(446995147) 14.Vol_01_Issue_05 MEENU GOYAL Women Paper

8/9/2019 (446995147) 14.Vol_01_Issue_05 MEENU GOYAL Women Paper

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ZENITH

International Journal ofMultidisciplinary Research

WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA-PROBLEMS AND

PROSPECTS

MEENU GOYAL*; JAI PARKASH**

*Assistant Professor in Commerce,Sri Aurobindo College of Commerce and Management,

Ludhiana – 142021, Punab, !ndia"

**Assistant Professor in Commerce,Sri Aurobindo College of Commerce and Management,

Ludhiana – 142021, Punab"

ABSTRACT

#he educated !ndian $omen ha%e to go a long $a& to achie%e e'ual rights and (osition because

traditions are dee( rooted in !ndian societ& $here the sociological set u( has been amale dominated one" )es(ite all the social hurdles, !ndian $omen stand tall from the rest of thecro$d and are a((lauded for their achie%ements in their res(ecti%e field" #he transformation of

social fabric of the !ndian societ&, in terms of increased educational status of $omen and

%aried as(irations for better li%ing, necessitated a change in the life st&le of !ndian $omen" She

has com(eted $ith man and successfull& stood u( $ith him in e%er& $al of life and businessis no e+ce(tion for this" #hese $omen leaders are asserti%e, (ersuasi%e and $illing to tae

riss" #he& managed to sur%i%e and succeed in this cut throat com(etition $ith their hard

$or, diligence and (erse%erance"

#he (resent (a(er endea%ors to stud& the conce(t of $omen entre(reneur–easons $omen

become entre(reneurs -easons for slo$ (rogress of $omen entre(reneurs in !ndia - suggestionsfor the gro$th of $omen entre(reneurs-Schemes for (romotion . de%elo(ment of $omen

entre(reneurshi( in !ndia-Case stud& of a $omen entre(reneur of Ludhiana"

KEYWORDS: /ntre(reneurshi(, omen, usiness, ender"

INTRODUCTION

#he educated $omen do not $ant to limit their li%es in the four $alls of the house" #he&demand e'ual res(ect from their (artners" 3o$e%er, !ndian $omen ha%e to go a long $a&

e'ual rights and (osition because traditions are dee( rooted in !ndian societ& $herethesociological set u( has been a male dominated one" omen are considered as $eaer se+

culture made them onl& subordinates and e+ecutors of the decisions made b& other malemembers, in the basic famil& structure" hile at least half the brain(o$er on earth belongs to

$omen, $omen remain (erha(s the $orlds most underutili5ed resource" )es(ite all thesocial

cro$d and are a((lauded for their achie%ements in their res(ecti%e field" #he transformation

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social fabric of the !ndian societ&, in terms of increased educational status of $omen and

%aried as(irations for better li%ing, necessitated a change in the life st&le of !ndian $omen" Shehas com(eted $ith man and successfull& stood u( $ith him in e%er& $al of life and business

is no e+ce(tion for this" #hese $omen leaders are asserti%e, (ersuasi%e and $illing to tae

riss" #he& managed to sur%i%e and succeed in this cut throat com(etition $ith their hard$or, diligence and (erse%erance" Abilit& to learn 'uicl& from her abilities, her

(ersuasi%eness, o(en st&le of (roblem sol%ing, $illingness to tae riss and chances, abilit& to

moti%ate (eo(le, no$ing ho$ to $in and lose gracefull& are the strengths of the !ndian $omenentre(reneurs"

CONCEPT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

omen /ntre(reneurs ma& be defined as the $omen or a grou( of $omen $ho initiate,organi5e and o(erate a business enter(rise" #he o%ernment of !ndia has defined $omen

entre(reneurs as6an enter(rise o$ned and controlled b& $omen ha%ing a minimum financial interest of 71 (er

cent of the ca(ital and gi%ing at least 71 (er cent of the em(lo&ment generated in the

enter(rise to $omen‖" omen entre(reneurs engaged in business due to (ush and (ullfactors $hich encourage $omen to ha%e an inde(endent occu(ation and stands on their on

legs" A sense to$ards inde(endent decision-maing on their life and career is the

moti%ational factor behind this urge" Saddled $ith household chores and domestic

res(onsibilities $omen $ant to get inde(endence" 8nder the influence of these factors the$omen entre(reneurs choose a (rofession as a challenge and as an urge to do some thing ne$"

