3rd Test Data

7/31/2019 3rd Test Data

1/50

Japan Automobile

Industry

Part 3


2/50

The Impact of the Oil Crisis

The first world oil crisis of 1973 adversely affected the entire global economy, butthe impact on Japan was especially grave.

These conditions dealt a severe blow to the automobile industry.

Domestic passenger car sales for 1974 were 23.7% lower than for the previous

year, and truck sales were down 22.9%. The sale of midget cars, whose pricedifferences with small passenger cars had narrowed, was particularly hard hit,leading Honda (in 1974) and Toyo Kogyo (in 1977) to discontinue their midget carproduction. And despite a 26.7% increase in automobile exports over the 1973level (with truck exports to the Middle East rising 44.3%), total motor vehicleproduction in 1974 plunged 12.1% from the previous year.

Japan, however, was able to overcome the impact of the oil crisis through strictcost reduction measures, energy and resource conservation initiatives, andunflagging export promotion efforts in a harsh economic climate worldwide


3/50

Responding to the Need for Greater Fuel Efficiency

They started thinking how should we produce the maximum mileage from onedrop of gasoline.

Lighter vehicle weight is one factor contributing to increased fuel efficiency.

One weight-reducing solution was the adoption of the front-wheel drive system;

another was the use of lighter parts and materials, such as high-tension steelsheeting, aluminum, and plastics.

Additional measures to increase fuel efficiency were the introduction ofelectronically controlled fuel injection systems, reduced air resistance, and the useof new-technology materials such as fiber-reinforced metals, fiber-reinforced

plastics, and ceramics


4/50

Phases of Automobile Industry

Japan1)The Maturing Domestic Market (1975-1985)2)Internationalization Strategies

3)Towards a Global Industry (1985-1995)


5/50

Phase 1

The Maturing Domestic Market (1975-1985)


6/50

1) The Maturing Domestic Market (1975-1985)

The Maturing Domestic Market

Shifts in User Profiles

Small Cars Drive the Market

Further Advances in Production

Technologies Sponsorship of Social Welfare

Activities Sponsorship of Educational, Cultural and Sports Activities

Growing Acceptance of Japanese Cars Import

Policies of Leading Industrialized Nations


7/50

The Maturing Domestic Market

Motor vehicle sales in Japan recovered in 1975

Mini vehicles enjoyed a new popularity as a result of changing requirements andan increase in female users, and ownership in rural areas, which had risen sharplyin the early 1970s, continued its rapid growth


8/50

Shifts in User Profiles &Small Cars Drive the Market

This decade was marked by the rise of multiple ownership, which increasedthreefold over 10 years from 4.7% in 1975 to 14.6% in 1985, with 60% ofmultiple-ownership households having a second car for use by a female driver.

Between 1975 and 1985, the competition between small passenger cars andpopularly-priced mini vehicles was the driving force behind new productdevelopment and market expansion. Small passenger car sales took the lead in theaftermath of the oil crisis, because new models were developed that complied withthe government's strict exhaust emissions regulations and were also verycompetitively priced


9/50

Automobile Production's Position in Domestic Industry& Further Advances in Production

In 1976, automobile production became the leading domestic manufacturingindustry. The production output for all manufacturing industries that year was\145.359 trillion; of this total, the automobile industry accounted for \12.424trillion, or 8.6%. In 1978, automobile production exceeded 10% of total output.

It shares around 10% of the manufacturing output and 10% working populationemployment directly or indirectly . thats why it also called the 10% industry..

Further Advances in Production Technologies

The introduction of the Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) around 1970played a central role in this transition. Along with computerization and theimplementation of other technological innovations in electronics, remarkableprogress was achieved in a short period of time. Robot technology also contributedto this progress, becoming firmly established in specific production processes suchas spot welding


10/50

Technologies Sponsorship of Social Welfare

Around 1965, manufacturers began to contribute to social welfare and publicinterest activities through the establishment of special foundations.

