4) principles of ecology.ppt

8/19/2019 4) principles of ecology.ppt

1/85

RINCI LES OF

ECOLOGY

Presented by :

Atty. Josh Carol T. Ventura


2/85

Outline of

resentation


3/85

Part I -

Basics of Ecology


4/85

Module I- Introduction

Part I - Origin of the ter!" Ecology


5/85

art I-

Basics of Ecology


6/85

The ter! ecology"

The ter! ecology co!es fro! the

#ree$ %ords oi$os" and "logos ". Ecology is the scientific study of

interactions a!ong organisms and their

environments. Ecology re&eals relationshi's a!ong

living and nonliving 'arts of the %orld.


7/85

The ter! ecology"

En&iron!ent includes not only the 'hysical

but also the biological conditions under %hichan organis! li&es %hile relationships

in&ol&e interactions with the physical

world as %ell as the interrelationshi's %iththe nu!ber of s'ecies and indi&iduals of the

sa!e s'ecies.


8/85

The ter! ecology"

#er!an (oologist Ernest Hackel first

used the %ord ecology in )*++. ,e called itoi$ologie" and defined its sco'e as the

study of the relationshi's of ani!als to their

en&iron!ent #ained 'ublic 'ro!inence in the )+/s

due to %ides'read concern for the state of

the en&iron!ent


9/85


10/85

The trees of the 4O56 drin$ their fill7

The cedars of 4ebanon %hich ,e 'lanted7

8here the birds build their nests7

And the stor$7 %hose ho!e is the fir trees.

The high !ountains are for the %ild goats9The cliffs are a refuge for the roc$ badgers. 1'sal!s ):)+-)*2

Presented by Atty. Josh Carol T.Ventura (all rights


11/85

,istory of Ecology"

#en. ): ; records : 4et the earth bring forth li&ingcreatures after their $ind9 cattle and cree'ing things and

beasts of the earth after their $ind9 and it %as so. 320 BC (Theoprastus) < The history of

ecology could be traced to #ree$ scholar

Theo'rastus7 a student of Aristotle Classified o&er = 'lants into !a>or

gro%th for!s < herbs7 shrubs and trees


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,istory of Ecology"

?; BC 1Theo'rastus2 < ,e conductedseed ger!ination e@'eri!ents and

discussed the influence of abiotic habitat

factors on 'lants that so!e regarded hi! as

the father of ecology". enaissance scientists o! the "#th to

"$th centuries


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,istory of Ecology"

Presented by Atty. Josh Carol T.Ventura (all rights


14/85

Biological 0yste!

0ource : %%%.cle!son.edu


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Module II %

The &spects o! Ecolo'ical tudy

") Biosphere - the 'ortion

of Earth that su''orts life or

the layer around the 'lanet

%here all li&ing things e@ist.

This ter! %as coined by

geologist Eduard 0uess in)*=7 %hich he defined as

The 'lace on EarthDs

surface life d%ells.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg


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Module II %


") Biosphere < E@tends fro! high in

at!os'here to botto! of

ocean Very di&erse9 su''orts a

%ide range of organis!s 4i&ing things are affected

by both the 'hysical

nonli&ing en&iron!ent and

by other li&ing things.


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Module II %


2) -&iotic *actors+ the

nonli,in' parts o! anor'anis.s

en,ironent

E/- air currents tep

oisture li'ht soil


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Organis!s in Ecosyste!sOrganis!s in Ecosyste!s


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Module II %


3) Biotic *actors - theli,in' or'aniss that

inhait an en,ironent

E/- plants anials !un'i

acteria

&ll or'aniss depend onothers !or !ood1 shelter1

reproduction1 andor

protection


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Module III %

e,els o! 4r'ani5ation in Ecolo'y

1. Organism refers to a single organis!7 thisle&el can include any li&ing organis! fro! a

'lant to an ani!al2. Population refers to a grou' of organis!s

li&ing in an area fro! the sa!e s'eciessi!ilar to a niche

3. Community refers to grou's of organis!sfro! different s'ecies li&ing in the sa!earea interacting %ith each other


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Module III %


4. Ecosystem refers to grou's of organis!s fro!

different s'ecies li&ing in the sa!e area interacting

%ith each other and the non-li&ing surroundings

5. Biosphere is the largest le&el in ecology7 or the

'ortion of the earth/s surface < air7 %ater7 ti!e

%here li&ing things e@ist.