Such a situation is described as (ull factors" hile in (ush factors $omen engaged in business

acti%ities due to famil& com(ulsion and the res(onsibilit& is thrust u(on them"

OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

#he stud& is based on secondar& data $hich is collected from the (ublished re(orts of !,

9AA), Census Sur%e&s, SS! e(orts, ne$s(a(ers, ournals, $ebsites, etc" #he stud& $as (lanned $ith the follo$ing obecti%es:

#o e%aluate the factors res(onsible for encouraging $omen to become

entre(reneurs

#o stud& the im(act of assistance b& the go%ernment on $omen;s entre(reneurshi("

#o stud& the (olicies, (rogrammes, institutional net$ors and the in%ol%ement ofsu((ort agencies in (romoting $omen;s entre(reneurshi("

#o criticall& e+amine the (roblems faced b& $omen entre(reneurs"

REASONS FOR WOMEN BECOMING ENTREPRENEURS

#he glass ceilings are shattered and $omen are found indulged in e%er& line of business" #heentr& of $omen into business in !ndia is traced out as an e+tension of their itchen acti%ities,

mainl&


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$omen started shifting from


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business %entures" = omen /ntre(reneur is a (erson $ho acce(ts challenging role to meet her

(ersonal needs and become economicall& inde(endent" A strong desire to do something (ositi%e is an inbuilt 'ualit& of entre(reneurial $omen, $ho is ca(able of contributing %alues in

both famil& and social life" ith the ad%ent of media, $omen are a$are of their o$n traits,

right s and also the $or situations" #he challenges and o((ortunities (ro%ided to the $omen of digital era are gro$ing ra(idl& that the ob seeers are turning into ob creators" Man&

$omen start a business due to some traumatic e%ent, such as di%orce, discrimination due to

(regnanc& or the cor(orate glass ceiling, the health of a famil& member, or economic reasonssuch as a la&off" ut a ne$ talent (ool of $omen entre(reneurs is forming toda&, as more

$omen o(t to lea%e cor(orate $orld to chart their o$n destinies" #he& are flourishing as

designers, interior decorators, e+(orters, (ublishers, garment manufacturers and stille+(loring ne$ a%enues of economic (artici(ation" #he follo$ing flo$ chart sho$s the reasons

for $omen becoming entre(reneurs

Innovative

thinking

self identity

and social status Education

and qualification

New challenges

and

opportunities for

self fulfillment

support of

family members

Employment

generation

REASONS

O!EN

"E#O!EEN$RE%RENE&RS

Role model

to others

'reedom to take

own decision and

be independent

Success stories

of friends

and relatives

(overnment

policiesand procedures

"right future of

their wards

'amily occupationNeed for

additional income

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REASONS FOR SLOW PROGRESS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN INDIA

#he (roblems and constraints e+(erienced b& $omen entre(reneurs ha%e resulted in

restricting the e+(ansion of $omen entre(reneurshi(" #he maor barriers encountered b&

$omen entre(reneurs are:

#he greatest deterrent to $omen entre(reneurs is that the& are $omen" A ind

of (atriarchal- male dominant social order is the building bloc to them in their $a&to$ards business success" Male members thin it a big ris financing the %entures run b&