In December 1973, to commemorate the company's 40th anniversary, Nissanestablished the Nissan Science Foundation to promote academic research in thenatural sciences. In October 1974,

Toyota established the Toyota Foundation, with a special research division and aninternational division, to carry out activities promoting traffic safety, theenvironment, social welfare, education and culture in Japan and overseas

In 1977 Honda set up the Honda Foundation; in 1980 Suzuki established theMachine Industry Promotion Foundation to commemorate its 60th anniversary;

Mazda established the Mazda Foundation in 1984. The International Traffic SafetySociety created by Honda in 1974 also played an active role in promoting thecomprehensive study of traffic safety issues


11/50

Activities Sponsorship of Educational, Cultural andSports Activities

Manufacturers also enthusiastically undertook the sponsorship of cultural and sportsactivities, both on a local and national level.

Hino cosponsored with a newspaper company a scholarship competition beginning in1968. Nissan launched an amateur baseball competition in 1979,

Toyota inaugurated a nationwide series of community concerts in 1981 to promoteamateur orchestras. From 1975 on, events called "kanmuri taikai" (sports eventssponsored by business enterprises) were also held on a regular basis


12/50

Phase 2Internationalization Strategies


13/50

2) Internationalization Strategies

Growing Acceptance of Japanese Cars

Import Policies of Leading Industrialized Nations

First Phase of Internationalization

The Development of Local Production


14/50

Growing Acceptance of Japanese Cars

Despite the difficult global export environment in the aftermath of the 1973oil crisis, Japan's export markets in the U.S. and Europe continued to expandwith Japanese cars' growing reputation for excellent performance and superiorfuel efficiency.

Especially during the second oil crisis beginning in 1979, OPEC's price hikescaused gasoline prices in the United States to double. This was sufficient totransform the fuel-efficient Japanese cars from niche products to mainstreamsellers


15/50

Import Policies of Leading Industrialized Nations

The rapid increase in Japanese car exports was not universally welcomed, andwith a struggling world economy in the wake of two "oil shocks", some of theadvanced industrialized nations adopted industrial policies in the automobilesector that assumed a more and more protectionist nature.

In response to such moves, the Japanese government had no choice but toimplement voluntary export restraints which would impose a ceiling on exports ofpassenger cars to the United States. From 1981 to 1983 the ceiling was 1.68million units, from 1984 to 1985 1.85 million units, from 1986 to 1991 2.30million units, and in 1992 exports were limited to 1.65 million units. Voluntaryexport restraints were finally abandoned as of 1994.

France had implemented a policy of "limiting Japanese car imports to within 3%of the number of newly registered cars" since 1978, while Italy's policy towardsJapan was essentially closed, limiting Japanese car imports to 2,200 units per year


16/50

First Phase of Internationalization

Full-fledged joint ventures with foreign manufacturers marked the firstphase of this new approach

Isuzu and Suzuki entered into international manufacturing tie-ups withGM;

Toyota established a joint venture company, New United MotorManufacturing Inc. (NUMMI), with GM in the United States; and Fordexpanded and reinforced its ties with Toyo Kogyo (now Mazda) in astrategy centered on Asia and the Pacific region.

Joint ventures were also established with European manufacturers

during this period: between Honda and British Leyland in the UnitedKingdom, between Nissan and Motor Iberica in Spain, and betweenNissan and Alfa Romeo in Italy. And in early 1984, Nissan was to beginproduction of Volkswagen's Santana at its Zama plant in Kanagawa,Japan


17/50

The Development of Local Production

Further to their international joint venture initiatives, Japaneseautomobile manufacturers were also making plans to establish localproduction facilities, based mainly in the United States and Europe.

After construction of its Honda of America Manufacturing (HAM)

plant in the state of Ohio in 1978, Honda began production there in1982; Nissan established the Nissan Motor Manufacturing CorporationUSA in Tennessee in 1983; and Toyota started producing cars at theNUMMI plant in 1984, later deciding to establish its own independentfactory.


18/50

Other Japanese manufacturers began automobile production in the United States andCanada: Mitsubishi (in an agreement with Chrysler), Mazda (in an agreement withFord), Suzuki (in an agreement with GM Canada), Fuji and Isuzu, all as of 1989.

In the U.K., Nissan began independent production while Honda and Isuzu began jointproduction with the Rover Group and GM, respectively.