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Module III %



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Po'ulation and Co!!unityPo'ulation and Co!!unity

population- a grou' of organis!s of one

s'ecies that interbreed and li&e in the sa!e

'lace at the sa!e ti!e counity- a collection of interacting

'o'ulations9 Fo s'ecies li&es inde'endently

of other s'ecies

A change in one 'o'ulation %ill cause

changes in the other 'o'ulations.

Presented by Atty. Josh Carol T.Ventura 1all rights


24/85

The Huan 6opulation

The hu!an 'o'ulation e@hibits clu!'ed distribution1both on a large scale and a s!all scale 2 and is

undergoing ra'id gro%th Po'ulation gro%th and En&iron!ental I!'act

- Less Develope Countries put stress on the!iosphere ue to population gro"th

- #ost Develope Countries put stress on the!iosphere ue to resource consumption an"aste prouction


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Ecolo'y o! Counities

Co!!unity is an asse!blage of 'o'ulations

T%o characteristics of co!!unities

- species composition

- iversity o$ species

Interactions in Co!!unities

- co!'etition - co!!ensalis!

- 'redation - !utualis!

- 'arasitis!

-


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Ecolo'y o! Ecosystes

In the food chain of an ecosyste!7 so!e

'o'ulations are autotro'hs and so!e are

heterotro'hs Autotro'hs are 'roducers. They reGuire only

inorganic nutrients such as carbon dio@ide and

!inerals2 and an outside energy source to 'roduceorganic nutrients for their use and that of the

co!!unity. E@a!'les are algae and 'lants.


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Ecolo'y o! Ecosystes

,eterotro'hs are consu!ers. They reGuire a

'refor!ed source of organic nutrients and gi&e off

CO;. E@a!'les of consu!ers are :her&ibores 7carni&ores7 o!ni&ores7 and deco!'osers

,erbi&ores- feed on 'lants

Carni&ores < feed on other ani!als

O!ni&ores < feed on both 'lants and ani!als

6eco!'osers < fungi and bacteria of decal


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Ecolo'y o! Ma7or Ecosystes

The bios'here enco!'asses all !a>or

Ecosyste!s of the earth. They are:

). AGuatic ecosyste!s


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The !a>or bio!es are :

). AGuatic ecosyste!s


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The different $inds of bio!es are :

"8 a,annah < tro'ical grassland %ith alternating %et

and dry seasons.28 6raire


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Our Ecosyste!

An ecosyste! can be defined as any

situation %here there is interaction

bet%een organis!s and their

en&iron!ent.

The interaction of the co!!unity and the

non li&ing en&iron!ent

Presented by Atty. Josh Carol T.Ventura 1all rights

http://www.centipedia.com/articles/Ecosystemhttp://www.centipedia.com/articles/Ecosystem


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HI50T7 8E FEE6 TO F6E50TAF6

,O8 AF 5E4ATE0 8IT, FAT5EK

Caron and 4/y'en in the Ecosyste

All li&ing organis!s are !ade of carbon co!'ounds. 0o!e 'lants and algae ha&e retained the ability to

synthesi(e these organic co!'ounds using the sun/s energy. This 'rocess7 called 'hotosynthesis7 uses

at!os'heric carbon dio@ide and %ater as building bloc$s. Organis!s that ha&e lost the ability to

'hotosynthesi(e obtain their carbon indirectly7 fro! 'lants that are able to 'hotosynthesi(e. A by-'roduct of

'hotosynthesis is o@ygen7 necessary to al!ost all 'lants and ani!als to !aintain life. Organis!s that breathe in

o@ygen e@hale carbon dio@ide. Through res'iration7 and through the deco!'osition of their bodies after they die7

these organis!s return carbon to the at!os'here.


