4 Diamond Jewellary

7/31/2019 4 Diamond Jewellary

1/61

PREFACE

I am pleased to present the project report Gold Jewellerybefore my

respected readers. It is a humble attempt from my part to judge

consumer behavior for the effectiveness of existing and self designed ad-

copy of Spices.

This study deals with a number of topics, which will help the reader

understand and learn how consumers make consumption decisions

regarding Spices.

Language of the report is simple and lucid. Attempts have been made to

arrange the subject matter in a systematic and well-knit style. Efforts

have also been made to deal with all topics precisely and gently.

I express thanks to all those prolific teachers and experts of management

whose theories and ideas have been incorporated in this project report.

Despite of this it is very difficult to be perfect to the core and mistakes do

creep in for which I extend my apology and carve the hospitality of the

readers to point them out. Their criticism and suggestions for the

improvement in future are welcomed.

VANDNA PATHAK

B.COM VTH SEM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


2/61

Preparing a project of this nature is an arduous

task and I was fortunate enough to get support

from a large number of persons. Iwish to express

my deep sense of gratitude to all those who

generously helped in successful completion of this

report by sharing their invaluable time and

knowledge.

It is my proud and previledge to express my deep

regards to Respected Mrs. Anjali Namdeo Thakur

FeranSingh Art and Commerce Collage Shahpur

for allowing me to undertake this project.

I feel extremely exhilarated to have completed

this project under the able and inspiring guidance

of Mrs. Anjali Namdeo He rendered me all possible

help and guidence while reviewing the manuscript

in finalising the report.

I also extend my deep regards to my teachers,

family members, friends and all those whose

encouragement has infused courage in me tocomplete the work successfully.

VANDANA PATHAK

B.COM VTH SEM.


3/61

CERTIFICATE

Date:

The project report titled GOLD JEWELLARY has been prepared

by Miss. VANDANA PATHAK, IInd Batch, under the guidance and

supervision of MRS. ANJALI NAMDEO, for the partial fulfillment of the

degree of B.COM VTH SEM.

Signature of the Signature of Signature of

Supervisor: Head of the the examiner

Department:

-


4/61

DECLARATION BY THE

CANDIDATE

Date:

I declare that the project report titled GOLD JEWELLARY

is my own work conducted under the supervision of MRS.

ANJALI NAMDEO Department Of COMMERCE, To the best of

my knowledge the report does not contain any work,

which has been submitted for the award of any degree,

anywhere.

-

TABLE OF CONTENTS


5/61

Preface

Acknowledgement

Certificate

Declaration by the Candidate

1. Introduction

2. Line of Objectives

3. Research methodology

4. Data analysis and interpretation

5. Self designed advertisement

Product profile

Script for advertisement

Advertisement of existing brand

6. Findings

7. Conclusion

8. Suggestions

9. Limitations

Bibliography

Appendix

Format of Questionnaire

INTRODUCTION

The name diamondis derived from the ancient Greek (admas),

"proper", "unalterable", "unbreakable", "untamed", from- (a-), "un-"

+ (dam), "I overpower", "I tame". Diamonds are thought to have been

first recognized and mined in India, where significant alluvial deposits of the stone

could be found many centuries ago along the

rivers Penner,Krishna and Godavari. Diamonds have been known in India for at

least 3,000 years but most likely 6,000 years.
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80-http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_deposithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penner_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godavari_Riverhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_deposithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penner_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godavari_River


6/61

Diamonds have been treasured as gemstones since their use as religious

icons in ancient India. Their usage in engraving tools also dates to early human

history. The popularity of diamonds has risen since the 19th century because of

increased supply, improved cutting and polishing techniques, growth in the world

economy, and innovative and successful advertising campaigns.[7]

In 1772,Antoine Lavoisierused a lens to concentrate the rays of the sun

on a diamond in an atmosphere ofoxygen, and showed that the only product of

the combustion was carbon dioxide, proving that diamond is composed of carbon.

Later in 1797, Smithson Tennant repeated and expanded that experiment. By

demonstrating that burning diamond and graphite releases the same amount of

gas he established the chemical equivalence of these substances.

The most familiar use of diamonds today is as gemstones used

foradornment, a use which dates back into antiquity. The dispersion of white light

into spectral colors is the primary gemological characteristic of gem diamonds. In

the 20th century, experts in gemology have developed methods of grading

diamonds and other gemstones based on the characteristics most important to

their value as a gem. Four characteristics, known informally as the four Cs, are

now commonly used as the basic descriptors of diamonds: these

are carat,cut, color, and clarity.

[9]

A large, flawless diamond is known asa paragon.

TANISHQ

Tanishq

Type Subsidiary of Titan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdoms_of_Ancient_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond#cite_note-sell-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithson_Tennanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adornmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carat_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carat_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragon_(diamond)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_business_entityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanishq_Logo.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdoms_of_Ancient_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond#cite_note-sell-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithson_Tennanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adornmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carat_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragon_(diamond)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_business_entityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_Industries


7/61

IndustriesLtd

Industry Jewellers

Founded 1995

Headquarters Hosur, Tamil Nadu

Website Tanishq official website

Tanishq (Hindi: ) is a prominentjewellery brand ofIndia. It

pioneered the concept of branded jewellery and ornaments in India. It is a

division ofTitan Industries Limited, a company promoted by the Tata Group,

one of India's largest conglomerates. The name Tanishq contains theword "Nishk" (meaning gold coin or necklace in Sanskrit), although the k

has been modified into a q.[1]

"Tan" in Sanskrit/Urdu means body and "Ishq" in Urdu means love. Hence

"Tanishq" which is becoming popular as an Indian baby name means

"embodiment of love". "Tan" in Sanskrit also means to extend or to spread.

Hence "to extend love" or "to spread love" are other meanings attributed to

the name Tanishq.

Overview

Tanishq has an exquisite range ofgold, gems and diamonds jewellery. It is

the largest and fastest growing jewellery brand in India.[citation needed] Tanishq

started in 1995 and challenged the established family jeweller system

prevalent in India.

