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4 (Four) clusters of principles:

1. Respectfor autonomy

respecting the decision makingcapacities

2. Nonmaleficence

avoiding the causation of harm

3. Beneficence

providing & balancing benefits

against risks & costs

4. Justice

distributing benefits, risks, & costsfairly

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1. Autonomy

self-rule (Greek)right ofindividuals to make choices

See that people are different

Personal choices

Respecting people as equal personswith their own set of values

a duty to let people make their ownchoices

corresponding responsibilities ofindividuals towards society

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Autonomous action

We analyze autonomous action in terms of

persons who act

Intentionally

With understanding

Without controlling influences that determine

their action

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To respect an autonomous agent

is to acknowledge that persons right to hold views, to

make choices, and to take actions based on personal

values and beliefs. Such respect involves respectful

action, NOT merely a respectful attitude. Respect

involves treating persons to enable them to act

autonomously, whereas disrespect for autonomy involves

attitudes and actions that ignore, insult, or demean othersautonomy and thus deny a minimal equity to persons.

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Simple

meanings

Self governance

Liberty right Privacy

Individual choice

Freedom of the will

If you visit a doctor do you make treatment decisions on your own or

in discussion with other family member, and the doctor

What factors could we use to make such decisions in ourdaily lives ?

When we make decisions for ourselves do we also have

responsibility for what happens ?

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2. Beneficence

Beneficence attempt to do good

Balance doing good >< risk of doing

harm

Tools: - risk assessment

- cost-benefit analysis

Cases where beneficence >