42351 New Takeway 1 LB Grammar Survey

8/12/2019 42351 New Takeway 1 LB Grammar Survey

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97grammar survey

1 Present simPle tense

GRAMMAR SURVEY

ninety-seven

1.1 TO BE

POsitiVe (+) neGAtiVe (-)

Imvery rich. (am) Imnotfrm Yrk. (amnot)Yurefrm Manchester. (are) Yurenot/ arentn the list. (arenot)Hesthe newteacher. (is) Hesnot/isnthme tnight. (isnot)Shesseven years l. Shesnot/ isntvery tall.Itsa very big schl. Itsnot/ isnta new schl.

Wereall in class 4A. (are) Werenot/ arentvery happy. (arenot)Yurevery clever pupils. (are) Yurenot/ arentfilm stars.Theyrelate again. (are) Theyrenot/arentvery kin.

Yes/nO QUestiOns (?) sHOrt AnsWers

Areyouthe new heamaster? Yes, Iam. N, Imnot.

Isshesweet? Yes, sheis. N, sheisnt.AmIin time? Yes,youare. N,youarent.We put the verbbefre the subject.

QUestiOn WOrD QUestiOns (?)

How isyur schl?Where areyu frm?What syur name?What snt nice abut him?Who syur father?

Who areyu writing t?Question word / verb

1.2 CAN


I can readChinese. I cant / cannotspeakItalian.You can You cantHe can He cantShe can She cantIt can It cantWe can We cantYou can You cant

They can They cantsubject/ can/ infinitive without to subject/ cant/ infinitive without toYes/nO QUestiOns (?) sHOrt AnsWers

Can you sing? Yes, Ican.Cant you ben time? N, Icant.Can(t)/Cannot/subject/ infinitive without to Yes, N / subject/ can(t)

QUESTIoN WoRd QUESTIoNS (?)

Who canplaythe pian? Tm can.Who cantsing? Alice cant.

Question word/ can(t)/ infinitive without toYu usecan(t)t express what yu can r cannt .(Je gebruikt can(t)om uit te drukken wat je al dan niet kunt.)


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ninety-eight

consonant=medeklinker

vowel=klinker

1.3 FORM OF OTHER VERBS


Iworkin a shp. Idontworkin a htel.Youworkat hme a lt. Youdontworkat schl.

Kevinworksevery weeken. Kevindoesntworkevery ay.Katesometimesworksin a restaurant. Katedoesntalwaysworkin a restaurant.Plutoalwaysplayswith ur shes. Plutodoesntplaywith my scks.Weoftenplayftball at schl. Wedontalwaysplayftball at schl.Youplaytennis n Sunays. Youdontplaytennis n Friays.Sarah and Helen(=they) play Sarah and Helen(=they) dontplayin a basketballin a hckey team. team.

Subject/(adverb of frequency)/ Subject/ dont/doesnt/(adverb of frequency)/infinitive (without to) infinitive (without to)fr the thir persn singular + s

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCYsay hw ften things happen.We place the averbs f frequency in frnt f the main verb, except with the verb t be.(We plaatsen de adverbs of frequency voor het hoofdwerkwoord, met uitzondering van het werkwoord to be.)e.g.I am alwaysn time.

PrOnUnCiAtiOn OF tHe 3rDPersOn -s

t pick he/she/it picks / s/ after / k, f, p, t/ (think f cffeept)t get he/she/it gets up

t wash he/she/it washes / z / after / s, z, , / (hissing sounds)t watch he/she/it watches (sisklanken)t push he/she/it pushes

t thrw he/she/it thrws / z / after all other soundst fin he/she/it findst rive he/she/it rives

SPELLING OF THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE 3RDPERSON SINGULAR

t play he/she/it plays regular frm + st make he/she/it makes

t fly he/she/it flies consonant+ y = y iest tidy up he/she/it tiies up

t buy he/she/it buys vowel + y = + st play he/she/it playst say he/she/it says

t g he/she/it ges infinitives ening in = + est he/she/it es

t wash he/she/it washes infinitives ening in hissing sounds= + est ress he/she/it resses


Do I look oK in this jumper? Yes, yu do.

Do you buy The Times? N, I dont.


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ninety-nine

Does Kevin like listening t music? Yes, hedoes.Does he like shpping with girls? N, hedoesnt.

Does Helen come t schl n ft? N, shedoesnt.Does she go t schl by bus? Yes, shedoes.

Does the bus arrive at 9.15? Yes, itdoes.Does it take the chilren hme N, itdoesnt. again at twelve?

Do we learn English? Yes,youdo.Do you watch TV every evening? N, wedont.

Do the Addams look strange? Yes, theydo.Do they live in Statin Ra? N, theydont.

Do/ subject/ infinitive without to Yes, No / subject/ do, does, dont, doesntDoes


What do the Pearsons do n Sunays? They g ut fr picnics.Where does Mrs Pearson get lst? In the park.How does Philip come t schl? By bus.Who do they call Flipper? Philip.Who does she go t schl with? She ges t schl with Peter.

Question word/ do/does/ subject/ infinitive without to/ (preposition)

sUBJeCt QUestiOns (?) sHOrt AnsWers

Who sitsin frnt f the TV? Plut does.Who likespink tps? Helen does.What makesyu feel happy? Lve does.

WHO/ WHAT(= SUBJECT)+verb Yes, N / subject/ do(nt), does(nt)

We nt use t when the questin wr is the subject f the sentence an the verb is psitive.(We gebruiken to do niet als het vraagwoord het onderwerp van de zin is en het werkwoord positief is.)

BUT!Whodoesntlikeance music? The verb is negative.

QUestiOn tAG QUestiOns (?)

+ - + positive statement negative tag expected short answer

Plut likesshes, doesnthe? Yes, he does.Kevinhasa g, doesnthe? Yes, he does.