Tanishq has set up production and sourcing bases with thorough research of

the jewellery crafts of India. The Tanishq factory located at Hosur, Tamil

Nadu (India) spreads over 135,000 sq ft (12,500 m2) and complies with all

labor and environmental standards.

Tanishq spread awareness to the public about alleged impurity in Gold

jewellery across India. Tanishq introduced innovations like Karatmeter, the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://www.tanishq.co.in/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanishq#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatmeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://www.tanishq.co.in/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanishq#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatmeter


8/61

only non-destructive means to check the purity of gold and machine made

jewellery.

-

Nakshatra diamond Jewellery

Nakshatra Jewellery

Industry Gems & Jewellery

Founded 2000

Headquarters Available at multiple retail

outlets across the country.

Products All types of diamond
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakshatra_logo.PNG


9/61

jewellery including rings,

necklace sets, earrings,

pendants, bangles, bracelets

etc.

The jewellery is crafted

around an unique set of

diamond star flowers that

signify constellations. Each

design is a stylized

interpretation of the kodajodi,

which is traditionally believed

to shower the wearer with

blessings and divine luck.

Parent Gitanjali Group

Website Nakshatra Diamonds

Nakshatra Diamond Jewellery is one of the most respected and most

preferred jewellery brands in India. Originally launched in 2000 by the

Diamond Trading Company (DTC), with the dazzling Aishwarya Rai as its

brand ambassador, it was acquired by Gitanjali Group in 2008. Subsequently

the then reigning queen of Bolllywood, Katrina Kaif was chosen as the face

of the brand. Today, Nakshatra is one of Indias largest and most well known

jewellery brands. The jewellery is crafted around an unique set of diamond

star flowers that signify constellations. Each design is a stylized interpretation

of the kodajodi, which is traditionally believed to shower the wearer with

blessings and divine luck.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanjali_Grouphttp://www.nakshatradiamonds.in/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanjali_Grouphttp://www.nakshatradiamonds.in/


10/61

ADVERTISEMENT CONCEPT

Advertising is multidimensional. It is a form of mass

communication, a powerful marketing tool, a component of

economic system, a means of financing the mass media, a social

institution, an art form, an instrument of business management, a

field of employment and a profession. Advertisement has both

forward & backward linkages in the process of satisfaction across

the entire spectrum of needs. The explicit function of

advertisement is to make the potential audience aware of the

existence of the product, service or idea which would help them

fulfill their felt needs and spell out the differential benefits in a

competitive situation. Advertising is not a panacea that can

restore a poor product or rejuvenate a declining market. It only

helps in selling through the art and business of persuasive

communication.

WHY ADVERTISEMENT IS NEEDED?


11/61

Advertising is a communication channel which enables

consumers in making choice from the best available

alternative in the market, thus satisfying the basic aim of

advertisement.

Advertisement is mass audience communication

programme.

Advertisement makes it possible for the manufacture to

introduce new ideas & new products.

Advertisement makes product adoption process smooth.

Advertisement expands markets, builds up volume, gives amarket share and profitability and reduces prices.

IMPORTANCE OF ADVERTISEMENT PLANNING

Some basic elements of advertisement planning are:

Advertisement Budget

Media Planning

Creative Strategy

Advertisement Effective

ADVERTISEMENT EVALUATION

Pre-testing & Post-testing method

The testing can be related to the ad copy in terms of its message,idea, theme, slogan & contents or also can be related to products

in which impact of message on product awareness or buying

intention is measures.

Measures can be broadly classified into two categories:

Laboratory measures

Real- world measures


12/61

The following are the laboratory measures of pre-testing

which are ads related:

1. Consumer jury

2. Portfolio tests

3. Readability tests

4. Physiological measures

5. Eye-camera

6. Tachistocope

7. GSR/PDR

The following are the laboratory measures of pre-testing

which are products related:

1. Theatre tests

2. Trailer tests

3. Laboratory stores

The following are the real-world measures of pre-testingwhich are ads related :

1. Dummy advertising vehicles2. Inquiry tests3. On the air tests

The following are the real-world measures of post-testing

which are ads related :

1. Recognition tests

2. Recall tests3. Association measures4. Combination measures

The following are the real-world measures of pre-testing

as well as post-testing which are products related :

1. Pre-post tests

2. Sales tests

3. Mini-market tests


13/61

ADVERTISEMENT STRATEGY

Strategy is a link between advertisement objectives &

advertisement plan. Strategy also makes it easier to implement

the plans & goals. There are seven possible strategies from which

ideas have been taken. These are pioneering a product,

Emphasize a benefit, Put across the USP of a brand, Build a brand

image, Offer a range of products, Future users of the products,

Discover new uses for an existing product.

In my advertisement I have tried to use the strategies of

emphasizing a benefit i.e. giving the product at lower price than

others with additional new flavors.

Also the following market considerations are taken into account as

they affect the strategy formulation:

Positioning of the product: The Zest Spices are positioned at

middle-income group of customers and even the rural customers.Promotion mix: As a marketer we are interested in the right mix

or combination of Advertising, Publicity, Personal selling

(especially in villages) & Sales promotion.

Advertisement media: The most preferred advertisement

media for Zest Spices is Television; also the print media

(newspapers & magazines) is used in some areas.

Advertisement budget: The total amount to be spent on the

advertisement of Zest Spices will be decided on the basis of

Advertisement Objective & Task Method. This is so chosen

because the competition is so much that you cannot think of profit

first and then generate revenue for advertisement, but if the


14/61

product is communicated very well than it automatically sell and

generate revenue too.

Vital decision about the size of space (for print media) or length of

time (for broadcast media) for the ads have yet to be made, which

will be based on the rational price, proper space, and which gives

advantage of time utility.

Objectives of research

1. To gain insight into the customer preferences regarding

spices.

2. To search the motives that stimulates consumers to

purchase spices.

3. To find out the awareness level of customers regarding

advertisement.


15/61

4. To compare two different brand advertisements of the

similar media.

5. To find which is the most popular brand advertisement.

6. To know about effective advertising media that persuades

the customers most.

