49china Country Paper

8/3/2019 49china Country Paper

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Traditional Medicine & HerbalTechnology

COUNTRY PAPER

(INDIA)

Dr. P. Pushpangadan, Director

National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow226 001


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Traditional Medicine

The tradition of health management/ treating ailments

practiced by traditional communities or medicinal

practices prevalent before the emergence of modern

medicine (18th/19th century) are generally termed as

Traditional Medicine

Traditional medicine has almost now dissappeared in

developing countries but still a living tradition in Third

World Nations.

The biodiversity-rich Third World nations have an

associated medicinal knowledge systems using the

various medicinal plants of the region.


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Traditional Medicine in India (Contd)

2. Classical streamOrganized systems

(1) This comprises of the codified and organized medicinal

wisdom with sophisticated theoretical foundations andphilosophical explanations expressed in several classical

texts like Charaka Samhita, Susrutha Samhita, Bhela

Samhita, and hundreds of other treatises (including some in

the regional language) covering all branches of medicine

and surgery. Systems like Ayurveda, Sidha, Unani, Amchi

or Tibetan are expressions of these classical streams.


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Local Health Traditions (LHT)

The folklore medicine or LHT is again at two levels:

Rural village based: This involves home remedies practiced at almost

every home, mostly by the mothers and grand motherstospecialized individuals, healers or family traditions treating single

or general ailment. This system is mostly oral in tradition except in

certain cases mostly in Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujarat where some

written tradition maintained through hand written transcripts in

local languages, some of which are now been available in printedform. Such village folklore medicine or LHT involve the use of

about 5000 plant species with about 25,000 or more formulations

for treating a variety of human ailments.


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Traditional Carrier Subjects Nos.

Housewives andelders

Home remedies, Food andnutrition

Millions

Traditional birthattendants

Normal deliveries 7 lakhs

Herbal healers Common ailments 3 lakhs

Bone-settersVisha Vaidhyas (Snake,Scorpion, Dog)

Orthopedics

Natural poisons

60,000

60,000

Specialists*Nethra

*Skin*Respiratory*Dental*Arthritis*Mental Diseases*Liver*GIT*Wounds*Fistula Piles

*1000 in eacharea

SourceFoundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), Bangalore

Folk-medicine carriers of village-based health traditions in India


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2. Tribal based: This is practiced by the tribal communities who inhabit in and

around the forests. This tradition is currently fast eroding due to the changeof life style of the tribal people. India has over 67.8 million tribal people

belonging to 550 communities of 227 ethnic groups as per the classification

made by anthropologists on linguistic basis. They inhabit in about 5000-

forested villages or lead a nomadic life in the forest. Each tribal community

has a distinct social and cultural identity of its own and speaks a commondialect. There are about 116 different dialects and 227 subsidiary dialects

spoken by tribals in India. According to a recent study conducted by the

Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India, under the All

India Coordinated Project on Ethnobiology (AICRPE- 1992-1998;

Pushpangadan 1994), over 10000 wild plants are reported to be used bytribals for meeting their primary health care, food and material requirements

(Figure 1). About 8000 wild plant species are used by the Indian tribes for a

variety of medicinal purposes, which cover about 1,75,000 specific

preparations/applications (Pushpangadan 2002); of these 2000 species are

found to be new claims and worthy of scientific scrutiny.

Local Health Traditions(Contd.)


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Indian System of Medicines

The promotive, preventive, corrective and curative approach in health care and

the medicinal plants possessing such properties are indeed the strength of theIndian Systems of medicine (ISM). The ancient masters of Ayurveda and

Siddha had organized, codified and synthesized the medical wisdom with

sophisticated theoretical foundation and philosophical explanations. They

adopted the fundamental doctrines of Darshana philosophy, particularly the

Nyaya, Sankhya and Vaiseshika, which encompassed all sciences physical, chemical, biological and spiritual. While Darshana philosophers

discussed and debated their theories, Ayurvedic masters put them to practical

test and applied them successfully to interpret the laws governing the material

objects of the universe and the dynamics of biological evolution. The modern

physicists and biologists are now demonstrating the precision and exactness ofmany such cosmological theories and other rationale and hypothetical

assumptions intuitively discovered and developed by the ancient Indian sages.

