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G.R. No. L-7995 May 31, 1957

LAO H. ICHONG, in his own behalf an in behalf of o!he" alien "esien!s, #o"$o"a!ions an

$a"!ne"shi$s a%e"sely affe#!e. by Re$&bli# A#! No. 11'(, $e!i!ione",

%s.

)AIM* H*RNAN+*, e#"e!a"y of inan#e, an MARC*LINO ARMI*N/O, Ci!y /"eas&"e" of

Manila, "es$onen!s.

O0ae!a, Li#hao an i#a0o an y#i$, 2&is&bin4, ala0a" an Asso#ia!es fo" $e!i!ione".

Offi#e of !he oli#i!o" Gene"al Ab"osio ailla an oli#i!o" a#ifi#o . e Cas!"o fo""es$onen! e#"e!a"y of inan#e.

Ci!y is#al *&4enio An4eles an Assis!an! Ci!y is#al *&lo4io . e""ano fo" "es$onen! Ci!y

/"eas&"e".

+ionisio Reyes as Ai#&s C&"iae.

Ma"#ial G. Meniola as Ai#&s C&"iae.

*iliano R. Na%a""o as Ai#&s C&"iae.

LARA+OR, ).6

I. /he #ase an iss&e, in 4ene"al

/his Co&"! has befo"e i! !he eli#a!e !as of $assin4 &$on !he %alii!y an #ons!i!&!ionali!y of a

le4isla!i%e ena#!en!, f&naen!al an fa"-"ea#hin4 in si4nifi#an#e. /he ena#!en! $oses

8&es!ions of &e $"o#ess, $oli#e $owe" an e8&al $"o!e#!ion of !he laws. I! also $oses an

i$o"!an! iss&e of fa#!, !ha! is whe!he" !he #oni!ions whi#h !he is$&!e law $&"$o"!s !o

"eey "eally o" a#!&ally eis!. Ai!!ely s$"in4in4 f"o a ee$, ili!an!, an $osi!i%e

na!ionalis!i# i$&lse, !he law $&"$o"!s !o $"o!e#! #i!i0en an #o&n!"y f"o !he alien "e!aile".

/h"o&4h i!, an wi!hin !he fiel of e#onoy i! "e4&la!es, Con4"ess a!!e$!s !o !"ansla!e na!ional


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as$i"a!ions fo" e#onoi# ine$enen#e an na!ional se#&"i!y, "oo!e in !he "i%e an &"4e fo"

na!ional s&"%i%al an welfa"e, in!o a #on#"e!e an !an4ible eas&"es esi4ne !o f"ee !he

na!ional "e!aile" f"o !he #o$e!in4 oinan#e of !he alien, so !ha! !he #o&n!"y an !he na!ion

ay be f"ee f"o a s&$$ose e#onoi# e$enen#e an bona4e. +o !he fa#!s an

#i"#&s!an#es :&s!ify !he ena#!en!;

II. e"!inen! $"o%isions of Re$&bli# A#! No. 11'(

Re$&bli# A#! No. 11'( is en!i!le a $"ohibi!ion

a4ains! $e"sons, no! #i!i0ens of !he hili$$ines, an a4ains! asso#ia!ions, $a"!ne"shi$s, o"

#o"$o"a!ions !he #a$i!al of whi#h a"e no! wholly owne by #i!i0ens of !he hili$$ines, f"oen4a4in4 i"e#!ly o" ini"e#!ly in !he "e!ail !"ae? =@> an e#e$!ion f"o !he abo%e $"ohibi!ion in

fa%o" of aliens a#!&ally en4a4e in sai b&siness on May 15, 195, who a"e allowe !o #on!in&e

!o en4a4e !he"ein, &nless !hei" li#enses a"e fo"fei!e in a##o"an#e wi!h !he law, &n!il !hei"

ea!h o" %ol&n!a"y "e!i"een! in #ase of na!&"al $e"sons, an fo" !en yea"s af!e" !he a$$"o%al of

!he A#! o" &n!il !he e$i"a!ion of !e" in #ase of :&"ii#al $e"sons? =3> an e#e$!ion !he"ef"o in

fa%o" of #i!i0ens an :&"ii#al en!i!ies of !he Bni!e !a!es? => a $"o%ision fo" !he fo"fei!&"e of

li#enses =!o en4a4e in !he "e!ail b&siness> fo" %iola!ion of !he laws on na!ionali0a!ion, #on!"ol

wei4h!s an eas&"es an labo" an o!he" laws "ela!in4 !o !"ae, #oe"#e an in&s!"y? =5> a

$"ohibi!ion a4ains! !he es!ablishen! o" o$enin4 by aliens a#!&ally en4a4e in !he "e!ailb&siness of ai!ional s!o"es o" b"an#hes of "e!ail b&siness, => a $"o%ision "e8&i"in4 aliens

a#!&ally en4a4e in !he "e!ail b&siness !o $"esen! fo" "e4is!"a!ion wi!h !he $"o$e" a&!ho"i!ies a

%e"ifie s!a!een! #on#e"nin4 !hei" b&sinesses, 4i%in4, aon4 o!he" a!!e"s, !he na!&"e of !he

b&siness, !hei" asse!s an liabili!ies an !hei" offi#es an $"in#i$al offi#es of :&i#ial en!i!ies? an

=7> a $"o%ision allowin4 !he hei"s of aliens now en4a4e in !he "e!ail b&siness who ie, !o

#on!in&e sh b&siness fo" a $e"io of si on!hs fo" $&"$oses of li8&ia!ion.

III. G"o&ns &$on whi#h $e!i!ion is base-Answe" !he"e!o

e!i!ione", fo" an in his own behalf an on behalf of o!he" alien "esien!s #o"$o"a!ions an

$a"!ne"shi$s a%e"sely affe#!e by !he $"o%isions of Re$&bli# A#!. No. 11'(, b"o&4h! !his a#!ion

!o ob!ain a :&i#ial e#la"a!ion !ha! sai A#! is &n#ons!i!&!ional, an !o en:oin !he e#"e!a"y of


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inan#e an all o!he" $e"sons a#!in4 &ne" hi, $a"!i#&la"ly #i!y an &ni#i$al !"eas&"e"s, f"o

enfo"#in4 i!s $"o%isions. e!i!ione" a!!a#s !he #ons!i!&!ionali!y of !he A#!, #on!enin4 !ha!6 =1>

i! enies !o alien "esien!s !he e8&al $"o!e#!ion of !he laws an e$"i%es of !hei" libe"!y an

$"o$e"!y wi!ho&! &e $"o#ess of law ? =@> !he s&b:e#! of !he A#! is no! e$"esse o"

#o$"ehene in !he !i!le !he"eof? =3> !he A#! %iola!es in!e"na!ional an !"ea!y obli4a!ions of!he Re$&bli# of !he hili$$ines? => !he $"o%isions of !he A#! a4ains! !he !"ansission by aliens

of !hei" "e!ail b&siness !h"& he"ei!a"y s#ession, an !hose "e8&i"in4 1((D ili$ino

#a$i!ali0a!ion fo" a #o"$o"a!ion o" en!i!y !o en!i!le i! !o en4a4e in !he "e!ail b&siness, %iola!e !he

s$i"i! of e#!ions 1 an 5, A"!i#le EIII an e#!ion ' of A"!i#le EIF of !he Cons!i!&!ion.

In answe", !he oli#i!o"-Gene"al an !he is#al of !he Ci!y of Manila #on!en !ha!6 =1> !he A#!

was $asse in !he %ali ee"#ise of !he $oli#e $owe" of !he !a!e, whi#h ee"#ise is a&!ho"i0e in

!he Cons!i!&!ion in !he in!e"es! of na!ional e#onoi# s&"%i%al? =@> !he A#! has only one s&b:e#!eb"a#e in !he !i!le? =3> no !"ea!y o" in!e"na!ional obli4a!ions a"e inf"in4e? => as "e4a"s

he"ei!a"y s#ession, only !he fo" is affe#!e b&! !he %al&e of !he $"o$e"!y is no! i$ai"e,

an !he ins!i!&!ion of inhe"i!an#e is only of s!a!&!o"y o"i4in.

IF. "eliina"y #onsie"a!ion of le4al $"in#i$les in%ol%e

a. /he $oli#e $owe".

/he"e is no 8&es!ion !ha! !he A#! was a$$"o%e in !he ee"#ise of !he $oli#e $owe", b&!

$e!i!ione" #lais !ha! i!s ee"#ise in !his ins!an#e is a!!ene by a %iola!ion of !he #ons!i!&!ional

"e8&i"een!s of &e $"o#ess an e8&al $"o!e#!ion of !he laws. &! befo"e $"o#eein4 !o !he

#onsie"a!ion an "esol&!ion of !he &l!ia!e iss&e in%ol%e, i! wo&l be well !o bea" in in

#e"!ain basi# an f&naen!al, albei! $"eliina"y, #onsie"a!ions in !he e!e"ina!ion of !he

e%e" "e#&""en! #onfli#! be!ween $oli#e $owe" an !he 4&a"an!ees of &e $"o#ess an e8&al

$"o!e#!ion of !he laws. ha! is !he s#o$e of $oli#e $owe", an how a"e !he &e $"o#ess ane8&al $"o!e#!ion #la&ses "ela!e !o i!; ha! is !he $"o%in#e an $owe" of !he le4isla!&"e, an

wha! is !he f&n#!ion an &!y of !he #o&"!s; /hese #onsie"a!ion &s! be #lea"ly an #o""e#!ly

&ne"s!oo !ha! !hei" a$$li#a!ion !o !he fa#!s of !he #ase ay be b"o&4h! fo"!h wi!h #la"i!y an

!he iss&e a##o"in4ly "esol%e.


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I! has been sai !he $oli#e $owe" is so fa" - "ea#hin4 in s#o$e, !ha! i! has be#oe alos!

i$ossible !o lii! i!s swee$. As i! e"i%es i!s eis!en#e f"o !he %e"y eis!en#e of !he !a!e

i!self, i! oes no! nee !o be e$"esse o" efine in i!s s#o$e? i! is sai !o be #o-e!ensi%e wi!h

self-$"o!e#!ion an s&"%i%al, an as sh i! is !he os! $osi!i%e an a#!i%e of all 4o%e"nen!al

$"o#esses, !he os! essen!ial, insis!en! an illii!able. *s$e#ially is i! so &ne" a oe"neo#"a!i# f"aewo" whe"e !he eans of so#ie!y an of na!ions ha%e &l!i$lie !o alos!

&nia4inable $"o$o"!ions? !he fiel an s#o$e of $oli#e $owe" has be#oe alos! bo&nless,

:&s! as !he fiels of $&bli# in!e"es! an $&bli# welfa"e ha%e be#oe alos! all-eb"a#in4 an

ha%e !"ans#ene h&an fo"esi4h!. O!he"wise s!a!e, as we #anno! fo"esee !he nees an

eans of $&bli# in!e"es! an welfa"e in !his #ons!an!ly #han4in4 an $"o4"essi%e wo"l, so

we #anno! elii! befo"ehan !he e!en! o" s#o$e of $oli#e $owe" by whi#h an !h"o&4h whi#h

!he !a!e sees !o a!!ain o" a#hie%e in!e"es! o" welfa"e. o i! is !ha! Cons!i!&!ions o no! efine

!he s#o$e o" e!en! of !he $oli#e $owe" of !he !a!e? wha! !hey o is !o se! fo"!h !he lii!a!ions

!he"eof. /he os! i$o"!an! of !hese a"e !he &e $"o#ess #la&se an !he e8&al $"o!e#!ion

#la&se.

b. Lii!a!ions on $oli#e $owe".

/he basi# lii!a!ions of &e $"o#ess an e8&al $"o!e#!ion a"e fo&n in !he followin4 $"o%isions

of o&" Cons!i!&!ion6

*C/ION 1.=1> No $e"son shall be e$"i%e of life, libe"!y o" $"o$e"!y wi!ho&! &e $"o#ess of

law, no" any $e"son be enie !he e8&al $"o!e#!ion of !he laws. =A"!i#le III, hil. Cons!i!&!ion>

/hese #ons!i!&!ional 4&a"an!ees whi#h eboy !he essen#e of ini%i&al libe"!y an f"eeo in

eo#"a#ies, a"e no! lii!e !o #i!i0ens alone b&! a"e ai!!ely &ni%e"sal in !hei" a$$li#a!ion,

wi!ho&! "e4a" !o any iffe"en#es of "a#e, of #olo", o" of na!ionali!y. =i# o %s. Ho$ins, 3(, L.

e. @@(, @@.>

#. /he, e8&al $"o!e#!ion #la&se.


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/he e8&al $"o!e#!ion of !he law #la&se is a4ains! &n&e fa%o" an ini%i&al o" #lass $"i%ile4e, as

well as hos!ile is#"iina!ion o" !he o$$"ession of ine8&ali!y. I! is no! in!ene !o $"ohibi!

le4isla!ion, whi#h is lii!e ei!he" in !he ob:e#! !o whi#h i! is i"e#!e o" by !e""i!o"y wi!hin

whi#h is !o o$e"a!e. I! oes no! ean absol&!e e8&ali!y aon4 "esien!s? i! e"ely "e8&i"es

!ha! all $e"sons shall be !"ea!e alie, &ne" lie #i"#&s!an#es an #oni!ions bo!h as !o$"i%ile4es #onfe""e an liabili!ies enfo"#e. /he e8&al $"o!e#!ion #la&se is no! inf"in4e by

le4isla!ion whi#h a$$lies only !o !hose $e"sons fallin4 wi!hin a s$e#ifie #lass, if i! a$$lies alie

!o all $e"sons wi!hin sh #lass, an "easonable 4"o&ns eis!s fo" ain4 a is!in#!ion be!ween

!hose who fall wi!hin sh #lass an !hose who o no!. =@ Cooley, Cons!i!&!ional Lii!a!ions,

'@-'@5.>

. /he &e $"o#ess #la&se.

/he &e $"o#ess #la&se has !o o wi!h !he "easonableness of le4isla!ion ena#!e in $&"s&an#e of

!he $oli#e $owe". Is !he"e $&bli# in!e"es!, a $&bli# $&"$ose? is $&bli# welfa"e in%ol%e; Is !he A#!

"easonably ne#essa"y fo" !he a##o$lishen! of !he le4isla!&"eJs $&"$ose? is i! no!

&n"easonable, a"bi!"a"y o" o$$"essi%e; Is !he"e s&ffi#ien! fo&na!ion o" "eason in #onne#!ion

wi!h !he a!!e" in%ol%e? o" has !he"e no! been a #a$"i#io&s &se of !he le4isla!i%e $owe"; Can

!he ais #on#ei%e be a#hie%e by !he eans &se, o" is i! no! e"ely an &n:&s!ifie

in!e"fe"en#e wi!h $"i%a!e in!e"es!; /hese a"e !he 8&es!ions !ha! we as when !he &e $"o#ess

!es! is a$$lie.