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Module I= %

Basic Ecolo'ical 6rinciples

") >ET?4@

&ll li,in' thin's in anecosyste are

interconnected throu'h

networks o! relationship8


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8E A5E IFTE5COFFECTE6L 8e are all 'art of the food chainK

5e!e!ber

the ferocity

of OndoyM


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Module I= %


2) >ETE; ATEM

>ature is ade up o!systes that are nested

within systes8 Each

indi,idual syste is an

inte'rated whole and atthe sae tie part o!

lar'er systes8


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Module I= %


3) CACE

Meers o! an ecolo'icalcounity depend on the

e/chan'e o! resources in

continual cycles8 Cycles

within an ecosysteintersect with lar'er re'ional

and 'loal cycles8


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Module I= %


9) *4?

Each or'anis needs acontinual !low o! ener'y to

stay ali,e8 The constant !low

o! ener'y !ro the sun to

Earth sustains li!e and dri,esost ecolo'ical cycles8

.


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Module I= %


:) ;E=E46ME>T

All life N fro! indi&idualorganis!s to s'ecies to

ecosyste!s N changes o&er

ti!e. Indi&iduals de&elo' and

learn7 s'ecies ada't ande&ol&e7 and organis!s in

ecosyste!s coe&ol&e

.


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Module I= %


#) ;A>&MIC B&&>CE

Ecological co!!unities act asfeedbac$ loo's7 so that the

co!!unity !aintains a

relati&ely steady state that also

has continual fluctuations. Thisdyna!ic balance 'ro&ides

resiliency in the face of

ecosyste! change.

.


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Basic Ecolo'y Ters

L Hood chain < linear seGuence of %ho eats

%ho! in an ecosyste!L Hood %eb - net%or$ of !any interlin$ed

food chains7 enco!'assing 'ri!ary

'roducers7 consu!ers7 deco!'osers7 and

detri&ores

.


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Basic Ecolo'y Ters

L 6etri&ores < an earth%or!7 crab7

ne!atode that feeds on 'articles oforganic !atter such as %ould be 'roduced

by the 'artial deco!'osition of 'lant and

ani!al tissues

L Fiche < the full range of biotic and biotic

conditions under %hich a 'articular s'ecies

can li&e and re'roduce

.


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Basic Ecolo'y Ters

L Ecological succession < the seGuence in %hich one ty'e of

li&ing thing follo%s another until a cli!a@ co!!unity is reached.bare roc$ lichens !osses grasses shrubs trees

L The t%o ty'es of ecological succession are 'ri!ary succession begins

1on bare roc$2 and secondary succession 1follo%ing a disturbance %here

soil is 'resent. Ecological succession lead to a cli!a@ co!!unity

.


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Basic Ecolo'y Ters

L Clima% community & community that results

"hen succession has come to an en

L Biome refers to a large geogra'hical area

characteri(ed by certain ty'es of 'lants and

ani!als. A bio!e is defined by the co!'le@

interactions of 'lants and ani!als %ith thecli!ate7 geology 1roc$ for!ations27 soil ty'es7

%ater

.


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Basic Ecolo'y Ters

L Po'ulation < a grou' of indi&iduals of the

sa!e s'ecies occu'ying a gi&en areaL 6etritus < organic !atter 'roduced by

deco!'osition of substances such as

tissues and ani!al %astes

.


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Basic Ecolo'y Ters

L Co!!unity < the 'o'ulation of all s'eciesthat occu'y a habitat

L Ecosyste!- a co!!unity and its 'hysicaland che!ical en&iron!ent

L ,abitat < the 'articular en&iron!ent to

%hich an organis! is ada'ted to.L Bios'here- all li&ing organis!s together

%ith their en&iron!ent.


46/85

&? 4* >&TE

). E&erything is interconnected.

;. E&erything has to go so!e%here.

?. Fothing is for free.. Fature has the last say.

0ource : The 4a%s of Fature - a boo$ authored by Atty. Antonio O'osa Presented by Atty. Josh Carol T.

