4653985 Designer Milk Fat Production (1)

7/31/2019 4653985 Designer Milk Fat Production (1)

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Swati Saxena, Mayank Tandon, J.P. Sehgal & S.N. Rai

Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy ResearchInstitute, Karnal, Haryana, India-132001

Email: [email protected]

DESIGNER MILK FAT

PRODUCTION-

Effective Animal Nutrition for Human

Nutrition


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Milk fat - Important functions

Major energy component

Account for many physical properties

Manufacturing characteristics

Organoleptic qualities

Economic value of dairy products

Recent Interestfunctional aspectDesigning milk fat

Improve healthfulness and functional properties


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Comparison of Fatty Acid Profiles

Fatty Acids Ideal Milk Fat Typical Milk

Fat

PUFA(including -3)

10 % 5 %

MUFA 82 % 25 %

SFA 8 % 70 %

(Grummer, 1991)


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Health Aspects

FA content of lauric, myristic & palmitic ---Hypercholesterolemic effect

content of CLA, butyric acids &

sphingolipidsAnti-carcinogenic props. -3 fatty acids

EPA & DHA

Prevention of secondary coronary disease Mono-unsaturated fatty acids plasma

lipoprotein indicators of coronary disease risk


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Lipases, Galactosidases,Phospholipases

Unsaturated Free Fatty Acidseg : cis-9, cis- 12, C 18:2

Cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 (CLA)

Isomerase

Trans-11 C18:1

C 18:0

Reductase

(Butyrivibrio fibrisolvence)

Reductase

Esterified Plant Lipids

Conversion of Esterified PlantLipids to SFA In Rumen

(Kewalramani, 2002)


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-3 Fatty Acids

Mother subs. For Prostaglandin production

Beneficial effect on CHD

3 separate phenomenaAtherosclerosis

Thrombosis

Vascular spasm(Sen,1991)

Therapeutic impact neurological abnormalities

(45 mg /kg/d)


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Main Sources -3 & -6 FA contents of feed and oil seeds

(Sen,1991)

% -3 fatty acids % -6 fatty acids

Sunflower seed 0.3 52

Safflower seed 0.5 75

Maize 1.6 50

Rapeseed 10.0 20.0

Linseed oil 55.0 17.0


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LNAC18:3(n-3)

EPA

C20:5(n-3)C24:5 (n-3)

C24:6 (n-3)

DHA

C22:6 (n-3)

C18:4(n-3)

C20:4(n-3)

DPA

C22:5 (n-3)

Biochemical Conversion Of LNA To EPA & DHA

6 desaturase

elongase

elongase

5 desaturase

elongase

6 desaturase

2C chain shortening

(Allman, 1995)


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Milk Fat Synthesis

Consists of (g/ Kg milk fat)

Triacylglycerols 960-980g

1,2 Diacylglycerols 20-25g Phospholipids 10g

Cholesterol 5g

Small quantities of FFA & monoacylglycerols

(Ashes et al., 1997)


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3 Stages In Milk Fat Biosynthesis

Accumulation of FA in the mammary cells

de-novo synthesis

absorption from the blood stream

Triacylglycerols construction and fat globule

assembly

Secretion (Murphy, 2002)

Contd


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Nutritional Manipulation of Milk Fat

Concentration

Change in milk fat concentration achieved by

Altering level of de-novo synthesis in the

mammary gland

Supply of long chain FA in diet

Most effects on milk fat concentration are

mediated through rumen fermentation


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Dietary Factors Affect Supply of Acetic

Acid from the Rumen for De-Novo

Synthesis

Fiber quantity & quality

Forage : Concentrate ratio

Buffer inclusion

Concentrate Composition

Concentrate feeding frequency

(Chilliard et al., 2001)


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High

roughage-50%

Low

roughage-30%

Low roughage

+ tallow(3 %)