It is quite logical to say that a serious and in-depth study and research on the

vast treasure - trove of Ayurvedic and Siddha systems of medicine, particularly

their theoretical bases and philosophical explanations may open up new

exciting avenues of knowledge in understanding diseases and health.


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Indian System of Medicines (Contd)

Rasayana

Rasayana (Rejuvenation Therapy) is a speciality of Ayurveda,

which mainly deals with the preservation and promotion of

health. It promotes longevity and prevents or delays the agingprocess. Rasayana promotes rsistance against infections and

other causative factors for the disease by maintaining the

equilibrium of Vata, Pitta and Kapha. The Rasayana, if

administered at an early age, also helps the body metabolism in

such a way that he genetic predisposition for a particular disease

is avoided and the intensity of the symptoms of a particular

disease is greatly reduced.


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PanchakarmaPanchakarma (Purification Therapy) deals mainly with theremoval of toxins and waste materials from the body to purify thebiological system from gross channels to eradicate the disease

completely. It is helpful in the prevention of disease andpreservation and promotion of health, as well as the managementof psychosomatic, neurological, gastrointestinal, cardiovascularand many other chronic, degenerative diseases and iatrogenicconditions. Panchakaram plays a vital role in Ayurvedic

therapeutics and occupies an important place in the Ayurvedicsystem of medicine. This five-fold purification theraphy, aclassical form of treatment in Ayurveda, includes Vamana(emesis), Virechana (Purgation), Asthapana (Decoction enema),

Anuvasana (Oily enema) and Nasya (Nasal Insufflation).



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Pizhichil

In this therapeutic measure, warm medicated oil is poured all over the body

followed by massage, in seven positions in a systematic manner for the

treatment of diseases of the nervous system like paralysis, sciatica,

osteoarthiritis, musculo-skeletal, neuro-muscular and degenerative diseases.

Pizhichil is very useful as a health restorative measure for elderly persons

when it is regularly used once a year or so. This treament cleanses the minute

channels in the body of morbid substances.

Shirobasti

This is an oil treatment applied to the head in which a leather belt is tied to ht

clean shaven scalp. The junction of scalp and leather beld is sealed with paste

prepared from wheatflour or black gram. Medicated oil is then poured into it

and kept for the stipulated time. This is recommended for headaches, myopial

conditions, insomnia, psychiatriac illnesses, epilepsy, hair fal, etc. It improves

the functioning of the sensory systems and removes exhaustion.


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Indian System of Medicines(Contd)

Shirodhara

This therapeutic measure is carried out by pouring oil or medicated

liquids on the forehead for treating headaches, vertigo, insomnia,

anxiety, etc. It is also useful in many psychosomatic disorders and

hypertension.Ksharasutra

This Alkaline Thread threpy is a popular herbal treatment for ano-rectal

diseases likes fistula-in-Ano and haemorrhoids (piles) under the

speciality of Shalyatandra are prepared from plants like Arka and Snuhiby using their milk or herbal alkaline material and typing a the site. The

advantage of this therapy is that the patients may remain mobile during

the treatment. It can also be carried out on patients for whom modern

surgery is contra-indicated.


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1. Determine PRAKRUTI(Constitution) by -history taking

-Observations

2. NIDANA(Diagnosis)

Nature, degree and extent of imbalance of Tridoshas. Library of

5800 clinical signs and symptoms in Ayurvedic texts

3. Chronobiology: Impact of season, time and environment on

Tridoshas.

4. SWASTHAVRUTA: Life style modification

5. AHARA: Dietary modifications

6. PANCHAKARMA: Purification of the body

7. AUSHADHI: "Designer Medicine" unique for the particular

patient prepared from a Pharmacopoeia utilising 1200 plants, 100

minerals and 100 animal products in numerous formulations.