Ventura 1all rights


47/85

).8E A5E IFTE5COFFECTE6

L 8e are all 'art of the food chainK

5e!e!ber

the ferocity

of OndoyM


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E@a!'le : 0olid 8aste 6is'osal


49/85

;. EVE5T,IF# ,A0 TO #O 0OE8,E5E

Ocean 'lastic

ne&er degrades

6%indling fish catch

8here do you thin$

these d%ellers aregoing to thro% their

%asteM


50/85

? F H 4 h i F t


51/85

?. Fo Hree 4unch in Fature <

Fothing is for HreeL ercury: is both useful and

ha(ardous to !an

L ercury beca!e co!!on in suchbusinesses as 'a'er!a$ing anddia'er laundering9 !ercury is ani!'ortant catalyst in the

!anufacture of a basic 'lastic7'oly&inyl chloride.

L Al!ost ) Ja'anese died fro!eating fish caught in ina!ataBayNa 'oly&inyl chloride 'lantdu!'ed its %aste there.

L Phili''ines < no sanitary landfill forha(ardous %asteQ

Rachel Carson, author of “The Silent Spring”

in 1962. Her book le to the ban on the use of

;;T 1fro! its tri&ial na!e7

dichlorodi'henyltrichloroethane2 is one of

the !ost %ell-$no%n synthetic 'esticides.

It %as banned in ); in the 0 and a%orld%ide ban.

FAT5E ,A0 T,E 4A0T 0A


52/85

. FAT5E ,A0 T,E 4A0T 0A <

A48A0Q

!"!#$ %&'$R

($STR)CT*!# ($S$RT*+*C&T*!#

%!-&% &R/*#

( ST!R/

S)R$S

The o(one

hole is

al!ost thrice

as big asthe 0

.


53/85

6art II -

The En,ironental Ipact &ssessent yste

nder 6; ":$#

The EIA 0yste! En&iron!entally Critical Pro>ects En&iron!entally Critical Area 8hat is an En&iron!ental Co!'liance

CertificateM

Certificate of Fon Co&erage


54/85

4a% on Creation of 6EF5

E@ecuti&e Order Fo. ); dated June )7 )* <

Pro&iding for the 5eorgani(ation of the 6e'art!ent

of En&iron!ent and Fatural 5esources

The 6e'art!ent is !andated to be the 'ri!aryagency res'onsible for the conser&ation7

!anage!ent7 de&elo'!ent and the 'ro'er use of

the country/s en&iron!ent and natural resources.


55/85


To acco!'lish this !andate7 the 6e'/t shallbe guided by the follo%ing ob>ecti&es :

). Assure the a&ailability and sustainability of

the country/s natural resources through

>udicious use and syste!atic restoration or

re'lace!ent %hene&er 'ossible.


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;. Increase the 'roducti&ity of

natural resources in order to

!eet the de!ands for forest7!ineral and land resources of a

gro%ing 'o'ulation


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?. Enhance the contribution of naturalresources for achie&ing nationalecono!ic and social de&elo'!ent.

. Pro!ote eGuitable access to naturalresources by the different sectors ofthe 'o'ulation

=. Conser&e s'ecific terrestrial and!arine areas re'resentati&e of thePhili''ine natural and culturalheritage for 'resent and future

generation.


58/85

The En&iron!ental I!'act

Assess!ent 0yste!L The Phili''ine En&iron!ental I!'act

Assess!ent 1EIA2 0yste! %as for!ally

established in )* %ith the enact!ent of

Presidential 6ecree Fo.)=*+.


59/85


Assess!ent 0yste!L Institutionali(ing its i!'le!enting rules

and regulations %as co!'leted four years

later. A nu!ber of la%s ha&e been 'assed

through the years ai!ed a strengthening7

e@'anding and refining the e@isting syste!s

and 'rocedures


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Assess!ent 0yste!

L The 'rocess of 'redicting and e&aluating the

the li$ely en&iron!entalconseGuencesi!'acts of a 'ro>ect 1including

cu!ulati&e i!'acts2 on the en&iron!ent

during construction7 co!!issioning7 o'erationand abandon!ent.