/he #onfli#!, !he"efo"e, be!ween $oli#e $owe" an !he 4&a"an!ees of &e $"o#ess an e8&al

$"o!e#!ion of !he laws is o"e a$$a"en! !han "eal. "o$e"ly "ela!e, !he $owe" an !he

4&a"an!ees a"e s&$$ose !o #oeis!. /he balan#in4 is !he essen#e o", shall i! be sai, !he

inis$ensable eans fo" !he a!!ainen! of le4i!ia!e as$i"a!ions of any eo#"a!i# so#ie!y.

/he"e #an be no absol&!e $owe", whoe%e" ee"#ise i!, fo" !ha! wo&l be !y"anny. e! !he"e #an

nei!he" be absol&!e libe"!y, fo" !ha! wo&l ean li#ense an ana"#hy. o !he !a!e #an e$"i%e

$e"sons of life, libe"!y an $"o$e"!y, $"o%ie !he"e is &e $"o#ess of law? an $e"sons ay be#lassifie in!o #lasses an 4"o&$s, $"o%ie e%e"yone is 4i%en !he e8&al $"o!e#!ion of !he law.

/he !es! o" s!ana", as always, is "eason. /he $oli#e $owe" le4isla!ion &s! be fi"ly 4"o&ne

on $&bli# in!e"es! an welfa"e, an a "easonable "ela!ion &s! eis! be!ween $&"$oses an

eans. An if is!in#!ion an #lassifi#a!ion has been ae, !he"e &s! be a "easonable basis fo"

sai is!in#!ion.


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e. Le4isla!i%e is#"e!ion no! s&b:e#! !o :&i#ial "e%iew.

Now, in !his a!!e" of e8&i!able balan#in4, wha! is !he $"o$e" $la#e an "ole of !he #o&"!s; I!

&s! no! be o%e"looe, in !he fi"s! $la#e, !ha! !he le4isla!&"e, whi#h is !he #ons!i!&!ional

"e$osi!o"y of $oli#e $owe" an ee"#ises !he $"e"o4a!i%e of e!e"inin4 !he $oli#y of !he !a!e,

is by fo"#e of #i"#&s!an#es $"ia"ily !he :&4e of ne#essi!y, ae8&a#y o" "easonableness an

wiso, of any law $"o&l4a!e in !he ee"#ise of !he $oli#e $owe", o" of !he eas&"es

ao$!e !o i$leen! !he $&bli# $oli#y o" !o a#hie%e $&bli# in!e"es!. On !he o!he" han, #o&"!s,

al!ho&4h 0ealo&s 4&a"ians of ini%i&al libe"!y an "i4h!, ha%e ne%e"!heless e%in#e a

"el!an#e !o in!e"fe"e wi!h !he ee"#ise of !he le4isla!i%e $"e"o4a!i%e. /hey ha%e one so ea"ly

whe"e !he"e has been a #lea", $a!en! o" $al$able a"bi!"a"y an &n"easonable ab&se of !he

le4isla!i%e $"e"o4a!i%e. Mo"eo%e", #o&"!s a"e no! s&$$ose !o o%e""ie le4i!ia!e $oli#y, an

#o&"!s ne%e" in8&i"e in!o !he wiso of !he law.

F. *#onoi# $"obles so&4h! !o be "eeie

i!h !he abo%e #onsie"a!ions in in, we will now $"o#ee !o el%e i"e#!ly in!o !he iss&e

in%ol%e. If !he is$&!e le4isla!ion we"e e"ely a "e4&la!ion, as i!s !i!le ini#a!es, !he"e wo&lbe no 8&es!ion !ha! i! falls wi!hin !he le4i!ia!e s#o$e of le4isla!i%e $owe". &! i! 4oes f&"!he"

an $"ohibi!s a 4"o&$ of "esien!s, !he aliens, f"o en4a4in4 !he"ein. /he $"oble be#oes

o"e #o$le be#a&se i!s s&b:e#! is a #oon, !"ae o" o##&$a!ion, as ol as so#ie!y i!self,

whi#h f"o !he ieo"ial has always been o$en !o "esien!s, i""es$e#!i%e of "a#e, #olo" o"

#i!i0enshi$.

a. I$o"!an#e of "e!ail !"ae in !he e#onoy of !he na!ion.

In a $"ii!i%e e#onoy whe"e failies $"oe all !ha! !hey #ons&e an #ons&e all !ha! !hey

$"oe, !he eale", of #o&"se, is &nnown. &! as 4"o&$ life e%elo$s an failies be4in !o li%e

in #o&ni!ies $"oin4 o"e !han wha! !hey #ons&e an neein4 an infini!e n&be" of

!hin4s !hey o no! $"oe, !he eale" #oes in!o eis!en#e. As %illa4es e%elo$ in!o bi4

#o&ni!ies an s$e#iali0a!ion in $"o!ion be4ins, !he eale"Js i$o"!an#e is enhan#e.


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Bne" oe"n #oni!ions an s!ana"s of li%in4, in whi#h anJs nees ha%e &l!i$lie an

i%e"sifie !o &nlii!e e!en!s an $"o$o"!ions, !he "e!aile" #oes as essen!ial as !he

$"oe", be#a&se !h"& hi !he infini!e %a"ie!y of a"!i#les, 4oos an neee fo" aily life a"e

$la#e wi!hin !he easy "ea#h of #ons&e"s. Re!ail eale"s $e"fo" !he f&n#!ions of #a$illa"ies in

!he h&an boy, !h"& whi#h all !he neee foo an s&$$lies a"e inis!e"e !o ebe"s of !he#o&ni!ies #o$"isin4 !he na!ion.

/he"e #anno! be any 8&es!ion abo&! !he i$o"!an#e of !he "e!aile" in !he life of !he #o&ni!y.

He inis!e"s !o !he "esien!Js aily nees, foo in all i!s in#"easin4 fo"s, an !he %a"io&s li!!le

4a4e!s an !hin4s neee fo" hoe an aily life. He $"o%ies his #&s!oe"s a"o&n his s!o"e

wi!h !he "i#e o" #o"n, !he fish, !he sal!, !he %ine4a", !he s$i#es neee fo" !he aily #ooin4. He

has #lo!hs !o sell, e%en !he neele an !he !h"ea !o sew !he o" a"n !he #lo!hes !ha! wea"

o&!. /he "e!aile", !he"efo"e, f"o !he lowly $ele", !he owne" of a sall sa"i-sa"i s!o"e, !o !heo$e"a!o" of a e$a"!en! s!o"e o", a s&$e"a"e! is so h a $a"! of ay-!o-ay eis!en#e.

b. /he alien "e!aile"Js !"ai!.

/he alien "e!aile" &s! ha%e s!a"!e $lyin4 his !"aes in !his #o&n!"y in !he bi44e" #en!e"s of

$o$&la!ion =/ie !he"e was when he was &nnown in $"o%in#ial !owns an %illa4es>. lowly b&!

4"a&ally be in%ae !owns an %illa4es? now he $"eoina!es in !he #i!ies an bi4 #en!e"s of$o$&la!ion. He e%en $ionee"s, in fa" away noos whe"e !he be4innin4s of #o&ni!y life

a$$ea", inis!e"in4 !o !he aily nees of !he "esien!s an $&"#hasin4 !hei" a4"i#&l!&"al

$"oe fo" sale in !he !owns. I! is an &neniable fa#! !ha! in any #o&ni!ies !he alien has

"e$la#e !he na!i%e "e!aile". He has shown in !his !"ae, in&s!"y wi!ho&! lii!, an !he $a!ien#e

an fo"bea"an#e of a sla%e.

+e"o4a!o"y e$i!he!s a"e h&"le a! hi, b&! he la&4hs !hese off wi!ho&! &"&"? ins&l!s of ill-

b"e an insolen! nei4hbo"s an #&s!oe"s a"e ae in his fa#e, b&! he hees !he no!, anhe fo"4e!s an fo"4i%es. /he #o&ni!y !aes no!e of hi, as he a$$ea"s !o be ha"less an

e!"eely &sef&l.

#. Alle4e alien #on!"ol an oinan#e.


8/118

/he"e is a 4ene"al feelin4 on !he $a"! of !he $&bli#, whi#h a$$ea"s !o be !"&e !o fa#!, abo&! !he

#on!"ollin4 an oinan! $osi!ion !ha! !he alien "e!aile" hols in !he na!ionJs e#onoy. oo

an o!he" essen!ials, #lo!hin4, alos! all a"!i#les of aily life "ea#h !he "esien!s os!ly !h"o&4h

hi. In bi4 #i!ies an #en!e"s of $o$&la!ion he has a#8&i"e no! only $"eoinan#e, b&!

a$$a"en! #on!"ol o%e" is!"ib&!ion of alos! all ins of 4oos, sh as l&be", ha"wa"e,

!e!iles, 4"o#e"ies, "&4s, s&4a", flo&", 4a"li#, an s#o"es of o!he" 4oos an a"!i#les. An we"e i!

no! fo" soe na!ional #o"$o"a!ions lie !he Na"i#, !he Naa"#o, !he a#oas an !he A#efa, his

#on!"ol o%e" $"in#i$al foos an $"o!s wo&l easily be#oe f&ll an #o$le!e.

e!i!ione" enies !ha! !he"e is alien $"eoinan#e an #on!"ol in !he "e!ail !"ae. In one b"ea!h

i! is sai !ha! !he fea" is &nfo&ne an !he !h"ea! is ia4ine? in ano!he", i! is #ha"4e !ha! !he

law is e"ely !he "es&l! of "ai#alis an $&"e an &nabashe na!ionalis. Aliena4e, i! is sai,

is no! an eleen! of #on!"ol? also so any &nana4eable fa#!o"s in !he "e!ail b&siness ae

#on!"ol %i"!&ally i$ossible. /he fi"s! a"4&en! whi#h b"in4s &$ an iss&e of fa#! e"i!s se"io&s

#onsie"a!ion. /he o!he"s a"e a!!e"s of o$inion wi!hin !he e#l&si%e #o$e!en#e of !he

le4isla!&"e an beyon o&" $"e"o4a!i%e !o $ass &$on an e#ie.

/he bes! e%ien#e a"e !he s!a!is!i#s on !he "e!ail !"ae, whi#h $&! own !he fi4&"es in bla# an

whi!e. e!ween !he #ons!i!&!ional #on%en!ion yea" =1935>, when !he fea" of alien oina!ion

an #on!"ol of !he "e!ail !"ae al"eay fille !he ins of o&" leae"s wi!h fea"s an is4i%in4s,

an !he yea" of !he ena#!en! of !he na!ionali0a!ion of !he "e!ail !"ae a#! =195>, offi#ial

s!a!is!i#s &nis!aably $oin! o&! !o !he e%e"-in#"easin4 oinan#e an #on!"ol by !he alien of

!he "e!ail !"ae, as wi!ness !he followin4 !ables6

Asse!s

G"oss ales

ea" an Re!aile"s

Na!ionali!y


9/118

No.-*s!ablishen!s

esos

e" #en! +is!"ib&!ion

esos

e" #en! +is!"ib&!ion

1916

ili$ino ..........

1(,71

@((,3@3,13'

55.'@

17,1'1,9@

51.7


10/118

Chinese ...........

15,35

11',3',9@

[email protected]'

1','13,@39

.@1

O!he"s ............

1,

(,1'7,(9(

11.@(

13,3(,@39

.(5


11/118

1976

ili$ino ..........

111,1(7

@(',5',9

5.(5

@79,5'3,333

57.(3

Chinese ...........

13,77

1(,15,@1'

33.5

@(5,7(1,13


12/118

1.9

O!he"s ...........

35

',71,@(

.9

,9@7,1'

1.(1

19'6

=Cens&s>

ili$ino ..........

113,31

@13,3@,@


13/118

7.3(

7,11,7

(.51

Chinese ..........

1@,('7

93,155,59

@9.3'

@9,'9,@@7

3'.@(

O!he"s ..........

@@

1(,51,75


14/118

3.3@

9,995,(@

1.@9

1996

ili$ino ..........

113,59

@13,51,(@

(.'9

@,53@,9(1

53.7

Chinese ..........

1,@'


15/118

1@5,@@3,33

35.7@

39@,1,'75

5.3

O!he"s ..........

'

1@,(5,35

3.39

1(,(7',3

1.17

19516

ili$ino .........


16/118

119,35@

@@,(53,@(

1.(9

,(5',(5@

53.(7

Chinese ..........

17,@9

13,3@5,3(3

3.(

(,'1,3'

.(

O!he"s ..........


17/118

37

',1,(@5

@.31

7,5,3@7

'7

AF*RAG*

A*/ AN+ GRO AL* *R */ALIHM*N/

ea" an Re!aile"Js

Na!ionali!y

I!e

Asse!s

=esos>

G"oss ales

=esos>


18/118

1916

ili$ino .............................................

1,'7'

1,33

Chinese ..............................................

7,7(7

9,91

O!he"s ...............................................

@,15

',@'1

1976

ili$ino .............................................


19/118

1,'7'

@,51

Chinese ...........................................

7,7(7

1,93

O!he"s ..............................................

@,79

13,919

19'6

=Cens&s>

ili$ino .............................................

1,'7'


20/118

,111

Chinese .............................................

7,7(7

@,39'

O!he"s ..............................................

@,91

@3,'

1996

ili$ino .............................................

1,'7'

,(9

Chinese ..............................................


21/118

7,7(7

@,15@

O!he"s ..............................................

@,'(7

@(,737

19516

ili$ino .............................................

1,'77

3,9(5

Chinese .............................................

7,7(7

33,@(7


22/118

O!he"s ...............................................

@,'@

@@,(33

=*s!ia!e Asse!s an G"oss ales of Re!ail *s!ablishen!s, y ea" an Na!ionali!y of Owne"s,

en#ha"6 19' Cens&s, iss&e by !he &"ea& of Cens&s an !a!is!i#s, +e$a"!en! of

Coe"#e an In&s!"y? $$. 1'-19 of Answe".>

/he abo%e s!a!is!i#s o no! in#l&e #o"$o"a!ions an $a"!ne"shi$s, while !he fi4&"es on ili$ino

es!ablishen!s al"eay in#l&e e"e a"e! %eno"s, whose #a$i!al is ne#essa"ily sall..