In Australia, Toyota had entered into manufacturing agreements as early as 1958,followed by Nissan with similar arrangements in 1966. After government restrictionslimiting imports to 20% of market share went into effect in 1975, both companiesobtained domestic manufacturer status and started full-scale local production "downunder" in 1976. Mitsubishi began local production there after buying out ChryslerAustralia in 1979

The Development of Local Production(Cont)


19/50

Phase 3

TOWARDS A GLOBALINDUSTRY(1985-1995)


20/50

TOWARDS GLOBAL INDUSTRY(1985-1995)

Japan's Bubble Economy and Its Collapse

The Status of Motorcycle Production

Traffic Safety

New trends in Automobile industry

The Rise of Luxury Cars and Recreational Vehicles Growing Number of Female Drivers

Expanding Ties with the United States


21/50

TOWARDS GLOBAL INDUSTRY(1985-1995) CONT..

U.S. Local Production Increases

The U.S.-Japan MOSS Talks

Rapidly Expanding Purchases of U.S.-Made Parts

Promoting Industry-to-Industry Relations

Ties between U.S. and Japanese Manufacturers Today

Local Production in the European Union and Ties withEuropean Manufacturers

Ties with ASEAN Countries

The Prospect of an ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)


22/50

Japan's Bubble Economy and ItsCollapse

Between 1987 and 1991, Japan enjoyed a period of unprecedented economicprosperity that is commonly referred to as the "bubble economy". Riding high on thiswave of prosperity, the automobile industry posted all-time records for production(13.5 million units) and sales (7.78 million units) in 1990. After becoming the world'slargest manufacturer of automobiles in 1980 when production totaled 11.04 millionunits, the record-breaking production and sales figures in 1990 marked a new high

for Japan's automobile industry.

In 1991 the asset-inflated economy collapsed, causing the country to enter into arecessionary period. With a very sluggish domestic car market and the ongoingdecline in exports, production dropped yearly from 1991 to reach a pre-1980 level of10.5 million units in 1994.


23/50

The Status of Motorcycle Production

Beginning in 1955, the motorcycle manufacturing industry had enjoyedsteady growth in both the domestic and export markets for a period of twodecades.

In 1976, a motorcycle boom started which was to boost yearly productionfigures to an all-time high of 7.41 million units in 1981.

Domestic motorcycle sales started to decline in 1986 as users beganshifting from two-wheelers to small cars, and exports have alsoexperienced a steady downward trend since that time.

As a result, total production in 1994 fell below the 3 million mark, butincreased parts supplies for local production in Asia reflect a growingdemand for motorcycles in developing countries worldwide.


24/50

Traffic Safety

While various measures to promote traffic safety have been introduced bythe government, requiring the cooperation of vehicle users with respect to,for example, the mandatory use of seat belts and helmets, Japanesemanufacturers have also been vigorously pursuing programs to ensuretraffic safety.

A JAMA action plan which is now being implemented calls for furtherimprovements in vehicle safety features (e.g., car navigation systems, rearwatch devices and head-up displays, in addition to anti-lock brakes and airbags), new traffic safety campaigns and educational activities, improvementof driving conditions (road infrastructure), and close government-industrycooperation on traffic accident analysis through the Institute for Traffic

Accident Research & Data Analysis established jointly by the governmentand public sectors in 1992.


25/50

New trends in Automobile industry &The Rise of Luxury Cars and Recreational Vehicles

During the "bubble economy" (1987-1991), a rapid increase in new car demand onthe domestic market

One basic factor contributing to the rise of new trends was the increase in multipleownership of passenger cars. In 1989, 29% of all households (or one in everythree) owned two or more cars; in 1993, that rate had risen to 32.8%

Other factors contributing to market growth during this period included anexpanded range of new models in the mini vehicle category, higher commodity taxon automobiles following the introduction of the consumption tax in 1990, andimprovements in the automobile insurance system

Another significant trend was the increasing popularity of foreign-made passenger

cars, especially in the larger, high-end category the trend in increased sales offoreign cars continued

A marked trend towards luxury cars developed between 1987 and 1991


26/50

Growing Number of Female Drivers &Expanding Ties with the United States

The rate of female drivers in households with multiple car ownership increasedfrom 28% in 1985 to 36% in 1989,

At the end of 1994, gender distribution for Japanese drivers was 81.8% for malesand 50.0% for females, a 165% increase in female drivers since 1983

Japanese manufacturers are expanding local production and developing closer tieswith overseas manufacturers to promote greater cooperation in an era of growinginterdependence for the automobile industry.