L


61/85


Assess!ent 0yste!

L It also includes designing a''ro'riate

're&enti&e7 !itigating and enhance!ent!easures addressing these conseGuences to

'rotect the en&iron!ent and the co!!unity/s

%elfare.

0ource : 5e&ising 6EF5 Ad!in Order Fo. ;)7 0eries of );7 to Hurther 0trengthen

the I!'le!entation of the En&iron!ental I!'act 0tate!ent 1EI02 0yste!


62/85


Assess!ent 0yste!L Pro>ects %ith 'otentially significant

en&iron!ental i!'acts %ere categori(ed

either as :

a2 en&iron!entally critical 'ro>ects

b2 located in en&iron!entally criticalareas.

L Pro>ects under the first category had to

undergo full-scale EIA studies


63/85


64/85

ECP

L A 'ro>ect is considered as En&iron!entally CriticalPro>ect (EC6) if 'ro>ect belongs to the follo%ing:

L ,ea&y IndustriesL Fon-ferrous !etal industries

L Iron and steel !illsL Petroleu! and 'etro-che!ical industriesL 0!elting 'lantsL 5esources E@tracti&e Industries

L a>or !ining and Guarrying 'ro>ects


65/85

ECP

L Horestry 'ro>ects

L Hishery 'ro>ects

L Infrastructure 'ro>ects

L a>or da!sL a>or 'o%er 'lants

L a>or recla!ation 'ro>ects

L a>or roads and bridges

L #olf courses


66/85

ECA

L A 'ro>ect is considered belonging to anEn&iron!entally Critical Area (EC&) if'ro>ect site refers to the follo%ing:

L Areas for natural 'ar$s7 %atershedreser&es7 %ildlife 'reser&e andsanctuaries9

L Areas set aside as aesthetic 'otentialtourist s'ots9


67/85

ECA

L Areas %hich constitute the habitat for anyendangered 'r threatened s'ecies ofindigenous Phili''ine %ildlife 1flora and

fauna29L Areas of uniGue historic7 archeaologic7 or

scientific interests9

L Areas traditionally occu'ied by culturalco!!unities and tribes9


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ECA

L Areas %ith critical slo'es9

L Areas freGuently &isited7 hard-hit by natural

cala!ities

L Areas classified as 'ri!e agricultural land9

L 5echarge areas of aGuifers9

L 8ater bodies9 !angro&e areas7 coral reefs7

!ossy &irgin forests.


69/85

nderstanding ECCs

L Any 'ro>ect in the Phili''ines that 'osesa 'otential en&iron!ental ris$ or a

significant i!'act to the en&iron!ent1such as !ining7 agriculture 'ro>ects7 orconstruction2 is reGuired to secureEn,ironental Copliance

Certi!icates (ECCs) fro! the;epartent o! the En,ironent and >atural esources ;E>8

http://www.tripleiconsulting.com/main/philippines-government-registrations/philippines-government-licenses/http://www.tripleiconsulting.com/main/philippines-government-registrations/philippines-government-licenses/http://www.tripleiconsulting.com/main/philippines-government-registrations/philippines-government-licenses/http://www.tripleiconsulting.com/main/philippines-government-registrations/philippines-government-licenses/


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71/85

nderstanding ECCs

L An ECC is a certificate issued by

6EF5En&iron!ental anage!ent Board

EB after a 'ositi&e re&ie% of the ECCa''lication. This certifies that based on the

a''lication of the 'ro'onent7 the 'ro'osed

'ro>ect or underta$ing %ill not cause asignificant negati&e i!'act on the

Phili''ines en&iron!ent.


72/85

nderstanding ECCs

L The ECCDs contain s'ecific !easures and

conditions that !ust be !et by the 'ro>ect

'ro'onent before and during the o'erationof the 'ro>ect. In so!e cases7 conditions are

listed to be 'erfor!ed during the 'ro>ect/s

abandon!ent 'hase to lessen identified'otential en&iron!ental i!'acts.