/he abo%e fi4&"es "e%eal !ha! in $e"#en!a4e is!"ib&!ion of asses!s an 4"oss sales, alien

$a"!i#i$a!ion has s!eaily in#"ease &"in4 !he yea"s. I! is !"&e, of #o&"se, !ha! ili$inos ha%e !he

e4e in !he n&be" of "e!aile"s, b&! aliens o"e !han ae &$ fo" !he n&e"i#al 4a$ !h"o&4h!hei" asses!s an 4"oss sales whi#h a%e"a4e be!ween si an se%en !ies !hose of !he %e"y any

ili$ino "e!aile"s. N&be"s in "e!aile"s, he"e, o no! i$ly s&$e"io"i!y? !he alien in%es!s o"e

#a$i!al, b&ys an sells si !o se%en !ies o"e, an 4ains h o"e. /he sae offi#ial "e$o"!,

$oin!in4 o&! !o !he nown $"eoinan#e of fo"ei4n eleen!s in !he "e!ail !"ae, "ea"s !ha!

!he ili$ino "e!aile"s we"e la"4ely en4a4e in ino" "e!aile" en!e"$"ises. As obse"%e by

"es$onen!s, !he na!i%e in%es!en! is !hinly s$"ea, an !he ili$ino "e!aile" is $"a#!i#ally

hel$less in a!!e"s of #a$i!al, #"ei!, $"i#e an s&$$ly.

. Alien #on!"ol an !h"ea!, s&b:e#! of a$$"ehension in Cons!i!&!ional #on%en!ion.

I! is !his oina!ion an #on!"ol, whi#h we belie%e has been s&ffi#ien!ly shown !o eis!, !ha! is

!he le4isla!&"eJs !a"4e! in !he ena#!en! of !he is$&!e na!ionali0a!ion wo&l ne%e" ha%e been


23/118

ao$!e. /he f"ae"s of o&" Cons!i!&!ion also belie%e in !he eis!en#e of !his alien oinan#e

an #on!"ol when !hey a$$"o%e a "esol&!ion #a!e4o"i#ally e#la"in4 aon4 o!he" !hin4s, !ha!

/ha! was !wen!y-!wo yea"s a4o? an !he e%en!s sin#e !hen ha%e no!been ei!he" $leasan! o" #ofo"!in4. +ean in#o of !he Bni%e"si!y of !he hili$$ines Colle4e of

Law, #oen!in4 on !he $a!"iony #la&se of !he "eable o$ines !ha! !he fa!he"s of o&"

Cons!i!&!ion we"e e"ely !"ansla!in4 !he 4ene"al $"eo##&$a!ion of ili$inos

elief in !he eis!en#e of alien #on!"ol an $"eoinan#e is fel! in o!he" 8&a"!e"s. ili$ino

b&sinessen, an&fa#!&"e"s an $"oe"s belie%e so? !hey fea" !he an4e"s #oin4 f"o alien

#on!"ol, an !hey e$"ess sen!ien!s of e#onoi# ine$enen#e. i!ness !he"e!o is Resol&!ion

No. 1, a$$"o%e on )&ly 1', 1953, of !he if!h Na!ional #on%en!ion of ili$ino &sinessen, an

a siila" "esol&!ion, a$$"o%e on Ma"#h @(, 195, of !he e#on Na!ional Con%en!ion ofMan&fa#!&"e"s an "oe"s. /he an in !he s!"ee! also belie%es, an fea"s, alien

$"eoinan#e an #on!"ol? so o&" news$a$e"s, whi#h ha%e ei!o"ially $oin!e o&! no! only !o

#on!"ol b&! !o alien s!"an4lehol. e, !he"efo"e, fin alien oina!ion an #on!"ol !o be a fa#!,

a "eali!y $"o%e by offi#ial s!a!is!i#s, an fel! by all !he se#!ions an 4"o&$s !ha! #o$ose !he

ili$ino #o&ni!y.


24/118

e. +an4e"s of alien #on!"ol an oinan#e in "e!ail.

&! !he an4e"s a"isin4 f"o alien $a"!i#i$a!ion in !he "e!ail !"ae oes no! see !o lie in !he

$"eoinan#e alone? !he"e is a $"e%ailin4 feelin4 !ha! sh $"eoinan#e ay !"&ly enan4e"

!he na!ional in!e"es!. i!h a$le #a$i!al, &ni!y of $&"$ose an a#!ion an !ho"o&4h

o"4ani0a!ion, alien "e!aile"s an e"#han!s #an a#! in sh #o$le!e &nison an #on#e"! on

sh %i!al a!!e"s as !he fiin4 of $"i#es, !he e!e"ina!ion of !he ao&n! of 4oos o" a"!i#les

!o be ae a%ailable in !he a"e!, an e%en !he #hoi#e of !he 4oos o" a"!i#les !hey wo&l o"

wo&l no! $a!"oni0e o" is!"ib&!e, !ha! fea"s of islo#a!ion of !he na!ional e#onoy an of !he

#o$le!e s&bse"%ien#e of na!ional e#onoy an of !he #ons&in4 $&bli# a"e no! en!i"ely

&nfo&ne. Na!ionals, $"oe"s an #ons&e"s alie #an be $la#e #o$le!ely a! !hei" e"#y.

/his is easily ill&s!"a!e. &$$ose an a"!i#le of aily &se is esi"e !o be $"es#"ibe by !he aliens,

be#a&se !he $"oe" o" i$o"!e" oes no! offe" !he s&ffi#ien! $"ofi!s, o" be#a&se a new

#o$e!in4 a"!i#le offe"s bi44e" $"ofi!s fo" i!s in!"o!ion. All !ha! aliens wo&l o is !o a4"ee !o

"ef&se !o sell !he fi"s! a"!i#le, eliina!in4 i! f"o !hei" s!o#s, offe"in4 !he new one as a

s&bs!i!&!e. Hen#e, !he $"oe"s o" i$o"!e"s of !he $"es#"ibe a"!i#le, o" i!s #ons&e"s, fin

!he a"!i#le s&enly o&! of !he $"es#"ibe a"!i#le, o" i!s #ons&e"s, fin !he a"!i#le s&enly o&!

of #i"#&la!ion. "eeo of !"ae is !h&s #&"!aile an f"ee en!e"$"ise #o""es$onin4ly

s&$$"esse.

e #an e%en 4o fa"!he" !han !heo"e!i#al ill&s!"a!ions !o show !he $e"ni#io&s infl&en#es of alien

oina!ion. G"a%e ab&ses ha%e #ha"a#!e"i0e !he ee"#ise of !he "e!ail !"ae by aliens. I! is a

fa#! wi!hin :&i#ial no!i#e, whi#h #o&"!s of :&s!i#e ay no! $"o$e"ly o%e"loo o" i4no"e in !he

in!e"es!s of !"&!h an :&s!i#e, !ha! !he"e eis!s a 4ene"al feelin4 on !he $a"! of !he $&bli# !ha!

alien $a"!i#i$a!ion in !he "e!ail !"ae has been a!!ene by a $e"ni#io&s an in!ole"able

$"a#!i#es, !he en!ion of a few of whi#h wo&l s&ffi#e fo" o&" $&"$oses? !ha! a! soe !ie o"

o!he" !hey ha%e #o"ne"e !he a"e! of essen!ial #ooi!ies, lie #o"n an "i#e, #"ea!in4

a"!ifi#ial s#a"#i!ies !o :&s!ify an enhan#e $"ofi!s !o &n"easonable $"o$o"!ions? !ha! !hey ha%e

hoa"e essen!ial foos !o !he in#on%enien#e an $"e:&i#e of !he #ons&in4 $&bli#, so h

so !ha! !he Go%e"nen! has ha !o es!ablish !he Na!ional Ri#e an Co"n Co"$o"a!ion !o sa%e

!he $&bli# f"o !hei" #on!in&o&s hoa"in4 $"a#!i#es an !enen#ies? !ha! !hey ha%e %iola!e

$"i#e #on!"ol laws, es$e#ially on foos an essen!ial #ooi!ies, sh !ha! !he le4isla!&"e ha

!o ena#! a law =e#. 9, Re$&bli# A#! No. 11'>, a&!ho"i0in4 !hei" ieia!e an a&!oa!i#

e$o"!a!ion fo" $"i#e #on!"ol #on%i#!ions? !ha! !hey ha%e se#"e! #obina!ions aon4


25/118

!hesel%es !o #on!"ol $"i#es, #hea!in4 !he o$e"a!ion of !he law of s&$$ly an ean? !ha!

!hey ha%e #onni%e !o boy#o!! hones! e"#han!s an !"ae"s who wo&l no! #a!e" o" yiel !o

!hei" eans, in &nlawf&l "es!"ain! of f"eeo of !"ae an en!e"$"ise. /hey a"e belie%e by

!he $&bli# !o ha%e e%ae !a laws, s&44le 4oos an oney in!o an o&! of !he lan,

%iola!e i$o"! an e$o"! $"ohibi!ions, #on!"ol laws an !he lie, in e"ision an #on!e$! oflawf&l a&!ho"i!y. I! is also belie%e !ha! !hey ha%e en4a4e in #o""&$!in4 $&bli# offi#ials wi!h

fab&lo&s b"ibes, ini"e#!ly #a&sin4 !he $"e%alen#e of 4"af! an #o""&$!ion in !he Go%e"nen!. As

a a!!e" of fa#! a$$eals !o &ns#"&$&lo&s aliens ha%e been ae bo!h by !he Go%e"nen! an

by !hei" own lawf&l i$loa!i# "e$"esen!a!i%es, a#!ion whi#h i$liely ai!s a $"e%ailin4

feelin4 abo&! !he eis!en#e of any of !he abo%e $"a#!i#es.

/he #i"#&s!an#es abo%e se! fo"!h #"ea!e well fo&ne fea"s !ha! wo"se !hin4s ay #oe in !he

f&!&"e. /he $"esen! oinan#e of !he alien "e!aile", es$e#ially in !he bi4 #en!e"s of $o$&la!ion,!he"efo"e, be#oes a $o!en!ial so&"#e of an4e" on o##asions of wa" o" o!he" #alai!y. e o

no! ha%e he"e in !his #o&n!"y isola!e 4"o&$s of ha"less aliens "e!ailin4 4oos aon4

na!ionals? wha! we ha%e a"e well o"4ani0e an $owe"f&l 4"o&$s !ha! oina!e !he is!"ib&!ion

of 4oos an #ooi!ies in !he #o&ni!ies an bi4 #en!e"s of $o$&la!ion. /hey owe no

alle4ian#e o" loyal!y !o !he !a!e, an !he !a!e #anno! "ely &$on !he in !ies of #"isis o"

ee"4en#y. hile !he na!ional hols his life, his $e"son an his $"o$e"!y s&b:e#! !o !he nees of

his #o&n!"y, !he alien ay e%en be#oe !he $o!en!ial eney of !he !a!e.

f. Law ena#!e in in!e"es! of na!ional e#onoi# s&"%i%al an se#&"i!y.

e a"e f&lly sa!isfie &$on a #onsie"a!ion of all !he fa#!s an #i"#&s!an#es !ha! !he is$&!e

law is no! !he $"o! of "a#ial hos!ili!y, $"e:&i#e o" is#"iina!ion, b&! !he e$"ession of !he

le4i!ia!e esi"e an e!e"ina!ion of !he $eo$le, !h"& !hei" a&!ho"i0e "e$"esen!a!i%es, !o

f"ee !he na!ion f"o !he e#onoi# si!&a!ion !ha! has &nfo"!&na!ely been sale &$on i! "i4h!ly

o" w"on4ly, !o i!s isa%an!a4e. /he law is #lea"ly in !he in!e"es! of !he $&bli#, nay of !he

na!ional se#&"i!y i!self, an inis$&!ably falls wi!hin !he s#o$e of $oli#e $owe", !h"& whi#h anby whi#h !he !a!e ins&"es i!s eis!en#e an se#&"i!y an !he s&$"ee welfa"e of i!s #i!i0ens.

FI. /he *8&al "o!e#!ion Lii!a!ion


26/118

a. Ob:e#!ions !o alien $a"!i#i$a!ion in "e!ail !"ae. /he ne! 8&es!ion !ha! now $oses sol&!ion

is, +oes !he law eny !he e8&al $"o!e#!ion of !he laws; As $oin!e o&! abo%e, !he e"e fa#! of

aliena4e is !he "oo! an #a&se of !he is!in#!ion be!ween !he alien an !he na!ional as a !"ae".

/he alien "esien! owes alle4ian#e !o !he #o&n!"y of his bi"!h o" his ao$!e #o&n!"y? his s!ay

he"e is fo" $e"sonal #on%enien#e? he is a!!"a#!e by !he l&"e of 4ain an $"ofi!. His ai o"$&"$ose of s!ay, we ai!, is nei!he" ille4i!ia!e no" io"al, b&! he is na!&"ally la#in4 in !ha!

s$i"i! of loyal!y an en!h&sias fo" !his #o&n!"y whe"e he !e$o"a"ily s!ays an aes his

li%in4, o" of !ha! s$i"i! of "e4a", sy$a!hy an #onsie"a!ion fo" his ili$ino #&s!oe"s as wo&l

$"e%en! hi f"o !ain4 a%an!a4e of !hei" weaness an e$loi!in4 !he. /he fas!e" he aes

his $ile, !he ea"lie" #an !he alien 4o ba# !o his belo%e #o&n!"y an his belo%e in an

#o&n!"yen. /he e$e"ien#e of !he #o&n!"y is !ha! !he alien "e!aile" has shown sh &!!e"

is"e4a" fo" his #&s!oe"s an !he $eo$le on who he aes his $"ofi!, !ha! i! has been fo&n

ne#essa"y !o ao$! !he le4isla!ion, "ai#al as i! ay see.

Ano!he" ob:e#!ion !o !he alien "e!aile" in !his #o&n!"y is !ha! he ne%e" "eally aes a 4en&ine

#on!"ib&!ion !o na!ional in#oe an weal!h. He &no&b!ely #on!"ib&!es !o 4ene"al

is!"ib&!ion, b&! !he 4ains an $"ofi!s he aes a"e no! in%es!e in in&s!"ies !ha! wo&l hel$

!he #o&n!"yJs e#onoy an in#"ease na!ional weal!h. /he alienJs in!e"es! in !his #o&n!"y bein4

e"ely !"ansien! an !e$o"a"y, i! wo&l inee be ill-a%ise !o #on!in&e en!"&s!in4 !he %e"y

i$o"!an! f&n#!ion of "e!ail is!"ib&!ion !o his hans.