Yield, g/d

C6:0 to C14:0 178 76 79

C16:0 262 96 159

C18: 0 61 22 43

C18:1 126 108 257

C18:2 14 18 24

Profile, g/100g

C6:0 to C14:0 24 20 12

C16:0 34 25 24

C18: 0 8.2 5.6 6.4

C18:1 17 29 46

C18:2 2 5 4

Effects of roughage level and supplemental lipid on milkfatty acid composition and yield

(Grummer,1991)


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Properties of fat supplements

Lipid composition: Relative conc. of

TAG/FFA

Fatty Acids

Degree of inertness

Digestibility

Transfer into milk Mammary gland lipogenesis


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FattyAcid

Canola Safflower

Sunflower

Corn Soybean Cottonseed

BeefTallow

4:0 - - - - - -14:0 0.1 0.1 0.1 - 0.1 0.8 3.3

16:0 3.9 6.6 6.0 9.9 10.3 22.9 24.7

16:1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.6 4.0

16:2 - 0.7

18:0 1.8 2.5 4.6 2.0 3.9 2.5 17.018:1 58.0 13.9 15.7 28.7 22.1 17.8 42.2

18:2 21.0 75.5 71.4 56.9 54.1 54.2 2.0

18:3 11.1 0.1 0.6 1.1 8.3 0.5 0.5

20:1 1.7 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.4

20:2 0.1 - - - - -

22:0 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.2

22:1 0.5 - - - - -

24:0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

24:1 0.3 0.2 - - - -

Per cent Fatty Acid Composition of Some Fats & Oils

(Robart Ackman, 1996)


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Fatty acid group Control. no

added oil

Free Protected

Oil Fatty acid Oil Fatty acid

4:0 265 357 276 337 303

MCFA 828 668 591 719 668

C 795 594 595 618 646

18:0 132 268 221 270 23118:1cis 274 428 386 448 410

18:1trans 41 121 129 50 66

18:2+ 65 97 97 272 80

in output of C18

acids relative tocontrol

402 321 528 275

Propn of C18 acids* 0.27 0.20 0.35 0.18

Propn of18:2+18:3*

0.03 0.03 0.18 0.01

* transferred from dietary Supplement to milkYields.mmol/d

The Yields (Mmol/D) of the Major Groups of Fatty Acids & Derived

Parameters when Cows Consumed Diets Containing Soya Oil or Soya Oil Fatty

Acids in Various Forms

(William et al., 1990)

Fatty acid composition (g/100g of fatty acids) of butter made from cows fed on


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Fatty acid Control diet Sunflower oil diet

C4:0 3.99 5.36

C6:0 2.33 1.40

C8:0 1.38 0.71C10:0 3.15 1.45

C12:0 3.61 1.69

C14:0 11.44 7.37

C14:1 1.22 0.94

C15:0 1.08 0.59C16:0 30.93 17.84

C16:1 1.49 1.72

C17:0 0.48 0.34

C18:0 9.32 11.27

cis-9C18:1 18.11 24.17trans C18:1 5.04 15.04

cis-9, cis-12, C18:2 2.59 2.85

C18:3 0.36 0.21

CLA (all isomers) 0.53 4.07

Others 2.95 2.98

Fatty acid composition (g/100g of fatty acids) of butter, made from cows fed ondiets supplemented with or without sunflower oil (5.2% dm)

Bauman et al., 2000


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Fatty acid Milk Composition

Control (0 %) CDG (31 %)

4:0 3.5 4.0

10:0 3.5 2.8

12:0 4.0 3.0

14:0 11.7 9.2

14:1 1.6 1.4

15:0 1.2 0.8

15:1 0.3 0.3

16:0 28.8 23.2

16:1 2.8 2.8

17:0 0.7 0.6

17:1 0.4 0.318:0 11.5 14.7

18:1 19.8 25.6

Saturated 68.7 61.9

Unsaturated 27.5 34.1

Fatty Acid Composition of Milk Fat of Cows Fed on DietsSupplemented with or without Corn Distillers Grains