73/85

nderstanding ECCsL The ECCDs also certify that the 'ro'onent

has co!'lied %ith all the reGuire!ents of

the En&iron!ental I!'act 0tate!ent 1EI02

0yste! and has co!!itted to i!'le!entits a''ro&ed En&iron!ental anage!ent

Plan in the Phili''ines.


74/85

Contents of an ECC

L An ECC shall contain s'ecific !easures

and conditions that the 'ro>ect 'ro'onent

has to underta$e before and during the

o'eration of a 'ro>ect7 and in so!e casesduring the abandon!ent 'hase to !itigate

identified en&iron!ental i!'acts.


75/85

Contents of an ECC

L The follo%ing are salient features of an ECC :

). 0co'e of 'ro>ect or underta$ing

;. Conditions confor!ed %ith by the 'ro'onent to

i!'le!ent the !itigation !easures for

'otentially negati&e i!'acts andor

enhance!ent !easures for 'otentially 'ositi&e

i!'acts as identified in the EIA re'ort


76/85

Contents of an ECC

?. 0uggestionsreco!!endations to

assist 4#s and other agencies of

the go&ern!ent to incor'orate theEIA 5esults in their decision !a$ing

'rocess.

C tifi t f F C C tifi t


77/85

Certificate of Fon Co&erage or Certificate

of E@e!'tion

L A 'ro>ect is considered as not being %ithin

the co&erage of the EI0 syste!7 and %ill

be issued a DCerti!icate o! >on-

Co,era'e or FCerti!icate o!E/eptionF fro! 6EF5 if it !eets all of

the follo%ing criteria:



78/85


of E@e!'tion

L a2 4ocation < it confor!s %ill the e@isting andduly-a''ro&ed land use 'lan of the area

b2 Technology < it %ill use a''ro'riatetechnology that %ill not reGuire the use of

ha(ardous or to@ic !aterials9 %ill not 'roduceor reGuire the dis'osal of %aste !aterials that%ill 'ose serious health ha(ards9 or %ill notgenerate significant a!ount of organic or solid

%astes

Presented by Atty. Josh Carol T.

Ventura 1all rights



79/85


of E@e!'tion

L C2 0i(e - the 'ro>ect or its structure %ill note@ceed a total floor area of ?7 sGuare !eters inurban areas or )7 sGuare !eters in ruralareas. If a building %ill be constructed7 it %ill not

ha&e !ore than three 1?2 storeys includingbase!ent floorsL 62 5a% Effluent and 6ischarge < the effluent or

discharges of the 'ro>ect shall confor! %ith thee!ission and effluent standards established by the

6EF5 regardless of Guantity7 &olu!e or a!ount

.


80/85

6art III -

En,ironental =alues and and Ethics

.


81/85

6art III -


tilitarian Gusti!ication- conser&ation of nature is

i!'ortant because the en&iron!ent7 ecosyste!7

habitat7 or s'ecies 'ro&ides indi&iduals 1a$a hu!ans2%ith direst econo!ic benefits. Ecolo'ical Gusti!ication- conser&ation of nature is

based on the $no%ledge that a s'ecies7 ecological

co!!unity7 ecosyste!7 or the Earth/s bios'here

'ro&ides s'ecific function necessary for life to

continue.


82/85

.


83/85

6art III -


.


84/85

e!erences

www8ecoliteracy8or'

Anderson7 Phil. Princi'les of

Ecology. htt':school%or$hel'er.net.

0t. 5ose!ary Educational Institution7

0e'te!ber )=7 ;). 8eb. The 4a%s of Fature by Antonio

O'osa

.

http://www.ecoliteracy.org/http://www.ecoliteracy.org/


85/85

e!erences

www8ecoliteracy8or'

Anderson7 Phil. Princi'les of Ecology.htt':school%or$hel'er.net. 0t. 5ose!ary

Educational Institution7 0e'te!ber )=7 ;).

8eb. The 4a%s of Fature by Antonio O'osa Essentials of Biology by 0yl&ia ader Ecology
http://www.ecoliteracy.org/http://www.ecoliteracy.org/

Documents

4) principles of ecology.ppt