/he $"a#!i#es "eso"!e !o by aliens in !he #on!"ol of is!"ib&!ion, as al"eay $oin!e o&! abo%e,

!hei" se#"e! ani$&la!ions of s!o#s of #ooi!ies an $"i#es, !hei" &!!e" is"e4a" of !he

welfa"e of !hei" #&s!oe"s an of !he &l!ia!e ha$$iness of !he $eo$le of !he na!ion of whi#h

!hey a"e e"e 4&es!s, whi#h $"a#!i#es, ani$&la!ions an is"e4a" o no! a!!en !he ee"#ise

of !he !"ae by !he na!ionals, show !he eis!en#e of "eal an a#!&al, $osi!i%e an f&naen!al

iffe"en#es be!ween an alien an a na!ional whi#h f&lly :&s!ify !he le4isla!i%e #lassifi#a!ion

ao$!e in !he "e!ail !"ae eas&"e. /hese iffe"en#es a"e #e"!ainly a %ali "eason fo" !he !a!e

!o $"efe" !he na!ional o%e" !he alien in !he "e!ail !"ae. e wo&l be oin4 %iolen#e !o fa#! an

"eali!y we"e we !o hol !ha! no "eason o" 4"o&n fo" a le4i!ia!e is!in#!ion #an be fo&nbe!ween one an !he o!he".

b. +iffe"en#e in alien ais an $&"$oses s&ffi#ien! basis fo" is!in#!ion.


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/he abo%e ob:e#!ionable #ha"a#!e"is!i#s of !he ee"#ise of !he "e!ail !"ae by !he aliens, whi#h

a"e a#!&al an "eal, f&"nish s&ffi#ien! 4"o&ns fo" le4isla!i%e #lassifi#a!ion of "e!ail !"ae"s in!o

na!ionals an aliens. oe ay isa4"ee wi!h !he wiso of !he le4isla!&"eJs #lassifi#a!ion. /o

!his we answe", !ha! !his is !he $"e"o4a!i%e of !he law-ain4 $owe". in#e !he Co&"! fins !ha!

!he #lassifi#a!ion is a#!&al, "eal an "easonable, an all $e"sons of one #lass a"e !"ea!e alie,an as i! #anno! be sai !ha! !he #lassifi#a!ion is $a!en!ly &n"easonable an &nfo&ne, i! is in

&!y bo&n !o e#la"e !ha! !he le4isla!&"e a#!e wi!hin i!s le4i!ia!e $"e"o4a!i%e an i! #an no!

e#la"e !ha! !he a#! !"ans#ens !he lii! of e8&al $"o!e#!ion es!ablishe by !he Cons!i!&!ion.

"oaly s$eain4, !he $owe" of !he le4isla!&"e !o ae is!in#!ions an #lassifi#a!ions aon4

$e"sons is no! #&"!aile o" enie by !he e8&al $"o!e#!ion of !he laws #la&se. /he le4isla!i%e

$owe" ai!s of a wie s#o$e of is#"e!ion, an a law #an be %iola!i%e of !he #ons!i!&!ional

lii!a!ion only when !he #lassifi#a!ion is wi!ho&! "easonable basis. In ai!ion !o !he a&!ho"i!ieswe ha%e ea"lie" #i!e, we #an also "efe" !o !he #ase of Linsey %s. Na!&"al Ca"boni# as Co.

=1911>, 55 L. e., 39, whi#h #lea"ly an s#in#!ly efine !he a$$li#a!ion of e8&al $"o!e#!ion

#la&se !o a law so&4h! !o be %oie as #on!"a"y !he"e!o6

. . . .


28/118

@71 of !he hili$$ine Le4isla!&"e was in iss&e, be#a&se of a #oni!ion !he"ein lii!in4 !he

owne"shi$ of %essels en4a4e in #oas!wise !"ae !o #o"$o"a!ions fo"e by #i!i0ens of !he

hili$$ine Islans o" !he Bni!e !a!es, !h&s enyin4 !he "i4h! !o aliens, i! was hel !ha! !he

hili$$ine Le4isla!&"e i no! %iola!e !he e8&al $"o!e#!ion #la&se of !he hili$$ine ill of Ri4h!s.

/he le4isla!&"e in ena#!in4 !he law ha as &l!ia!e $&"$ose !he en#o&"a4een! of hili$$ineshi$b&ilin4 an !he safe!y fo" !hese Islans f"o fo"ei4n in!e"lo$e"s. e hel !ha! !his was a

%ali ee"#ise of !he $oli#e $owe", an all $"es&$!ions a"e in fa%o" of i!s #ons!i!&!ionali!y. In

s&bs!an#e, we hel !ha! !he lii!a!ion of oes!i# owne"shi$ of %essels en4a4e in #oas!wise

!"ae !o #i!i0ens of !he hili$$ines oes no! %iola!e !he e8&al $"o!e#!ion of !he law an &e

$"o#ess o" law #la&ses of !he hili$$ine ill of Ri4h!s. In "ene"in4 sai e#ision we 8&o!e wi!h

a$$"o%al !he #on#&""in4 o$inion of )&s!i#e )ohnson in !he #ase of Gibbons %s. O4en, 9 hea!.,

I, as follows6


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In Coonweal!h %s. Hana, '1 N. *. 19 =Massa#h&se!!s, 19(7>, a s!a!&!e on !he li#ensin4 of

hawe"s an $ele"s, whi#h $"o%ie !ha! no one #an ob!ain a li#ense &nless he is, o" has

e#la"e his in!en!ion, !o be#oe a #i!i0en of !he Bni!e !a!es, was hel %ali, fo" !he

followin4 "eason6 I! ay see wise !o !he le4isla!&"e !o lii! !he b&siness of !hose who a"e

s&$$ose !o ha%e "e4a" fo" !he welfa"e, 4oo o"e" an ha$$iness of !he #o&ni!y, an !he

#o&"! #anno! 8&es!ion !his :&4en! an #on#l&sion. In loofiel %s. !a!e, 99 N. *. 3(9 =Ohio,

191@>, a s!a!&!e whi#h $"e%en!e #e"!ain $e"sons, aon4 !he aliens, f"o en4a4in4 in !he

!"affi# of li8&o"s, was fo&n no! !o be !he "es&l! of "a#e ha!"e, o" in hos$i!ali!y, o" a elibe"a!e

$&"$ose !o is#"iina!e, b&! was base on !he belief !ha! an alien #anno! be s&ffi#ien!ly

a#8&ain!e wi!h , !he b&siness of $awn b"ooin4 was #onsie"e as ha%in4 !enen#ies

in:&"in4 $&bli# in!e"es!, an lii!in4 i! !o #i!i0ens is wi!hin !he s#o$e of $oli#e $owe". A siila"s!a!&!e enyin4 aliens !he "i4h! !o en4a4e in a!ionee"in4 was also s&s!aine in "i4h! %s.

May, L.R.A., 1915 . 151 =Minneso!a, 191>. o also in An!on %s. Fan inle, @97 . 3(

=O"e4on, 19@>, !he #o&"! sai !ha! aliens a"e :&i#ially nown !o ha%e iffe"en! in!e"es!s,

nowle4e, a!!i!&e, $sy#holo4y an loyal!y, hen#e !he $"ohibi!ions of iss&an#e of li#enses !o

!he fo" !he b&siness of $awnb"oe", $ool, billia", #a" "oo, an#e hall, is no! an

inf"in4een! of #ons!i!&!ional "i4h!s. In /e$la" %s. Mi#hi4an !a!e oa" of *aine"s, 9(

N.. 1(5' =Mi#hi4an, 19(@>, a law $"ohibi!in4 !he li#ensin4 of aliens as ba"be"s was hel %oi,

b&! !he "eason fo" !he e#ision was !he #o&"!Js finin4s !ha! !he ee"#ise of !he b&siness by !he

aliens oes no! in any way affe#! !he o"als, !he heal!h, o" e%en !he #on%enien#e of !he#o&ni!y. In /aahashi %s. ish an Gae Coission, 9@ L. e. 179 =197>, a Califo"nia

s!a!&!e bannin4 !he iss&an#e of #oe"#ial fishin4 li#enses !o $e"son ineli4ible !o #i!i0enshi$

was hel %oi, be#a&se !he law #onfli#!s wi!h ee"al $owe" o%e" ii4"a!ion, an be#a&se

!he"e is no $&bli# in!e"es! in !he e"e #lai of owne"shi$ of !he wa!e"s an !he fish in !he, so

!he"e was no ae8&a!e :&s!ifi#a!ion fo" !he is#"iina!ion. I! f&"!he" ae !ha! !he law was !he

o&!4"ow!h of an!a4onis !owa" !he $e"sons of )a$anese an#es!"y. Howe%e", !wo )&s!i#es


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issen!e on !he !heo"y !ha! fishin4 "i4h!s ha%e been !"ea!e !"ai!ionally as na!&"al "eso&"#es.

In "ase" %s. M#Conway K /a"ley Co., '@ e. @57 =ennsyl%ania, 1'97>, a s!a!e law whi#h

i$ose a !a on e%e"y e$loye" of fo"ei4n-bo"n &nna!&"ali0e ale $e"sons o%e" @1 yea"s of

a4e, was e#la"e %oi be#a&se !he #o&"! fo&n !ha! !he"e was no "eason fo" !he #lassifi#a!ion

an !he !a was an a"bi!"a"y e!ion f"o !he aily wa4e of an e$loyee.

. A&!ho"i!ies #on!"a e$laine.

I! is !"&e !ha! soe e#isions of !he ee"al #o&"! an of !he !a!e #o&"!s in !he Bni!e !a!es

hol !ha! !he is!in#!ion be!ween aliens an #i!i0ens is no! a %ali 4"o&n fo" #lassifi#a!ion. &!

in !his e#ision !he laws e#la"e in%ali we"e fo&n !o be ei!he" a"bi!"a"y, &n"easonable o"

#a$"i#io&s, o" we"e !he "es&l! o" $"o! of "a#ial an!a4onis an hos!ili!y, an !he"e was no8&es!ion of $&bli# in!e"es! in%ol%e o" $&"s&e. In & Con4 *n4 %s. /"inia, 7( L. e. 1(59

=19@5>, !he Bni!e !a!es &$"ee Co&"! e#la"e in%ali a hili$$ine law ain4 &nlawf&l !he

ee$in4 of boos of a##o&n! in any lan4&a4e o!he" !han *n4lish, $anish o" any o!he" lo#al

iale#!, b&! !he ain "easons fo" !he e#isions a"e6 =1> !ha! if Chinese we"e "i%en o&! of

b&siness !he"e wo&l be no o!he" sys!e of is!"ib&!ion, an =@> !ha! !he Chinese wo&l fall

$"ey !o all ins of f"a&, be#a&se !hey wo&l be e$"i%e of !hei" "i4h! !o be a%ise of !hei"

b&siness an !o i"e#! i!s #on!. /he "eal "eason fo" !he e#ision, !he"efo"e, is !he #o&"!Js

belief !ha! no $&bli# benefi! wo&l be e"i%e f"o !he o$e"a!ions of !he law an on !he o!he"

han i! wo&l e$"i%e Chinese of soe!hin4 inis$ensable fo" #a""yin4 on !hei" b&siness. In i#o %s. Ho$ins, 3( L. e @@( =1''5> an o"inan#e #onfe""in4 $owe"s on offi#ials !o wi!hhol

#onsen! in !he o$e"a!ion of la&n"ies bo!h as !o $e"sons an $la#e, was e#la"e in%ali, b&!

!he #o&"! sai !ha! !he $owe" 4"an!e was a"bi!"a"y, !ha! !he"e was no "eason fo" !he

is#"iina!ion whi#h a!!ene !he ainis!"a!ion an i$leen!a!ion of !he law, an !ha! !he

o!i%e !he"eof was e"e "a#ial hos!ili!y. In !a!e %s. Mon!4oe"y, 7 A. 15 =Maine, 19((>, a

law $"ohibi!in4 aliens !o en4a4e as hawe"s an $ele"s was e#la"e %oi, be#a&se !he

is#"iina!ion bo"e no "easonable an :&s! "ela!ion !o !he a#! in "es$e#! !o whi#h !he

#lassifi#a!ion was $"o$ose.

/he #ase a! ba" is "ai#ally iffe"en!, an !he fa#!s ae !he so. As we al"eay ha%e sai,

aliens o no! na!&"ally $ossess !he sy$a!he!i# #onsie"a!ion an "e4a" fo" !he #&s!oe"s

wi!h who !hey #oe in aily #on!a#!, no" !he $a!"io!i# esi"e !o hel$ bols!e" !he na!ionJs

e#onoy, e#e$! in so fa" as i! enhan#es !hei" $"ofi!, no" !he loyal!y an alle4ian#e whi#h !he

na!ional owes !o !he lan. /hese lii!a!ions on !he 8&alifi#a!ions of !he aliens ha%e been shown


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on any o##asions an ins!an#es, es$e#ially in !ies of #"isis an ee"4en#y. e #an o no

be!!e" !han bo""ow !he lan4&a4e of An!on %s. Fan inle, @97 . 3(, 3@, !o "i%e hoe !he

"eali!y an si4nifi#an#e of !he is!in#!ion be!ween !he alien an !he na!ional, !h&s6

. . . . I! ay be :&i#ially nown, howe%e", !ha! alien #oin4 in!o !his #o&n!"y a"e wi!ho&! !he

in!ia!e nowle4e of o&" laws, #&s!os, an &sa4es !ha! o&" own $eo$le ha%e. o i! is liewise

nown !ha! #e"!ain #lasses of aliens a"e of iffe"en! $sy#holo4y f"o o&" fellow #o&n!"yen.

&"!he"o"e, i! is na!&"al an "easonable !o s&$$ose !ha! !he fo"ei4n bo"n, whose alle4ian#e is

fi"s! !o !hei" own #o&n!"y, an whose ieals of 4o%e"nen!al en%i"onen! an #on!"ol ha%e

been en4ene"e an fo"e &ne" en!i"ely iffe"en! "e4ies an $oli!i#al sys!es, ha%e no!

!he sae ins$i"a!ion fo" !he $&bli# weal, no" a"e !hey as well is$ose !owa" !he Bni!e

!a!es, as !hose who by #i!i0enshi$, a"e a $a"! of !he 4o%e"nen! i!self. &"!he" enla"4een!, is

&nne#essa"y. I ha%e sai eno&4h so !ha! ob%io&sly i! #anno! be affi"e wi!h absol&!e#onfien#e !ha! !he Le4isla!&"e was wi!ho&! $la&sible "eason fo" ain4 !he #lassifi#a!ion, an

!he"efo"e a$$"o$"ia!e is#"iina!ions a4ains! aliens as i! "ela!es !o !he s&b:e#! of le4isla!ion. . . .

.