THE AYURVEDIC THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY


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Some Ancient Treatise

1. Agni Purana: treatment of cattle and horse2. Garuna Purana:treatment of horse and elephants

3. Shalihotra Samhita:Treatment of diseases of horse4. Matasya Purana:mentions older treatise by Pakapya

muni and Somaputra Budh for treating fishes

5. Shyama Shastra:Middle ages. Treatment of birds,

specially pigeons

Veterinary Physicians in Mahabharat

Dronacharya specially trained Nakula and Sahdev in

treatment of horsesNakulais said to have authored a treatise on horsesNala was an expert in treatment of horses and also called

Ashwavid

[Prachin Bharat Mein Vigyan aur Shilpa; S.N. Kapur, 1998]

TREATMENT OF ANIMALS IN AYURVEDA


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MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN

INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES

Hospitals 3004 with 60666 beds

Dispensaries 23028

Hospitals & Dispensaries of ISM & Homeopathy in India

Medical education facilities in India

System Colleges

Undergraduate Post graduate

Ayurveda 198 55Unani 39 5

Siddha 2 2

Homeopathy 166 17

Total 405 77

Admission capacity 16845 821


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INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES(Contd.)

Number of Ayurveda colleges

Statewise

No.

Name of State No. of College No. Name of State No. of College

1. Andhra Pradesh 4 12. Karnataka 47

2. Assam 1 13. Kerala 5

3. Bihar 12 14. Madhya Pradesh 9

4. Chhattisgarh 1 15. Maharashtra 57

5. Delhi 1 16. Orissa 6

6. Goa 1 17. Punjab 11

7. Gujarat 10 18. Rajasthan 4

8. Haryana 5 19. Tamil Nadu 4

9. HimachalPradesh

1 20. Uttaranchal 3

10. Jammu-Kashmir 1 21. Uttar Pradesh 12

11. Jharkhand 1 22 West Bengal 2

TOTAL 198


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Registered practitioners of ISM & Homeopathy in India


INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES(Contd.)

Ayurveda 427504

Unani 42445

Siddha 16599

Naturopathy 429

Homeopathy 194147

Total 681124

Acts administered in the ISM Sector

1. Central Council of Medicine Act of 19732. Central Council of Homeopathy Act 1973

3. Drugs & Cosmetics Act of 1940 and the rules there under

4. Medicinal & Toilet Preparation Act & Rules 1995-96.


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Statutory Regulatory Bodies for ISM under Government of India

Central Council of Indian Medicine

Central Council of Homeopathy

(for regulating standards of Medical Education and registering practitioners)

Drug Technical Advisory Board (ASUDTAB) for advising on all aspects related to drug

standardization and quality control of Indian Systems of Medicine

Engaged in clinical research activities on drugs of Indian Systems, survey on Medicinal

Plants, drug standardization, tribal and family welfare research carried out through unitssetup in different parts of the country

Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha 36 unitsCentral Council for Research in Unani Medicine 32 unitsCentral Council for Research in Homeopathy 52 unitsCentral Council for Research in Yoga & Naturopathy

Research Councils under Central Government

MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF

MEDICINES(Contd.)


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National Institutes set up by Department of

Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Government of India

MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF

MEDICINES(Contd.)

For producing graduates and post-graduates of high quality for conducting

research and to provide quality medical care

National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur

National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore (under establishment)National Institute of Homeopathy, CalcuttaNational Institute of Naturopathy, Pune

Moraji Desai National Institute of Yoga, New DelhiNational Institute of Siddha, Chennai (under establishment)Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth, New Delhi

Pharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian MedicineGhaziabad Pharmacopoeia Laboratory, Ghaziabad


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The role of herbal medicine in effectively meeting the primary health careneeds of the rural people, particularly of the Third World countries is now

well appreciated. This has led to the widespread interest in placing herbal

medicine in a appropriate scientific framework, by assessing their safety,

efficacy and quality, according to modern standards. WHO guidelines for

assessment of herbals address the following:

PROBLEMS FACED BY THE TRADITIONAL

INDIAN SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE

1. Pharmaceutical assessment (crude plant material, plant preparations,

finished products, stability).

2. Safety assessment (toxicological studies, documentation of safety based

on experience).

3. Assessment of efficacy and intended use (pharmacological activity,

evidence required to support indication).