7. To design advertisement copy for spices.

8. To pre-test and post-test the effectiveness of existing and

designed advertisement copy.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

WHAT IS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY?

It is the science that tells the method of doing research .It mainly

consists of following steps;

Developing research design

Determining the data collection method

Developing sampling plan

Conducting field work

Research in common parlance refers to a search for

knowledge. One can also define research as a scientific and


16/61

systematic search for pertinent information on a specific

topic.

The word research has been derived from French word

Researcher means to search.

DEFINITION OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

Research may be defined as "a careful investigation or enquiry

specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge

"in a technical sense research comprise defining &redefining

problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions;

collecting ,organizing &evaluating data; making deductions &

reaching conclusion & at last carefully testing the conclusion to

determine weather they fit the formulating hypothesis.

RESEARCH DESIGN:

Research Design is the conceptual structure within which

research is conducted. It constitutes the blueprint for

collection, measurement and analysis of data. The designused for carrying out this research is Descriptive.

RESEARCH DESIGN USED IN THE SURVEY:

Considering the objectives of the study and also the importance of

the decision it was decided to undertake an exploratory survey.

DATA COLLECTION:

Types of data:

1. Primary data- primary data are those which are fresh and

collected for the first time and thus happen to be original

characters.

2. Secondary data - It is the data that is already been collected by


17/61

someone else.

In this survey I used both primary and secondary data. All

information collected through questionnaire.

DATA SOURCE:

The sources of collection of secondary data are:

Questionnaire

Books

Websites

Magazine

BrochureSAMPLING PLAN:

It is very difficult to collect information from every memberof a population .As time and costs are the major limitation

that the researcher faces.

A sample of 30 was taken the sample size of 30 individuals

were selected on the basis of convenient sampling

technique. The individuals were selected in the random

manner to form sample and data were collected from them

for the research study.

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION:

Data collection through questionnaire and personnel interview

resulted in availability of the desired information but these were

useless until there were analyzed. Various steps required for this

purpose were editing, coding and tabulating. Tabulating refers to

bringing together similar data and compiling them in an accurate


18/61

20%

30%

Yes

No.

and meaningful manner. The data collected by questionnaire was

analyzed, interpreted with the help of table, bar chart and pie

chart.

DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

Q.1 Do you have diamond Jewellery

Answer Percentage

Yes 20%

No. 30%


19/61

15%

10%5%

20% Tanisha

DDamas

Asmi

Nakshatra

Q.2 Which company Diamond Jewellary do you use

Answer Percentage

Tanisha 15%

DDamas 10%

Asmi 5%

Nakshatra 20%


20/61

45%

5%

Yes

No.

Q.3 Do you like the advertisement designed by me

Answer Percentage

Yes 45%

No. 5%

Q.4 Which media according to you is best for product

advertisment ?


21/61

5%

10%

30%

5%

Audio

Vedio

Audio Video

Print

Answer Percentage

Audio 5%

Vedio 10%

Audio Video 30%

Print 5%

Q.5 Do you think promotional events are necessary for a

product promotion

Answer Percentage

Yes 30%

No. 20%


22/61

Q.6 Do you like the script of advertisement designed by me

Answer Percentage

Yes 35%

No. 15%

30%

20%

Yes

No.


23/61

35%

15%

Yes

No.

32%

18%Yes

No.

Q.7 Do you likethe slogan or punchline of my product

company

Answer Percentage

Yes 32%

No. 18%


24/61

CONCLUSIONS

I had some limited success in teaching jewelry making classes. The biggest

problem was getting the word out. The place I found to teach the classes did

not offer any help in promoting them. However, when I did get enough

students to take a class, I found it was not only enjoyable for the students

and myself, but by bringing extra kits, beads, and findings to class, Im also

was able to make a nice little profit.


25/61

If had I spent more time promoting myself, then I believe I would have been

even more successful. I taught at a local community center, but you could

also teach for groups such as home schoolers, scout groups, or 4-H clubs.

Deciding on the where, what, how, and who will depend on your schedule,

expertise, and taste. You may have to try a few methods before you find a

teaching process that works best for you, but hopefully, you now have a few

basic ideas to help you create a jewelry class curriculum.


26/61

SUGGESTIONS

There are four questions that you can use as a great starting

point when choosing your diamond engagement ring.

If you answer each of these four questions, you will take a big

step forward towards finding the right diamond engagement ring

for you.

Do you prefer round (brilliant cut), square (princess cut),

rectangular (emerald cut) , marquise or heart shaped

diamonds in diamond engagement rings? Do you prefer prong or bezel set diamond engagement

rings?

Would you prefer one diamond, one main diamond with

smaller diamonds or multiple diamonds of similar

proportions in diamond engagement rings?

Do you prefer yellow gold, white gold or platinum diamond

engagement rings?


27/61

BIBLIOGRAPHY

C. Even-Zohar (2007). From Mine to Mistress: Corporate Strategies

and Government Policies in the International Diamond Industry(2nd ed.).

Mining Journal Press.

G. Davies (1994). Properties and growth of diamond.

INSPEC. ISBN 0-85296-875-2.

M. O'Donoghue, M (2006). Gems. Elsevier. ISBN0-7506-5856-8.

M. O'Donoghue and L. Joyner (2003). Identification of gemstones.

Great Britain: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN0-7506-5512-7.

A. Feldman and L.H. Robins (1991).Applications of Diamond Films

and Related Materials. Elsevier.

J.E. Field (1979). The Properties of Diamond. London: Academic

Press. ISBN0-12-255350-0.
http://www.mine2mistress.com/http://www.mine2mistress.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85296-875-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-5856-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-5512-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-255350-0http://www.mine2mistress.com/http://www.mine2mistress.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85296-875-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-5856-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-5512-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-255350-0


28/61

QUESTIONNAIRE

Name of Purchaser : _____________________________

Respondent Name : _____________________________

Age : _____________________________

Q.1 Do you have diamond Jewellery?(a) Yes (b) No

Q.2 Which company Diamond Jewellery do you use ?