FII. /he +&e "o#ess of Law Lii!a!ion.

a. Reasonabili!y, !he !es! of !he lii!a!ion? e!e"ina!ion by le4isla!&"e e#isi%e.

e now #oe !o &e $"o#ess as a lii!a!ion on !he ee"#ise of !he $oli#e $owe". I! has been

s!a!e by !he hi4hes! a&!ho"i!y in !he Bni!e !a!es !ha!6

. . . . An !he 4&a"an!y of &e $"o#ess, as has of!en been hel, eans only !ha! !he law shall

no! be &n"easonable, a"bi!"a"y o" #a$"i#io&s, an !ha! !he eans sele#!e shall ha%e a "eal an

s&bs!an!ial "ela!ion !o !he s&b:e#! so&4h! !o be a!!aine. . . . .


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o fa" as !he "e8&i"een! of &e $"o#ess is #on#e"ne an in !he absen#e of o!he"

#ons!i!&!ional "es!"i#!ion a s!a!e is f"ee !o ao$! wha!e%e" e#onoi# $oli#y ay "easonably be

eee !o $"oo!e $&bli# welfa"e, an !o enfo"#e !ha! $oli#y by le4isla!ion aa$!e !o i!s

$&"$ose. /he #o&"!s a"e wi!ho&! a&!ho"i!y ei!he" !o e#la"e sh $oli#y, o", when i! is e#la"e

by !he le4isla!&"e, !o o%e""ie i!. If !he laws $asse a"e seen !o ha%e a "easonable "ela!ion !o a$"o$e" le4isla!i%e $&"$ose, an a"e nei!he" a"bi!"a"y no" is#"iina!o"y, !he "e8&i"een!s of

&e $"o#ess a"e sa!isfie, an :&i#ial e!e"ina!ion !o !ha! effe#! "ene"s a #o&"! f&n#!&s

offi#io. . . . =Nebbia %s. New o", 7' L. e. 9(, 95(, 957.>

Ano!he" a&!ho"i!y s!a!es !he $"in#i$le !h&s6

. . . . /oo h si4nifi#an#e #anno! be 4i%en !o !he wo"


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"a!a Bne"!ain4 Co. %s. !a!e oa" of *balin4, 1( ALR, 3'9, 395, fies !his !es! of

#ons!i!&!ionali!y6

In e!e"inin4 whe!he" a 4i%en a#! of !he Le4isla!&"e, $asse in !he ee"#ise of !he $oli#e$owe" !o "e4&la!e !he o$e"a!ion of a b&siness, is o" is no! #ons!i!&!ional, one of !he fi"s!

8&es!ions !o be #onsie"e by !he #o&"! is whe!he" !he $owe" as ee"#ise has a s&ffi#ien!

fo&na!ion in "eason in #onne#!ion wi!h !he a!!e" in%ol%e, o" is an a"bi!"a"y, o$$"essi%e, an

#a$"i#io&s &se of !ha! $owe", wi!ho&! s&bs!an!ial "ela!ion !o !he heal!h, safe!y, o"als, #ofo"!,

an 4ene"al welfa"e of !he $&bli#.

b. e!i!ione"Js a"4&en! #onsie"e.

e!i!ione"Js ain a"4&en! is !ha! "e!ail is a #oon, o"ina"y o##&$a!ion, one of !hose

$"i%ile4es lon4 a4o "e#o4ni0e as essen!ial !o !he o"e"ly $&"s&an! of ha$$iness by f"ee en?

!ha! i! is a 4ainf&l an hones! o##&$a!ion an !he"efo"e beyon !he $owe" of !he le4isla!&"e !o

$"ohibi! an $enali0e. /his a"4&en!s o%e"loos fa#! an "eali!y an "es!s on an in#o""e#!

ass&$!ion an $"eise, i.e., !ha! in !his #o&n!"y whe"e !he o##&$a!ion is en4a4e in by

$e!i!ione", i! has been so en4a4e by hi, by !he alien in an hones! #"ei!able an

&ni$ea#hable anne", wi!ho&! ha" o" in:&"y !o !he #i!i0ens an wi!ho&! &l!ia!e an4e" !o

!hei" e#onoi# $ea#e, !"an8&ili!y an welfa"e. &! !he Le4isla!&"e has fo&n, as we ha%e alsofo&n an ini#a!e, !ha! !he $"i%ile4e has been so 4"ossly ab&se by !he alien, !h"& !he

ille4i!ia!e &se of $e"ni#io&s esi4ns an $"a#!i#es, !ha! he now en:oys a ono$olis!i# #on!"ol

of !he o##&$a!ion an !h"ea!ens a ealy s!"an4lehol on !he na!ionJs e#onoy enan4e"in4

!he na!ional se#&"i!y in !ies of #"isis an ee"4en#y.

/he "eal 8&es!ion a! iss&e, !he"efo"e, is no! !ha! $ose by $e!i!ione", whi#h o%e"loos an

i4no"es !he fa#!s an #i"#&s!an#es, b&! !his, Is !he e#l&sion in !he f&!&"e of aliens f"o !he

"e!ail !"ae &n"easonable. A"bi!"a"y #a$"i#io&s, !ain4 in!o a##o&n! !he ille4i!ia!e an$e"ni#io&s fo" an anne" in whi#h !he aliens ha%e he"e!ofo"e en4a4e !he"ein; As !h&s

#o""e#!ly s!a!e !he answe" is #lea". /he law in 8&es!ion is eee absol&!ely ne#essa"y !o

b"in4 abo&! !he esi"e le4isla!i%e ob:e#!i%e, i.e., !o f"ee na!ional e#onoy f"o alien #on!"ol

an oinan#e. I! is no! ne#essa"ily &n"easonable be#a&se i! affe#!s $"i%a!e "i4h!s an

$"i%ile4es =11 A. )&". $$. 1('(-1('1.> /he !es! of "easonableness of a law is !he


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a$$"o$"ia!eness o" ae8&a#y &ne" all #i"#&s!an#es of !he eans ao$!e !o #a""y o&! i!s

$&"$ose in!o effe#! =I.> )&4e by !his !es!, is$&!e le4isla!ion, whi#h is no! e"ely "easonable

b&! a#!&ally ne#essa"y, &s! be #onsie"e no! !o ha%e inf"in4e !he #ons!i!&!ional lii!a!ion of

"easonableness.

/he ne#essi!y of !he law in 8&es!ion is e$laine in !he e$lana!o"y no!e !ha! a##o$anie !he

bill, whi#h la!e" was ena#!e in!o law6

/his bill $"o$oses !o "e4&la!e !he "e!ail b&siness. I!s $&"$ose is !o $"e%en! $e"sons who a"e no!

#i!i0ens of !he hili$$ines f"o ha%in4 a s!"an4le hol &$on o&" e#onoi# life. If !he $e"sons

who #on!"ol !his %i!al a"!e"y of o&" e#onoi# life a"e !he ones who owe no alle4ian#e !o !his

Re$&bli#, who ha%e no $"ofo&n e%o!ion !o o&" f"ee ins!i!&!ions, an who ha%e no $e"anen!s!ae in o&" $eo$leJs welfa"e, we a"e no! "eally !he as!e"s of o&" es!iny. All as$e#!s of o&"

life, e%en o&" na!ional se#&"i!y, will be a! !he e"#y of o!he" $eo$le.

In seein4 !o a##o$lish !he fo"e4oin4 $&"$ose, we o no! $"o$ose !o e$"i%e $e"sons who a"e

no! #i!i0ens of !he hili$$ines of !hei" eans of li%elihoo. hile !his bill sees !o !ae away

f"o !he hans of $e"sons who a"e no! #i!i0ens of !he hili$$ines a $owe" !ha! #an be wiele

!o $a"aly0e all as$e#!s of o&" na!ional life an enan4e" o&" na!ional se#&"i!y i! "es$e#!s eis!in4

"i4h!s.

/he a$$"o%al of !his bill is ne#essa"y fo" o&" na!ional s&"%i%al.

If $oli!i#al ine$enen#e is a le4i!ia!e as$i"a!ion of a $eo$le, !hen e#onoi# ine$enen#e is

none !he less le4i!ia!e. "eeo an libe"!y a"e no! "eal an $osi!i%e if !he $eo$le a"e s&b:e#!

!o !he e#onoi# #on!"ol an oina!ion of o!he"s, es$e#ially if no! of !hei" own "a#e o"

#o&n!"y. /he "eo%al an e"ai#a!ion of !he sha#les of fo"ei4n e#onoi# #on!"ol an

oina!ion, is one of !he nobles! o!i%es !ha! a na!ional le4isla!&"e ay $&"s&e. I! is

i$ossible !o #on#ei%e !ha! le4isla!ion !ha! sees !o b"in4 i! abo&! #an inf"in4e !he

#ons!i!&!ional lii!a!ion of &e $"o#ess. /he a!!ainen! of a le4i!ia!e as$i"a!ion of a $eo$le

#an ne%e" be beyon !he lii!s of le4isla!i%e a&!ho"i!y.


35/118

#. Law e$"essly hel by Cons!i!&!ional Con%en!ion !o be wi!hin !he s$he"e of le4isla!i%e a#!ion.

/he f"ae"s of !he Cons!i!&!ion #o&l no! ha%e in!ene !o i$ose !he #ons!i!&!ional"es!"i#!ions of &e $"o#ess on !he a!!ainen! of sh a noble o!i%e as f"eeo f"o

e#onoi# #on!"ol an oina!ion, !h"& !he ee"#ise of !he $oli#e $owe". /he fa!he"s of !he

Cons!i!&!ion &s! ha%e 4i%en !o !he le4isla!&"e f&ll a&!ho"i!y an $owe" !o ena#! le4isla!ion !ha!

wo&l $"oo!e !he s&$"ee ha$$iness of !he $eo$le, !hei" f"eeo an libe"!y. On !he $"e#ise

iss&e now befo"e &s, !hey e$"essly ae !hei" %oi#e #lea"? !hey ao$!e a "esol&!ion

e$"essin4 !hei" belief !ha! !he le4isla!ion in 8&es!ion is wi!hin !he s#o$e of !he le4isla!i%e

$owe". /h&s !hey e#la"e !he !hei" Resol&!ion6

/ha! i! is !he sense of !he Con%en!ion !ha! !he $&bli# in!e"es! "e8&i"es !he na!ionali0a!ion of

"e!ail !"ae? b&! i! abs!ain f"o a$$"o%in4 !he aenen! in!"oe by !he +ele4a!e fo"

Manila, M". A"ane!a, an o!he"s on !his a!!e" be#a&se i! is #on%in#e !ha! !he Na!ional

Assebly is a&!ho"i0e !o $"o&l4a!e a law whi#h lii!s !o ili$ino an Ae"i#an #i!i0ens !he

$"i%ile4e !o en4a4e in !he "e!ail !"ae. =11 A"&e4o, /he "ain4 of !he hili$$ine Cons!i!&!ion,

8&o!e on $a4es an 7 of !he Meo"an& fo" !he e!i!ione".>

I! wo&l o well !o "efe" !o !he na!ionalis!i# !enen#y anifes!e in %a"io&s $"o%isions of !heCons!i!&!ion. /h&s in !he $"eable, a $"in#i$le ob:e#!i%e is !he #onse"%a!ion of !he $a!"iony of

!he na!ion an as #o"olla"y !he $"o%ision lii!in4 !o #i!i0ens of !he hili$$ines !he e$loi!a!ion,

e%elo$en! an &!ili0a!ion of i!s na!&"al "eso&"#es. An in e#!ion ' of A"!i#le EIF, i! is

$"o%ie !ha!


36/118

!he #o$la#en#y an "ef&se o" ne4le#! !o ao$! a "eey #oens&"a!e wi!h !he eans of

$&bli# in!e"es! an na!ional s&"%i%al. As !he "e$osi!o"y of !he so%e"ei4n $owe" of le4isla!ion, !he

Le4isla!&"e was in &!y bo&n !o fa#e !he $"oble an ee!, !h"o&4h ae8&a!e eas&"es, !he

an4e" an !h"ea! !ha! alien oina!ion of "e!ail !"ae $oses !o na!ional e#onoy.

. "o%isions of law no! &n"easonable.

A #&"so"y s!&y of !he $"o%isions of !he law ieia!ely "e%eals how !ole"an!, how "easonable

!he Le4isla!&"e has been. /he law is ae $"os$e#!i%e an "e#o4ni0es !he "i4h! an $"i%ile4e of

!hose al"eay en4a4e in !he o##&$a!ion !o #on!in&e !he"ein &"in4 !he "es! of !hei" li%es? an

siila" "e#o4ni!ion of !he "i4h! !o #on!in&e is a##o"e asso#ia!ions of aliens. /he "i4h! o"

$"i%ile4e is enie !o !hose only &$on #on%i#!ion of #e"!ain offenses. In !he elibe"a!ions of !heCo&"! on !his #ase, a!!en!ion was #alle !o !he fa#! !ha! !he $"i%ile4e sho&l no! ha%e been

enie !o #hil"en an hei"s of aliens now en4a4e in !he "e!ail !"ae. h $"o%ision wo&l

efea! !he law i!self, i!s ais an $&"$oses. esie, !he ee"#ise of le4isla!i%e is#"e!ion is no!

s&b:e#! !o :&i#ial "e%iew. I! is well se!!le !ha! !he Co&"! will no! in8&i"e in!o !he o!i%es of !he

Le4isla!&"e, no" $ass &$on 4ene"al a!!e"s of le4isla!i%e :&4en!. /he Le4isla!&"e is $"ia"ily

!he :&4e of !he ne#essi!y of an ena#!en! o" of any of i!s $"o%isions, an e%e"y $"es&$!ion is

in fa%o" of i!s %alii!y, an !ho&4h !he Co&"! ay hol %iews in#onsis!en! wi!h !he wiso of

!he law, i! ay no! ann&l !he le4isla!ion if no! $al$ably in e#ess of !he le4isla!i%e $owe".

&"!he"o"e, !he !es! of !he %alii!y of a law a!!a#e as a %iola!ion of &e $"o#ess, is no! i!s"easonableness, b&! i!s &n"easonableness, an we fin !he $"o%isions a"e no! &n"easonable.

/hese $"in#i$les also answe" %a"io&s o!he" a"4&en!s "aise a4ains! !he law, soe of whi#h

a"e6 !ha! !he law oes no! $"oo!e 4ene"al welfa"e? !ha! !ho&sans of aliens wo&l be !h"own

o&! of e$loyen!? !ha! $"i#es will in#"ease be#a&se of !he eliina!ion of #o$e!i!ion? !ha!