$omen

Male chau%inism is still (re%alent in man& (arts of the countr& &et" omen are

looed u(on as 6abla‖

i"e" $ea in all res(ects" !n a male dominated societ&, $omen

are not treated e'ual to men that act as a barrier to $omans entr& into business"

omen entre(reneurs ha%e to face a stiff com(etition $ith the men entre(reneurs

$ho easil& in%ol%e in the (romotion and de%elo(ment area and carr& out eas& maretingof their (roducts $ith both the organi5ed sector and their male counter(arts" Such a

com(etition ultimatel& results in the li'uidation of $omen entre(reneurs"

Lac of self-confidence, $ill-(o$er, strong mental outloo and o(timistic

attitude amongst $omen creates a fear from committing mistaes $hile doing their (iece

o f $or" #he famil& members and the societ& are reluctant to stand beside their entre(reneurial gro$th"

omen in !ndia lead a (rotected life" #he& are e%en less educated, economicall&

not stable nor self-de(endent $hich reduce their abilit& to bear riss and uncertainties

in%ol%ed in a business unit,

#he old and outdated social outloo to sto( $omen from entering in the field

of entre(reneurshi( is one of the reasons for their failure" #he& are under a social

(ressure $hich restrains them to (ros(er and achie%e success in the field of

entre(reneurshi(

8nlie men, $omen mobilit& in !ndia is highl& limited due to man& reasons" A

single $omen asing for room is still looed $ith sus(icion" Cumbersome e+ercisein%ol%ed in starting $ith an enter(rise cou(led $it h officials humiliating attitude

to$ards $omen com(els them to gi%e u( their s(irit of sur%i%ing in enter(rise

altogether"

omen;s famil& obligations also bar them from becoming successful entre(reneurs

in both de%elo(ed and de%elo(ing nations" #he financial institutions discourage $omen

entre(reneurs on the belief that the& can at an& time lea%e their business and become

house$i%es again"

!ndian $omen gi%e more em(hasis to famil& ties and relationshi(s" Married $omen

ha%e to mae a fine balance bet$een business and famil&" #he business success alsode(ends on the su((ort the famil& members e+tended to $omen in the business (rocess

and management"

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omens famil& and (ersonal obligations are sometimes a great barrier for succeeding

in business career" >nl& fe$ $omen are able to manage both home and business

efficientl&, de%oting enough time to (erform all their res(onsibilities in (riorit&"

#he educational le%el and famil& bacground of husbands also influences$omen (artici(ation in the field of enter(rise"

Absence of (ro(er su((ort, coo(eration and bac-u( for $omen b& their o$n

famil& members and the outside $orld (eo(le force them to dro( the idea of e+celling

in the enter(rise field" #he& are al$a&s maing man& (essimistic feelings to be arousedin their minds and maing them feel that famil& and not business is a (lace meant for

them"

Man& $omen tae the training b& attending the /ntre(reneurial )e%elo(ment

(rogramme $ithout an entre(reneurial bent of mind" omen $ho are im(arted training b& %arious institutes must be %erified on account of a(titude through the tests,

inter%ie$s, etc"

3igh (roduction cost of some business o(erations ad%ersel& affects the de%elo(ment

of $omen entre(reneurs" #he installations of ne$ machineries during e+(ansion of the (roducti%e ca(acit& and lie similar factors discourage the $omen entre(reneurs

from %enturing into ne$ areas"

omen controlled business are often small and it is not al$a&s eas& for $omen to

access the information the& need regarding technolog&, training, inno%ati%e schemes,concessions, alternati%e marets, etc" ?ust a small (ercentage of $omen entre(reneurs

a%ail the assistance of technolog& and the& too remain confined to $ord

(rocessing soft$are in the com(uter" #he& hardl& mae use of ad%anced soft$area%ailable lie statistical soft$are SAP, Accounting Pacage lie #ALL@,Animation soft$are


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outloo, lo$ needs of enter(rise" omen also tend to start business about ten &ears later than men, on a%erage" Motherhood, lac of management e+(erience, and traditional

sociali5ation has all been cited as reasons for dela&ed entr& into entre(reneurial careers"

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Maing (ro%ision of micro credit s&stem and enter(rise credit s&stem to

the $omen entre(reneurs at local le%el"