4. Product information to consumers.

5. Marketing


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54

321

Flowering plants used in Traditional Systems of

Medicine in India

Modern Medicine 30 spp.

Amchi 300 spp.

Unani 700 spp.

Siddha 800 spp.

Ayurveda 900 spp.


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Compound Plant Species

Acetyl digoxin Digitalis lanata

Ajmalicine Catharanthus roseus, Rauwolfia sp.

Ajmmaline Rauvolfia serpentina

Andrographolide Andrographis paniculata

Artemissine Artemisia annua

Asiaticoside Centella asiatica

Berberine Berberis spp.

Caffeine Camellia sinensis

Caffeine Camellia sinensis

Cocaine Erythroxylum cocoa

Codeine Papaver spp.

Codiene Papaver somniferum

Colchicine Colchicum autumnale, Gloriosa superba

Curcumin Curcuma longa

Digitoxin, Digoxin, Digitoxigenin Digitalis spp.

Emetine Cephaelis ipecacuanha

Ephedrine Ephedra gerardiana

Ergometrine, Ergotamine, Ergotoxin Claviceps purpurea on Rye plants

Glycyrrhizin, Glycyrrhizinic acid Glycyrrhiza glabra

Hesperidin Citrus spp. Mentha spp.

Examples of some important plant derived drugs

Contd..

E l f i t t l t d i d d (C d )


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Hyoscine Duboisia spp.

Hyoscyamine Datura spp, Hyscyamus spp.

L-Dopa Mucuna pruriens

Menthol Mentha spp.

Morphine Papaver spp.

Papain Carica papaya

Podophyliotoxin Podophyllum emodi

Quinine, Quinidine Cinchona spp.

Reserpine & Deserpidine Rauvolfia serpentina,

Rutin Eucalyptus spp, Fagopyrum spp, Sophora japonica

Scopolamin Datura sp.

Sennosides A&B Cassia angustifolia, C. acutifolia

Silymarin Silybum marianum

Strychnine Strychnos nux-vomica

Taxol Taxus baccata

Thymol Thymus vulgaris

Vinblastine, Vincristine Catharanthus roseusXanthotoxin Ammi majus, Heracleum candicans

Chemical Intermediates

Citral Lemon grass

Diosgenin Dioscorea spp. Costus spp.

Phytosterols (Stigmasterol & Sitosterol) Soya & Calabar Beans

Solasodine Solanum

Hypercin, Hyperforin Hypericum perforatum

Examples of some important plant derived drugs(Contd..)


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1. Agarkar Research Institute. Pune

2. A. K. Tibbiya College, Aligarh Muslim University

Aligarh

3. B. H. U. Varanasi (CCRAS Unit)

4. B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education & Research

development Centre, Thalteji, Ahmedabad

5. Capt. Srinivasmurthi Drug. Res. Instt. For Ayurveda,

(CCRAS), Chennai

6. CCRAS, New Delhi

7. CCRUM, A. G. Colony, Hyderabad

8. Central Instt. Of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Lucknow

9. College of Pharmacy, New Delhi

10. Deptt. of Chemistry Univ. of Delhi

11. Deptt. of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia

Hamdard, New Delhi

12. Dr. Y. B. Tripathi, B.H.U. Varanasi

13. Drug Standardisation Unit, Rishikul Ayurvedic College,

Hardwar

14. Drug Testing lab. Joginder Nagar, Mandi (H. P.)

15. Drugs Standardisation Res. Project, Gujrat Ayurved

University, Jamnagar

16. Faculty of Pharmacy (CCRUM) Drug Standardisation

Unit Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

17. Govt. Ayurvedic & Unani Pharmacy Nanded

18. Indian Instt., of Chemical Technology (CSIR),

Hyderabad

19. Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow

20. Institute of Himalayan bio-resources technology,

Palampur (H. P).