(a) Tanisha (b) DDamas (c) Asmi (d) NakshatraQ.3 do you like the advertisement designed by me

(a) Yes (b) No

Q.4 Which Media according to you is best for product advertisement?(a) Audio (b) Video (c) Audio video (d) Print

Q.5 do you think promotional events are necessary for a product promotion?

(a) Yes (b) NoQ.6 do you like the script of advertisement designed by me ?

(a) Yes (b) No

Q.7 do you like the slogan or punchline of my product company?

(a) Yes (b) No.Q.8 Which feature do you think every diamond Jewellery should have ?

(a) (b)

(c) (d)Q.9 Which company according to your is the best ?

Ans __________________________________________________________________________

Q.10 Any Suggestion : _____________________________________________

____________________________________________________________Thank you very much for your kind cooperation.

Place :Date Signature of Respondent

INTRODUTION TO THE PRODUCT

In mineralogy, diamond (from the ancient Greek admas

"unbreakable") is anallotrope of carbon, where the carbon atoms are arranged in

a variation of the face-centered cubic crystal structure called a diamond lattice.

Diamond is less stable than graphite, but the conversion rate from diamond to

graphite is negligible at ambient conditions. Diamond is renowned as a material

with superlative physical qualities, most of which originate from the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face-centered_cubichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_latticehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_stabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face-centered_cubichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_latticehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_stabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressure


29/61

strong covalent bonding between its atoms. In particular, diamond has the

highest hardnessand thermal conductivity of any bulk material. Those properties

determine the major industrial application of diamond in cutting and polishing

tools.

Diamond has remarkable optical characteristics. Because of its extremely rigidlattice, it can be contaminated by very few types of impurities, such

as boron and nitrogen. Combined with wide transparency, this results in the clear,

colorless appearance of most natural diamonds. Small amounts of defects or

impurities (about one per million of lattice atoms) color diamond blue (boron),

yellow (nitrogen), brown (lattice defects), green (radiation exposure), purple, pink,

orange or red. Diamond also has relatively high optical dispersion (ability to

disperse light of different colors), which results in its characteristic luster. Excellent

optical and mechanical properties, combined with efficient marketing, make

diamond the most populargemstone.

Most natural diamonds are formed at high-pressure high-temperature conditions

existing at depths of 140 to 190 kilometers (87 to 120 mi) in the Earth mantle.

Carbon-containing minerals provide the carbon source, and the growth occurs

over periods from 1 billion to 3.3 billion years (25% to 75% of the age of the

Earth). Diamonds are brought close to the Earth surface through deep volcanic

eruptions by a magma, which cools into igneous rocks known

as kimberlitesand lamproites. Diamonds can also be produced synthetically in

a high-pressure high-temperature process which approximately simulates theconditions in the Earth mantle. An alternative, and completely different growth

technique is chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Several non-diamond materials,

which include cubic zirconia and silicon carbide and are often called diamond

simulants, resemble diamond in appearance and many properties.

Specialgemological techniques have been developed to distinguish natural

and synthetic diamondsand diamond simulants.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_hardnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_defecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_dispersionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luster_(mineralogy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_mantlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_eruptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_eruptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberlitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamproitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPHT_diamondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_vapor_depositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_zirconiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_carbidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_simulantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_simulantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_diamondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_hardnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_defecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_dispersionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luster_(mineralogy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_mantlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_eruptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_eruptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberlitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamproitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPHT_diamondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_vapor_depositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_zirconiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_carbidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_simulantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_simulantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_diamond


30/61

Script

Scene 1 There is Husband and wife and they have their anniversary can that

day

Scene 2 Husband shows that he didnt remember their anniversary but the

known every thing and decided that he will organize a surprise party

for her wife named Devika.

Scene 3 Wife was very sad and upset that his husband dont remeber their

anniversary.

Scene 4 Finally he invited her on the terrace of their house and gifted her

Diva DiamondJewellary SetWe She was very happy and hugged him and saidDD Make

Relations farevess


31/61

DIVA DIAMOND JEWELERY

MAKE RELATIONFOREVER


32/61

Appendix


33/61


34/61


35/61


36/61


37/61

The QueenFarida of Egyptred coral parure by Ascione manufacture, 1938,

Neaples,Coral Jewellery Museum Jewelleryorjewelry[1] is a form of

personaladornment- such asbrooches,rings,necklaces,earrings, andbracelets.

With some exception such as medical alert bracelets or military dog tags,

jewellery normally differs from other items of personal adornment in that it has no

other purpose than to look appealing, but humans have been producing and

wearing it for a long time - with 100,000-year-old beads made

from Nassarius shells thought to be the oldest known jewellery.

Jewellery may be made from a wide range of materials, but gemstones,precious

metals, beads and shells have been widely used. Depending on the culture and

times jewellery may be appreciated as a status symbol, for its material properties,

its patterns, or for meaningful symbols. Jewellery has been made to adorn nearly

every body part, from hairpins to toe rings.

The wordjewelleryitself is derived from the wordjewel, which

was anglicized from the Old French"jouel",[3] and beyond that, to the Latin word

"jocale", meaning plaything.

Form and function

Kenyanman wearing tribal beads Jewellery has been used for a number of reasons:

Currency, wealth display and storage,

Functional use (such as clasps, pins and buckles)

Symbolism (to show membership or status)

Protection (in the form ofamulets and magical wards),[4]

Artistic display
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farida_of_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Jewellery_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adornmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necklacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necklacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracelethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_alert_bracelethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_taghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassariushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precious_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precious_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seashellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairpin_(fashion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toe_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-KunzMagicJewels-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kenyan_man.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farida_of_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Jewellery_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adornmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necklacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracelethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_alert_bracelethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_taghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassariushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precious_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precious_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seashellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairpin_(fashion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toe_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-KunzMagicJewels-3


38/61

Most cultures have at some point had a practice of keeping large amounts of

wealth stored in the form of jewellery. Numerous cultures move

wedding dowries in the form of jewellery or create jewellery as a means to store or

display coins. Alternatively, jewellery has been used as a currency or trade good;

an example being the use ofslave beads.[citation needed]

Many items of jewellery, such as brooches and buckles, originated as purely

functional items, but evolved into decorative items as their functional requirement

diminished.[5]

Jewellery can also be symbolic of group membership, as in the case of

the Christian crucifix orJewishStar of David, or of status, as in the case ofchains

of office, or the Western practice ofmarried people wearing a wedding ring.