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ZENITH


#he $eaer section could raise funds through %arious schemes and

incenti%es (ro%ided b& the go%ernment to de%elo( entre(reneurs in the state" /"g"

the Prime ministers o5gar @oana, #he hadi and ural %illage industriesscheme, etc"

!n the initial stages $omen entre(reneurs ma& face (roblems but the& must

(erse%ere, belie%e in themsel%es and not gi%e u( mid $a&"

Attem(ts b& %arious 9>s and go%ernment organi5ations to s(read

information about (olicies, (lans and strategies on the de%elo(ment of $omenin the field of industr&, trade and commerce" omen entre(reneurs should

utili5e the %arious schemes (ro%ided b& the o%ernment"

omen should tr& to u(grade themsel%es in the changing times b& ada(ting

the latest technolog& benefits" omen must be educated and trained constantl&to ac'uire the sills and no$ledge in all the functional areas of business

management" #his can facilitate $omen to e+cel in decision maing (rocess and

de%elo( a good business net$or

Self hel( grou(s of $omen entre(reneurs to mobili5e resources and

(ooling ca(ital funds, in order to hel( the $omen in the field of industr&,trade and commerce can also (la& a (ositi%e role to sol%e this (roblem"

omens entre(reneurshi( must be e+amined both at the indi%idual le%el Di"e"

the choice of becoming self-em(lo&edE and at the firm le%el Dthe (erformance of

$omen o$ned and managed firmsE in order to full& understand the differences bet$een mens and $omens entre(reneurshi("

#o establish all !ndia forums to discuss the (roblems, grie%ances, issues,

and filing com(laints against constraints or shortcomings to$ards the economic (rogress (ath of $omen entre(reneurs and gi%ing suitable decisions in the

fa%or of $omen entre(reneurs and taing strict stand against the (olicies or

strategies that obstruct the (ath of economic de%elo(ment of such grou( of

$omen entre(reneurs"

#hus b& ado(ting the follo$ing aforesaid measures in letter and s(irit the (roblems associated

$ith $omen can be sol%ed" /ntre(reneurshi( is not a bed of roses to $omen" omen (artici(ation in man& inds of economic acti%ities to com(lement to their famil& income, their

(artici(ation in no $a& reduces their famil& duties" #he tas of $omen has become moretedious and full of challenges" Let us all mae efforts to hel( $omen redisco%er her"

STEPS TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT

)e%elo(ment of $omen has been a (olic& obecti%e of the go%ernment sinceinde(endence"8ntil the F0s the conce(t of $omens de%elo(ment $as mainl& $elfare oriented"

!n 1GF0s, there $as a shift from $elfare a((roach to de%elo(ment a((roach that recognised the

mutuall& reinforcing nature of the (rocess of de%elo(ment" #he H0s ado(ted a multi-

disci(linar& a((roach $ith an

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#raining of ural @outh for Self-/m(lo&ment

em(hasis on three core areas of health, education and em(lo&ment" omen $ere gi%en

(riorities in all the sectors including SS! sector" o%ernment and non go%ernment bodiesha%e (aid increasing attention to $omens economic contribution through self em(lo&ment

and industrial %entures"

#he Iirst Ii%e-@ear Plan D1G71-7JE en%isaged a number of $elfare measures for $omen"/stablishment of the Central Social elfare oard, organi5ation of Mahila Mandals and the

Communit& )e%elo(ment Programmes $ere a fe$ ste(s in this direction"

!n the second Ii%e-@ear Plan D1G7J-J1E, the em(o$erment of $omen $as closel& lined$ith the o%erall a((roach of intensi%e agricultural de%elo(ment (rogrammes"

#he #hird and Iourth Ii%e-@ear Plans D1GJ1-JJ and 1GJG-F4E su((orted female education as a

maor $elfare measure"