- + - negative statement positive tag expected short answer

Cats dontbark, dothey? N, theydont.A taxiermist doesntdrivetaxis, doeshe? N, he doesnt.


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BUT!The tag f I am is arent I.Example: This time Im right, arent I?

Questin Tag Questins with t be an can never take t .Example: You can speak English, cant you?

Thats not your English book, is it?

1.4 USE

The present simple tense escribes regular activities (e.g. hbbies). It's the cmmn (= simple) frm t talkabut the present.(The present simple tense beschrijft activiteiten die regelmatig voorkomen (bv. hobbys). Het is de meestgebruikelijke vorm om over de tegenwoordige tijd te praten.)The present simple tense is als use t refer t future timetable infrmatin.(We gebruiken de present simple ook om te verwijzen naar toekomstige informatie in uurschemas, dienst-

regelingen e.d.)

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2 Present COntinUOUs tense

2.1 FORM

POsitiVe (+) AnD neGAtiVe (-)

I m(not) readinga bk. am(not)

You re(not) goingt the shps. are(not) arent

He s(not) playingin the garen.She is(not)It isnt

We re (not) wearingblue trusers.You are (not)They arent

subject to be(not) ing-form


Am I dreaming? Yes,youare. N,yourenot.Are you sleeping? Yes, Iam. N, Imnot.Is he working? Yes, heis. she N, shesnot. it N, itisnt.Are we winning? Yes,youare. N,youarent. you travelling? Yes, weare. N, wearent. they writing? Yes, theyare.

N, theyarent.to be subject ing-form Yes, N / subject/ to be(not)


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2 Present COntinUOUs tense

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What am I doing?Why are you leaving?Who is she talkingto? heWhere are we going? you they

question word to be subject ing-form(preposition)

sPellinG OF tHe inG FOrmI am playing play + ing ging g + ing infinitive + ing wrking wrk + ing

writing write + ing infinitive ens in e: e + ing riving rive + ing

sitting sit+ t + ing When the infinitive ens in arunning run+ n + ing syllablewith a short vowel

forgetting frget+ t + ing an one final consonantANd that syllable is stresse:

finalconsonantis uble

entering enter + ing last syllable is nt stresse: bugeting buget + ing infinitive + ing pening pen + ing happening happen + ing

travelling travel+ l + ing infinitive ening in -el:

melling mel + l + ing l is uble

Min!for'get forgettingLast syllable f the infinitive is stresse.'enter enteringLast syllable f the infinitive is NoT stresse.

QUestiOn tAG QUestiOns (?)

+ - + positive statements negative tags expected short answerYu areanswering, arentyu? Yes, I am.

Yur back ishurting tay, isntit? Yes, it is.I amcughing all the time, arentI? Yes, yu are.

- + - negative statements positive tags expected short answerImnotmissing schl all week, amI? N, yu arent.Yu arentplaying well, areyu? N, Imnot.Heisntswimming, ishe? N, he isnt.

2.2 USE

The present cntinuus tense escribes whats (nt) happening NOW. This tense is als use fr futurearrangements.

(De present continuous beschrijft wat er nu (niet) aan het gebeuren is. Deze tijd wordt ook gebruikt voorafspraken in de toekomst.)

syllable=lettergreepconsonant=medeklinkervowel=klinkerstressed=beklemtoond


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3 PAst simPle tense

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3.1 FORM (REGULAR VERBS)

jump jumped To make the regular past tense,climb climbed we add -ed.look lookedplay played

B U T !

live lived If the infinitive ends in -e,arrive arrived we only add -d.phone phoned

stop stopped If the infinitive ends in a stressedprefer preferred syllablewith ashort vowel

and onefinal consonant, we double the consonant.travel travelled We do the same if the infinitive

ends in -el. (In American English the final -l isnt doubled: traveled)B U T !enter entered Enter doesnt end in a

stressed syllable. (= regular form + ed)

try tried If the infinitive ends in acarry carried consonant+ -y,marry married y ied

3.2 FORM (IRREGULAR VERBS)

See Grammar Survey p. 109-111.

neGAtiVe (-)

I didnt fall over her handbag.You didnt do it on purpose.Kevin didnt think Helens a vegetarian.We didnt play with it.You didnt taste it at all.They didnt arrive in time.subject/ didnt/ infinitive without to

Yes/nO-QUestiOns (?) sHOrt AnsWers

Did I look OK in this jumper? Yes,youdid.Did you read The Times? No, Ididnt.Did Kevin like listening to music? Yes, hedid.Did Helen go to school on foot? No, shedidnt.Did the bus leave at 9.15? Yes, itdid.Did we speak English? Yes, wedid.Did you enjoy this? Yes, wedid.Did they meet each other? No, theydidnt.Did/ subject/ infinitive without to Yes, No / subject/ did(nt)


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3 PAst simPle tense

had(nt)/didnthavehad(nt)/didnthavehad(nt)/didnthavehad(nt)/didnthavehad(nt)/didnthavehad(nt)/didnthavehad(nt)/didnthave

had(nt)/didnthave

sUBJeCt QUestiOns (?) sHOrt AnsWers

Whosatin front of the TV? Pluto did.Wholikedpink tops? Helen did.Whatmadeyou feel happy? Love did.

WHO/ WHAT(= SUBJECT)+verb in the past simple tense

We dont use to do when the question word is the subject of a positive question.

