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Gaseous

ExchangeDiving

High AltitudeMuliarta-

Faal 

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Gaseous Exchange in The Lungs

• Gas exchange between alveoli and blood

takes place by diffusion

• Diffusion occurs:

 – igh concentration to low

 – !ntil the concentration is e"uali#ed

 – $cross respiratory %e%brane

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Partial Pressures ofPartial Pressures ofRespiratory GasesRespiratory Gases

GasAtmosphere

(mmHg)Alveoli (mmHg)

O2 159 104

CO2 0,3 40

H2O 3,5 47

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• &actors '&ick(s law):

 – The large of surface area

 – The thickness of the %e%brane

 – *artial pressure gradient

 – +olubility of the gas

The rate of diffusion across

%e%brane is inversely

 proportional to the

%e%brane thickness

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• Dalton(s law

 –  The partial pressure of a gas can be calculated fro%

its fractional concentration

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Ventilation Perfussion CouplingVentilation Perfussion Coupling

► Facilitates efcient gasFacilitates efcient gas

exchangeexchange► By maintaining alveolar airowBy maintaining alveolar airow

that is proportional to thethat is proportional to the

pulmonary blood owpulmonary blood ow

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Ventilation-Perfusion CouplingVentilation-Perfusion Coupling

►Ventilation (V)-perfusion (Q) matchingVentilation (V)-perfusion (Q) matching

► Ideal V/Q ratio = 1Ideal V/Q ratio = 1

►

Varies depending on the section of theVaries depending on the section of thelunglung

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 Ventilation Perfussion Ventilation PerfussionCouplingCoupling

►Air o restrictedAir o restricted  !!"" decreasesdecreases  

#asoconstriction#asoconstriction

►$igh air o$igh air o  high !high !""  

#asodilatation#asodilatation

►Air o restrictedAir o restricted  C!C!"" increasesincreases  

%roncodilatation%roncodilatation

►$igh air o$igh air o  &o C!&o C!""  

%ronchoconstriction%ronchoconstriction

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'pecial Interest'pecial Interest

►$igh altitude$igh altitude

►eep sea di#ingeep sea di#ing

►

*ercise*ercise

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R!"#RA$OR% !%!$&

'etilatio i**+sio "er*+sio

o-le.s la/

&+sles ivolvemet

"ress+re Chages

(itrap+lmoar- a itraple+ra)

alto.s a/

Her-.s la/

+g ompliae

  !+r*ae tesio

!+r*atat

Air/a- resistae

+g +tio &eas+remet

!ome vol+mes a e meas+re

  +g apaities

  "ater o* the l+g *+tio

ators i*l+ee

gas ehage

6ot all regios vetilate e+all-

"+lmoar- a rohial respose

'8 mathig

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