Wearing ofamulets and devotional medals to provide protection or ward off evil is

common in somecultures; these may take the form of symbols (such as the ankh),stones, plants, animals, body parts (such as the Khamsa), orglyphs (such as

stylised versions of the Throne Verse in Islamic art).[6]

Although artistic display has clearly been a function of jewellery from the very

beginning, the other roles described above tended to take primacy. [citation needed] It

was only in the late 19th century, with the work of such masters as Peter Carl

Faberg and Ren Lalique, that art began to take primacy over function and

wealth.[citation needed] This trend has continued into modern times, expanded upon by

artists such as Robert Lee Morris, Ed Levin, andAlberto Repossi.

Materials and methods

Anticlastic raised sterling bracelet.

In creating jewellery, gemstones, coins, or other precious items are often used,

and they are typically set into precious metals.Alloys of nearly every metal known

have been encountered in jewellery. Bronze, for example, was common in Roman

times. Modern fine jewellery usually includes gold, white

gold, platinum, palladium, titanium, orsilver. Most American and European gold
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_beadshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-kingfisherhistory-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_Davidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livery_collarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livery_collarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devotional_medalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throne_Versehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Carl_Faberg%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Carl_Faberg%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Laliquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lee_Morrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repossihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bracelet_modern_anticlastic.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_beadshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-kingfisherhistory-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_Davidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livery_collarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livery_collarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devotional_medalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throne_Versehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Carl_Faberg%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Carl_Faberg%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Laliquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lee_Morrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repossihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver


39/61

jewellery is made of an alloy of gold, the purity of which is stated in karats,

indicated by a number followed by the letterK. American gold jewellery must be of

at least 10K purity (41.7% pure gold), (though in the UK the number is 9K (37.5%

pure gold) and is typically found up to 18K (75% pure gold). Higher purity levels

are less common with alloys at 22 K (91.6% pure gold), and 24 K (99.9% pure

gold) being considered too soft for jewellery use in America and Europe. These

high purity alloys, however, are widely used acrossAsia, the Middle

East andAfrica.[citation needed] Platinum alloys range from 900 (90% pure) to 950

(95.0% pure). The silver used in jewellery is usually sterling silver, or 92.5% fine

silver. In costume jewellery, stainless steel findings are sometimes used.

Bead embroidery design.

Other commonly used materials include glass, such as fused-glass

orenamel;wood, often carved or turned; shells and other natural animal

substances such as bone and ivory; natural clay;polymer clay; and even plastics.

Hemp and other twines have been used as well to create jewellery that has moreof a natural feel. However, any inclusion of lead or lead solder will cause an

EnglishAssay office (the building which gives English jewellery its stamp of

approval, theHallmark) to destroy the piece.[citation needed]

Beads are frequently used in jewellery. These may be made of glass, gemstones,

metal, wood, shells, clay and polymer clay. Beaded jewellery commonly

encompasses necklaces, bracelets,earrings, belts and rings. Beads may be large

or small; the smallest type of beads used are known as seed beads, these are the

beads used for the "woven" style of beaded jewellery. Another use of seed beads
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carat_(purity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous_enamelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoskeletonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assay_officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beadworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necklacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracelethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_(clothing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_beadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beaded_Collar2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carat_(purity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous_enamelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoskeletonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assay_officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beadworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necklacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracelethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_(clothing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_bead


40/61

is an embroidery technique where seed beads are sewn onto fabric backings to

create broad collar neck pieces and beaded bracelets. Bead embroidery, a

popular type of handwork during the Victorian era, is enjoying a renaissance in

modern jewellery making. Beading, or beadwork, is also very popular in

manyAfrican cultures.

Advanced glass and glass beadmaking techniques by Murano and Venetian

glassmastersdeveloped crystalline glass, enamelled glass (smalto), glass with

threads of gold (goldstone), multicoloured glass (millefiori), milk-glass (lattimo),

and imitation gemstones made of glassAs early as the 13th century, Murano

glass and Murano beads were popular]

Silversmiths, goldsmiths, and lapidaries methods

include forging, casting, soldering orwelding, cutting, carving and "cold-joining"

(using adhesives, staples and rivets to assemble parts).

[7]

Diamonds

Diamonds.

Diamonds were first mined in India.[8] Pliny may have mentioned them, although

there is some debate as to the exact nature of the stone he referred to

asAdamas;[9] In 2005,Australia,Botswana, Russia and Canada ranked among the

primary sources of gemstone diamond production.[10][11]

The British crown jewels contain the Cullinan Diamond, part of the largest gem-

quality rough diamond ever found (1905), at 3,106.75 carats (621.35 g).

Now popular in engagement rings, this usage dates back to the marriage

ofMaximilian I to Mary of Burgundy in 1477.[12]

Other gemstones

Main article: Gemstone

Many precious and semiprecious stones are used for jewellery. Among them are:

Amber
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_beadmakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muranohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millefiorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murano_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murano_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murano_beadshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silversmithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapidaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solderinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapidaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_(fastener)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_crown_jewelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullinan_Diamondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carat_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engagement_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-Slate-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brillanten.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brillanten.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_beadmakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muranohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millefiorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murano_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murano_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murano_beadshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silversmithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapidaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solderinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapidaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_(fastener)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_crown_jewelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullinan_Diamondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carat_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engagement_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-Slate-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber


41/61

Amber, an ancient organic gemstone, is composed of tree resin that has

hardened over time. The stone must be at least one million years old to be

classified as amber, and some amber can be up to 120 million years old.

Amethyst

Amethyst has historically been the most prized gemstone in the quartz family. It istreasured for its purple hue, which can range in tone from light to dark.

Spanish emerald and gold pendant at Victoria and Albert Museum.

