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33

3.1

.

. ,

, .

1891 . Poul la Cour.

,

. , ,

,

.

,

.

, , ,

, . ,

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3. 2

,

, .

. 2007 .

20000 MW, 31%

. ,

, 2012 ., 94000 MW 2007 .,

240000 W.:

3.2

, (

) .

.

.

, . ,

.

, .

,

, . ,

, .

( ) ..

,

,

.

() .

.

, m/s km/h,

( 1 = 1 /h; 1 =

1852 m).

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3. 3

.

Beaufort, 0 Bof () .

0 - 0,2 m/s ( , ),

12 Bof. 32,7 - 39,6 m/s ().

16 .

,

. ( .

NW).

.. .

.

()

.

.

.

. 18 km

.

,

. , : ,

, , .

,

, ,

.

.

. .

.

,

.

. ,

, ,

.

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3. 4

.

. ,

.

. .

.

.

,

. ,

.

.

,

,

.

.

.

.

, , -

.

1-2%

.

.

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3. 5

3.3.

:

12

- (kg/m );

S2

12

(3.1)

Ekin - ();

m - (kg);

v - (m/s);

dtS

:

(3.2)

3

- e (m );

v - (m/s);

t - (s);

, (3.1) :

(3.3)

:

2

1 (3.4) (3.4)

. 3.1 ( t= 150C,p = 1 bar)

, , .

. 3.1:

(W/m2)

(m/s)

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3. 6

3.3.1

:

(3.5) - (kg/m3);

p - (Pa);

R - ( R = 287 J/kg0K);

T - (0);

p = 1 bar, 0 = 1,225 kg/m3.

:

1,194 0 H

0,986 kg/m3 20%

.

200 m.

,

,

,

. , t= 150

, (

6000 m)

1 (3.6) - (m)

. , 2000 m

3.3.2

,

.

.

. ,

.

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3. 7

:

(3.7)

v - (m/s) H (m);

v0 - H0 ( H = 10m)

- ;

. ,

= 0,1 ,

= 0,2 ,

= 0,4.

.

e H0 = 10 m.

, ( = 0,3),

. 3.2

. 3.2

,

100 m

10 m.

m

v / v0

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3. 8

3.3.3

.

, ,

.

,

. ,

( ). ,

,

( ) .

(. 3.3

(, , ).

, ,

. ,

(Ernst Weibull)

(3.8):

)

. 3.3

,

(m/s)

)

(h

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3. 9

(3.8)

k , .

= 8 k

. 3.4. k = 1,

, k = 3 ,

k = 2

.

. 3.4. k

k = 2,

Rayleigh)

(m/s)

(John William :

2

(3.9)

. 3.5.

() . ,

:

2

2 0,886 (3.10)

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3. 10

,

.

c = 4 ( = 3,5 m/s)

. 3.5

()

,

,

:

2

3

4 (3.11)

:

6 1,91 (3.12),

:

6 12 (3.13)

: , 10 m,

6 m/s.

( ) 50 m,

, = 0,2 ,

= 1,225 kg/m3.

(m/s)

c = 6 (

= 5,3 m/s)

v

c = 8 ( = 7,1 m/s)

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3. 11

: (3.7)

H = 50 m:

6 50

10

, 8,28 /

(3.13), ()

:

6 12

6

12 1,225 8,28 664

3.4

.

. , ,

.

.

. 3.6

(. 3.6).

, v. v1,

, ,

v2.

,

.

(Albert Betz) 1919 .

v1

v2v

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3. 12

:

1

2

(3.14)

12

(v1) ,

(3.14) :

2 (3.15) / , (3.15) :

1

2 2 1 1 1 1 (3.16) 2 2

(3.16)

(Pv) .

:

12 1 1 (3.17)

,

:

12 (3.18)

(3.17) :

0

13 (3.19)

, ,

.

(3.17),

Cp = 16/27 = 0,593 = 59,3%.

. . 3.7 Cp :

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3. 13

, 0 = 1,225 kg/m3,

:

0,363 (3.20)

5-50%.

,

, ,

,

. (tip

,Cp

v2/ v

. 3.7

80%

,

4

. ,

.

speed ratio, TSR)

:

60

TSR,

.

(3.21)

TSR -

n - (min-1);

D - (m);

v - (m/s);

. 3.8

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3. 14

. 3.8

:

. = 1,225 kg/m , :

1. ,

(%)

, 14 m/s,

600 kW.

3D = 40 m

TSR = 4,0;

2. (i), n1 = 1500 min-1;

3. ;

:

1. (3.21) :

60 60 4 14

40 26,6

2 60 55,9 201,2 2. :

150026,6 56,4

3. (3.4) :

21 2

1 1,225 440 14 2112

6002112 0,28 28%

Darrieus -

, TSR

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3. 15

. 20-30 min-1,

50-70 ,

25-30%.

3.5.