4.4.11

CHAPTER 4. COMPUTERS CHAPTER 4. COMPUTERS & INFORMATION & INFORMATION

PROCESSINGPROCESSING

4.4.22

LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES

• IDENTIFY HARDWARE COMPONENTSIDENTIFY HARDWARE COMPONENTS

• DESCRIBE HOW DATA IS DESCRIBE HOW DATA IS REPRESENTEDREPRESENTED

• DESCRIBE STORAGE MEDIADESCRIBE STORAGE MEDIA

• DESCRIBE INPUT, OUTPUT, DESCRIBE INPUT, OUTPUT, PROCESSING, PROCESSING, MULTIMEDIAMULTIMEDIA

**

4.4.33

LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES• CONTRAST MAINFRAME, MIDRANGE, CONTRAST MAINFRAME, MIDRANGE,

PERSONAL COMPUTERS, SUPER PERSONAL COMPUTERS, SUPER COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS

• COMPARE ARRANGEMENTS OF COMPARE ARRANGEMENTS OF COMPUTER PROCESSING: COMPUTER PROCESSING: CLIENT/SERVER, NETWORKCLIENT/SERVER, NETWORK

• COMPARE INPUT/OUTPUT COMPARE INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICESDEVICES

• ANALYZE TRENDSANALYZE TRENDS

**

4.4.44

MANAGEMENT CHALLENGESMANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

• WHAT IS A COMPUTER SYSTEM?: WHAT IS A COMPUTER SYSTEM?: CPU AND PRIMARY STORAGECPU AND PRIMARY STORAGE

• SECONDARY STORAGESECONDARY STORAGE

• INPUT & OUTPUT DEVICESINPUT & OUTPUT DEVICES

• TECHNOLOGY TRENDSTECHNOLOGY TRENDS

**

4.4.55

INPUTDEVICES

SECONDARY STORAGE

PRIMARY STORAGE

COMPUTER COMPONENTSCOMPUTER COMPONENTSCPU

OUTPUT DEVICES

COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES

BUSES

4.4.66

• BIT:BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/NotBinary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not• BYTE:BYTE: Group of bits for one characterGroup of bits for one character

– EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 bits per byte)Interchange Code (8 bits per byte)

– ASCII- American Standard Code for ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)

• PARITY BIT:PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to extra bit added to each byte to help detect errorshelp detect errors

**

HOW CHARACTERS ARE STOREDHOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED

4.4.77

EXAMPLES OF BYTESEXAMPLES OF BYTES

C:C: 1100 0011 0 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1100 0011 1

A:A: 1100 0001 1 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0100 0001 0

T:T: 1110 0011 1 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1 101 0100 1

Note how sum for each byte is an Note how sum for each byte is an EVENEVEN number number

**

EBCDICEBCDIC ASCII ASCII (assume even-parity system)(assume even-parity system)

4.4.88

CPU & PRIMARY STORAGECPU & PRIMARY STORAGE

CPUCPUPRIMARYPRIMARY

STORAGESTORAGE

DATA BUSDATA BUS

ADDRESS BUSADDRESS BUS

CONTROL BUSCONTROL BUS

INPUT

DEVICES

OUTPUT

DEVICES

SECONDARY

STORAGE

4.4.99

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)(CPU)

RAMRAM

PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORYPRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY

CONTROL UNITCONTROL UNITARITHMETIC/LOGICARITHMETIC/LOGIC

UNITUNIT

ROMROMCLOCKCLOCK

4.4.1010

ALU & CONTROL UNITALU & CONTROL UNIT

• ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT:ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU CPU component performs logic and component performs logic and arithmetic operationsarithmetic operations

• CONTROL UNIT:CONTROL UNIT: CPU component CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of controls, coordinates other parts of computer systemcomputer system

**

4.4.1111

I-CYCLE:I-CYCLE:

1. FETCH1. FETCH

2. DECODE2. DECODE

3. PLACE IN INSTRUCTION REGISTER3. PLACE IN INSTRUCTION REGISTER

4. PLACE INTO ADDRESS REGISTER4. PLACE INTO ADDRESS REGISTER

**

INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLEINSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE

4.4.1212

E-CYCLE:E-CYCLE:

5. SEND DATA FROM MAIN MEMORY 5. SEND DATA FROM MAIN MEMORY TO STORAGE REGISTERTO STORAGE REGISTER

6. COMMAND ALU6. COMMAND ALU

7. ALU PERFORMS OPERATION7. ALU PERFORMS OPERATION

8. SEND RESULT TO ACCUMULATOR8. SEND RESULT TO ACCUMULATOR

**

INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLEINSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE

4.4.1313

COMPUTER TIMECOMPUTER TIME

MillisecondMillisecond .001 second thousand.001 second thousand 15min 40 sec15min 40 sec

MicrosecondMicrosecond .001 millisecond million 11.6 days .001 millisecond million 11.6 days

Nanosecond Nanosecond .001microsecond billion .001microsecond billion 31.7 years31.7 years

PicosecondPicosecond .001 nanosecond trillion.001 nanosecond trillion 31,700 years31,700 years

**

NAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECONDNAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECOND

# PER COMPARED# PER COMPARED

4.4.1414

TYPES OF MEMORYTYPES OF MEMORY

• RAM:RAM: Random Access MemoryRandom Access Memory

– Dynamic: Dynamic: Changes thru processingChanges thru processing

– Static: Static: Remains constant (power on)Remains constant (power on)

• ROM:ROM: Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)

– PROM: PROM: Program can be changed onceProgram can be changed once

– EPROM: EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet lightErasable thru ultraviolet light

– EEPROM: EEPROM: Electrically erasableElectrically erasable

**

4.4.1515

ADDRESSES IN MEMORYADDRESSES IN MEMORY

101101 102102 103103

201201

301301

202202 203203

302302 303303

Each location can hold one BYTEEach location can hold one BYTE

Each location has an ADDRESSEach location has an ADDRESS

4.4.1616

MEMORY SIZEMEMORY SIZE• KILOBYTE (KT): 2KILOBYTE (KT): 21010 bytes... 1024 bytes bytes... 1024 bytes• MEGABYTE (MB): 2MEGABYTE (MB): 21010 KB... “million” bytes KB... “million” bytes• GIGABYTE (GB): 2GIGABYTE (GB): 21010 MB... “billion” bytes MB... “billion” bytes• TERABYTE (TB): 2TERABYTE (TB): 21010 GB... “trillion” bytes GB... “trillion” bytes

**

4.4.1717

VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPUVLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU• WORD LENGTH:WORD LENGTH: bits processed at one timebits processed at one time• MEGAHERTZ:MEGAHERTZ: one million cycles per secondone million cycles per second• DATA BUS WIDTH:DATA BUS WIDTH: bits moved between CPU & other bits moved between CPU & other

devicesdevices• REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC):REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC):

embeds most used instructions on chip to enhance embeds most used instructions on chip to enhance speedspeed

• MultiMedia eXtension (MMX):MultiMedia eXtension (MMX): enhanced Intel chip enhanced Intel chip improves multimedia applicationsimproves multimedia applications

**

MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR

4.4.1818

NAME MICROPROCESSOR WORD DATA BUS CLOCK SPEEDMANUFACTURER LENGTH WIDTH (MHz)

PENTIUM INTEL 32 64 75 - 200 PENTIUM (MMX) INTEL 32 64 166 - 233 PENTIUM II INTEL 32 64 233 - 450 PENTIUM III INTEL 64 64 500+ PowerPC MOTOROLA, IBM, APPLE 32 64 100 - 400 ALPHA DEC 64 64 1000+

EXAMPLES OF EXAMPLES OF MICROPROCESSORSMICROPROCESSORS

4.4.1919

PENTIUM PCs

PENTIUM (MMX) MULTIMEDIAPENTIUM II HIGH-END PCs, WORKSTATIONS

PowerPC HIGH-END PCs, WORKSTATIONSALPHA COMPAC & DEC WORKSTATIONS

PENTIUM III MULTIMEDIA

NAME USE

USES OF USES OF MICROPROCESSORSMICROPROCESSORS

4.4.2020

SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSINGSEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING

SEQUENTIAL PARALLELSEQUENTIAL PARALLEL

TASK 1

RESULT

TASK 2

RESULT

ProgramProgram

CPUCPU

ProgramProgram

CPUCPU

ProgramProgram

CPUCPUTASK 2TASK 2

CPUCPUTASK 3TASK 3

CPUCPUTASK 1TASK 1

RESULTRESULT

4.4.2121

•DISKDISK

•TAPETAPE

•OPTICAL STORAGEOPTICAL STORAGE

**

SECONDARY STORAGESECONDARY STORAGE

4.4.2222

DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICEDIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE

• HARD DISK:HARD DISK: Steel platter array for Steel platter array for large computer systemslarge computer systems

• RAID:RAID: Redundant array of Redundant array of Inexpensive DisksInexpensive Disks

• FLOPPY DISK:FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk for Removable disk for PCPC

**

4.4.2323

DISK PACK DISK PACK STORAGESTORAGE• LARGE SYSTEMSLARGE SYSTEMS

• RELIABLE STORAGERELIABLE STORAGE

• LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATALARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA

• QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLEQUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE

• TYPICAL: 11 2-sided disksTYPICAL: 11 2-sided disks

• CYLINDER:CYLINDER: Same track all surfaces Same track all surfaces

**

CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)

DISK 1DISK 1DISK 2DISK 2DISK 3DISK 3DISK 4DISK 4DISK 5DISK 5

READ/WRITEREAD/WRITEHEADSHEADS

4.4.2424

TRACKS AND SECTORSTRACKS AND SECTORS

EACH TRACK HOLDSEACH TRACK HOLDSSAME AMOUNT OF DATASAME AMOUNT OF DATA

SECTORSECTOR

TRACKSTRACKS

DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0

STARTSTARTOFOFTRACKSTRACKS

4.4.2525

• CD-ROM:CD-ROM: 500-660 MEGABYTES500-660 MEGABYTES

–LAND: LAND: flat parts of disk surfacflat parts of disk surface reflects e reflects lightlight

–PITS: PITS: small scratch on surface scatsmall scratch on surface scatters ters lightlight

• WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM):WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM):–CD-R: CD-R: Compact Disk - RecordableCompact Disk - Recordable–CD-RW: CD-RW: CD - RewritableCD - Rewritable

• DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD):DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD): CD size, up to 10 CD size, up to 10 gigabytes of datagigabytes of data

**

OPTICAL STORAGEOPTICAL STORAGE

4.4.2626

• STANDARD FOR STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILESSEQUENTIAL FILES• SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH

FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool)FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool)

• RECORD GROUPS:RECORD GROUPS: BLOCKING FACTOR BLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., (e.g., 10 records per block)10 records per block)

• GROUPS SEPARATED BY GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAPINTER-BLOCK GAP• RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIMERECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME

**

HEADER IBG BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2 BLOCK 3

MAGNETIC TAPEMAGNETIC TAPE

4.4.2727

• ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPEENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE

• USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDSRECORDS

• INEXPENSIVEINEXPENSIVE

• STORED IN SAFE LOCATIONSTORED IN SAFE LOCATION

• CAN BE REUSEDCAN BE REUSED

**

MAGNETIC CARTRIDGEMAGNETIC CARTRIDGE

4.4.2828

STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN)STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN)

• HIGH-SPEED NETWORKHIGH-SPEED NETWORK

• CONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE CONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE DEVICESDEVICES

– TAPE LIBRARIESTAPE LIBRARIES

– DISK ARRAYSDISK ARRAYS

**

4.4.2929

INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICESINPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES

• POINTING DEVICESPOINTING DEVICES

• SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONSOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

• OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES

**

4.4.3030

POINTING DEVICESPOINTING DEVICES

• KEYBOARDKEYBOARD• MOUSEMOUSE

– WIREDWIRED– INFRA-REDINFRA-RED– TRACKBALLTRACKBALL– TOUCH PADTOUCH PAD

• JOYSTICKJOYSTICK• TOUCH SCREENTOUCH SCREEN

**

4.4.3131

SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONSOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME & PLACE OF TRANSACTION& PLACE OF TRANSACTION

• OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR):OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR): saves characters, formatsaves characters, format