!he"e is no nee fo" !he le4isla!ion? !ha! ae8&a!e "e$la#een! is $"oblea!i#al? !ha! !he"e ay

be 4ene"al b"eaown? !ha! !he"e wo&l be "e$e"#&ssions f"o fo"ei4ne"s? e!#. Many of !hese

a"4&en!s a"e i"e#!e a4ains! !he s&$$ose wiso of !he law whi#h lies solely wi!hin !he

le4isla!i%e $"e"o4a!i%e? !hey o no! i$o"! in%alii!y.

FIII. Alle4e efe#! in !he !i!le of !he law


37/118

A s&bo"ina!e 4"o&n o" "eason fo" !he alle4e in%alii!y of !he law is !he #lai !ha! !he !i!le

!he"eof is isleain4 o" e#e$!i%e, as i! #on#eals !he "eal $&"$ose of !he bill whi#h is !o

na!ionali0e !he "e!ail b&siness an $"ohibi! aliens f"o en4a4in4 !he"ein. /he #ons!i!&!ional

$"o%ision whi#h is #laie !o be %iola!e in e#!ion @1 =1> of A"!i#le FI, whi#h "eas6

No bill whi#h ay be ena#!e in !he law shall eb"a#e o"e !han one s&b:e#! whi#h shall be

e$"esse in !he !i!le of !he bill.

ha! !he abo%e $"o%ision $"ohibi!s is &$li#i!y, !ha! is, if i!s !i!le #o$le!ely fails !o a$$"aise !he

le4isla!o"s o" !he $&bli# of !he na!&"e, s#o$e an #onse8&en#es of !he law o" i!s o$e"a!ion =I

&!he"lan, !a!&!o"y Cons!"!ion, e#. 17(7, $. @97.> A #&"so"y #onsie"a!ion of !he !i!le an

!he $"o%isions of !he bill fails !o show !he $"esen#e of &$li#i!y. I! is !"&e !ha! !he !e"


38/118

71', 1'@ La. ''7, 8&o!e in $. @ of Answe".>

/he 4ene"al "&le is fo" !he &se of 4ene"al !e"s in !he !i!le of a bill? i! has also been sai !ha! !he!i!le nee no! be an ine !o !he en!i"e #on!en!s of !he law =I &!he"lan, !a!&!o"y

Cons!"!ion, ee. '(3, $. 35.> /he abo%e "&le was followe !he !i!le of !he A#! in 8&es!ion

ao$!e !he o"e 4ene"al !e"


39/118

all na!ions =I. $. 39.> /ha! sh is !he i$o"! of !he Bni!e Na!ions Cha"!e" ai of !he

+e#la"a!ion of H&an Ri4h!s #an be infe""e !he fa#! !ha! ebe"s of !he Bni!e Na!ions

O"4ani0a!ions, sh as No"way an +ena", $"ohibi! fo"ei4ne"s f"o en4a4in4 in "e!ail !"ae,

an in os! na!ions of !he wo"l laws a4ains! fo"ei4ne"s en4a4e in oes!i# !"ae a"e

ao$!e.

/he /"ea!y of Ai!y be!ween !he Re$&bli# of !he hili$$ines an !he Re$&bli# of China of A$"il

1', 197 is also #laie !o be %iola!e by !he law in 8&es!ion. All !ha! !he !"ea!y 4&a"an!ees is

e8&ali!y of !"ea!en! !o !he Chinese na!ionals


40/118

!he s&b:e#! an !he $oli#e $owe" ay no! be #&"!aile o" s&""ene"e by any !"ea!y o" any

o!he" #on%en!ional a4"eeen!.

oe ebe"s of !he Co&"! a"e of !he o$inion !ha! !he "ai#al effe#!s of !he law #o&l ha%ebeen ae less ha"sh in i!s i$a#! on !he aliens. /h&s i! is s!a!e !ha! !he o"e !ie sho&l

ha%e been 4i%en in !he law fo" !he li8&ia!ion of eis!in4 b&sinesses when !he !ie #oes fo"

!he !o #lose. O&" le4al &!y, howe%e", is e"ely !o e!e"ine if !he law falls wi!hin !he s#o$e

of le4isla!i%e a&!ho"i!y an oes no! !"ans#en !he lii!a!ions of &e $"o#ess an e8&al

$"o!e#!ion 4&a"an!ee in !he Cons!i!&!ion. Reeies a4ains! !he ha"shness of !he law sho&l be

a"esse !o !he Le4isla!&"e? !hey a"e beyon o&" $owe" an :&"isi#!ion.

/he $e!i!ion is he"eby enie, wi!h #os!s a4ains! $e!i!ione".

a"as, C.)., en40on, Reyes, A., a&!is!a An4elo, Con#e$#ion, Reyes, )..L., *nen#ia an eli,

))., #on#&".

G.R. No. L-@1'97 O#!obe" @@, 193

RAMON A. GONAL*, $e!i!ione",

%s.

RBINO G. H*CHANOFA, as *e#&!i%e e#"e!a"y, MACARIO *RAL/A, )R., as e#"e!a"y of

+efense, *+RO GIM*N*, as A&i!o" Gene"al, CORN*LIO ALMAC*+A, as e#"e!a"y of

Coe"#e an In&s!"y, an ALFA+OR MARINO, e#"e!a"y of )&s!i#e, "es$onen!s.

Raon A. Gon0ales in his own behalf as $e!i!ione".

Offi#e of !he oli#i!o" Gene"al an *s!anislao e"nane0 fo" "es$onen!s.

CONC*CION, ).6


41/118

/his is an o"i4inal a#!ion fo" $"ohibi!ion wi!h $"eliina"y in:&n#!ion.

I! is no! is$&!e !ha! on e$!ebe" @@, 193, "es$onen! *e#&!i%e e#"e!a"y a&!ho"i0e !he

i$o"!a!ion of 7,((( !ons of fo"ei4n "i#e !o be $&"#hase f"o $"i%a!e so&"#es, an #"ea!e a

"i#e $"o#&"een! #oi!!ee #o$ose of !he o!he" "es$onen!s he"ein1 fo" !he

i$leen!a!ion of sai $"o$ose i$o"!a!ion. /he"e&$on, o" e$!ebe" @5, 193, he"ein

$e!i!ione", Raon A. Gon0ales a "i#e $lan!e", an $"esien! of !he Iloilo alay an Co"n

lan!e"s Asso#ia!ion, whose ebe"s a"e, liewise, en4a4e in !he $"o!ion of "i#e an #o"n

file !he $e!i!ion he"ein, a%e""in4 !ha!, in ain4 o" a!!e$!in4 !o ae sai i$o"!a!ion of

fo"ei4n "i#e, !he afo"een!ione "es$onen!s

$"e%en! !he :&4en! !he"ein f"o #oin4 ineffe#!&al. e!i!ione" $"aye, !he"efo"e, !ha! sai

$e!i!ion be 4i%en &e #o&"se? !ha! a w"i! of $"eliina"y in:&n#!ion be fo"!hwi!h iss&e

"es!"ainin4 "es$onen! !hei" a4en!s o" "e$"esen!a!i%es f"o i$leen!in4 !he e#ision of !he

*e#&!i%e e#"e!a"y !o i$o"! !he afo"een!ione fo"ei4n "i#e? an !ha!, af!e" &e hea"in4,

:&4en! be "ene"e ain4 sai in:&n#!ion $e"anen!.

G.R. No. L-@5 e$!ebe" @, 1951

ORI M*)O, $e!i!ione",

%s.

/H* +IR*C/OR O RION, "es$onen!.

Ab"osio /. +olle!e fo" $e!i!ione".

i"s! Assis!an! oli#i!o" Gene"al Robe"!o A. Gianson an oli#i!o" lo"en#io Fillao" fo"

"es$onen!s.


42/118

/BAON, ).6

/his is a se#on $e!i!ion fo" habeas #o"$&s by o"is Me:off, !he fi"s! ha%in4 been enie in a

e#ision of !his Co&"! of )&ly 3(, 199. /he his!o"y of !he $e!i!ione"Js e!en!ion was !h&s b"iefly

se! fo"!h in !ha! e#ision, w"i!!en by M". )&s!i#e en40on6

/he $e!i!ione" o"is Me:off is an alien of R&ssian es#en! who was b"o&4h! !o !his #o&n!"y f"o

han4hai as a se#"e! o$e"a!i%e by !he )a$anese fo"#es &"in4 !he la!!e"Js "e4ie in !hese

Islans. B$on libe"a!ion he was a""es!e as a )a$anese s$y, by B.. A"y Co&n!e" In!elli4en#e

Co"$s. La!e" he was hane !o !heCoonweal!h Go%e"nen! fo" is$osi!ion in a##o"an#e

wi!h Coonweal!h A#! No. '@. /he"eaf!e", !he eo$leJs Co&"! o"e"e his "elease. &! !he

e$o"!a!ion oa" !ain4 his #ase &$, fo&n !ha! ha%in4 no !"a%el o#&en!s Me:off was

ille4ally in !his #o&n!"y, an #onse8&en!ly "efe""e !he a!!e" !o !he ii4"a!ion a&!ho"i!ies.

Af!e" !he #o""es$onin4 in%es!i4a!ion, !he oa" of #oissione"s of Ii4"a!ion on A$"il 5,

19', e#la"e !ha! Me:off ha en!e"e !he hili$$ines ille4ally in 19, wi!ho&! ins$e#!ion an

aission by !he ii4"a!ion offi#ials a! a esi4na!ion $o"! of en!"y an, !he"efo"e, i! o"e"e

!ha! he be e$o"!e on !he fi"s! a%ailable !"ans$o"!a!ion !o R&ssia. /he $e!i!ione" was !hen

&ne" #&s!oy, he ha%in4 been a""es!e on Ma"#h 1', 19'. In May 19' he was !"ansfe""e !o

!he Ceb& "o%in#ial )ail !o4e!he" wi!h !h"ee o!he" R&ssians !o awai! !he a""i%al of soe R&ssian

%essels. In )&ly an A&4&s! of !ha! yea" !wo boa!s of R&ssian na!ionali!y #alle a! !he Ceb& o"!.

&! !hei" as!e"s "ef&se !o !ae $e!i!ione" an his #o$anions alle4in4 la# of a&!ho"i!y !o o

so. In O#!obe" 19' af!e" "e$ea!e fail&"es !o shi$ !his e$o"!ee ab"oa, !he a&!ho"i!ies

"eo%e hi !o ilibi "ison a! M&n!in4l&$a whe"e he has been #onfine &$ !o !he $"esen!

!ie, inash as !he Coissione" of Ii4"a!ion belie%es i! is fo" !he bes! in!e"es!s of !he

#o&n!"y !o ee$ hi &ne" e!en!ion while a""an4een!s fo" his e$a"!&"e a"e bein4 ae.

/he Co&"! hel !he $e!i!ione"Js e!en!ion !e$o"a"y an sai !ha!

ne#essa"y s!e$ in !he $"o#ess of e#l&sion o" e$&lsion of &nesi"able aliens an !ha! $enin4

a""an4een!s fo" his e$o"!a!ion, !he Go%e"nen! has !he "i4h! !o hol !he &nesi"able alien

&ne" #onfineen! fo" a "easonable len4h! of !ie.< I! !oo no!e of !he fa#!, anifes!e by !he

oli#i!o" Gene"alJs "e$"esen!a!i%e in !he #o&"se of !he of !he o"al a"4&en!, !ha!

Go%e"nen! esi"es !o e$el !he alien, an oes no! "elish ee$in4 hi a! !he $eo$leJs e$ense

. . . ain4 effo"!s !o #a""y o&! !he e#"ee of e#l&sion by !he hi4hes! offi#e" of !he lan.< No


43/118

$e"io was fie wi!hin whi#h !he ii4"a!ion a&!ho"i!ies sho&l #a""y o&! !he #on!e$la!e

e$o"!a!ion beyon !he s!a!een! !ha!

b&! !ho&4h! !ha! !wo on!hs #ons!i!&!e "easonable !ie.

O%e" !wo yea"s ha%in4 ela$se sin#e !he e#ision afo"esai was $"o&l4a!e, !he Go%e"nen!

has no! fo&n way an eans of "eo%in4 !he $e!i!ione" o&! of !he #o&n!"y, an none a"e in

si4h!, al!ho&4h i! sho&l be sai in :&s!i#e !o !he e$o"!a!ion a&!ho"i!ies, i! was !h"o&4h no fa&l!

of !hei"s !ha! no shi$ o" #o&n!"y wo&l !ae !he $e!i!ione".

Aliens ille4ally s!ayin4 in !he hili$$ines ha%e no "i4h! of asyl& !he"ein =owa$a:i %s. ion,e$!. 1', 19, 157 . e., @'9, @9(>, e%en if !hey a"e


44/118

Mo"eo%e", by i!s Cons!i!&!ion =A"!. II, e#. 3> !he hili$$ines ? !ha!

4i%en !he $owe" !o a#! is !ha! !he wa""an! of e$o"!a!ion, no! ha%in4 been able !o be ee#&!e,

is f&n#!&s offi#io an !he alien is bein4 hel wi!ho&! any a&!ho"i!y of law.< /he e#ision #i!e

se%e"al #ases whi#h, i! sai, se!!le !he a!!e" efini!ely in !ha! :&"isi#!ion, ain4 !ha! !he

sae "es&l! ha "ea#he in inn&e"able #ases elsewhe"e. /he #ases "efe""e !o we"e Bni!e

!a!es e "el. Ross %s. allis, @ Ci". @79 . (1, (? Ca"ani#a %s. Na4le, 9 Ci"., @' . @ 955?asa4ansy %s. eein, 9 Ci"., 53 . @ 13, 1 las! $a"a4"a$h? * $a"!e Ma!!hews, +.C..+.

ash., @77 . '57? Mo"ai!is %s. +elany, +.C. M. A&4. @', 19@, . &$$. @5.