B U T !Whodidnteatbreakfast yesterday? The question is negative.

tHe PAst simPle tense OF tO Be, CAn, HAVe

to be can have

Iyouhesheitweyou

they

was(nt)were(nt)was(nt)was(nt)was(nt)were(nt)were(nt)

were(nt)

Iyouhesheitweyou

they

could(nt)could(nt)could(nt)could(nt)could(nt)could(nt)could(nt)

could(nt)

Iyouhesheitweyou

they

tHe PAst simPle tense: PrOnUnCiAtiOn

t wrk he wrket cugh I cughet watch we watche [t] after[k, f,, p, s]t stp he stppet kiss they kisse (think f the wr cffeeshps)

t start we starte [ d] after[t, d]t need yu neee

t try I triet live they live [d] afterall other soundst arrive we arrive

3.3 USE

The past simple tense is PAST = the period is over.(De past simple is de verleden tijd = de periode ligt in het verleden.)e.g. yesteray, last week are signal wrs.

The common (or SIMPLE) form used to talk about actions in the past.(De gewone vorm om over gebeurtenissen in het verleden te praten.)


What did the Pearsons do on Sundays? They went out for picnics.Where did Mrs Pearson get lost? In the park.How did Philip come to school? By bus.Who did they call Flipper? Philip.

Who did they have dinnerwith? With Peter and Paula.Question word/ did/ subject/ infinitive without to/ (preposition)


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4 PAst COntinUOUs tense

4.1 FORM

POsitiVe (+) AnD neGAtiVe ( -)

I was(not) readinga magazine. wasntYou were(not) goingt the bank. werentHe was(not) playingtennis.She wasntItWe were(not) wearingwhite T-shirts.You werentThey

subject to be(not) ing-form


Was I dreaming? Yes,youwere. N,youwerent.Were you trying? Yes, Iwas. N, Iwasnt.Was he swimming? Yes, hewas. she N, shewasnt. itWere we winning? Yes,youwere. N,youwerent. you travelling? Yes, wewere. N, wewerent.

they leaving? Yes, theywere. N, theywerent.

to be subject ing-form Yes, N / subject/ was(nt), were(nt)


What was I singing?Why were you crying?Who was she playingwith? heWhere were we headingfor? you

they

QUESTION to be subject ing-form(preposition)WORD

4.2 USE

The past cntinuus tense escribes what was ging n in the past. The uratin is stresse.(De past continuous tense beschrijft wat er aan het gebeuren was in het verleden. De duur wordtbenadrukt.)

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5 Present PerFeCt simPle tense

6 Present PerFeCt COntinUOUs tense

5.1 FORM


I ve(not) started the car.You have(nt)

He s cleaned up the huse.She hasItWe ve phoned the plice.You haveThey

subject ve (have) (not) past participle s (has)(nt)

Careful! Short forms past participle= voltooid deelwoordHeswrking. (He iswrking.) The past participle f regular verbs has the same frm asHeswrke. (He haswrke.) the simple past. Fr the irregular verbs see p. 109-111.

QUestiOns (?) sHOrt AnsWers

Have you lost anything? Yes, Ihave. N, Ihavent. Has(nt) she met him lately? Yes, shehas. N, shehasnt.Who has she kissed?Where have you been tay?

question word have/has(not) subject past participle Yes, No / subject/ have(nt),has(nt)Watch out!

In subject questins the question wordis the subject!e.g.: Whohas mae that mvie? Whathas gne int her?

5.2 USEThe speaker uses the present perfect simple tense when a present situatin r state (present) makes himlk back t the past (perfect).There is n stress n the uratin (simple).(Je gebruikt de present perfect simple tense als je vanuit het heden terugkijkt naar het verleden. De duurwordt niet benadrukt.)Signal words:yet, alreay, since , fr , just

6.1 FORM


I have(not) been living here since 2001.It has(nt) been raining fr ver 2 hurs.We have(not) been learning English fr 3 years.

subject has / have(not) been ing-form

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6 Present PerFeCt COntinUOUs tense


Why has(not) he been sleeping lng? Have they been eating? Yes, theyhave. N, theyhavent.question word has / have subject been ing-form Yes, N /subject/ has(nt), have(nt) (not)

6.2 USE

The speaker uses the present perfect cntinuus tense when a present situatin r state (present) makeshim lk back t the past (perfect).The durationis stresse (cntinuus).(Je gebruikt de present perfect continuous tense als je vanuit het heden terugkijkt naar het verleden.De duur wordt wlbenadrukt.)

7 PAst PerFeCt simPle tense

7.1 FORM


I had(not)/ had(nt) cancelled this meeting.You booked a hliay.He/She/It kissed each ther.WeYouThey

subject had(nt) past participle


Had(nt) he opened the winw? Yes, he had. N, he hadnt.Why had(nt) she called rightaway?

(question word) had(nt) subject past participle Yes, No / subject/hadnt

7.2 USE

The past perfect simple is used to show that something happened (= past) before (= perfect) a specific time in the past.(De past perfect simple tense wordt gebruikt om aan te tonen dat iets gebeurde voor een bepaald moment in het verleden.)

8 PAst PerFeCt COntinUOUs tense

8.1 FORM


I had(not)/ had(nt) been living there for ages.You crying for three hours.He/She/ItWe

YouThey

subject had(nt) been ing-form

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8 PAst PerFeCt COntinUOUs tense


Had(nt) I been living there for 12 years? Yes, Ihad/ No, IhadntWhy had(nt) you crying for ages?

he/she/it we you they

(question word) had(nt) subject been ing-form Yes, No / subject/had(nt)8.2 USE

The past perfect cntinuus nt nly inicates that the actin happene befre anther ne, but als stress-es the duration(= cntinuus) f the actin. It tk sme time t cmplete r at least it felt like that fr thespeaker.(De past perfect continuous duidt niet enkel aan dat deze gebeurtenis voor een andere plaatsvond, maarbenadrukt ook de duur van die gebeurtenis. Het kostte wat tijd om ze te voltooien of zo leek het althans

voor de spreker.)