#he Iifth Ii%e-@ear Plan D1GF4-FGE em(hasi5ed training of $omen, $ho $ere in need of

income and (rotection" #his (lan coincided $ith !nternational omens )ecade and thesubmission of e(ort of the Committee on the Status of omen in !ndia" !n1GFJ, omens$elfare and )e%elo(ment ureau $as set u( under the Ministr& of Social elfare"

#he Si+th Ii%e-@ear Plan D1GH0-H7E sa$ a definite shift from $elfare to de%elo(ment"

!t

recogni5ed $omens lac of access to resources as a critical factor im(ending their

gro$th"

#he Se%enth Ii%e-@ear Plan D1GH7-G0E em(hasi5ed the need for gender e'ualit& and

em(o$erment" Ior the first time, em(hasis $as (laced u(on 'ualitati%e as(ects such as

inculcation of confidence, generation of a$areness $ith regards to right s and training in sillsfor better em(lo&ment"

#he /ight Ii%e-@ear Plan D1GG2-GFE focused on em(o$ering $omen, es(eciall& at theross

oots Le%el, through Pancha&ati a

!nstitutions"

#he 9inth Ii%e-@ear Plan D1GGF-2002E ado(ted a strateg& of omens Com(onent Plan, under

$hich not less than


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#raining of ural @outh for Self-/m(lo&ment

!ntegrated ural )e%elo(ment Programme D!)PE

hadi And Billage !ndustries Commission

DB!CE


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9AA)- f-S/A an (roect

Prime Ministers ogar @oana

DPM@E

/ntre(reneurial )e%elo(ment (rogramme

D/)PsE Management )e%elo(ment (rogammes

omens )e%elo(ment Cor(orations

D)CsE

Mareting of 9on-Iarm Products of ural omen

DMA3!MAE

Assistance to ural omen in 9on-Iarm )e%elo(ment DA!9)E

schemes

#rade elated /ntre(reneurshi( Assistance and )e%elo(ment

D#/A)E

oring omens

Iorum

!ndira Mahila @oana

!ndira Mahila endra

Mahila Samiti @oana

Mahila Bias 9idhi


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9AA)- f-S/A an (roect

Micro Credit

Scheme

ashtri&a Mahila osh

S!)!s Mahila 8d&am 9idhi

Mahila Bias 9idhi

S!s Stree Shati

Scheme

9>s Credit Schemes

Micro . Small /nter(rises Cluster )e%elo(ment Programmes DMS/-

C)PE"

9ational ans for Agriculture and ural )e%elo(ments

Schemes

ai% andhi Mahila Bias Pari&oana

DMBPE

Pri&adarshini Proect- A (rogramme for = ural omen /m(o$erment and Li%elihood

in

Mid angetic Plains

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ZENITH


/+hibitions for $omen, under (romotional (acage for Micro . Smallenter(rises a((ro%ed b& CC/A under mareting su((ort

#he efforts of go%ernment and its different agencies are abl& su((lemented b& 9>s that are

(la&ing an e'uall& im(ortant role in facilitating $omen em(o$erment" )es(ite concertedefforts of go%ernments and 9>s there are certain ga(s" >f course $e ha%e come a long $a&in em(o$ering $omen &et the future ourne& is difficult and demanding"

RAJNI BECTOR: A CASE STUDY OF SUCCESSFUL WOMEN ENTERPRENEUR

Cremica is one of the largest food (rocessing com(anies of !ndia $ith an annual gro$th rateof S C/M!CA

started her ne$ career from a house$ife to an entre(reneur $ith a meager in%estment

of s" 20000K- for the manufacturing of !ce Creams . aer& items from the

bac&ard of her residence"

1GH2-Mr" Aa& ector her eldest son oined her to hel( her $ith the increased business%olumes"

1GHJ : She started another unit at Ludhiana for the manufacturing of read and baer& biscuits $ith an in%estment of s" 1"00 Lac"

1GHG ::Mrs" ectors &ounger sons Asha& ector . Anoo( ector after com(leting

their education oined the business in and a unit for manufacture of bread $as

established at Phillaur near Ludhiana for the manufacture of 70000 loa%es of bread (er

da&"