/he os! "e#en! #ase, as fa" as we ha%e been able !o fin, was !ha! of !anis0ewsi %s. a!ins

=19'>, 9( e. &$$., 13@, whi#h is nea"ly fo&"s8&a"e wi!h !he #ase a! han. In !ha! #ase a

s!a!eless $e"son, fo"e"ly a olish na!ional, "esien! in !he Bni!e !a!es sin#e 1911 an any

!ies se"%in4 as a seaan on Ae"i#an %essels bo!h in $ea#e an in wa", was o"e"e e#l&e

f"o !he Bni!e !a!es an e!aine a! *llis Islan a! !he e$ense of !he s!eashi$ #o$any,when he "e!&"ne f"o a %oya4e on whi#h he ha shi$$e f"o New o" fo" one o" o"e

*&"o$ean $o"!s an "e!&"n !o !he Bni!e !a!es. /he 4"o&ns fo" his e#l&sion we"e !ha! he ha

no $ass$o"! o" ii4"a!ion %isa, an !ha! in 1937 ha been #on%i#!e of $e":&"y be#a&se in

#e"!ain o#&en!s he $"esen!e hiself !o be an Ae"i#an #i!i0en. B$on his a$$li#a!ion fo"

"elease on habeas #o"$&s, !he Co&"! "elease hi &$on his own "e#o4ni0an#e. )&4e Leibell, of

!he Bni!e !a!es +is!"i#! Co&"! fo" !he o&!he"n +is!"i#! of New o", sai in $a"!6


45/118

hen !he "e!&"n !o !he w"i! of habeas #o"$&s #ae befo"e !his #o&"!, I s&44es!e !ha! all

in!e"es!e $a"!ies . . . ae an effo"! !o a""an4e !o ha%e !he $e!i!ione" shi$ o&! of soe #o&n!"y

!ha! he wo&l "e#ei%e hi as a "esien!. He is, a na!i%e-bo"n ole b&! !he olish Cons&l has

a%ise hi in w"i!in4 !ha! he is no lon4e" a olish s&b:e#!. /his Go%e"nen! oes no! #lai

!ha! he is a olish #i!i0en. His a!!o"ney says he is a s!a!eless. /he Go%e"nen! is willin4 !ha! he

4o ba# !o !he shi$, b&! if he we"e sen! ba# aboa" a shi$ an saile !o !he o"! =Che"bo&"4,

"an#e> f"o whi#h he las! saile !o !he Bni!e !a!es, he wo&l $"obably be enie $e"ission

!o lan. /he"e is no o!he" #o&n!"y !ha! wo&l !ae hi, wi!ho&! $"o$e" o#&en!s.

I! sees !o e !ha! !his is a 4en&ine ha"shi$ #ase an !ha! !he $e!i!ione" sho&l be "elease

f"o #&s!oy on $"o$e" !e"s. . . .

ha! is !o be one wi!h !he $e!i!ione"; /he 4o%e"nen! has ha hi in #&s!oy alos! se%en

on!hs an $"a#!i#ally ai!s i! has no $la#e !o sen hi o&! of !his #o&n!"y. /he s!eashi$

#o$any, whi#h e$loye hi as one of a 4"o&$ sen! !o !he shi$ by !he Bnion, wi!h $"o$e"

seaanJs $a$e"s iss&e by !he Bni!e !a!es Coas! G&a", is $ayin4 3 a ay fo" $e!i!ione"Js

boa" a! *llis Islan. I! is no fa&l! of !he s!eashi$ #o$any !ha! $e!i!ione" is an inaissible

alien as !he ii4"a!ion offi#ials es#"ibe hi. . . .

I in!en !o s&s!ain !he w"i! of habeas #o"$&s an o"e" !he "elease of !he $e!i!ione" on his own

"e#o4ni0an#e. He will be "e8&i"e !o info" !he ii4"a!ion offi#ials a! *llis Islan by ail on

!he 15!h of ea#h on!h, s!a!in4 whe"e he is e$loye an whe"e he #an be "ea#he by ail. If

!he 4o%e"nen! oes s#ee in a""an4in4 fo" $e!i!ione"Js e$o"!a!ion !o a #o&n!"y !ha! will be

"eay !o "e#ei%e hi as a "esien!, i! ay !hen a%ise !he $e!i!ione" !o !ha! effe#! an a""an4e

fo" his e$o"!a!ion in !he anne" $"o%ie by law.

Al!ho&4h no! binin4 &$on !his Co&"! as a $"e#een!, !he #ase afo"e#i!e affo"s a ha$$y

sol&!ion !o !he 8&an"y in whi#h !he $a"!ies he"e fins !hesel%es, sol&!ion whi#h we !hin is

sensible, so&n an #o$a!ible wi!h law an !he Cons!i!&!ion. o" !his "eason, an sin#e !he

hili$$ine law on ii4"a!ion was $a!!e"ne af!e" o" #o$ie f"o !he Ae"i#an law an

$"a#!i#e, we #hoose !o follow an ao$! !he "easonin4 an #on#l&sions in !he !anis0ewsi


46/118

e#ision wi!h soe oifi#a!ions whi#h, i! is belie%e, a"e in #onsonan#e wi!h !he $"e%ailin4

#oni!ions of $ea#e an o"e" in !he hili$$ines.

I! was sai o" insin&a!e a! !he hea"in4 of!he $e!i!ion a! ba", b&! no! alle4e in !he "e!&"n, !ha!!he $e!i!ione" was en4a4e in s&b%e"si%e a#!i%i!ies, an fea" was e$"esse !ha! he i4h! :oin

o" ai !he isloyal eleen!s if allowe !o be a! la"4e. ea"in4 in in !he Go%e"nen!Js

alle4a!ion in i!s answe" !ha!

by a lowe" #o&"! of a%o#a#y of %iolen! o%e"!h"ow of !he Bni!e !a!es Go%e"nen! is, in

$"in#i$le, $e"!inen! an ay be a%aile of a! !his :&n#!&"e. ai !he lea"ne )&"is!6

/he Go%e"ne!Js al!e"na!i%e #on!en!ion is !ha! efenan!s, by isbeha%io" af!e" #on%i#!ion,

ha%e fo"fei!e !hei" #lai !o bail. G"a%e $&bli# an4e" is sai !o "es&l! f"o wha! !hey ay be

e$e#!e !o o, in ai!ion !o wha! !hey ha%e one sin#e !hei" #on%i#!ion. If I ass&e !ha!

efenan!s a"e is$ose !o #oi! e%e"y o$$o"!&ne isloyal !o a#! hel$f&l !o Co&nis!

#o&n!"ies, i! is s!ill iffi#&l! !o "e#on#ile wi!h !"ai!ional Ae"i#an law !he :ailin4 of $e"sons by

!he #o&"!s be#a&se of an!i#i$a!e b&! as ye! &n#oi!!e #"ies. l$"isonen! !o $"o!e#!

so#ie!y f"o $"ei#!e b&! &n#ons&a!e offenses is so &n$"e#een!e in !his #o&n!"y an so

f"a&4h! wi!h an4e" of e#esses an in:&s!i#e !ha! I a loa!h !o "eso"! i!, e%en as a is#"e!iona"y:&i#ial !e#hni8&e !o s&$$leen! #on%i#!ion of sh offenses as !hose of whi#h efenan!s

s!an #on%i#!e.


47/118

&! !he "i4h! of e%e"y Ae"i#an !o e8&al !"ea!en! befo"e !he law is w"a$$e &$ in !he sae

#ons!i!&!ional b&nle wi!h !hose of !hese Co&nis!s. If an an4e" o" is4&s! wi!h !hese

efenan!s we !h"ow o&! !he b&nle, we also#as! asie $"o!e#!ion fo" !he libe"!ies of o"e

wo"!hy #"i!i#s who ay be in o$$osi!ion !o !he 4o%e"nen! of soe f&!&"e ay.

1w$hl.nP!

If, howe%e", I we"e !o be w"on4 on all of !hese abs!"a#! o" !heo"e!i#al a!!e"s of $"in#i$le, !he"e

is a %e"y $"a#!i#al as$e#! of !his a$$li#a!ion whi#h &s! no! be o%e"looe o" &ne"es!ia!e

!ha! is !he isas!"o&s effe#! on !he "e$&!a!ion of Ae"i#an :&s!i#e if I sho&l now sen !hese

en !o :ail an !he f&ll Co&"! la!e" e#ie !ha! !hei" #on%i#!ion is in%ali. All e$e"ien#e wi!h

li!i4a!ion !ea#hes !ha! eis!en#e of a s&bs!an!ial 8&es!ion abo&! a #on%i#!ion i$lies a o"e!han ne4li4ible "is of "e%e"sal. Inee !his e$e"ien#e lies ba# of o&" "&le $e"i!!in4 an

$"a#!i#e of allowin4 bail whe"e sh 8&es!ions eis!, !o a%oi !he ha0a" of &n:&s!ifiably

i$"isonin4 $e"sons wi!h #onse8&en! "e$"oa#h !o o&" sys!e of :&s!i#e. If !ha! is $"&en!

:&i#ial $"a#!i#e in !he o"ina"y #ase, how h o"e i$o"!an! !o a%oi e%e"y #han#e of

hanin4 !o !he Co&nis! wo"l sh an ieolo4i#al wea$on as i! wo&l ha%e if !his #o&n!"y

sho&l i$"ison !his hanf&l of Co&nis! leae"s on a #on%i#!ion !ha! o&" hi4hes! Co&"!

wo&l #onfess !o be ille4al. Riss, of #o&"se, a"e in%ol%e in ei!he" 4"an!in4 o" "ef&sin4 bail. I a

nai%e eno&4h !o &ne"es!ia!e !he !"o&bleain4 $"o$ensi!ies of !he efenan!s. &!, wi!h

!he +e$a"!en! of )&s!i#e ale"! !o !he !he an4e"s, !he wo"s! !hey #an a##o$lish in !he sho"!!ie i! will !ae !o en !he li!i4a!ion is $"efe"able !o !he $ossibili!y of na!ional eba""assen!

f"o a #eleb"a!e #ase of &n:&s!ifie i$"isonen! of Co&nis! leae"s. Bne" no

#i"#&s!an#es &s! we $e"i! !hei" syboli0a!ion of an e%il fo"#e in !he wo"l !o be hallowe

an 4lo"ifie by any seblan#e of a"!y"o. /he way !o a%oi !ha! "is is no! !o :ail !hese en

&n!il i! is finally e#ie !ha! !hey sho&l s!ay :aile.

If !ha! #ase is no! #o$a"able wi!h o&"s on !he iss&es $"esen!e, i!s &ne"lyin4 $"in#i$le is of

&ni%e"sal a$$li#a!ion. In fa#!, i!s "a!io e#ieni a$$lies wi!h 4"ea!e" fo"#e !o !he $"esen!$e!i!ion, sin#e !he "i4h! of a##&se !o bail $enin4 a$$$eal of his #ase, as in !he #ase of !he !en

Co&nis!s, e$ens &$on !he is#"e!ion of !he #o&"!, whe"eas !he "i4h! !o be enla"4e befo"e

fo"al #ha"4es a"e ins!i!&!e is absol&!e. As al"eay no!e, no! only a"e !he"e no #ha"4es

$enin4 a4ains! !he $e!i!ione", b&! !he $"os$e#!s of b"in4in4 any a4ains! hi a"e sli an

"eo!e.


48/118

"eises #onsie"e, !he w"i! will iss&e #oanin4 !he "es$onen!s !o "elease !he $e!i!ione"

f"o #&s!oy &$on !hese !e"s6 /he $e!i!ione" shall be $la#e &ne" !he s&"%eillan#e of !he

ii4"a!ion a&!ho"i!ies o" !hei" a4en!s in sh fo" an anne" as ay be eee ae8&a!e

!o ins&"e !ha! he ee$ $ea#e an be a%ailable when !he Go%e"nen! is "eay !o e$o"! hi.

/he s&"%eillan#e shall be "easonable an !he 8&es!ion of "easonableness shall be s&bi!!e !o

!his Co&"! o" !o !he Co&"! of i"s! Ins!an#e of Manila fo" e#ision in #ase of ab&se. He shall also

$&! &$ a bon fo" !he abo%e $&"$ose in !he ao&n! of 5,((( wi!h s&ffi#ien! s&"e!y o" s&"e!ies,

whi#h bon !he Coissione" of Ii4"a!ion is a&!ho"i0e !o ea#! by se#!ion ( of

Coonweal!h A#! No. 13.

No #os!s will be #ha"4e.

a"as, C.)., e"ia, en40on, ailla, Reyes an )&4o, ))., #on#&".

Me:off %s +i"e#!o" of "isons 9( hil 7( =1951>

a#!s6

/his is a se#on $e!i!ion fo" habeas #o"$&s by o"is Me:off, !he fi"s! ha%in4 been enie in a

e#ision of !his Co&"! on )&ly 3(, 199.


49/118

eans of "eo%in4 !he $e!i!ione" o&! of !he #o&n!"y, an none a"e in si4h!, al!ho&4h, i! sho&l

be sai in fai"ness !o !he e$o"!a!ion a&!ho"i!ies !ha! i! was !h"o&4h no fa&l! of !hei"s !ha! no

shi$ o" #o&n!"y wo&l !ae !he $e!i!ione".

Iss&e6

he!he" o" no! o"is Me:off sho&l be "elease f"o $"ison $enin4 his e$o"!a!ion.

R&lin46

/he $"o!e#!ion a4ains! e$"i%a!ion of libe"!y wi!ho&! &e $"o#ess of law, an e#e$! fo" #"ies

#oi!!e a4ains! !he laws of !he lan, is no! lii!e !o hili$$ine #i!i0ens b&! e!ens !o all

"esien!s, e#e$! eney aliens, "e4a"less of na!ionali!y. Mo"eo%e", e#. 3, A"!. II of !he

Cons!i!&!ion of !he hili$$ines ? !ha!


50/118

G.R. No. L-@@ Ma"#h @, 199

HIG*NORI BRO+A, $e!i!ione",

%s.

Ma:o" Gene"al RAA*L )ALAN+ONI, "i4aie" Gene"al CALIE/O +B2B*, Colonel MARGARI/O

/ORALA, Colonel IR*N*O B*NCON*)O, Colonel *+RO /AB*NA, Ma:o" *+*RICO ARANA,

M*LFILL* . HB* an RO*R/ OR/, "es$onen!s.

e"o e""an, )ose G. L&ban, an Libe"a!o . Cin#o fo" $e!i!ione".

"e R&i0 Cas!"o ee"i#o A"enas Ma"iano en4#o, )"., Ri#a"o A. A"#illa an . Mel%ille H&ssey

fo" "es$onen!s.

MORAN, C.).6

hi4eno"i &"oa, fo"e"ly a Lie&!enan!-Gene"al of !he )a$anese I$e"ial A"y an

Coanin4 Gene"al of !he )a$anese I$e"ial o"#es in /he hili$$ines &"in4 a $e"io

#o%e"in4 1933 an 19 who is now #ha"4e befo"e a ili!a"y Coission #on%ene by !he

Chief of !aff of !he A"e fo"#es of !he hili$$ines wi!h ha%in4 &nlawf&lly is"e4a"e an

faile

an o!he" hi4h #"ies a4ains! non#oba!an! #i%ilians an $"isone"s of !he I$e"ial )a$anese

o"#es in %iola!ion of !he laws an #&s!os of wa"< #oes befo"e !his Co&"! seein4 !o

es!ablish !he ille4ali!y of *e#&!i%e O"e" No. ' of !he "esien! of !he hili$$ines6 !o en:oin

an $"ohibi! "es$onen!s Mel%ille . H&ssey an Robe"! o"! f"o $a"!i#i$a!in4 in !he

$"ose#&!ion of $e!i!ione"Js #ase befo"e !he Mili!a"y Coission an !o $e"anen!ly $"ohibi!