• BAR CODE:BAR CODE: identifies products in stores, identifies products in stores, warehouses, shipmentswarehouses, shipments

• MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR):(MICR): special ink identifies bank, account, special ink identifies bank, account, amountamount

**

4.4.3232

SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONSOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

• PEN-BASED INPUT:PEN-BASED INPUT: Digitizes signatureDigitizes signature• DIGITAL SCANNER:DIGITAL SCANNER: Translates images & Translates images &

characters into digital formcharacters into digital form• VOICE INPUT DEVICES:VOICE INPUT DEVICES: Converts spoken Converts spoken

word into digital formword into digital form• SENSORS:SENSORS: Devices that collect Devices that collect data data

from from environment for computer environment for computer input input (e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges)(e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges)

**

4.4.3333

OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES

• CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)

• PRINTERPRINTER

• PLOTTERPLOTTER

• VOICE OUTPUT DEVICEVOICE OUTPUT DEVICE

• MULTIMEDIAMULTIMEDIA

**

4.4.3434

DATA PROCESSINGDATA PROCESSING

• BATCH PROCESSING:BATCH PROCESSING: Transaction data Transaction data stored until convenient to process as a stored until convenient to process as a group. Useful for less time-sensitive group. Useful for less time-sensitive actions. actions.

• ON-LINE PROCESSING:ON-LINE PROCESSING: Transaction data Transaction data entered directly into system, constantly entered directly into system, constantly updating files. Requires direct-access updating files. Requires direct-access devices.devices.

**

4.4.3535

KEYBOARD INPUTBATCH OF TRANSACTIONS

SORTED TRANSACTION FILE

OLD MASTER FILE

NEW MASTER FILE

VALIDATE AND UPDATE

ERROR REPORTS

REPORTS

BATCH PROCESSINGBATCH PROCESSING

4.4.3636

ON-LINE PROCESSINGON-LINE PROCESSING

TRANSACTIONS

KEYBOARD

PROCESS / UPDATE

MASTER FILE

MASTER FILE

IMMEDIATE INPUT

IMMEDIATE PROCESSING

IMMEDIATE FILE UPDATE

4.4.3737

INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIAINTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA

• INTEGRATES TWO OR MORE MEDIAINTEGRATES TWO OR MORE MEDIA

• TEXT, GRAPHICS, SOUND, VOICE, TEXT, GRAPHICS, SOUND, VOICE, VIDEO, ANIMATIONVIDEO, ANIMATION

• STREAMING TECHNOLOGYSTREAMING TECHNOLOGY

• MP3: Audio compression standardMP3: Audio compression standard

**

4.4.3838

CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERSCATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS

• MAINFRAMEMAINFRAME

• MIDRANGE & MINICOMPUTERMIDRANGE & MINICOMPUTER

• SERVERSERVER

• PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)

• WORKSTATIONWORKSTATION

• SUPERCOMPUTERSUPERCOMPUTER

**

4.4.3939

MAINFRAMEMAINFRAME

• LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTERLARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER

• 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAMGIGABYTE RAM

• COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS

• MASSIVE DATAMASSIVE DATA

• COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONSCOMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS

**

MIPS: Millions of Instructions per secondMIPS: Millions of Instructions per second

4.4.4040

MIDRANGE/MINICOMPUTERMIDRANGE/MINICOMPUTER

• MIDDLE-RANGEMIDDLE-RANGE• 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE

GIGABYTE RAMGIGABYTE RAM• UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABSUNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS• USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR

FOR MAINFRAMEFOR MAINFRAME

**

4.4.4141

• DESKTOP OR PORTABLEDESKTOP OR PORTABLE• 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128

MEGABYTES RAMMEGABYTES RAM• PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERSPERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS• AFFORDABLEAFFORDABLE• MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTSMANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS• CAN BE NETWORKEDCAN BE NETWORKED

**

MICROCOMPUTERMICROCOMPUTER

4.4.4242

• NETWORKED COMPUTERSNETWORKED COMPUTERS• CLIENT:CLIENT: user (PC, workstation, user (PC, workstation,

laptop) requires data, application, laptop) requires data, application, communications it does not havecommunications it does not have