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1GG1: Mrs" ector started another full& automated unit for the manufacture of iscuits

at Phillaur $ith a ca(acit& of F200 M"#" of iscuits (er annum $ith an in%estment of

s"F7"00 Lacs"

1GG2:Mrs" ectors Cremica established a manufacturing facilit& for confectioner& itemsfollo$ed b& a unit for the manufacture of 9ameens"

1GGF: & seeing the 'ualit& of the (roducts being manufactured Mc)onalds

a((roached Mrs" ector for su((lies of %arious (roducts i"e" buns, li'uid (roducts and

batters . breading" #his $as a golden o((ortunit& for the ector Iamil& and the

famil& entered into %arious ?oint %entures so that international e+(ertise could hel(them (roduce international le%el (roducts com(ared to the best in the $orld"

2002: A modern un Manufacturing facilit& manufacturing o%er 170000 uns (er

shift $as established at greater 9oida for su((lies to Mc)onalds" #his is one of the

most modern units of its t&(e in the countr&"

200


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(ublishing 3ouse - Iourth /dition, e(rint"

3er mantra of success, 6?ust remember that $or is $orshi( N $hate%er &ou do, be it at

homeor outside, treat itres(ectfull&"‖

CONCLUSION

!t can be said that toda& $e are in a better (osition $herein $omen (artici(ation in the field of

entre(reneurshi( is increasing at a considerable rate" /fforts are being taen at the econom& as

brought (romise of e'ualit& of o((ortunit& in all s(heres to the !ndian $omen and la$sguaranteed e'ual rights of (artici(ation in (olitical (rocess and e'ual o((ortunities and rights

in education and em(lo&ment $ere enacted" ut unfortunatel&, the go%ernment s(onsored

de%elo(ment acti%ities ha%e benefited onl& a small section of $omen i"e" the urban middle

class $omen" omen sector occu(ies nearl& 47 of the !ndian (o(ulation" At this uncture,effecti%e ste(s are needed to (ro%ide entre(reneurial a$areness, orientation and sill

de%elo(ment (rograms to $omen" #he role of omen entre(reneur in economic de%elo(ment

is also being recogni5ed and ste(s are being taen to (romote $omen entre(reneurshi("esurgence of entre(reneurshi( is the need of the hour em(hasi5ing on educating $omen strata

of (o(ulation, s(reading a$areness and consciousness amongst $omen to outshine in the

enter(rise field, maing them reali5e their strengths, and im(ortant (osition in the societ& andthe great contribution the& can mae for their industr& as $ell as the entire

econom&" o men entre(reneurshi( must be moulded (ro(erl& $ith entre(reneurial traits and

sills to meet the changes in trends, challenges global marets and also be com(etent enough to

sustain and stri%e for e+cellence in the entre(reneurial arena" !f e%er& citi5en $ors $ith suchan attitude to$ards res(ecting the im(ortant (osition occu(ied b& $omen in societ& and

understanding their %ital role in the modern business field too, then %er& soon $e can (re-

estimate our chances of out beating our o$n conser%ati%e and rigid thought (rocess $hich

is the biggest barrier in our countr&s de%elo(ment (rocess"

e al$a&s %ie$ed that a smart $oman can (ic u( a ob an& da&, but if she becomes an

entre(reneur she can (ro%ide a li%elihood to 10 more $omen at least""OO 3ighl&educated, technicall& sound and (rofessionall& 'ualified $omen should be encouraged for

managing their o$n business, rather than de(endent on $age em(lo&ment outlets" #he

une+(lored talents of &oung $omen can be identified, trained and used for %arious t&(es of industries to increase the (roducti%it& in the industrial sector"

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3imala&aPublication 3ouse"


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(ublishing 3ouse - Iourth /dition, e(rint"

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)esai, B: D1GGJE )&namics of /ntre(reneurial . )e%elo(ment . Management3imala&a

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