"es$onen!s f"o $"o#eein4 wi!h !he #ase of $e!i!ione"s.

In s&$$o"! of his #ase $e!i!ione" !ene"s !he followin4 $"in#i$al a"4&en!s.


51/118

i"s!.


52/118


53/118

o&" Cons!i!&!ion has been elibe"a!ely 4ene"al an e!ensi%e in i!s s#o$e an is no! #onfine !o

!he "e#o4ni!ion of "&le an $"in#i$le of in!e"na!ional law as #on!in&e inn !"ea!ies !o whi#h o&"

4o%e"nen! ay ha%e been o" shall be a si4na!o"y.

&"!he"o"e when !he #"ies #ha"4e a4ains! $e!i!ione" we"e alle4ely #oi!!e !he

hili$$ines was &ne" !he so%e"ei4n!y of Bni!e !a!es an !h&s we we"e e8&ally bo&n

!o4e!he" wi!h !he Bni!e !a!es an wi!h )a$an !o !he "i4h! an obli4a!ion #on!aine in !he

!"ea!ies be!ween !he belli4e"en! #o&n!"ies. /hese "i4h!s an obli4a!ion we"e no! e"ase by o&"

ass&$!ion of f&ll so%e"ei4n!y. If a! all o&" ee"4en#y as a f"ee s!a!e en!i!les &s !o enfo"#e !he

"i4h! on o&" own of !"yin4 an $&nishin4 !hose who #oi!!e #"ies a4ains! #"ies a4ains!

o&" $eo$le. In !his #onne#!ion i! is well !o "eebe" wha! we ha%e sai in !he #ase of La&"el %s.

Misa =7 hil., 37@>6

. . . /he #han4e of o&" fo" 4o%e"nen! f"o Coonweal!h !o Re$&bli# oes no! affe#! !he

$"ose#&!ion of !hose #ha"4e wi!h !he #"ie of !"eason #oi!!e &"in4 !hen Coonweal!h

be#a&se i! is an offense a4ains! !he sae so%e"ei4n $eo$le. . . .

y !he sae !oen wa" #"ies #oi!!e a4ains! o&" $eo$le an o&" 4o%e"nen! while we

we"e a Coonweal!h a"e !"iable an $&nishable by o&" $"esen! Re$&bli#.

e!i!ione" #hallen4es !he $a"!i#i$a!ion of !wo Ae"i#an a!!o"neys naely Mel%ille . H&ssey

an Robe"! o"! in !he $"ose#&!ion of his #ase on !he 4"o&n !ha! sai a!!o"neyJs a"e no!

8&alifie !o $"a#!i#e law in hili$$ines in a##o"an#e wi!h o&" R&les of #o&"! an !he

a$$oin!en! of sai a!!o"neys as $"ose#&!o"s is %iola!i%e of o&" na!ional so%e"ei4n!y.

In !he fi"s! $la#e "es$onen! Mili!a"y Coission is a s$e#ial ili!a"y !"ib&nal 4o%e"ne by a

s$e#ial law an no! by !he R&les of #o&"! whi#h 4o%e"n o"ina"y #i%il #o&"!. I! has al"eay been

shown !ha! *e#&!i%e O"e" No. ' whi#h $"o%ies fo" !he o"4ani0a!ion of sh ili!a"y

#oission is a %ali an #ons!i!&!ional law. /he"e is no!hin4 in sai ee#&!i%e o"e" whi#h

"e8&i"es !ha! #o&nsel a$$ea"in4 befo"e sai #oission &s! be a!!o"neys 8&alifie !o $"a#!i#e

law in !he hili$$ines in a##o"an#e wi!h !he R&les of Co&"!. In fa#!s i! is #oon in ili!a"y


54/118

!"ib&nals !ha! #o&nsel fo" !he $a"!ies a"e &s&ally ili!a"y $e"sonnel who a"e nei!he" a!!o"neys

no" e%en $ossesse of le4al !"ainin4.

e#only !he a$$oin!en! of !he !wo Ae"i#an a!!o"neys is no! %iola!i%e of o&" na!ionso%e"ei4n!y. I! is only fai" an $"o$e" !ha! Bni!e !a!es, whi#h has s&bi!!e !he %ini#a!ion of

#"ies a4ains! he" 4o%e"nen! an he" $eo$le !o a !"ib&nal of o&" na!ion sho&l be allowe

"e$"esen!a!ion in !he !"ial of !hose %e"y #"ies. If !he"e has been any "elin8&ishen! of

so%e"ei4n!y i! has no! been by o&" 4o%e"nen! b&! by !he Bni!e !a!e Go%e"nen! whi#h has

yiele !o &s !he !"ial an $&nishen! of he" eneies. /he leas! !ha! we #o&l o in !he s$i"i! of

#oi!y is !o allow !he "e$"esen!a!ion in sai !"ials.

Alle4in4 !ha! !he Bni!e !a!e is no! a $a"!y in in!e"es! in !he #ase $e!i!ione" #hallen4es !he$e"sonali!y of a!!o"neys H&ssey an o"! as $"ose#&!o"s. I! is of #oon nowle4e !ha! !he

Bni!e !a!e an i!s $eo$le ha%e been e8&ally if no! o"e 4"ea!ly a44"ie%e by !he #"ies wi!h

whi#h $e!i!ione" s!ans #ha"4e befo"e !he Mili!a"y Coission. I! #an be #onsie"e a

$"i%ile4e fo" o&" Re$&bli# !ha! a leae" na!ion sho&l s&bi! !he %ini#a!ion of !he hono" of i!s

#i!i0ens an i!s 4o%e"nen! !o a ili!a"y !"ib&nal of o&" #o&n!"y.

/he Mili!a"y Coission ha%in4 been #on%ene by %i"!&e of a %ali law wi!h :&"isi#!ion o%e"

!he #"ies #ha"4e whi#h fall &ne" !he $"o%isions of *e#&!i%e O"e" No. ', an ha%in4 sai$e!i!ione" in i!s #&s!oy, !his Co&"! will no! in!e"fe"e wi!h !he &e $"o#ess of sh Mili!a"y

#oission.

o" all !he fo"e4oin4 !he $e!i!ion is enie wi!h #os!s e ofi#io.

a"as, e"ia, ablo, en40on, /&ason, Mon!eayo" an Reyes, ))., #on#&".

&"oa %s )alanoni '3 hil 171

a#!s


55/118

hine4o"i &"oa, a fo"e" Lie&!enan!-Gene"al of !he )a$anese I$e"ial A"y an

Coanin4 Gene"al of !he )a$anese I$e"ial o"#es in !he hili$$ines was #ha"4e befo"e !he

hili$$ine Mili!a"y Coission fo" wa" #"ies. As he was !he #oanin4 4ene"al &"in4 sh

$e"io of wa", he was !"ie fo" fail&"e !o is#ha"4e his &!ies an $e"i!!in4 !he b"&!al

a!"o#i!ies an o!he" hi4h #"ies #oi!!e by his en a4ains! non#oba!an! #i%ilians an$"isone"s of !he )a$anese fo"#es, in %iola!ion of of !he laws an #&s!os of wa".

&"oa, in his $e!i!ion, a"4&es !ha! !he Mili!a"y Coission is no! a %ali #o&"! be#a&se !he law

!ha! #"ea!e i!, *e#&!i%e O"e" No. ', is &n#ons!i!&!ional. He f&"!he" #on!ens !ha! &sin4 as

basis !he Ha4&e Con%en!ionQs R&les an Re4&la!ions #o%e"in4 Lan a"fa"e fo" !he wa" #"ie

#oi!!e #anno! s!an 4"o&n as !he hili$$ines was no! a si4na!o"y of sh "&les in sh

#on%en!ion. &"!he"o"e, he alle4es !ha! !he Bni!e !a!es is no! a $a"!y of in!e"es! in !he #ase

an !ha! !he !wo B $"ose#&!o"s #anno! $"a#!i#e law in !he hili$$ines.

Iss&e

1.he!he" o" no! *e#&!i%e O"e" No. ' is #ons!i!&!ional

@.he!he" o" no! !he B is a $a"!y of in!e"es! !o !his #ase

R&lin4

/he &$"ee Co&"! "&le !ha! *e#&!i%e O"e" No. ', #"ea!in4 !he Na!ional a" C"ies Offi#e

an $"es#"ibin4 "&les on !he !"ial of a##&se wa" #"iinals, is #ons!i!&!ional as i! is ali4ne wi!h

e# 3,A"!i#le @ of !he Cons!i!&!ion whi#h s!a!es !ha! /he hili$$ines "eno&n#es wa" as an

ins!"&en! of na!ional $oli#y an ao$!s !he 4ene"ally a##e$!e $"in#i$les of in!e"na!ional law

as $a"! of !he law of !he na!ion.S /he 4ene"ally a##e$!e $"in#i$les of in!e"na!ional law in#l&es

!hose fo"e &"in4 !he Ha4&e Con%en!ion, !he Gene%a Con%en!ion an o!he" in!e"na!ional

:&"is$"&en#e es!ablishe by Bni!e Na!ions. /hese in#l&e !he $"in#i$le !ha! all $e"sons,

ili!a"y o" #i%ilian, who ha%e been 4&il!y of $lannin4, $"e$a"in4 o" wa4in4 a wa" of a44"essionan of !he #oission of #"ies an offenses in %iola!ion of laws an #&s!os of wa", a"e !o be

hel a##o&n!able. In !he o#!"ine of in#o"$o"a!ion, !he hili$$ines abies by !hese $"in#i$les

an !he"efo"e has a "i4h! !o !"y $e"sons !ha! #oi! sh #"ies an os! es$e#ially when i! is

#oi!!e a4ains!s i!s #i!i0ens. I! abies wi!h i! e%en if i! was no! a si4na!o"y !o !hese

#on%en!ions by !he e"e in#o"$o"a!ion of sh $"in#i$les in !he #ons!i!&!ion.


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/he Bni!e !a!es is a $a"!y of in!e"es! be#a&se !he #o&n!"y an i!s $eo$le ha%e been e8&ally, if

no! o"e 4"ea!ly, a44"ie%e by !he #"ies wi!h whi#h !he $e!i!ione" is #ha"4e fo". y %i"!&e of

*e#&!i%e O"e" No. ', !he Mili!a"y Coission is a s$e#ial ili!a"y !"ib&nal an !ha! !he "&les

as !o $a"!ies an "e$"esen!a!ion a"e no! 4o%e"ne by !he "&les of #o&"! b&! by !he %e"y

$"o%isions of !his s$e#ial law.

G.R. No. L-911@ eb"&a"y @, 1979

L*OFILLO C. AGB/IN, $e!i!ione",

%s.

HON. ROM*O . *+B, in his #a$a#i!y as Lan /"ans$o"!a!ion Coissione"? HON. )BAN ONC**NRIL*, in his #a$a#i!y as Minis!e" of Na!ional +efense? HON. ALR*+O L. )BINIO, in his #a$a#i!y

as Minis!e" Of &bli# o"s, /"ans$o"!a!ion an Co&ni#a!ions? an HON6 AL/AAR

A2BINO, in his #a$a#i!y as Minis!e" of &bli# Hi4hways, "es$onen!s.

Leo%illo C. A4&s!in Law Offi#e fo" $e!i!ione".

oli#i!o" Gene"al *s!eli!o . Meno0a, Assis!an! oli#i!o" Gene"al R&ben *. A4$alo an oli#i!o"

Aao +. A8&ino fo" "es$onen!s.

*RNAN+O, ).6

/he %alii!y of a le!!e" of Ins!"!ion 1 $"o%iin4 fo" an ea"ly seain4 e%i#e fo" o!o" %ehi#les

is assaile in !his $"ohibi!ion $"o#eein4 as bein4 %iola!i%e of !he #ons!i!&!ional 4&a"an!ee of

&e $"o#ess an, insofa" as !he "&les an "e4&la!ions fo" i!s i$leen!a!ion a"e #on#e"ne, fo"

!"ans4"essin4 !he f&naen!al $"in#i$le of non- ele4a!ion of le4isla!i%e $owe". /he Le!!e" of

Ins!"!ion is s!i4a!i0e by $e!i!ione" who is $ossesse of !he "e8&isi!e s!anin4, as bein4


57/118

a"bi!"a"y an o$$"essi%e. A !e$o"a"y "es!"ainin4 o"e" as iss&e an "es$onen!s Roeo .

*&, Lan /"ans$o"!a!ion Coissione" )&an on#e *n"ile, Minis!e" of Na!ional +efense?

Alf"eo L. )&inio, Minis!e" of &bli# o"s, /"ans$o"!a!ion an Co&ni#a!ions? an al!a0a"

A8&ino, Minis!e" of &bli# Hi4hways? we"e !o answe". /ha! !hey i in a $leain4 s&bi!!e by

oli#i!o" Gene"al *s!eli!o . Meno0a. @ I$"esse wi!h a hi4hly $e"s&asi%e 8&ali!y, i! aese%oi #lea" !ha! !he i$&!a!ion of a #ons!i!&!ional infi"i!y is e%oi of :&s!ifi#a!ion /he Le!!e"

of Ins!"!ion on is a %ali $oli#e $owe" eas&"e. No" #o&l !he i$leen!in4 "&les an

"e4&la!ions iss&e by "es$onen! *& be #onsie"e as ao&n!in4 !o an ee"#ise of le4isla!i%e

$owe". A##o"in4ly, !he $e!i!ion &s! be isisse.

/he fa#!s a"e &nis$&!e. /he assaile Le!!e" of Ins!"!ion No. @@9 of "esien! Ma"#os, iss&e

on +e#ebe" @, 197, "eas in f&ll6


58/118

"e4is!"a!ion of his %ehi#le, one $ai" of a "efle#!o"i0e ea"ly wa"nin4 e%i#e, as be of any

b"an o" ae #hosen by i o!o" %ehi#le . /he Lan /"ans$o"!a!ion Coissione" shall also

$"o&l4a!e sh "&le an "e4&la!ions as a"e a$$"o$"ia!e !o effe#!i%ely i$leen! !his o"e".J<

/he"e was iss&e a##o"in4ly, by "es$onen! *&, !he i$leen!in4 "&les an "e4&la!ions on

+e#ebe" 1(, 197. 5 /hey we"e no! enfo"#e as "esien! Ma"#os on )an&a"y @5, 1977,o"e"e a si-on!h $e"io of s&s$ension insofa" as !he ins!alla!ion of ea"ly wa"nin4 e%

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