In the United States, seven Japanese manufacturers (Honda, Nissan, Toyota,Mazda, Mitsubishi, Fuji Heavy Industries and Isuzu) established local productionoperations between 1978 and 1989

Through direct investment, Japanese manufacturers establish plant facilities andengage in local parts procurement to further promote local production initiatives.Some of the models produced in the United States are exported to Europe andJapan, contributing to an increase in U.S. exports and enhancing local economies.


27/50

U.S. Local Production Increases &The U.S.-Japan MOSS Talks

1992-1994

During that period, the output of Japanese manufacturers' local productionoperations in the U.S. had grown from 620,000 units in 1986 to 2.15 million unitsin 1994.

In February 1985, the Market-Oriented Sector-Selective (MOSS) talks werelaunched between Japan and the United States on the opening of the Japanesemarket

One main focus of the MOSS talks was the automobile and auto parts sector.


28/50

Rapidly Expanding Purchases of U.S.-Made Parts &Promoting Industry-to-Industry Relations

Following the MOSS talks, Japanese manufacturers increased parts procurement fromAmerican suppliers at a rapid rate

At the same time, the number of American parts suppliers doing business with Japaneseautomobile manufacturers increased considerably, from 800 companies in 1987 to a total of2,726 companies in 1994.

Significant efforts have also been made at the private sector level to resolve automobiletrade issues between Japan and the United States

One such effort was the 1987 launching of a series of general conferences and discussionmeetings organized by the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA) and the(U.S.) Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association (MEMA) to promote U.S. partsprocurement by Japanese manufacturers

Japanese manufacturers are also working hard to expand business ties with automobileindustries in Canada, Europe, Asia and Australia.

Some of their initiatives have been outlined in the JAMA Action Plan for InternationalCooperation released by the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association in June 1995.


29/50

Ties between U.S. and Japanese Manufacturers Today& Local Production in the European Union and Ties

with European Manufacturers

Japanese and U.S. manufacturers have an extensive history of capital and technical tie-upssince 1965, despite the trade issues that have arisen between them.

Those ties have actually expanded over the years, and today Japanese and U.S.manufacturers have capital, production, import and sales ties, as well as cooperativedevelopment ties. Europe is the second largest automobile market after the United States,

and Japanese manufacturers have been progressively establishing ties in various countriesof the European Union over the past decade.

Nissan was the first to establish its own independent operations in the United Kingdom in1984,and other manufacturers quickly followed suit: Honda in 1985,

Isuzu (in a joint venture) in 1987, and Toyota in 1989.

Outside the U.K., operations include a Toyota-Volkswagen tie-up in Germany, a Nissan tie-up and a Suzuki tie-up in Spain, a Toyota joint venture and a Mitsubishi tie-up in Portugal,and a Mitsubishi joint venture in the Netherlands; Suzuki has also established a jointventure operation in Hungary.


30/50

Local Production in the European Union and Ties withEuropean Manufacturers ( Cont. )

Supply and marketing tie-ups between Japanese and Europeanmanufacturers are too numerous to outline here.

In terms of local parts procurement, Japanese manufacturers are activelypromoting industry-level cooperation.

In March 1995, the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA) held ajoint conference with the European Automotive Components and EquipmentIndustries Association (CLEPA) in Paris

where decision makers from 80 selected European suppliers met withrepresentatives of the Japanese manufacturers to explore potential businessopportunities.


31/50

Ties with ASEAN Countries

Japanese manufacturers' involvement in the countries of Southeast Asia dates backto 1962

when Nissan and Toyota established assembly plants in Thailand.

The fact that the share of Japanese cars now makes up some 80% of the ASEAN

market indicates that Japanese automobile manufacturers play a key role in thisregion.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, their Asian operations focused on assemblingknock-down kits from Japan.

Japanese manufacturers enthusiastically promote an ASEAN-initiated program,

known as Brand-to-Brand Complementation (BBC), In which the flow of autocomponents between member nations is unrestricted.


32/50

The Prospect of an ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)

The possible formation in the near future of an ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)has been a further impetus for Japanese manufacturers to enhance both thecapacity and capability of local production in the region.

Between 1986 and 1990, ASEAN's domestic markets expanded 34%, comparedwith 22% for Asia's (and a mere 7% for Japan).The Asian region is expected to

develop into a world-class vehicle production center.