21. Institute of pharmaceutical sciences, Punjab Univ.,

Chandigarh

22. National Botanical Research Institute Lucknow

23. National Instt. of Pharmaceutical Education & Research,

Mohali

24. Pharmacognosy Research Unit (CCRAS), University of

Calcutta

25. Pharmacognosy Research Unit JNMPG&H, Pune

26. Regional Research Instt. of Unani Medicine (CCRUM),

Aligarh

27. Regional Research Instt. of Unani Medicine, Chennai28. Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Bhubaneshwar

29. Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Jammu

30. Shri Ayurveda Mahavidalaya Nagpur

31. Tropical Botanical Garden & Research Instt. Trivandrum

32. National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur

Institutions operating Central scheme for development of

Pharmacopoeial standards for ASU drugs by ISM, Govt. of India


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Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants andPreparation of Monographs

List of plants allocated to National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow

1. Acorus calamus Linn.

2. Albizia lebbeck Benth.

3. Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd.

4. Optis teeta

5. Anogeissus latifolia Bedd

6. Arnebia nobilis Reichb.

7. Butea monospelma (Lamk.) Taub.(syn.B.frondosa Roxb.)

8. Cinnamoum tamala

9. Coscinium fenestratum

10. Allium cepa(syn.Psychotria ipecacuanhaStokes )

11. Crataeva magna (Lour) DC. (syn.C.nurvala Buch.Ham)

12. Curcuma amada Roxb.

13. Dioscorea deltoidea Wall.

14. Enicostemma hyssopifolium (Willd.)Verdoran (syn.E.littorale Blume.)

15. Euphorbia prostrata Linn.

16. Euphorbia thymifolia Linn.

17. Euphorbia tirucalli Linn.

18. Ficus lacor Buch. -Ham.

19. Gymnema sylvestre R.Br.

20. Hemldesmus indicus R.Br.

21. Jatropha glandulifera Roxb.

22. Leucas cephalotes spreng.

23. Mesua ferrea Linn.

24. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. ,

25. Onosma bracteatum Wall.

26. Operculina turpethum Linn.

27. Pueraria tuberosa DC.

28. Rubia cordifolia Linn.

29. Streblus asper Lour.

30. Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.)

31. Trianthema portulacastrum Linn.

32. Wedelia calendulacea Less.


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List of plants allocated to National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education &

Research, Mohali, Punjab


1. Abutilon indicum (Linn. ) Sweet

2. Asparagus adscendensRoxb.

3. Asparagus racemosusWilld.

4. Berberis aristata DC.

5. Bergenia ligulataEngl.

6. Caesalpinia bonducella (Linn.) Roxb. (syn.C.cristata Lim1.)

7. Canscora decussata Schult.

8. Catharanthus roseus G.Don.

9. Chlorophytum arundinaceum Baker

10. Cissus quadrangularis (Linn. ) Schr .

11. Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schr.

12. Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois.

13. Cyperus rotundus Lim1.

14. Embelia ribes Burm.F.

15. Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.

16. Hibisus rosa-sinensis Linn.

17. Hypericum perforatum Linn. lnula racemosaHook. F .

18. Lawsonia inermis Linn.

19. Momordica charantia Linn.

20. Nigella sativa Linn.

21. Ocimum basilicum Linn.

22. Ocimum grasissimum Linn.

23. Piper longum Linn.

24. Pluchea lanceolata Oliver & Hiem.

25. Potentilla sundaica Kuntze

26. Sida acuta Burm.

27. Sida rhombifolia Linn.

28. Syrnplocos racemosa Roxb.

29. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Miers ex hook f.& Thorns.

30. Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.

31. Tylophora indica Burm.f. & Merill


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List of plants allocated to Tropical Botanical Garden & Research Institute,

Thiruvananthapuram


1. Adhatoda beddomei C.B. Clarke

2. Allium cepa Linn.

3. Allium sativum Linn.

4. Alstonia scholaris (Linn. ) R.Br.

5. Argemone mexicana Linn.

6. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. (syn.A.integra auct. non Merrill, A.integrifolia Hook.non Linn.)

7. Azadirachta indica Juss.

8. Cichorium intybus Linn.

9. Cinnamomum camphora Nees ex Eberm

10. Cinnamomum tamala Nees

11. Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn.

