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4-1
Chp 4: Nomenclature
POPO443-3-
phosphate ionphosphate ionCC22HH33OO22
--
acetate ionacetate ion
HC2H3O2
Acetic Acid
4-2
Forms of Chemical Forms of Chemical BondsBonds• There are 3 forms bonding atoms:There are 3 forms bonding atoms:
• IonicIonic—complete —complete transfer transfer of 1 or more electrons from one of 1 or more electrons from one atom to another (one loses, the other gains) – Usually atom to another (one loses, the other gains) – Usually between a metal and a non-metalbetween a metal and a non-metal
• CovalentCovalent——some valence electrons some valence electrons sharedshared between between atoms – usually between 2 or more non -metalsatoms – usually between 2 or more non -metals
• MetallicMetallic –a shared pool of valence electrons being –a shared pool of valence electrons being attracted to all of the positives holds atoms of a metal attracted to all of the positives holds atoms of a metal togethertogether
Most bonds are somewhere in between ionic and covalent.Most bonds are somewhere in between ionic and covalent.
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Common NamesCommon Names•A lot of chemicals have A lot of chemicals have common names as well as the common names as well as the proper IUPAC name.proper IUPAC name.•Chemicals that should always Chemicals that should always be named by common name be named by common name and never named by the IUPAC and never named by the IUPAC method are:method are:
•HH22OO water, not dihydrogen water, not dihydrogen
monoxidemonoxide
•NHNH33 ammonia, not nitrogen ammonia, not nitrogen
trihydridetrihydride
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A neutral compound A neutral compound requiresrequires
equal number of + equal number of + and - charges.and - charges.
A neutral compound A neutral compound requiresrequires
equal number of + equal number of + and - charges.and - charges.
COMPOUNDS COMPOUNDS FORMED FROM FORMED FROM
IONSIONS
COMPOUNDS COMPOUNDS FORMED FROM FORMED FROM
IONSIONS
NaNa++ + Cl + Cl- - --> NaCl--> NaClNH4
+ + Cl- NH4Cl
Ammonium chloride
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Predicting Charges on Monatomic IonsPredicting Charges on Monatomic IonsKNOW THESE !!!!KNOW THESE !!!!
+1 +2 -3 -2 -1 0
Cd+2
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Writing a FormulaWriting a Formula
Write the formula for the ionic compound that will form between Ca and Cl.
Solution:
1. Determine the charge on each ion
2. Balance charge with + and – ions
3. Write the positive ion of metal first, and the negative ion
4. Write the number of ions needed as subscripts
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Learning Check Learning Check Write the correct formula for the compounds containing the following ions:1. Li, S
2. Al, Br
3. Be, N
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Naming CompoundsNaming CompoundsNaming CompoundsNaming Compounds
• 1. Cation first, then anion
• 2. Monatomic cation = name of the element
• Ca2+ = calcium ion
• 3. Monatomic anion = name of element with ending changed to -ide
• Cl = chloride• CaCl2 = calcium chloride
Binary Ionic Compounds:Binary Ionic Compounds:
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Learning Check Learning Check Names the following binary compounds:
Na3N
KBr
Al2O3
MgS
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Transition MetalsTransition Metals
Most transition metals can have more than one
possible charge,so they MUST have a Roman
Numeral to indicate the charge on the cation (NOT
the number of cations or anions, and NOT the
subscript).
1+ or 2+ 2+ or 3+
Cu+, Cu2+ Fe2+, Fe3+
copper(I) ion iron(II) ion copper (II) ion iron(III) ion
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Names of Variable IonsNames of Variable Ions
Transition metals and the metals in groups 4A and 5A (except Ag, Zn, Cd, and Al) REQUIRE a roman numeral in their name.
FeCl3 (Fe3+) iron (III) chlorideCuCl (Cu+ ) copper (I) chlorideSnF4 (Sn4+) tin (IV) fluoridePbCl2 (Pb2+) lead (II) chloride
Fe2S3 (Fe3+)iron (III) sulfide
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Examples of Older Names of Cations formed Examples of Older Names of Cations formed from Transition Metalsfrom Transition Metals
(you do NOT have to memorize these)(you do NOT have to memorize these)
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Learning Check Learning Check Name the following binary compounds
with variable metal ions:
FeBr2
CuCl
SnO2
Fe2O3
Hg2S
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NONO33--
nitrate ionnitrate ion
NONO22--
nitrite ionnitrite ion
Polyatomic Polyatomic IonsIons
Polyatomic Polyatomic IonsIons
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When balancing charges in an ionic compound,the polyatomic ion acts as a
single unit of charge:
NO
O
O1-
Mg
2+N
O
O
O
1-
Mg(NO3)2
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Common Polyatomic IonsCommon Polyatomic Ions
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Ternary Ionic NomenclatureTernary Ionic Nomenclature
Writing Formulas
• Write each ion, cation first. Don’t show charges in the final formula.
