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Lecture No. 8

Facility Development and OperationsChapter 8, p.405

A facility is defined as the contiguous land, structures and other improvements andappurtenances used for storing, recovering, recycling, treating, or disposing ofhazardous waste.

This unit covers the steps in the development and operation of hazardous wastemanagement facilities.

1. Facility Types

On-site or off-site.

A. Recover/Recycling Facilities

These facilities separate contaminants from waste solvents and thus restore the solventto its near original quality or to a lower grade product. Distillation is the mostcommon process and recovers about 75% of the solvent.

Oil Recovery. Referred to as oil re-refining and produces a product of near virginquality. Acid/clay method or distillation.

Acid Regeneration. Cool sulfuric acid to precipitate ferrous compounds; used torecovery pickling wastes from the steel industry.

Metals Recovery. Use heat or extract from liquid waste. Fuels Blending.

Co-incineration. Cement kilns such as Colton Cement provide very long residence

times and high temperatures to 3000F which destroys POHCs, Principal Organic

Hazardous Waste Constituents.

B. Treatment Facilities

Thermal Destruction. Incinerator: an enclosed device using controlled flamecombustion, the primary purpose of which is to thermally break down hazardous

waste. Current federal regulations specify a DRE ( Destruction and RemovalEfficiency) of 99.99%. Aqueous Treatment. F8-3, p.409 illustrates a flow train for the removal of cyanide.

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Lecture No. 8, Facility Development and Operations, Page No. 2

Stabilization. Admixing materials with wastes to improve the handling and physicalcharacteristics of the wastes and to reduce mobility of contaminants. Cement.

Biological. Utilize microorganisms to degrade organic wastes.

C. Land Disposal Facilities

Landfill. Permanent emplacement.

Deep well injection.

D. Fully Integrated Facility F8-5,6,7 p.411

2. Facility Operations

Pre-Shipment Waste Analysis. Parameters to be analyzed, sampling and analyticalmethods and the frequency. Detailed chemical and physical analysis, F8-9, p.415. Thepurpose of the full characterization of the waste is to:

- Determine if the waste is acceptable.- Identify inherent hazards for handling and storage.- Physical and chemical characteristics for treatment.- Verification parameters to be tested upon arrival to make sure the truckload is

what it supposed to be.

- Select treatability parameters.- Cost estimate.

Waste Receiving. Truck at the gatehouse. Make sure the waste is what it is supposedto be and test for treatability parameters.

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Lecture No. 8, Facility Development and Operations, Page No. 3

Waste Storage and Preparation. Tanks for bulk liquids, hoppers for solids and sludgesand pads or warehouses for containers. A key issue is compatibility, F8-10, p.418. Thecompatibility of two reactivity groups are determined by reading the entry at theintersection of the two groups e. g. ester (13) are OK with amides (6) because theintersection is blank, no activity; however, do NOT mix the esters (13) with nitrides

(25) or you will get GF, toxic gas generation, and H, heat generation. Example:Given: The following wastes:A-Sulfuric AcidB-Acids, organicsC-Sodium HydroxideD-CyanidesE-KetonesF-Muriatic AcidG-MercaptansH-PhenolsI-Lime sludgeJ-CresolsFind:

1.) What is the minimum number of storage areas required for safe segregation2.) Comment on the general character of the wastes.

1. Minimum number of storage areas. See F8-10, p.418.

Waste ReactivityGroup

Name

A 2 oxidizing mineral acids

B 3 acids, organics

C 10 caustic

D 11 cyanide

E 19 ketones

F 2 oxidizing mineral acids

G 20 mercaptans

H 31 phenols & cresols

I 10 caustic

J 31 phenol & cresols

It is obvious that chemicals in the same group are compatible, for example, sulfuric acidand muriatic acid are both in reactivity group 2, acids, minerals (not organic), oxidizing. If youare unsure of particular chemical, ask a chemist, either in-house, or hire a local lab. The realquestion here is "are different groups compatible", and this is the answer forthcoming from F8-10.

The different groups from the above table are 2, 10, 11, 19, 20 and 31. Start withreactivity group 2. Is 2 compatible with 10. The intersection of 2 and 10 on F8-10 gives H for

heat generation which is no good, incompatible. 2 and 11 yield GT and GF which toxic gasgeneration and flammable gas generation, therefore, incompatible. 2 and 19 give HF; 2 and 20give H, F and GT; 2 and 31 give H and F. All of this means that 2 is not compatible with any ofthe other groups.

Try 10: 11 is OK because there is no entry at the intersection of 10&11 in F8-10. 19 isnot OK; 20 is OK; 31 is OK

The above indicates that 3 segregated storage areas are required.

Area Wastes

1 2, A, F

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Lecture No. 8, Facility Development and Operations, Page No. 4

2 10,11,20,31,B,C,G,H,I,J

3 19,D,E

2. General CharacterThe waste is a typical mixed bag of harsh chemicals and it is obvious after creating the abovematerials should not be mixed.

Waste Treatment: phase separation, component separation, chemical transformation,biological transformation. See F8-11, p.420.

Example:Given: A waste is 70% water (30% solids) an 3% organic material.

Find: Suggest a treatment methodFrom F8-11, p.420Fluidized bed incineration

Residual Management. Could be gaseous, wastewater, sludges.

3. Needs Assessment

What type of facility is needed and its capacity. A needs assessment is the process ofmaking such a decision.

Based on:- Current and future types and quantities of hazardous waste.- Methods for managing hazardous waste, current and future- Capacity of existing facilities.

4. Site Selection

Intrinsically superior site by virtue of natural features and land use setting, provide ahigh degree of protection to public health and the environment. T8-1, p.430.

5. Public Participation

Siting is the process of selecting sites for new facilities and obtaining permits for them.The process may take 10 years and in fact may never be successful and cost 10s ofmillions of dollars.

NIMBY syndrome, Not In My BackYard, is so powerful that it is probably the leading

consideration in siting. A pervasive public feeling of distrust, risk and no real benefit.

Sites have been successfully permitted based on:- technically suitable site- identifying public concerns- addressing public concerns

Case Study. Alberta, Canada. "Invitational process."- Engender a sense of individual responsibility.

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Lecture No. 8, Facility Development and Operations, Page No. 5

- Risks can be successfully dealt with and are no greater than other industries.

6. Permitting

Most closely regulated non-nuclear, non-medical facility in the US.

Part B permit. RCRA permit application perhaps requiring 100s of pages. T8-2, p.441.In one case 24 permits were required, only one of which was for hazardous waste.

HOMEWORKRead Chapter 8, Facility Development and Operations, pp. 405-446Problems, p.443, 8-7, 8-8, 8-11, 8-14 and 8-20