Emerald

Emeralds are one of the three main precious gemstones (along with rubies and

sapphires) and are known for their fine green to bluish green colour. They have

been treasured throughout history, and some historians report that the Egyptians

mined emerald as early as 3500 BC.

Jade

Jade is most commonly associated with the colour green but can come in a

number of other colours, as well. Jade is closely linked to Asian culture, history,

and tradition, and is sometimes referred to as the stone of heaven.

Jasper

Jasper is a gemstone of the chalcedony family that comes in a variety of colours.

Often, jasper will feature unique and interesting patterns within the coloured

stone. Picture jasper is a type of jasper known for the colours (often beiges and

browns) and swirls in the stones pattern.Quartz

Quartz refers to a family of crystalline gemstones of various colours and sizes.

Among the well-known types of quartz are rose quartz (which has a delicate pink

colour), and smoky quartz (which comes in a variety of shades of translucent

brown). A number of other gemstones, such asAmethyst and Citrine, are also

part of the quartz family. Rutilated quartz is a popular type of quartz containing

needle-like inclusions.

Ruby
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeraldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_quartzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spanish_jewellery-Gold_and_emerald_pendant_at_VAM-01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeraldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_quartzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby


42/61

Rubies are known for their intense red colour and are among the most highly

valued precious gemstones. Rubies have been treasured for millennia.

In Sanskrit, the word for ruby is ratnaraj, meaning king of precious stones.

Sapphire

The most popular form of sapphire is blue sapphire, which is known for itsmedium to deep blue colour and strong saturation. Fancy sapphires of various

colours are also available. In the United States, blue sapphire tends to be the

most popular and most affordable of the three major precious gemstones

(emerald, ruby, and sapphire).

Turquoise

Turquoise is found in only a few places on earth, and the worlds largest turquoise

producing region is the southwest United States. Turquoise is prized for its

attractive colour, most often an intense medium blue or a greenish blue, and its

ancient heritage. Turquoise is used in a great variety of jewellery styles. It is

perhaps most closely associated with southwest and Native American jewellery,

but it is also used in many sleek, modern styles. Some turquoise contains a matrix

of dark brown markings, which provides an interesting contrast to the gemstones

bright blue colour.

Some gemstones (like pearls, coral, and amber) are classified as organic,

meaning that they are produced by living organisms. Others are inorganic,

meaning that they are generally composed of and arise from minerals. [13]

Some gems, for example, amethyst, have become less valued as methods of

extracting and importing them have progressed. Some man-made gems can

serve in place of natural gems, such as cubic zirconia, which can be used in place

of diamond.

Metal finishes

An example of gold plated jewellery

Forplatinum, gold, and silverjewellery, there are many techniques to create

finishes. The most common are high-polish, satin/matte, brushed, and hammered.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_zirconiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushed_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A002.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A002.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_zirconiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushed_metal


43/61

High-polished jewellery is by far the most common and gives the metal a highly

reflective, shiny look. Satin, or matte finish reduces the shine and reflection of the

jewellery and is commonly used to accentuate gemstones such as diamonds.

Brushed finishes give the jewellery a textured look and are created by brushing a

material (similar to sandpaper) against the metal, leaving "brush strokes."

Hammered finishes are typically created by using a soft, rounded hammer and

hammering the jewellery to give it a wavy texture.

Some jewellery is plated to give it a shiny, reflective look or to achieve a desired

colour. Sterling silver jewellery may be plated with a thin layer of 0.999 fine silver

(a process known as flashing) or may be plated with rhodium or gold. Base metal

costume jewellery may also be plated with silver, gold, or rhodium for a more

attractive finish.

Impact on society

Jewellery has been used to denote status. In ancient Rome, for instance, only

certain ranks could wear rings;[16] Later, sumptuary lawsdictated who could wear

what type of jewellery, again based on rank. Cultural dictates have also played a

significant role. For example, the wearing of earrings by Western men was

considered effeminate in the 19th century and early 20th century. More recently,

the display of body jewellery, such as piercings, has become a mark of

acceptance or seen as a badge of courage within some groups but is completely

rejected in others. Likewise, hip hop culture has popularised the slang term bling-bling, which refers to ostentatious display of jewellery by men or women.

Conversely, the jewellery industry in the early 20th century launched a campaign

to popularise wedding rings for men, which caught on, as well as engagement

rings for men, which did not, going so far as to create a false history and claim

that the practice had medieval roots. By the mid 1940s, 85% of weddings in the

U.S. featured a double-ring ceremony, up from 15% in the 1920s. [17] Religion has

also played a role: Islam, for instance, considers the wearing of gold by men as a

social taboo,[18]

and many religions have edicts against excessive display.[19]

InChristianity, the New Testament gives injunctions against the wearing of gold, in

the writings of the apostles Paul and Peter. In Revelation 17, "the great whore" or

false religious system, is depicted as being "decked with gold and precious stones

and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand." (Rev. 17:4)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-Pliny33-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumptuary_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piercingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bling-blinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bling-blinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engagement_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engagement_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-Pliny33-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumptuary_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piercingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bling-blinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bling-blinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engagement_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engagement_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-18


44/61

History

The history of jewellery is a long one, with many different uses among different

cultures. It has endured for thousands of years and has provided various insights

into how ancient cultures worked.

Early history

The first signs of jewellery came from the people in Africa. Perforated beads made

from snail shells have been found dating to 75,000 years ago at Blombos Cave. In

Kenya, at Enkapune Ya Muto, beads made from perforated ostrich egg shells

have been dated to more than 40,000 years ago.

Outside of Africa, the Cro-Magnons had crude necklaces and bracelets of bone,

teeth, berries, and stone hung on pieces of string or animalsinew, or pieces of

carved bone used to secure clothing together. In some cases, jewellery had shellormother-of-pearl pieces. In southernRussia, carved bracelets made

ofmammothtusk have been found. The Venus of Hohle Fels features a

perforation at the top, showing that it was intended to be worn as a pendant.