12. Desmodium gangeticum DC.

13. Elettaria cardamomum Maton

14. Gmelina arborea Linn.

15. Hedychium spicatum Linn.

16. Mallotus philippensis Muell.-Arg

17. Melia azedarach Linn.

18. Murraya koenigii Spreng.

19. Musa paradisiaca L.

20. Myristica fragrans Houtt.

21. Myristica malabarica Lam.

22. Oroxylum indicum Vent.

23. Premna integrifolia Linn.

24. Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.

25. Pterocarpus santalinus Linn.f.

26. Rhus parvif1ora Roxb.

27. Santalum album Linn.

28. Sesamum indicum Linn. (syn. S.orientaleLinn.)

29. Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.

30. Syzygium cuminii (Linn.) Skeels.

31. Tecomella undulata (G.Don.) Seem

32. Uraria picta Desv.


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List of plants allocated to B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research

Development Centre, Ahmedabad


1. Aristolochia indica Linn.

2. Boswellia serrata Roxb.

3. Calotropis gigantea (Linn. ) Dryand.

4. Capparis decidua Edgew.

5. Cassia angustifolia Vahl.

6. Cassia fistula Linn.

7. Cassia occidentalis Linn.

8. Cinchona officinalis Linn.f.

9. Cissampelos pareira Linn.

10. Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon

11. Commiphora myrrha (Nees)Engl.syn.C.mukul Engl.

12. Commiphora wightii Bhandari

13. Holarrhena antidysenterica (Linn.) Wall.

14. Leptadenia reticulata Linn.

15. Marsdenia tenacissima Wight & Am. I

16. Moringa oleifera Lam.(syn.M.pterygosperma Gaertn.)

17. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC (syn.M.pruritaHook.)

18. Phyllanthus maderaspatensis Linn.

19. Plantago ovata Forsk.

20. Plumbago indica Linn.

21. Plumbago zeylanica Linn.

22. Punica granatum Linn.

23. Randia dumetorum Lam.

24. Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.

25. Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde

26. Semecarpus anacardium Linn.f.

27. Solanum indicum Linn.

28. Solanum torvum Swartz.

29. Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers.

30. Terminalia arjuna Wight & Am.

31. Terminalia bellerica Roxb

32. Terminalia chebula Retz..


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List of plants allocated to Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu


1. Achillea millefolium Linn.

2. Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf. Ex Holmes

3. Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.

4. Aesculus hippocastanum Linn.

5. Ammi majus Linn. ,

6. Anacyclus pyrethrum DC.

7. Anethum sowa Kurz.

8. Angelica archangelica Lilm.

9. Angelica glauca Edgew.

10. Apium graveolens Linn.

11. Argyreia nervosa (Burm F .) Bojer svn.A.

speciosa Sweet

12. Artemisia annua Linn.

13. Cannabis sativa Linn.

14. Carum carvi (Linn.) DC.

15. Coptis teeta Wall.

17. Costus speciosus (Koenig) Sm.

18. Crocus sativus Linn.

19. Cuminum cyminum Linn.

20. Digitalis lanata Ehrh.

21. Digitalis purpurea Linn.

22. Ferula foetida Regel

23. Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke

24. Fumaria parviflora Lam.

25. Gloriosa superba Linn.

26. Mentha arvensis Linn.

27. Podophyllum hexandrum Royle

28. Psoralea corylifolia Linn.

29. Saussurea lappa Spreng.

30. Taxus baccata Linn.

31. Valeriana Wallichi DC.

32. Vetiveria zizanioides Linn.

33. Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.


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OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH ON AYURVEDIC DRUGS

Improved formulations and reduced number of Ayurvedic drugs

Use of GMP procedures and QC

Certified shelf life and improved dosage form

Validated indications and contraindications Deletion of obsolete or toxic formulations

Use of Ayurvedic drugs in modern clinical practice Inclusion in essential list of drugs Adjunct to existing drugs

Treatment of diseases where modern drugs not available or unsatisfactory Development of suitable formulations, standardized extracts or active

constituents IPR protection wherever feasible Inclusion in Pharmacopoeias.