9 GOinG tO-FUtUre

9.1 FORM


I m(not) going to talk t her. am(not)

You/They/We re(not) pay him a visit. are(nt) are(not)He/She/It s(not) build a new huse. is(nt) is(not)

subject to be(not) going to infinitive without to

QUestOns (?) sHOrt AnsWers

Is it going to rain? Yes, itis. / N, itisnt.

When is it going to rain?

(question word) t be (nt) subject going to infinitive without to Yes, N / subject/ is(nt) am(not) are(nt)

9.2 USE

We use the going to-future to talk about intentions or plans.

(We gebruiken de 'going to-future' om te zeggen wat we van plan zijn (niet) te doen.)

We also use the going to-future when we see the future in the present.

(We gebruiken de 'going to-future' ook wanneer we vanuit het heden kunnen veronderstellen wat er in de toekomst zal gebeuren.)

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10 Will-FUtUre tense

10.1 FORM


I ll(not) drink.You will(not) play.

He wont work.SheItWeYouTheysubject ll(not)/ will(not)/ wont infinitive without to


Will I find a lver? Yes,youwill.Wont you N,youwont. he/she/it

we you theyWill/ Wont subject infinitive without to Yes, N / subject/ will, wont


When will I know fr sure?

Question word will subject infinitive without to

SUBJECT QUESTIoNS (?)

Who will win her lve?

who / what will infinitive without to(= subject)

10.2 USE

The will-future tense is the cmmn frm t talk abut the future an t make preictins abut the future.(De 'will-future tense is de meest gebruikelijke vorm om over de toekomstige tijd te praten en omvoorspellingen te doen.)

11 imPerAtiVe

11.1 FORM

POsitiVe (+) neGAtiVe (-)Turnleft at the crssras. Dont parkhere.Followthat car. Dont getlst.Tryagain. Dont feedthe animals.

The imperative is the infinitive without to. The imperative isdont+ the infinitive without to.

11.2 USE

We use imperatives fr instructins, avice an t tell peple what (nt) t .(We gebruiken imperatives voor instructies, advies en om mensen te zeggen wat ze al dan niet moeten doen.)

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12 list OF irreGUlAr VerBs

Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Translation

t awake awke awoken wekken, ontwaken

t be was/were been zijn

t beat beat beaten (ver)slaan

t becme became become worden

t begin began begun beginnent ben bent bent buigen

t bet bet bet wedden

t bite bit bitten bijten

t blee ble bled bloeden

t blw blew blown blazen

t break brke broken breken

t bring brught brought brengen

t buil built built bouwen

t burn burnt burnt branden

t buy bught bought kopen

can cul - kunnent catch caught caught vangen

t chse chse chosen kiezen

t cme came come komen

t cst cst cost kosten

t creep crept crept kruipen

t cut cut cut snijden

t ig ug dug graven

t i done doen

t raw rew drawn tekenen

t rink rank drunk drinken

t rive rve driven rijden

t eat ate eaten eten

t fall fell fallen vallen

t fee fe fed voeden, voederen

t feel felt felt voelen

t fight fught fought vechten

t fin fun found vinden

t fly flew flown vliegen

t frbi frbae forbidden verbieden

t frget frgt forgotten vergeten

t freeze frze frozen (be)vriezent get gt got krijgen

t give gave given geven

t g went gone gaan

t grw grew grown groeien

t have ha had hebben

t hear hear heard horen

t hie hi hidden verbergen

t hit hit hit slaan, raken

t hl hel held houden

t hurt hurt hurt bezeren, pijn doen

t keep kept kept houdent knw knew knwn weten, kennen

t lay lai lai leggen

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t lea le le leiden

t leave left left vertrekken

t learn learne/learnt learne/learnt leren

t len lent lent uitlenen

t let let let latent lie lay lain liggen

t light lit lit aansteken

t lse lst lst verliezen

t make mae mae maken

t mean meant meant menen, betekenen

t meet met met ontmoeten

t pay pai pai betalen

t prve prve prve/prven bewijzen

t put put put plaatsen, zetten

t quit quit quit stoppen

t rea rea rea lezent rie re rien rijden

t ring rang rung bellen

t rise rse risen rijzen, opstaan

t run ran run lopen

t say sai sai zeggen

t see saw seen zien

t sell sl sl verkopen

t sen sent sent zenden

t set set set zetten

t sew sewe sewn naaien

t shake shk shaken schudden

t shine shne shne schijnen

t sht sht sht schieten

t shw shwe shwn tonen

t shut shut shut sluiten

t sing sang sung zingen

t sink sank sunk zinken

t sit sat sat zitten

t sleep slept slept slapen

t speak spke spken spreken

t spee spe spe snel rijdent spell spelt spelt spellen

t spen spent spent uitgeven, spenderen

t spill spilt spilt morsen

t spit spit spit spuwen

t split split split splitsen

t stan st st staan

t steal stle stlen stelen

t stick stuck stuck klem zitten, kleven

t stink stank stunk stinken

t strike struck struck raken, staken

t swim swam swum zwemment take tk taken nemen

t teach taught taught aanleren, lesgeven

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t tear tre trn (ver)scheuren

t tell tl tl vertellen

t think thught thught denken

t thrw threw thrwn gooien

t unerstan unerst unerst begrijpen, verstaant wake wke wken (ont)waken

t wear wre wrn dragen

t weep wept wept wenen, huilen

t win wn wn winnen

t write wrte written schrijven

13 PAssiVe VOiCe

13.1 FORM

Presentsimple

My brther always signshis lve nteswith three Xs.

That new shp in High Street sellscanyin fancy bxes shape like hearts.

A lve nte isften signedwith a string f Xst represent kisses.

In Nrth America an Eurpe, chclate issoldin fancy bxes shape like hearts.