• Overall charge must equal zero.• If charges cancel, just write symbols.• If not, use subscripts to balance charges.
• Use parentheses to show more than one of a particular polyatomic ion.
• Use Roman numerals indicate the ion’s charge when needed (stock system)
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Ternary Ionic NomenclatureTernary Ionic Nomenclature
Sodium SulfateNa+ and SO4 -2
Na2SO4
Iron (III) hydroxideFe+3 and OH-
Fe(OH)3
Ammonium carbonateNH4
+ and CO3 –2
(NH4)2CO3
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Learning Check Learning Check
1. aluminum nitrate
2. copper(II) nitrate
3. Iron (III) hydroxide
4. Tin(IV) hydroxide
4-20
Naming Ternary CompoundsNaming Ternary Compounds
Contains at least 3 elementsThere MUST be at least one polyatomic ion
(it helps to circle the ions)Examples:
NaNO3 Sodium nitrate
K2SO4 Potassium sulfate
Al(HCO3)3 Aluminum bicarbonate
or
Aluminum hydrogen carbonate
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Learning Check Learning Check
Match each set with the correct name:
1. Na2CO3 a) magnesium sulfite
MgSO3 b) magnesium sulfate
MgSO4 c) sodium carbonate
2 . Ca(HCO3)2 a) calcium carbonate
CaCO3 b) calcium phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2 c) calcium bicarbonate
4-22
Mixed Practice!Mixed Practice!
Name the following:
1. Na2O
2. CaCO3
3. PbS2
4. Sn3N2
5. Cu3PO4
6. HgF2
1. Sodium oxide
2. Calcium carbonate
3. Lead (IV) sulfide
4. Tin (II) nitride
5. Copper (I) phosphate
6. Mercury (II) fluoride
4-23
Mixed Up… The Other WayMixed Up… The Other Way
Write the formula:
1. Copper (II) chlorate
2. Calcium nitride
3. Aluminum carbonate
4. Potassium bromide
5. Barium fluoride
6. Cesium hydroxide
Cu(ClO3)2
Ca3N2
Al2(CO3)3
KBr
BaF2
CsOH
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Naming Molecular Naming Molecular CompoundsCompounds
CH4 methaneBCl3 boron trichloride
CO2 Carbon dioxide
All are formed from two or more nonmetals.
Ionic compounds generally involve a metal and nonmetal (NaCl)
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Molecular (Covalent) NomenclatureMolecular (Covalent) Nomenclaturefor two for two nonnonmetalsmetals
• Prefix System (binary compounds)
1. Less electronegative atom comes first.
2. Add prefixes to indicate # of atoms. Omit mono- prefix on the FIRST element. Mono- is OPTIONAL on the SECOND element (in this class, it’s NOT optional!).
3. Change the ending of the second element to -ide.
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PREFIXmono-di-tri-tetra-penta-hexa-hepta-octa-nona-deca-
NUMBER12345678910
Molecular Nomenclature PrefixesMolecular Nomenclature Prefixes
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• CCl4
• N2O
• SF6
• carbon tetrachloride
• dinitrogen monoxide
• sulfur hexafluoride
Molecular Nomenclature: ExamplesMolecular Nomenclature: Examples
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• arsenic trichloride
• dinitrogen pentoxide
• tetraphosphorus decoxide
• AsCl3
• N2O5
• P4O10
More Molecular ExamplesMore Molecular Examples
4-29
Learning Check Learning Check
Fill in the blanks to complete the following names of covalent compounds.
CO carbon ______oxide
CO2 carbon _______________
PCl3 phosphorus _______chloride
CCl4 carbon ________chloride
N2O _____nitrogen _____oxide
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Learning Check Learning Check
1. P2O5 a) phosphorus oxide
b) phosphorus pentoxide
c) diphosphorus pentoxide
2. Cl2O7 a) dichlorine heptoxide
b) dichlorine oxide
c) chlorine heptoxide
3. Cl2 a) chlorine
b) dichlorine
c) dichloride
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Overall strategy for naming chemical Overall strategy for naming chemical compounds.compounds.
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A flow chart for naming binary compounds.A flow chart for naming binary compounds.
