968)o George Wallace: Third Party appeal = White Back Lash

Republican ____________________________ is elected ____________________________ in Vietnam Cold War

o Soviet ________________ of Czechoslovakiao USS PUEBLO attacked by North Korean

Organizations form to end the war.o National Mobilization Committee o Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). o Youth International Party (YIPPIES)

Impact of the Vietnam War “I do not believe that I should devote an hour or a day of my time to any personal partisan

causes, or to any duties other than the awesome duties of this office, the Presidency of your country.

Accordingly, I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your President.”