Present simple of to be+ past participle

Presentperfectsimple

Presentcontinuous

Pastcontinuous

Father is cookinginner. Yur inner is beingcookedat this mment, sir.

Present continuous of to be+ past participle

My mther has cutmy hair. Yur hair has beencut.

Present perfect simple of to be+ past participle

The priest marriedyung cuples insecret.

When he was yung, my granfathercarvedwen spns an sl them tshps.

When I arrive, Tm was cleaningthewinws.

In thse ays yung cuples weremarriedinsecret.

In Wales wen lve spns werecarvedangiven as Valentine gifts.

Past simple of to be+ past participle

When I arrive in my htel rm, the winwswere beingcleaned.

Past continuous of to be+ past participle

Past simple

I fun a Valentines nte. Ann hadsentit.

When I came hme, I ntice that I had beensenta Valentines nte.

Past perfect simple of to be+past participle

Mther wont cleanyur rm. The hotel rooms will not/wont becleanedtomorrow.

Will-future of to be+ past participle

tense ACtiVe PAssiVe

Past perfectsimple

Will-future

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13 PAssiVe VOiCe

General formation rule:T frm a passive yu always take the active form of to be+ past participle of the main verb.

13.2 USE

When we use the passive, we say what happens t the subject. Wh r what causes the actin is ften

unknwn r unimprtant.(Als we de passieve vorm gebruiken, vertellen we wat er gebeurt met het onderwerp. Wie of wat de actieveroorzaakt, is vaak onbekend of onbelangrijk.)

e.g. Mother wont clean your room.subject bject

In this active sentence the fact that mther wnt it is imprtant.

The hotel rooms will not be cleaned tomorrow.

In this passive sentence it is unimprtant wh will nt clean the rms. The stress is n the factthat the rms will nt be cleane.

If it is imprtant t knw wh r what causes the actin, an agent (by + wh / what causes the actin) isae.

e.g. Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare.subject agent

In this passive sentence the play Hamletis central. We are wnering wh wrte Hamlet an ntwhat plays Shakespeare has written.

14 rePOrteD sPeeCH

14.1 THE REpORTING VERB IS IN THE pAST TENSE.

A POSITIVE SENTENCESThe tense in the reprte statement changes.

DireCt sPeeCH rePOrteD sPeeCH

I knowthe Invermristn istrict fairly well. He sai he knewthe Invermristn istrict fairly well.Present simple Past simple

I tookmy reflex camera. He sai that he had takenhis reflex camera.Past simple Past perfect simple

I have beenextremely lucky t catch a glimpse He sai he had beenextremely lucky t catch a glimpsef Nessie. f Nessie.Present perfect simple Past perfect simple

I had walkedabut 20 yars frm that spt when He sai he had walkedabut 20 yars frm the sptI saw a suen cmmtin. when he had seena suen cmmtin.Past perfect simple Past perfect simple

I willalways rememberthe mment I saw the hea He sai he wouldalways rememberthe mmentf the mnster. he had seenthe hea f the mnster.Will-future Present conditional (= would + inf.)

I am studying. He sai he was studying.Present continuous Past continuous

I was working. He claime that he had been working.Past continuous Past perfect continuous

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14 rePOrteD sPeeCH

Als personal pronounsan possessiveschange in the reprte statement!I he, she ur theirwe they mine his, hersmy his, her urs theirs

other changes:

this that here there yesteray the ay befre tay that ay last week the week befrethese thse tmrrw the next ay

B QUESTIONSDireCt sPeeCH rePOrteD sPeeCH

What areyu doing? He askedme what I was doing.

Whdidyu meetat the party? She askedme wh I had metat the party.

Why hashe nevertoldwhat happenedthere? The plice askedwhy he hadnever told them what had happenedthere.

When willyur wrk be finished? Mther askedme when my wrk would be finished.

Doyu loveme? He wonderedif Ilovedhim.

The same tense changes g fr the questins.Yu start yur reprte questin with

Subject + asked/ wondered + question word(question word questions)

+ if / whether(inversion questions)

C IMPERATIVESDireCt sPeeCH rePOrteD sPeeCH

Shutthe r! He askedmeto shut the door.Never dothat again! He toldusneverto dothat again.Waitfr me! He askedmeto waitfr him.Lookut! Hetoldthemto lookut.

An imperative r rer is reprte by using the verb to ask, to tell, to order, fllwe by the pronoun(the persnbeing aske r tl) an the to-infinitive.

14.2 THE REpORTING VERB IS IN THE pRESENT TENSE.

DireCt sPeeCH rePOrteD sPeeCH

I have tw sisters. Shesays she hastw sisters.I have lst my key. Shesays she haslosther key.The car is mine. Shesays that carishers.We are having lunch at schl. Shesays they are havinglunch at schl.

The tense in the reprte statement es nt change, but theverbchanges with the pronoun.

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15 COnDitiOnAls - iF-ClAUses

15.1 USE

If-clauses can be use

If I have enugh mney next year, Ill make a wrl tur.If the temperature rps belw zer, the water will freeze.

to talk about possible events or situations in the present or in the future = First conditional(Om te spreken over mogelijke gebeurtenissen of situaties in het heden en in de toekomst.)

If I were a millinaire, I wul give all my best friens a real nice present.If I knew where he live, I wul tell yu.

to talk about things that will not happen, things that didnt happen or imaginary present events = Secondconditional(Om te spreken over zaken die niet zullen gebeuren, niet gebeurd zijn of denkbeeldige gebeurtenissen.)

If I ha seen him, I wul have aske him t cme in.If I ha hear abut this earlier, I wul have cme at nce.

to talk about things that didnt happen = Third conditional

(Om te spreken over zaken die niet zijn gebeurd.)

15.2 FORM

First COnDitiOnAl

If the weather isfine tmrrw, wellleaveearly in the mrning.If yuseehim, tell him Illcomeas sn as pssible.