Around 7,000 years ago, the first sign ofcopperjewellery was seen.[5]

Egypt

An 18th dynasty pharaonic era princess' crown

The first signs of established jewellery making in Ancient Egypt was around

3,000-5,000 years ago.[20] The Egyptians preferred the luxury, rarity, and

workability ofgold over other metals.Predynastic Egypt had Jewellery in Egypt

soon began to symbolise power and religious power in the community. Although it

was worn by wealthy Egyptians in life, it was also worn by them in death, with

jewellery commonly placed among grave goods.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blombos_Cavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkapune_Ya_Mutohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necklacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracelethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother-of-pearlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_of_Hohle_Felshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-kingfisherhistory-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-last2millionyears-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predynastic_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_goodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:18th_dynasty_pharaonic_crown_by_John_Campana.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypte_louvre_091_aigle.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blombos_Cavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkapune_Ya_Mutohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necklacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracelethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother-of-pearlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_of_Hohle_Felshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-kingfisherhistory-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-last2millionyears-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predynastic_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_goods


45/61

In conjunction with gold jewellery, Egyptians used coloured glass, along with

precious gems. The colour of the jewellery had significance. Green, for example,

symbolised fertility. Although lapis lazuli and silver had to be imported from

beyond the countrys borders, many other materials for jewellery were found in or

near Egypt. Egyptian jewellery was predominantly made in large workshops.

Egyptian designs were most common in Phoenician jewellery. Also,

ancient Turkish designs found in Persian jewellery suggest that trade between the

Middle East and Europe was not uncommon. Women wore elaborate gold and

silver pieces that were used in ceremonies.[20]

Europe and the Middle East

Mesopotamia

By approximately 4,000 years ago, jewellery-making had become a significant

craft in the cities ofSumerandAkkad. The most significant archaeological

evidence comes from the Royal Cemetery of Ur, where hundreds of burials dating

29002300 BC were unearthed; tombs such as that ofPuabi contained a multitude

of artefacts in gold, silver, and semi-precious stones, such as lapis lazuli crowns

embellished with gold figurines, close-fitting collar necklaces, and jewel-headed

pins. InAssyria, men and women both wore extensive amounts of jewellery,

including amulets, ankle bracelets, heavy multi-strand necklaces, and cylinder

seals.[21]

Jewellery in Mesopotamia tended to be manufactured from thin metal leaf andwas set with large numbers of brightly-coloured stones (chiefly agate, lapis,

carnelian, and jasper). Favoured shapes included leaves, spirals, cones, and

bunches of grapes. Jewellers created works both for human use and for adorning

statues and idols. They employed a wide variety of sophisticated metalworking

techniques, such ascloisonn, engraving, fine granulation, and filigree.[22]

Extensive and meticulously maintained records pertaining to the trade and

manufacture of jewellery have also been unearthed throughout Mesopotamian

archaeological sites. One record in the Mari royal archives, for example, gives thecomposition of various items of jewellery:

1 necklace of flat speckled chalcedony beads including: 34 flat speckled

chalcedony bead, [and] 35 gold fluted beads, in groups of five.

1 necklace of flat speckled chalcedony beads including: 39 flat speckled

chalcedony beads, [with] 41 fluted beads in a group that make up the hanging

device.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis_lazulihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoeniciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-last2millionyears-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Cemetery_of_Ur&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puabihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis_lazulihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_sealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_sealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engravinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filigreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari,_Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis_lazulihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoeniciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-last2millionyears-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Cemetery_of_Ur&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puabihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis_lazulihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_sealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_sealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engravinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filigreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari,_Syria


46/61

1 necklace with rounded lapis lazuli beads including: 28 rounded lapis lazuli

beads, [and] 29 fluted beads for its clasp.[23]

Greece

Gold earring from Mycenae, 16th century BC.

The Greeks started using gold and gems in jewellery in 1600 BC, although beads

shaped as shells and animals were produced widely in earlier times. By 300 BC,

the Greeks had mastered making coloured jewellery and using amethysts, pearl,

and emeralds. Also, the first signs ofcameos appeared, with the Greeks creating

them from IndianSardonyx, a striped brown pink and cream agate stone. Greek

jewellery was often simpler than in other cultures, with simple designs and

workmanship. However, as time progressed, the designs grew in complexity and

different materials were soon used.

Pendant with naked woman, made fromelectrum, Rhodes, around 630-620 BC.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeraldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_(carving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardonyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pendant_Camiros_Louvre_Bj2169-9.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pendant_Camiros_Louvre_Bj2169-9.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earring_Mycenae_Louvre_Bj135.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earring_Mycenae_Louvre_Bj135.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeraldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_(carving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardonyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes


47/61

Jewellery in Greece was hardly worn and was mostly used for public appearances

or on special occasions. It was frequently given as a gift and was predominantly

worn by women to show their wealth, social status, and beauty. The jewellery was

often supposed to give the wearer protection from the Evil Eye or endowed the

owner with supernatural powers, while others had a religious symbolism. Older

pieces of jewellery that have been found were dedicated to the Gods. The largest

production of jewellery in these times came from Northern Greece and Macedon.

However, although much of the jewellery in Greece was made

ofgold and silverwith ivory andgemstones, bronze and clay copies were made

also.

They worked two styles of pieces: cast pieces and pieces hammered out of sheet

metal. Fewer pieces of cast jewellery have been recovered. It was made by

casting the metal onto two stone or clay moulds. The two halves were then joined

together, and wax, followed by molten metal, was placed in the centre. Thistechnique had been practised since the late Bronze Age. The more common form

of jewellery was the hammered sheet type. Sheets of metal would be hammered

to thickness and then soldered together. The inside of the two sheets would be

filled with wax or another liquid to preserve the metal work. Different techniques,

such as using a stamp or engraving, were then used to create motifs on the

jewellery. Jewels may then be added to hollows or glass poured into special

cavities on the surface. The Greeks took much of their designs from outer origins,

such as Asia, whenAlexander the Great conquered part of it. In earlier designs,

other European influences can also be detected. When Roman rule came to

Greece, no change in jewellery designs was detected. However, by 27 BC, Greek

designs were heavily influenced by the Roman culture. That is not to say that

indigenous design did not thrive. Numerous polychrome butterfly pendants on

silver foxtail chains, dating from the 1st century, have been found nearOlbia, with

only one example ever found anywhere else. [24]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Greek_jewelry_Pontika_(Ukraina)_300_bC.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-23


48/61

Rome

RomanAmethystintaglio engraved gem, c. 212 AD; later regarded as of St.