33/50


34/50

HISTORY OF TOYOTA


35/50

HISTORY OF TOYOTA

Look back at the history of Toyota, starting with the birth of founder Sakichi Toyoda. It tracesthe company's development through 1937 from when Toyota Motor Corporation wasestablished to when the 2 millionth Prius hybrid was sold.

X#9#X#9#

#######

###########

#

`#####


36/50

HISTORY OF TOYOTA1867 Birth of Sakichi Toyoda.

1924 Sakichi Toyoda invents Toyoda Model G Automatic Loom.

1929 Automatic-loom patent is sold to a British company.

1930 Kiichiro Toyoda begins research on small gasoline-powered engine.

1933 Automobile Department is established at Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, Ltd.

1935 The Toyoda precepts are compiled.

1936 The AA Sedan is completed.

1937 Toyota Motor Co., Ltd. is established.

1938 Honsha Plant begins production

1950 Company faces a financial crisis; Toyota Motor Sales Co., Ltd. is established.

1951 Suggestion System begins.

1955 The Toyopet Crown, Toyopet Master and Crown Deluxe are launched.

1957 The first prototypes of the Crown are exported to the United States; Toyota MotorSales U.S.A., Inc. is established.

1959 Motomachi Plant begins production.

1962 Joint Declaration of Labor and Management is signed.

1965 Toyota wins the Deming Application Prize for quality control.


37/50

HISTORY OF TOYOTA

1966 The Corolla is launched; business partnership with Hino Motors Ltd. begins.

1967 Business partnership with Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd. begins.

1974 Toyota Foundation is established.

1975 The prefabricated housing business begins.

1982 Toyota Motor Co., Ltd. and Toyota Motor Sales Co., Ltd. are merged into Toyota Motor Corporation.

1984 Joint venture with General Motors (New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc.) begins production in the USA.

1988 Toyota Motor Manufacturing, USA, Inc. (present TMMK) begins production.

1989 The Lexus brand is launched in the USA.

1992 Toyota Motor Manufacturing (United Kingdom) Ltd. begins production.

1997 The Prius is launched as the world's first mass-produced hybrid car.

1999 Cumulative domestic production reaches 100 million vehicles.

2000 Sichuan Toyota Motor Co., Ltd. begins production in China.

2001 Toyota Motor Manufacturing France S.A.S. begins production in France.

2002 Toyota enters Formula One World Championship; Tianjin Toyota Motor Co., Ltd. begins production inChina.

2004 The Toyota Partner Robot is publicly unveiled.

2005 The Lexus brand is introduced in Japan.

2008 Worldwide Prius sales top 1 million mark.

2010 Worldwide Prius sales top 2 million mark; Toyota and Tesla Motors agree on joint EV development.


38/50

Some Of The Key Reasons For Its Success Include:

1) Successful brand - Toyota has developed a trusted brand based on quality, good performance and forbeing environmentally friendly.

2) Innovation - Toyota is at the forefront of car manufacturing innovation. It was the first car manufacturerto embrace lean manufacturing (known as Toyota Production System) which is a faster, more efficientprocess which leads to less waste compared to the traditional batch and queue method ofmanufacturing. It also applied JIT (Just in Time manufacturing) and smart automation.

3) Product Development -Key to the success in the car market is new models which stimulate demand andloyalty to the Toyota brand.

Toyota has reputation for producing cars which are greener, more fuel efficient, and of good performance

Toyota was the first car manufacturer to market hybrid (gas and electric) fuel, with the launch of Priusmodel, ahead of competitors

Toyota is well positioned to take advantage of the growth in South East Asian markets of China and India.

Toyota has moved its manufacturing sites to where factor costs are lower (without comprising on quality)and now manufactures different parts of the car and carries out assembly in different locations aroundthe world.


39/50

Market position

Toyota's main line of business is the design, production and sales of passengercars and trucks. It markets its cars under the Toyota, Lexus and (in the US) Scionmarques. Toyota's automotive operations account for over 90% of revenues

Toyota's profit margins in the US. In Japan, which accounts for 30% of thecarmaker's sales, operating margins are still robust at around 8.2%. Unfortunately,

the company's Japanese sales have been declining, falling by 17,000 in the lastfiscal year to 2.4mn.


40/50

Corporate strategy

Toyota's top management has periodically talked about extending a helping handto GM and Ford, in particular by raising prices in the US market. But thecompany's ambition is to make Toyota the world's largest automotive company.The firm intends to continue gaining market share, to reach 15% of the globalmarket over the next decade, and it continues to be the largest investor in theindustry. Its capital expenditures are slated to reach 1,550bn in the current fiscal

year.