If-clause = if + present simple tense Main clause = will+ infinitive without to

seCOnD COnDitiOnAl

If I knew, I wouldtellyu.If I wererich, I wouldntgive upwrking.If it rained, I wouldntleavetay.If yu calledme a liar, I wouldbereally ma at yu.

If-clause = if + past simple tense Main clause = would+ infinitive without to

Cmpare: If it rains, I wont leave today. The rain is cnsiere t be a real pssibility. If it rained, I wouldnt leave today. Yu think its imprbable it will rain.

Nte: We ften use were instea f was after if. If I were you, I wouldnt do it.

tHirD COnDitiOnAl

If I had knownhe wul be s angry, I wouldnt havetoldhim.If ithadrained, we would havelefta little later.If he had askedme fr sme mney, I would havegivenhim sme.

If-clause = if + past perfect simple tense Main clause = would have+ past participle

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16 inG-FOrms AnD inFinitiVes

When ne verb fllws anther, the secn is usually an ing-frm r an infinitive.There is ften a ifference between the actins cntaine in the ing-frm an the nes cntaine in theinfinitive.

Compare:

I forgot havingposted the letter.Here yu pste the letter an later frgt yu ha pste it.

I regretsayingyou are a liar.First yu sai I was a liar, but yu later regrette it.

He denied doingit.First he i it an later enie it.

I remembered lockingthe door before I left.When yu came hme, yu remembere that yu ha lckethe r when leaving.

I forgot to postthe letter.Here yu frgt an nw yu will have t pst the letter later.

I regret to sayyou are a liar.In this case yu regret that yu have t say it nw.

They decided to gothere.They first ecie an they will nw r later g there.

Always remember to lockthe door when leaving.Remember t lck the r the mment yu leave.

This ifference es nt explain all the ifferent uses f -ing an infinitive.Therefre well give yu a shrt survey f the main rules.

infinitiverefersto future

ing-formrefersto past

t amit(bekennen)t appreciate(op prijs stellen)t avi (vermijden)t elay (uitstellen)t eny (ontkennen)t islike (niet houden van)t enjy (genieten van)t excuse (zich verontschuldigen)

t fancy (zich inbeelden)t feel like (zin hebben om)t finish (ophouden met)t frgive (vergeven)t pstpne(uitstellen)t imagine(zich voorstellen)t keep (blijven, volhouden)t min (bezwaren hebben)

t parn(vergeven)t practise(oefenen)t prevent (vermijden)t resent (kwalijk nemen)t resist(zich verzetten tegen)t risk(het risico lopen)t stan(dulden)t suggest(suggereren)

inG-FOrm

A After a prepositionwe always use an ing-form.e.g. He succeee inclimbingMunt Everest at his first attempt. He left afterhaving toldus what he thught abut it all.

B Some verbs always take an ing-form.e.g. I enie havingtrie t cheat my mther. I kept sayingthat it was my alarm-clck which was t blame.

These are the mst imprtant f these verbs:

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16 inG-FOrms AnD inFinitiVes

C The following expressions are always followed by an ing-form:Its no userepeatingthis ver an ver. I cant standhavingt this all ver again.Its no goodinsultingther peple. Im busydoingmy hmewrk.Its (not) worthdoinga lt f sprts. How aboutworkingtgether?I cant helpforgettingyur name.

inG-FOrm Or inFinitiVe

Some verbs can be followed by either aning-formor an infinitive, usually with a difference in meaning.

1 Advise, allow, consider, forbid, permit, recommend

He avise usnt to tellanyby what we ha seen. He avise nt tellinganyby anything.

I can efinitely recmmenyou to eattays special at that restaurant. I can recmmen goingt this years Night f The Prms.

My mther always frbae usto watchtelevisin past eight clck. Few parents frbi watchingtelevisin past eight clck.

If the verb is followed by the person concerned, we use the infinitive.2 Love, hate, like, prefer

I like swimmingvery much. I nt like to swimin this pllute river. No real change of meaning.

3 See, hear, watch, smell, notice

When I lke thrugh the winw, I saw Kate crossingthe street. I saw her crossthe street an isappear in the huse.

When used with theing-form, you refer to an action going on. When used with a bareinfinitive(= infinitive without to), you refer to a completed action.

4 Mean

Failing an exam, means (= signifies) havingt wrk a little harer in the hliays. I really int mean (= inten) to hurtyu when saying this.

When used with the ing-form, you stress the significance of an action.

When used with the to-infinitive, you stress an intention.

5 Try

I tried to understandthis prblem but I int succee in ing s.

When used with a to-infinitive, you stress the fact that you made an effort, that you attemptto do something (difficult).

I have trie it several times, but everything was in vain. Why nt yu try doingit my way?

When used with an ing-form, we stress the fact that there have been previous attempts, and

that we will experiment doing it another way and see what happens.

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17 mODAl AUxiliAries

POssiBilitY

Yu maybe right (an I think yu are).She mightbe right (but I nt think s).

ABilitY

Canyu remember wh wn the Eurvisin Sng Cntest in 1999?Couldyu play the pian when yu were 12?I wasnt able tofrget abut Sally.Imanaged toclimb the hill.She succeededin persuaing the teacher nt t give a test.

PermissiOn

CanI stay ut a little lnger tnight?Wasyur ler brther allowed tog ut when he was yur age?Yu mayenter the castle.

Mayis more polite thancan.

OBliGAtiOn

Stuents mustwear unifrms at all times.Dowe have toknw all this by tmrrw?In schl we have tobe quiet in the crrirs.Didyur parents have towear unifrms when they were at schl?Yu shouldcme at nce.

ABsenCe OF OBliGAtiOn

Stuents dont have tog t schl n Sunays.My granparents didnt have tolearn abut the Eurpean Unin.Yu needntbring all yur bks every ay. (neent = niet hoeven)DontI have topay right nw?