4-33
Mixed Review Mixed Review
Name the following compounds:
1. CaOa) calcium oxide b) calcium(I) oxidec) calcium (II) oxide
2. SnCl4
a) tin tetrachloride b) tin(II) chloride
c) tin(IV) chloride
3. N2O3
a) nitrogen oxide b) dinitrogen trioxidec) nitrogen trioxide
4-34
Solution Solution
Name the following compounds:
1. CaO
2. SnCl4
3. N2O3
a) calcium oxide
c) tin(IV) chloride
b) Dinitrogen trioxide
4-35
Mixed PracticeMixed Practice
1. Dinitrogen monoxide
2. Potassium sulfide
3. Copper (II) nitrate
4. Dichlorine heptoxide
5. Chromium (III) sulfate
6. Iron (III) sulfite
7. Calcium oxide
8. Barium carbonate
9. Iodine monochloride
1. N2O
2. K2S
3. Cu(NO3)2
4. Cl2O7
5. Cr2(SO4)3
6. Fe2(SO3)3
7. CaO
8. BaCO3
9. ICl
4-36
Mixed PracticeMixed Practice
1.1. BaIBaI22
2.2. PP44SS33
3.3. Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22
4.4. FeCOFeCO33
5.5. NaNa22CrCr22OO77
6.6. II22OO55
7.7. Cu(ClOCu(ClO44))22
8.8. CSCS22
9.9. BB22ClCl44
1.1. Barium iodideBarium iodide
2.2. Tetraphosphorus trisulfideTetraphosphorus trisulfide
3.3. Calcium hydroxideCalcium hydroxide
4.4. Iron (II) carbonateIron (II) carbonate
5.5. Sodium dichromateSodium dichromate
6.6. Diiodine pentoxideDiiodine pentoxide
7.7. Copper (II) perchlorateCopper (II) perchlorate
8.8. Carbon disulfideCarbon disulfide
9.9. Diboron tetrachlorideDiboron tetrachloride
4-37
Acid NomenclatureAcid Nomenclature
• AcidsAcids
• Compounds that form HCompounds that form H++ in water. in water.
• Formulas usually begin with ‘H’.Formulas usually begin with ‘H’.
• In order to be an acid instead of a gas, binary In order to be an acid instead of a gas, binary
acids must be aqueous (dissolved in water)acids must be aqueous (dissolved in water)
• Ternary acids are ALL aqueousTernary acids are ALL aqueous
• Examples:Examples:
• HCl HCl (aq)(aq) – hydrochloric acid – hydrochloric acid
• HNOHNO33 – nitric acid – nitric acid
• HH22SOSO44 – sulfuric acid – sulfuric acid
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Anion Ending Acid Name
-ide hydro-(stem)-ic acid
-ate (stem)-ic acid
-ite (stem)-ous acid
Acid Nomenclature ReviewAcid Nomenclature Review
No OxygenNo Oxygen
w/Oxygen w/Oxygen
An easy way to remember which goes with which…An easy way to remember which goes with which…
““In the cafeteria, you In the cafeteria, you ATEATE something something ICICky”ky”
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Acid Nomenclature FlowchartAcid Nomenclature Flowchart
h yd ro - p re fix-ic en d in g
2 e lem en ts
-a te en d in gb ecom es-ic en d in g
-ite en d in gb ecom es
-o u s en d in g
n o h yd ro - p re fix
3 e lem en ts
AC ID Ss ta rt w ith 'H '
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• HBr HBr (aq)(aq)
• HH22COCO33
• HH22SOSO33
• No oxygen, No oxygen, --ideide
• Has oxygen, Has oxygen, -ate-ate
• Has oxygen, Has oxygen, -ite-ite
hydrohydrobromic acidbromic acid
carboncarbonicic acid acid
sulfursulfurousous acid acid
Acid NomenclatureAcid Nomenclature
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• hydrofluoric acidhydrofluoric acid
• sulfuric acidsulfuric acid
• nitrous acidnitrous acid
• 2 elements2 elements
• 3 elements, 3 elements, -ic-ic
• 3 elements, 3 elements, -ous-ous
HF HF (aq)(aq)
HH22SOSO44
HNOHNO22
Acid NomenclatureAcid Nomenclature
HH++ F- F-
HH++ SO SO442-2-
HH++ NO NO22--
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Name ‘Em!Name ‘Em!
• HI HI (aq)(aq)
• HClHCl
• HH22SOSO33
• HNOHNO33
• HIOHIO44
Hydroiodic acidHydroiodic acid
Hydrogen chloride (not aq!)Hydrogen chloride (not aq!)
Sulfurous acidSulfurous acid
Nitric acidNitric acid
Periodic acidPeriodic acid
4-43
Write the Formula!Write the Formula!
• Hydrobromic acidHydrobromic acid
• Nitrous acidNitrous acid
• Carbonic acidCarbonic acid
• Phosphoric acidPhosphoric acid
• Hydrotelluric acidHydrotelluric acid
HBr HBr (aq)(aq)
HNOHNO22
HH22COCO33
HH33POPO44
HH22Te Te (aq)(aq)
Nomenclature Summary Flowchart
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Now it’s Study TimeNow it’s Study Time
DONEDONE
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Rainbow Matrix GameRainbow Matrix Game
• Link on Chemistry Geek.com on Chemistry I page
• http://chemistrygeek.com/rainbow
Use [ ] to represent subscripts since you can’t enter subscripts into the computer
So H2O would be H[2]OAnd Al2(SO4)3 would be Al[2](SO[4])[3]
Additional Polyatomic Ions (you do not have to memorize these, but they are in the game!)
Borate = BO3 -3 ; Silicate = SiO4 -4 ;Manganate = MnO4 -2 (permanganate is -1)