(Schingoethe et al., 1999)


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Fatty acid Content Yield

Control PCS Control PCS

(% Total) (g/d)

C12:0 4.3 3.6 39.9 39.0

C14:0 11.8 9.5 107.8 102.1

C16:0( 13%) 26.7 19.9 247.4 216.4

C16:1 4.5 3.3 40.1 36.3

C18:0 7.1 9.2 66.4 99.7

C18:1( 69%) 23.8 29.2 217.3 315.8C18:2 2.2 4.9 20.5 52.4

C18:3 1.6 2.6 14.8 27.8

Effect of feeding protected canola supplement (PCS)on the fatty acid composition of cow milk

(Asheset al., 1999)

Effects of Supplementation of Different Levels of


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Fattyacid Control Fish oil Concentrate150 g/kg 300 g/kg 450 g/kg 5kg/d 10kg/d

4:0 44 57 50 49 55 47

14:1 15 15 13 11 13 13

16:0 342 313 305 300 317 31418:0 81 80 76 70 73 78

T 18:1 4 3 20 50 19 24

C18:1 206 212 219 199 207 200

18:2 1.9 3.3 5.3 6.5 4.7 3.818:2 14 15 18 19 16 18

20:5n-3 0.7 1.0 1.5 5.3 1.6 2.1

22:6n-3 0.5 0.6 1.2 1.7 0.1 0.1

Effects of Supplementation of Different Levels ofConcentrate as Well as Fish Oil on Fatty Acid

Composition of Cows Milk

(Keady et al.2000)


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Diets and

Treatment

Fatty acids reported (%) Total

fatty

acids

C14:0 C16:0 C16:1 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 g/100gD

Experiment

NC 0.65 21.1 0.86 2.67 17.6 43.8 12.9 3.43

HOC 0.65 20.2 0.81 3.00 19.9 41.2 12.7 4.38

FATTY ACID PROFILE AND AMOUNT OF TOTAL FATTY

ACID IN DIET

(Dhiman et al. , 1999)

Supplementation of Corn Oil on Feed Intake Milk Yield & Fatty


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Item NC HOC SEM P

Feed intake,kg/d 27.7 28.4 1.1 0.7

Milk yield, kg/d 40.4 43.5 2.4 0.53.5% FCM Yield, kg/d 40.7 40.7 2.3 0.4

Milk fat% 3.60 3.10 0.26 0.7

Milk protein % 3.07 2. 90 0.08 0.8

Milk fat yield, kg/d 1.44 1.34 0.08 0.5

Fatty acid composition,mg/g

C10:0 30.7 27.1 1.3 0.4

C12:0 41.0 35.2 1.6 0.4

C14:0 130 120 3.0 0.6

C16:0 325 301 9.0 0.7

C16:1 16.8 14.3 0.6 0.2

C18:0 93 119 4.0 0.2C18:1 206 228 6.0 0.5

C18:2 35.6 36.4 1.3 0.5

CLA 3.8 3.9 0.3 0.6

C18:3 7.6 6.6 0.3 0.7

SFA 620 602 11.0 0.6

UFA 269 290 7.0 0.6Others 111 109 4.0 0.6

Supplementation of Corn Oil on Feed Intake, Milk Yield & Fatty

Acid Composition of MilkDhiman etal., 1999


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CONCLUSIONS

The fatty acid concentration and composition of

milk fat can be altered by nutritional

manipulation

CLA, - 3 and MUFA have therapeutic impact.

Low roughage with supplemented tallow

enhance the C 18:1 concentration.

Soya oil and canola seeds in protected form

enhance CLA conc. in milk fat.


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Cont.

CDG and sunflower oil enhance unsaturated

fatty acid content of milk fat.

conc. Of fish oil in diet , -3 FA in milk

fat.

For public health and well-being the

consumption of dairy products need to be

increased.


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Documents

4653985 Designer Milk Fat Production (1)