Peter.

Although jewellery work was abundantly diverse in earlier times, especially among

the barbarian tribes such as the Celts, when the Romans conquered most of

Europe, jewellery was changed as smaller factions developed the Roman

designs. The most common artefact of early Rome was thebrooch, which was

used to secure clothing together. The Romans used a diverse range of materials

for their jewellery from their extensive resources across the continent. Although

they used gold, they sometimes used bronze or bone, and in earlier times, glass

beads & pearl. As early as 2,000 years ago, they imported Sri

Lankan sapphires and Indian diamonds and used emeralds and amberin their

jewellery. In Roman-ruled England, fossilised wood calledjet from Northern

England was often carved into pieces of jewellery. The early Italians worked in

crude gold and created clasps, necklaces, earrings, and bracelets. They also

produced largerpendants that could be filled with perfume.

Like the Greeks, often the purpose of Roman jewellery was to ward off the Evil

Eye given by other people. Although women wore a vast array of jewellery, men

often only wore a fingerring. Although they were expected to wear at least one

ring, some Roman men wore a ring on every finger, while others wore none.

Roman men and women wore rings with an engraved gem on it that was used

with wax to seal documents, a practice that continued into medieval times

when kings and noblemen used the same method. After the fall of the Roman

Empire, the jewellery designs were absorbed by neighbouring countries and

tribes.

[20]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intaglio_(jewellery)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraved_gemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(lignite)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraved_gemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-last2millionyears-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intaille_en_am%C3%A9thyste.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intaille_en_am%C3%A9thyste.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intaglio_(jewellery)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraved_gemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(lignite)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraved_gemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-last2millionyears-19


49/61

Middle Ages

Merovingian fibulae, Bibliothque nationale de France.

6th century bronze eagle-shaped Visigothic cloisonn fibula

from Guadalajara,Spain, using glass-paste fillings in imitation ofgarnets.

Post-Roman Europe continued to develop jewellery making skills.

The Celts and Merovingians in particular are noted for their jewellery, which in

terms of quality matched or exceeded that of Byzantium. Clothing fasteners,

amulets, and, to a lesser extent, signet rings, are the most common artefacts

known to us. A particularly striking celtic example is the Tara Brooch.

The Torc was common throughout Europe as a symbol of status and power. By

the 8th century, jewelled weaponry was common for men, while other jewellery

(with the exception of signet rings) seemed to become the domain of women.

Grave goods found in a 6th-7th century burial nearChalon-sur-Sane are

illustrative. A young girl was buried with: 2 silverfibulae, a necklace (with coins),
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara,_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signet_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Broochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4nehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F%C3%ADbula_aquiliforme_(M.A.N._Madrid)_02.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fibules_m%C3%A9rovingiennes_01.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara,_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signet_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Broochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4nehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)


50/61

bracelet, gold earrings, a pair of hair-pins, comb, and buckle.[25] The Celts specialised in continuous patterns and designs, while Merovingian

designs are best known for stylised animal figures. [26] They were not the only

groups known for high quality work. Note the Visigoth work shown here, and the

numerous decorative objects found at the Anglo-SaxonShip burial at Sutton

HooSuffolk, England are a particularly well-known example.[20] On the

continent, cloisonn and garnet were perhaps the quintessential method and

gemstone of the period.

The Eastern successor of the Roman Empire, theByzantine Empire, continued

many of the methods of the Romans, though religious themes came to

predominate. Unlike the Romans, the Franks, and the Celts, however, Byzantium

used light-weight gold leaf rather than solid gold, and more emphasis was placed

on stones and gems. As in the West, Byzantine jewellery was worn by wealthier

females, with male jewellery apparently restricted to signet rings. Like other

contemporary cultures, jewellery was commonly buried with its owner.[27]

Renaissance
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_burialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-last2millionyears-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-Byzantium-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cameo_Claudius_Cdm_Paris_Chab220.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wedding_ring_Louvre_AC924.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_burialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-last2millionyears-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery#cite_note-Byzantium-26


51/61

The Renaissance and exploration both had significant impacts on the

development of jewellery in Europe. By the 17th century, increasing exploration

and trade led to increased availability of a wide variety of gemstones as well as

exposure to the art of other cultures. Whereas prior to this the working of gold and

precious metal had been at the forefront of jewellery, this period saw increasing

dominance of gemstones and their settings. A fascinating example of this is

theCheapside Hoard, the stock of a jeweller hidden in London during

the Commonwealth period and not found again until 1912. It contained

Colombian emerald, topaz, amazonite from Brazil, spinel,iolite,

and chrysoberyl from Sri Lanka, ruby from India, Afghani lapis

lazuli, Persianturquoise, Red Sea peridot, as well as Bohemian and

Hungarian opal,garnet, and amethyst. Large stones were frequently set in box-

bezels on enamelled rings.[28] Notable among merchants of the period wasJean-

Baptiste Tavernier, who brought the precursor stone of the Hope Diamond toFrance in the 1660s.

When Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned as Emperor of the French in 1804, he

revived the style and grandeur of jewellery and fashion in France. Under

Napoleons rule, jewellers introducedparures, suites of matching jewellery, such

as a diamond tiara, diamond earrings, diamond rings, a diamond brooch, and a

diamond necklace. Both of Napoleons wives had beautiful sets such as these and

wore them regularly. Another fashion trend resurrected by Napoleon was

the cameo. Soon after his cameo decorated crown was seen, cameos were highlysought. The period also saw the early stages ofcostume jewellery, with fish

scale covered glass beads in place ofpearlsorconch shell cameos instead of

stone cameos. New terms were coined to diff

Documents

4 Diamond Jewellary