New indications for Ayurvedic drugs

Development of new drugs for Ayurvedic practice

Utilizing leads from other countries

Study of unscreened flora, specially endemic or threatened species

Studies on Ayurvedic drugs for veterinary use


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AYURVEDIC PROTOCOLS FOR DRUG EVALUATION(Yogyamapi Aoushdam Evam Pariksheta)

A. Pharmacognostical Study

1.Nama Name of the Drug

2.Rupam Botanical features3.Desa jatam Habitat4.Ritu grhitam Season of collection

5.Grhitam Species and part used6.Nihitam Way of storage and prevention

Distribution of Medicinal Plants across the biogeographic zones/provinces of India


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Sl.No. Bio-Geographic Zone Biogeographic Provinces Estimated No. of Med. Plantspp.

1. Trans-Himalayan - 700

2. The Himalayan 2A- North-West Himalaya

1,700

2B- West Himalaya

2C- Central Himalaya2D-East Himalaya

3. Desert 3A-Kutch5003B Thar

4. Semi-Arid 4A- Punjab10004B-Gujarat-Rajwar

5. Western Ghats 5A-Malabar Coast

20005B-Western Ghats Mountains6. Deccan Peninsula 6A-Deccan Plateau South

3000

6B- Central Plateau

6C-Eastern Plateau

6D- Chhota Nagpur

6E- Central High land

7. Gangetic Plain 7A- Upper Gangetic Plain

10007-B Lower Gangetic Plain8. North-East India 8A-Brahmaputra Valley

20008B-Assam Hills

9. Islands 9 A - Andaman Islands10009 B - Nicobar Islands

9 C - Lakshadweep Islands

10. Coasts 10-A West Coast 500

Distribution of Medicinal Plants across the biogeographic zones/provinces of India

Source FRLHT, Bangalore


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1. Aquilaria malaccensis

2. Butea monosperma var. lutea

3. Chloroxylon swietenia

4. Commiphora wightii

5. Euodia lunuankenda

6. Hydnocarpus macrocarpa

7. Mangifera indica

8. Ochreinauclea missionis

9. Pinus gerardiana

10. Pterocarpus indicus

11. Pterocarpus santalinus

12. Santalum album

13. Saraca asoca

14. Tabernaemontana gamblei

15. Tabernaemontana heyneana

16. Taxus wallichiana

The 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Indian Medicinal plants


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Extinct (Ex): A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that its last individual has died.

Extinct in the Wild (EW): A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivityor as a naturalized population well outside the past range.

Critically Endangered (CR): A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of

extinction in the wild in the immediate future (80% decline in the last 10 years, 100km2 of area of occupancy or 10

sq. km in fragmented area: estimated 250 mature individuals or subpopulation of not more than 50 individuals).

Endangered (EN): A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critical, but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the

wild in the near future (50% decline in the last 10 years; estimated


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Species Name No. of Accessions

Achilleaspp. 17

Andrographis paniculata 20

Cassiaspp. 22

Catharanthus roseus 11

Daturaspp. 26

Digitalisspp. 16

Matricariaspp. 11

Mucunaspp. 117

Ocimumspp. 187

Papaver somniferum 288

Plantagospp. 19

Psoralea corylifolia 50

Salviaspp. 11

Species Name No.of Accessions

Solanum spp. 17

Tagetes spp. 56

Trichosanthes spp. 11

Trigonella foenum-graecum 37

Withania somnifera 19

Aconitum balfourii 1

Costus speciosus 1

Eremostachys superba 1

Picrorhiza kurrooa 1

Rheum australe 3

Saussurea costus 4

Misc.Medicinal & Aromatic Plants 307

Total 1253


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Sl.No.

