4 Personality- Theories -Class

8/6/2019 4 Personality- Theories -Class

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/4-personality-theories-class 1/26

PERSONALITY

THEORIES



What is Personality? People differ from

each other in

meaningful ways

People seem to showsome consistency in

behavior

Personality is defined as distinctive and relatively

enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting



Theories of Personality

FREUDIAN STAGES OR PSYCHO-ANALYTICALTHEORY

The ID : It is the foundation of the unconscious

behaviour. Man is motivated more by unseen forces

than by conscious and rational thoughts.

The EGO : The ego is logical part associated withrealities of life.

The Super EGO : It is the higher level force to restrainthe ID and is described as the conscious of the

person. It tells what is right and what is wrong



Psychosexual Theory of

Development Five Stages of Development

� Oral Stage

� Anal Stage

� Phallic Stage

� Latency Period

� Genital Stage



The Development of Personality

ORAL STAGE (First year) Related to later mistrust and rejection issues

ANAL STAGE (Ages 2-4)

Related to later personal power issues

PHALLIC STAGE (Ages 4-6)

Related to later self identification and genderdifferentiation

LATENCY STAGE (Ages 5-11) A time of socialization

ADULT STAGE (Ages 12-60)



Oral Stage: Birth to 2 year

Satisfy drive of hunger and thirst

Over Dependency

Over Attachment Intake of interesting substances/ideas



Anal Stage: 2- 4 years

Toilet training get superego to impose

societal norms

Self -control



Phallic Stage: 4 6 years

Differences between boys and girls

Emerging sexual gender identity

Personality fixed by end of this stage



Latency Period 5-11 years of

age The energies are channeled into school and

friends

Interest developed for outer world



Adolescence - Adulthood

Family oriented relations

Marriage

Child-rearing



Psychoanalytic Theory

Psychoanalytic theory, an attempts to explainpersonality on the basis of unconscious mental

forces

Levels of consciousness: We are unaware of some aspects

of our mental states

Freud argued that personality is made up of multiplestructures, some of which are unconscious

Freud argued that as we have impulses that cause usanxiety; our personality develops defense mechanisms toprotect against anxiety



Freudian Theory

Anxiety occurs when:

Impulses from the id threaten to get out of control

The ego perceives danger from the environment The ego deals with the problem through:

coping strategies

defense mechanisms



Defense Mechanisms

Defense mechanisms refer to unconscious mentalprocesses that protect the conscious person fromdeveloping anxiety

Denial

:

person refuses to recognize reality Intellectualization: Ignoring the emotional aspects of a

painful experience by focusing on abstract thoughts, words,or ideas

Reaction formation: Refusing to acknowledge unacceptable

urges, thoughts or feelings by exaggerating the oppositestate.Wanted to have glamorous job, associate withadvertising,media industry



Defense Mechanisms

Regression: Responding to a threatening situation in away appropriate to an earlier age or level of development

Displacement: Substituting a less threatening object forthe original object of impulse. Releasing the frustration

on other people.



TRAIT THEORY

An Individual may be described in terms of a

constellation of traits such as affiliation,achievement, anxiety, aggression and dependency.



Personality Traits

Traits are relatively stable and consistent personalcharacteristics

Trait personality theories suggest that a person canbe described on the basis of some number of

personality traits Allport identified some 4,500 traits

Cattel used factor analysis to identify 30-35 basic traits

Eysenck argued there are 3 distinct traits in personality

� Extraversion/introversion

� Neuroticism

� Psychotocism

Allport



Assessing Traits: An

Example Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

(MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of allpersonality tests

developed to identify emotional disorders



MMPI: examples

Nothing in the newspaper interests me

except the comics.

I get angry sometimes.







Assessing the

Unconscious--TATThematic

Apperception

Test (T AT)

� people expr ess their

inner motives

through the

stories they

make up about

ambiguous

scenes





Evaluating Trait Theory

Trait theory, especially the Big 5 model, is able todescribe personality

Cross-cultural human studies find good agreement for theBig 5 model in many cultures

Appear to be highly correlated not only in adulthood, butalso in childhood and even late preschoolers

Three dimensions (extraversion, neuroticism andagreeableness) have cross-species generality

Problems with trait theory include

:

Lack of explanation as to WHY traits develop

Issue of explaining transient versus long-lasting traits



The BIG FIVE Personality

Traits.

1. Extroversion : Extroverts tend to be social, lively,assertive, outgoing and talkative.

2. Emotional Stability: It refers to persons ability towithstand stress.

3. Agreeableness : It refers to persons ability to getalong with others.

4. Conscientiousness. : It is a measure of reliability

of a person. Such people are more responsible,responsible and organised.

5. Openness : Such people are creative andinnovative.



SELF THEORY

The relationship of I or Me with others and tovarious aspects of life has been analysed by Carl

Rogers. There are four factors of Self Concept.

Self Ima

ge:

It is the way one see oneself Ideal Image : It is the way one would like to be.

Looking Glass Self : It is the perception of

others .

Real Self : It is what one really is.



CHRIS ARGYRISS IMMATURITY-

MATURITY THEORY

Immaturity Characteristics

Passivity

Dependence

Few ways of behaving

Shallow Interests

Short-time Perspective Subordinate position

Lack of self awareness

Maturity Characteristics

Activity

Independence

Diverse behaviour

Deep interest

Long-time perspective Super-ordinate position

Self awareness and control

Documents

4 Personality- Theories -Class