PrOHiBitiOn

Yu cannotrink beer if yure uner age.Yu are not allowed towear jeans.Yu mustntwear trainers in the classrm. (mustnt = niet mogen)Dontshut in this rm.

Yu couldntg ut n yur wn when yu were 12.Yu werent allowed tokiss her.

ADViCe

Yu shouldwrk harer.ShouldI tell her abut Jhns affair?They oughtt be mre careful.

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18 POssessiVe

Im in the same class as Philip.

Youre in class 8B.

Hes nt frienly.

Shes s beautiful.Its a new schl.

Wearent friens at all.

Youre thirteen.

Theyre in lve.

tHe POssessiVe

Myname is Kevin Pearsn.

Whatsyourname?

Histricks are s funny.

Hersurname is Griffin.Itsplaygrun is very big.

Mr Campbell is ourFrench teacher.

YourEnglish bks are great.

Theirhuse is in Selby Ra.

19 sOme & AnY

SOME (+)There are somenice bluses in the winw.I like somemre cffee.

Use:We use somein psitive sentences.

ANY (-)

I cant see anyships at sea.There arentanybrwn trusers left.

ANY (?)

d yu nee anymilk?

d yu haveanyblack skirts?Use:We use anyin negative sentences an in questins.

Cul yu shw me somemre suits? requests(verzoeken, vragen) someWul yu like somepink unerwear? }

20 GenitiVe

HmerswifeMargeshusban

the snsnameLisa an Maggiesbrther +sBartssistersthe chilrensgranfather__________________________________________________________________________________________

the aughtersnames +the Simpsnsneighburs plurals ening in -snly take an apostrophe__________________________________________________________________________________________

Mr Burnsassistant + (s)Ne an Maue Flanersssns names ening in -smstly take s (smetimes yu als see the apostrophealne)

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21 PlUrAl OF nOUns

PrOnUnCiAtiOn

Singular Plurala bk seventeen bksan Inian chief tw Inian chiefs / s /a shp five shps after / k, f, p, t /

a cat eleven cats (think f cffeept)

a page twelve pagesa pencil case eight pencil cases / z /an exercise furteen exercisesa bx three bxes afterhissing soundsa match six matchesa brther three brthersa pencil nineteen pencils / z /a pen sixteen pens after all other sounds

sPellinG

Singular Plurala cat cats regular form +sa g gsa hrse hrsesa mnkey mnkeys= vwel +y(vwel=klinker)

a puppy puppies y iesa baby babies(cnsnant+y)(cnsnant= medeklinker)

a bus busesa bx bxes after ahissing sound+ esa match matches

a man men[men]suns as pen irregular pluralsa wman wmen[wmn] suns as swimminga chil chilren

ne sheep - tw sheepne fish - tw fishne muse - tw micene gse - tw geesene wlf - tw wlves

ne ft - tw feetne luse - tw licene tth - tw teethne x - tw xenne eer - tw eer

ne salmn - tw salmnne thief - tw thievesne life - tw livesne warf - tw warvesne half - tw halves

22 COmPArisOns

1 syllable shrthigh

shrter(than)higher

(the) shrtest highest

nicelarge

nicerlarger

nicest largest

htwet

htterwetter

httest wettest

ADJeCtiVe COmPArAtiVe sUPerlAtiVe

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22 COmPArisOns

2 syllables

adjectives ending in-y, -er, -le, -ow

heavyhappysimpleclever

narrow

heavierhappiersimplercleverer

narrower

heaviest happiest simplest cleverest

narrowest

2 or more syllables tirehansmebeautiful

moretiremorehansmemorebeautiful

most tiremost hansmemost beautiful

ADJeCtiVe COmPArAtiVe sUPerlAtiVe

BUT! adjective comparative superlative

Good BETTER BESTBAd WORSE WORSTFAR FURTHER FURTHEST

MUCH/MANY MORE MOST

LITTLE LESS LEAST

23 mUCH, mAnY, A lOt OF

We use muchan manyin negative sentencesan questionsan with so, asan too.

muchbefreuncountablenunsmanybefre (plural) countablenuns

examples:

Hw muchmoneyes she want?Hw manypairs of shoes yu have?There isnt muchtimeleft.There arentmanychildrenin that schl.There are t manypeoplein this rm.We ha t muchfunyesteray.di yu get as manyvisitorsas last year?

We usea lot ofinpositivesentences (bth with countablean uncountablenuns).examples:There is a lot ofworkt be ne.

We use t havea lot offriendsin thse ays.

In spoken Englisha lot ofis als use in questins an negative sentences.

examples:There isnt a lot oftimeleft.Are there a lot ofpeoplein the shp?

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24 relAtiVe ClAUses

24.1 NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES

The infrmatin in the nn-restrictive relative clauses is nt necessary t unerstan the anteceent.S, we put it between cmmas.

Paul, wholives just arun the crner, left his wife yesteray. Her heart, whichha been brken befre, has nw fallen t pieces.

John, who(m)we all knw, is getting marrie. Ann, whosemther is als a nurse, has finally grauate.

Antecedentis a person: Antecedentis a thing:

Subject WHo WHICH

object WHo(M) WHICH

Pssessive WHoSE WHoSE

24.2 RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES

The infrmatin in restrictive relative clauses is necessary t knw wh r what the anteceent is.

The manwhoinvente the Internet, is nt really famus. The animalsthatcause the isease, sprea rather quickly. The hotel(that)I staye in was s csy. Johnwho(m)we all knw, is getting marrie. The girlwhosecar ha been stlen, has nw lst her watch.