Plants No. of accession

1. Aloe spp. (Aloe) 53

2. Asparagus spp. (Satavari.) 50

3. Cassia angustifolia (Sannsa) 5

4. Chlorophytum borivilianum (Safed musli) 56

5. Commiphora wightii (Guggal) 67

6. Ocimum spp. (Tulsi) 41

7. Plantago ovata (Isabgol) 12

8. Phyllanthus spp. (Bhui amla) 12

9. Tinospora cordifolia (Gilo) 38

10. Tribulus terrestris (Gokhru) 6

11. Withania somnifera (Aswagandha) 11

Total 351

Germplasm status of field gene bank at NRCM & AP


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Sl. No. Variety/Cultivar Crop(Plant species) Institute where developed Parts used

1. Jawahar Isabgol Plantago ovata JNKVV, Jabalpur Seeds, husk

2. Gujarat Isabgol-1 GAU-RC, Mehsana

3. G.I.-2

4. Niharika CIMAP, Lucknow

5. Sona Cassia angustifolia Leaves, pods

6. ALFT-2 GAU, Anand

7. Shweta Papaver

somniferumCIMAP, Lucknow Latex, seeds

8. Shyama

9. Sampada 10. Sanchita Straw

11. Shubhra

12. Sujata Seeds

13. Kirtiman NDUAT, Faizabad Latex, seeds

14. Trishna NBPGR, New Delhi

15. Rajhans RAU, Udaipur

16. NBRI-3 NBRI, Lucknow

17. Jawahar Afim-16 JNKVV, Mandsaur

18. Udaipur opium RU, Udaipur

19. Aela Hyoscyamus niger CIMAP, Lucknow Biomass

20. Aekla

21. IC-66 NBPGR, New Delhi

22. NP-41 H. muticus CIMAP, Lucknow Contd

Improved varieties of medicinal plants developed in India by various institutions

Improved varieties of medicinal plants developed in India by various institutions (Contd )


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Sl. No. Variety/Cultivar Crop (Plant species) Institute where developed Parts used

23. HMT-1

24. Hansa Chysanthemum

cinerariefolium

Flowers

25. Jhelum

26. Nirmal Catharanthus roseus Roots, leaves

27. Dhawal

28. Asha Artemisia annua Biomass

29. S-3 Dioscorea floribunda Rhizome

30. S-2-58 D. composita NBPGR, New Delhi

31. FB (C)I D. floribunda IIHR, Bangalore

32. Arka-Upkar

33. RS-1 Rauvolfia serpentina JNKVV, Indore

34. Jawahar Asgandh Withania somnifera JNKVV, Mandsaur Roots

35. Poshita CIMAP, Lucknow

36. RRL (Purple) Datura metel RRL, Jammu Biomass

37. RRL (Green)

38. SL-831 Asparagus officinalis Spears

39. RRL-20-2 Solanum khasianum Biomass berries

40. RRL-SL-6

41. Glaxo S. viarum Glaxo, India Berries

42. IIHR 2n-11 IIHR, Bangalore

43. Arka-Sanjivani

44. Arka-Mahima

45. EC-113465 S. lanciniatum YSPHU, Solan

Improved varieties of medicinal plants developed in India by various institutions(Contd.)

Source: Sharma, J.R. (2001)

Table 22. Improved Varieties of Medicinal Plants Developed by ICAR and SAUs


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Sl.No.

Crop Variety Developed by Year ofRelease

1 Cassia angustifolia (Senna) Anand Late Selection Anand 1989

2 Digitalis lanata (Foxglove) D. 76 Solan 19913

Glaucium flavum (Yellow HornedPoppy)

H47-3 Solan 1991

4 Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice) Haryana Mulhatti-1 Hisar 1989

5Hyoscyamus muticus (EgyptianHenbane)

HMI-80-1 Indore -

6 Lepidium sativum (Cress) Anand 1998

7 Papaver somniferum (OpiumPoppy)

Jawahar Opium 539 Mandsur 1997

8Papaver somniferum (OpiumPoppy)

Jawahar Opium 540 Mandsur 1998


Chetak Aphim Udaipur 1994


Trisna Delhi -

11 Piper longum (Long Pepper) Viswam Trichur 199612 Plantago ovata (Isabgol) Haryana Isabgol-5 Hisar 1989

13 Plantago ovata (Isabgol) Jawahar Isabgol-4 Mandsur 1996

14 Solanum laciniatum NH 88-12 Solan 1991

15Withania somnifera (Aswagandha)

Jawahar Asgand-20 Mandsur 1989

16 Withania somnifera (Aswagandha) Jawahar Asgand-134 Mandsur 1998

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