North America remains a key market, where Toyota plans to open its sixth plant inthe second half of 2006, which will be located in Texas. Another plant will open inCanada in 2008.


41/50

Strategic Risks/Opportunities

Competition has been getting tougher, as everyone is gunning for the leader. Theglobal auto industry is still suffering from overcapacity, and the pace ofconsolidation has slowed. At home, Toyota is facing a resurgent Nissan; Chrysler ismaking a comeback in North America; and Fiat is doing the same in Europe. TheDetroit Big Two are also determined to sort out their problems in coming years,giving Toyota a run for its money.


42/50

HISTORY OF NISSAN

Key Dates:

1911: Masujiro Hashimoto founds the Kwaishinsha Motor Car Works in Tokyo.1914: Hashimoto introduces his first car, the DAT.1918: The Datson model is first produced.1932: The Datson brand is changed to Datsun.1933: The manufacturing and sale of Datsun cars is taken over by the Jidosha Seizo Company, Ltd.1934: Jidosha Seizo changes its name to Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.Early 1940s:During World War II, the company makes military trucks and engines for airplanes and

torpedo boats.1951: Nissan becomes a publicly traded company.1952: Nissan enters into a license agreement with U.K.-based Austin Motor Company Ltd.1958: Export of cars to the U.S. market begins.1966: The company merges with Prince Motor Company Ltd.1981: The company begins changing its name from Datsun to Nissan in the U.S. market.1989: The Infiniti line of luxury automobiles is introduced.1992: The company posts the first pretax loss in its history as a public company; Nissan introduces theAltima small luxury sedan and the Quest minivan, the latter a joint development with Ford MotorCompany.1994: Nissan posts a loss of nearly US$2 billion.1999: Nissan and Renault S.A. enter into a global alliance, with Renault taking a 37 percent stake inNissan. A massive restructuring begins.


43/50

Nissan Company History

Established in 1933, Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. was a pioneer in themanufacturing of automobiles.

Toyota Motor Corporation. About 35 percent of Nissan's vehicles are soldin Japan, 25 percent in the United States, and 20 percent in Europe.

After losing money for most of the 1990s, Nissan entered into a globalalliance with Renault S.A. in March 1999, with the French company takinga 37 percent stake in Nissan. A massive restructuring was then launched.


44/50

Mitsubishi


45/50

HISTORY OF Mitsubishi

Key Dates:

1970: Mitsubishi Motors Corporation is founded.1980: Mitsubishi produces one million cars annually.1982: Mitsubishi enters the U.S. market under its own brand name.

1988: Mitsubishi becomes a public company.1991: Mitsubishi acquires Value Rent-A-Car.2000: Mitsubishi forms partnership with DaimlerChrysler AG.2002: Mitsubishi begins restructuring program.


46/50

HISTORY OF Mitsubishi

Mitsubishi Motors Corporation is Japan's fourth largest car company, andmanufactures and markets passenger cars and light commercial trucks in itsdomestic markets as well as in other Asian countries and North America.

Mitsubishi Motors also operates a financial services division that oversees lendingand financing for its car sales

Mitsubishi Motors has embarked on a massive restructuring program instigated byDaimler Chrysler. As part of this program, Mitsubishi Motors spun off its truckbusiness as Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. in 2003.


47/50


48/50

CHASSIS

A chassis consists of an internal framework that supports a man-made object. It isanalogous to an animal's skeleton. An example of a chassis is the under part of amotor vehicle, consisting of the frame (on which the body is mounted) with thewheels and machinery

Chassis is the most important part of the car which distinguish them from each

other..

The customers mostly ask the chassis as they are wanting the particular shape andthe modification of the car which the chassis define some..

In an automobile industry one has to know the chassis by hard so that he canentertain the customer perfectly..

So lets do some chassis practice.


49/50

CHASIS PRACTICE

AE110 RD5 NZE121 VZJ CS5A

SG5 KDJ AZR65 NCP51 ACA20

BP5 RZH110 SCP10 NT30 ACM21

MCU10 ZNE10 SXA10 VY11 V75W

SF5 FB15 GX110 SR40 LH113


50/50

Documents

3rd Test Data