Antecedentis a person: Antecedentis a thing:

Subject WHo / THAT WHICH / THAT

object* (WHo / THAT) (WHICH / THAT)

Pssessive WHoSE WHoSE

Ntes:- WHoan WHICHare mre frmal than THAT.- In spken English WHo/ WHICH/ THATare mstly left ut in bject clauses. e.g. This is the girl I kisse last night.

25 ADVerBs

25.1 FORMATION AND USE

Stuy these examples:

- I cant, sai the man, the terriblewitch might catch me.- oh, please. Im terriblysrry! sai the man.

terribleis an adjective.terriblyis an adverb.

General frmatin rule: averb = adjective+ -ly.

Adjective Adverb

quiet quietly

quick quickly

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25 ADVerBs

25.2 SpELLING NOTES

- Ajectives ening in -e keep e before -ly: e.g. esperate esperately- Ajectives ening in -le drop e: e.g. terrible terribly- Ajectives ening in -ic add -ally: e.g. rmantic rmantically- Ajectives ening in cnsnant +y: y -ily: e.g. happy happily

EXCEPTIONS The averb f goodis well. A few ajectives an averbs have the same form: eep - high - lw - early - late - little - much - far -

near - lng - shrt - fast - har - straight.

25.3 ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB?

1 An adjectivetells us mre abut a noun. We use ajectives befre nuns an after a fewverbs(t be, tbecme, t feel, t get, t seem, t smell, t sun, t taste, t lk ...):

- The stream ran thrugh the garen f a cruelan wickedwitch. - They werebth very happy.

2 An adverbtells us mre abut averb. An averb tells us in what way smething happens. - He quicklyclimbe the wall nce mre. We als use adverbsbefre

adjectives: - Im terriblysrry! sai the man. ther adverbs: - He surprisinglyquicklystle the f. past participles: - Im s srry! sai the man completelycnfuse.

25.4 pOSITION OF ADVERBS

1 ADVERBS OF MANNER e.g.: hard, well, slowly, quickly ... Averbs f manner cme - after the verb: e.g. Romeo tried vainlyto separate the combatants. - with cmpun tenses after the last auxiliary: e.g. Romeo was deeplyenraptured to hear Juliets voice.

2 ADVERBS OF PLACE e.g.: away, everywhere, here, there ... Averbs f place never g between subject an verb.

3 ADVERBS OF TIME e.g.: now, recently, soon, then, yesterday ... The mst usual psitin is at the very en f a sentence. e.g.: Romeo and Juliet will be buried later. They only metyesterday. T emphasize the time reference the averb can be put at the beginning f the sentence. e.g.: NowI want to hear your answer.

4 POSITION OF ADVERBS OF MANNER, PLACE AND TIMEGENERAL RULE: MANNER PLACE TIME

They danced beautifully at the feast yesterday. manner place time

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25 ADVerBs

5 ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY e.g.: always, ever, never, often, sometimes, usually ... a. Adverbs of frequency are placed: - after a simple tense f t be. e.g. He is alwaysin time for lunch. - befre simple tenses f all ther verbs.

e.g. The fights oftentroubled the tranquillity of Verona. b. With compound tenses adverbs of frequency are placed: - after the first auxiliary. e.g. He had oftenbeen told not to do that. - after the subject in questins. e.g.Why had the messenger neverreached Romeo?

6 ADVERBS OF DEGREE Fr example: almost, enough, just, nearly, only, quite, really ... - Averbs f egree are place befre an ajective r anther averb. e.g. Rosaline wasquitebeautiful. !!! Except with enugh: e.g. Rsalines lve fr Rme wasnt big enough.

- With cmpun tenses, averbs f egree are place after the first auxiliary. e.g. Romeo was almostkilled at the feast.

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26 PrePOsitiOns

Stuy the use f the fllwing prepsitins f time an place.

26.1 TIME

He arrive at about7.30 pm. about ongeveer

I like cffee afterinner. after naThey arrive atminight. at omHe arrive onThursay. on opHe iein1987. in inBC means beforeChrist. before voorChristianity has existe fornearly 2000 years. for gedurende

26.2 pLACE

The helicpter hvers abovethe laning strip. above bovenI cant jump acrossthe river. across overI was leaning againstthe wall. against tegenThere are n shps alongthis street. along langsThe huse is hien amongthe trees. among tussenHe put his arms aroundme. around rond(om)He stayeathme all night. at te, inTheyve built a swimming pl behindtheir huse. behind achterTheres a large cellar beneaththe builing. beneath onderThe g walke besidehis master. beside naastThe Rio Grande runs betweenthe USA and Mexico. between tussenThere must be huses beyondthese muntains. beyond verder dan,

voorbijCme an stan bymy sie. by bij, aanI lst my balance an fell downthe hill. down naar beneden


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26 PrePOsitiOns

Whiskey cmes fromIrelan, whisky cmes frm from (van)uitSctlan.He is staying inhspital at this very mment. in inThe entist lke insidemy muth an ecie inside (binnen)int extract the ba tth.The grilla was put intoa cage. into in

Take the pt offthe cker. off vandnt lean out ofthe winw. out of uitWe never g tothe theatre. to naarSunwers always turn towardsthe sun. towards naar ... toeThat river runs underseveral briges. under onder

26.3 MANNER

I g t schl bybus. by metHe cmes t schl onft. on teWe came hereina taxi. in in/metI will accept that invitatinwithpleasure. with met

She walkslikea mel. like (zo)als

26.4 OTHER pREpOSITIONS

This bk was writtenbyAnthny Hrwitz. by doorThis exit is foremergencies nly. for voorWe hear the news ofyur prmtin frm yur bss. of vanIll g withoutyu. without zonderBesidestennis, what ther sprts yu practise? besides behalveThe shp pens every ayexcept (for)Sunays. except (for) behalve

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42351 New Takeway 1 LB Grammar Survey