• SERVER:SERVER: component (computer) component (computer) having desired data, application, having desired data, application, communicationscommunications

**

CLIENT / SERVERCLIENT / SERVER

4.4.4343

CLIENT SERVERREQUESTS

DATA, SERVICE

USER INTERFACEUSER INTERFACE

APPLICATION APPLICATION

FUNCTIONFUNCTION

DATADATA

APPLICATION FUNCTIONAPPLICATION FUNCTION

NETWORK RESOURCESNETWORK RESOURCES

CLIENT / SERVERCLIENT / SERVER

4.4.4444

WORKSTATIONWORKSTATION

• DESKTOP COMPUTERDESKTOP COMPUTER

• POWERFUL GRAPHICSPOWERFUL GRAPHICS

• EXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIESEXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIES

• MULTI-TASKINGMULTI-TASKING

• USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL FUNCTION (e.g.; CAD, ENGINEERING, FUNCTION (e.g.; CAD, ENGINEERING, GRAPHICS)GRAPHICS)

**

4.4.4545

SUPERCOMPUTERSUPERCOMPUTERTERAFLOP:TERAFLOP: TRILLION TRILLION

CALCULATIONS/SECONDCALCULATIONS/SECOND

• HIGHLY SOPHISTICATEDHIGHLY SOPHISTICATED

• COMPLEX COMPUTATIONSCOMPLEX COMPUTATIONS

• FASTEST CPUsFASTEST CPUs

• LARGE SIMULATIONSLARGE SIMULATIONS

• STATE-OF-THE-ARTSTATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS COMPONENTS

• EXPENSIVEEXPENSIVE

**

4.4.4646

• CENTRALIZED:CENTRALIZED: PROCESSING BY CENTRAL PROCESSING BY CENTRAL COMPUTER SITECOMPUTER SITE– ONE STANDARDONE STANDARD– GREATER CONTROLGREATER CONTROL

• DISTRIBUTED:DISTRIBUTED: PROCESSING BY SEVERAL PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKSCOMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKS– MORE FLEXIBILITYMORE FLEXIBILITY– FASTER RESPONSEFASTER RESPONSE

**

CENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTEDCENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED

4.4.4747

DOWNSIZINGDOWNSIZING

TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM LARGE COMPUTERS TO SMALLLARGE COMPUTERS TO SMALL

• REDUCES COSTREDUCES COST

• SPEEDS RESULTS TO USERSPEEDS RESULTS TO USER

• COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES BESTBEST

• COOPERATIVE PROCESSINGCOOPERATIVE PROCESSING

**

4.4.4848

NETWORK COMPUTERSNETWORK COMPUTERS

• NETWORK COMPUTER:NETWORK COMPUTER: simplified simplified desktop computer stores minimum data desktop computer stores minimum data to function (uses server)to function (uses server)

• TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO):TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO): total cost of owning technology total cost of owning technology resources (hardware, software, resources (hardware, software, upgrades, maintenance, technical upgrades, maintenance, technical support, training)support, training)

**

4.4.4949

TECHNOLOGY TRENDSTECHNOLOGY TRENDS

• INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIAINTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA• VIRTUAL REALITYVIRTUAL REALITY• ENHANCED WORLD WIDE WEBENHANCED WORLD WIDE WEB• SUPERCHIPSSUPERCHIPS• FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERSFIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS• MASSIVELY PARALLEL COMPUTERSMASSIVELY PARALLEL COMPUTERS• SMART CARDSSMART CARDS• MICROMINIATURIZATIONMICROMINIATURIZATION

**

4.4.5050

Connect to the INTERNETConnect to the INTERNET

Laudon/Laudon Web site: http://www.prenhall.com/laudon

Additional Internet Resources related to this chapter:http://www.intel.com

http://www.dell.comhttp://www.apple.com

http://www.ibm.comhttp://www.sun.com

http://www.cisco.comhttp://www.motorola.com

© 2001 Laudon & Laudon, Essentials of Management Information Systems 4/e

4.4.5151

CHAPTER 4. COMPUTERS CHAPTER 4. COMPUTERS & INFORMATION & INFORMATION

PROCESSINGPROCESSING