3.___PROPOSAL_&_MACAM2__PENELITIAN_(MHS)

20/04/09 Proposal Penelitian (MHS) 1

Lecture 3Lecture 3

RESEARCH PROPOSAL & TYPE OF THE RESEARCH


1. Explain the components of the research

proposal

2. Describe the type of research

3. Discuss the differences between quantitative and qualitative research

4. Characterize basic qualitative methods

Learning Objectives

At the end of today’s session, the student should be able to :


RESEARCH PROPOSALRESEARCH PROPOSAL

I. Title

II. Introduction

III. Literature Review IV. Methodology V. Bibliography VI. Appendix


1. Title

1. Reflects contents of the research

2. Simple sentence

3. Avoid abbreviation

4. Avoid interrogative sentence

5. Location and time of study

6. etc.


2. Introduction

1. Background of Problem

2. Problem Statement

3. Hypothesis

4. Objective

5. Significance of the study


Problem ?Research Problem ?

Problem Selection Criteria : Feasible Interesting Novel Ethical Relevant

2.1 Background of the Problem


Sources of Research Problems :

a. Literatureb. Scientific meetingsc. Personal experiencesd. Opinion of expertse. Non-scientific sources


Criteria :

a. Interrogative sentence(s)

b. Be specific and not ambiguous

c. Separate statement for more than one research questions

2.2 Problem Statement


is simply a statement of predicted relationships between the variables being studied

2.3 Hypothesis


Condition X is related to Condition Y the occurrence of

Antecedent condition Effect

Independent Dependent variable variable

3 Hypothesis


Functions

Classification

Stating the Hypothesis

Always necessary ?

2.3. Hypothesis


Functions

serves to narrow down the field of the research study

forces the researcher to be precise in stating the specific situation being studied

2.3 Hypothesis


Functions

guides the methodology for the remainder of the study

serves as a framework for stating conclusions of the study as direct answer to the purpose of the study

2.3 Hypothesis


Functions

will be testable

the researcher will be able to collect data that can then be analyzed statistically to determine if the hypothesis can be supported

A hypothesis is not proved; it is either supported or not supported (rejected)

2.3 Hypothesis


Criteria :

1. Stated in affirmative sentence, simple and clear2. Has strong theoretical background3. Stated the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variable(s)4. Empirically can be tested5. The statement should be specific6. Should be stated before the study (a priori )

2.3 Hypothesis


Stating the Hypothesis (Examples)

Educational levels of the mothers have some influences on the growth and development of their children

Taking X medicine may cause disorder of the reproductive function


Stating the Hypothesis Example

Birth weights of the neonates born by the mothers of smoking husbands are lower than those who were born by the mothers of non-smoker husbands


Stating the Hypothesis (Example)

The children who do not communicate with adult persons will suffer from severe mental retardation


Is a Hypothesis is Always Necessary ?


2.4 Statement of the Purpose of the Study

the single statement that identifies the focus of the research

what the researcher intends to do to answer the research question


3 ways : (1) as a declarative statement

(2) as a question

(3) as a hypothesis



(1) as a declarative statement

The purpose of this study is to describe the effectof structured individualized versus structured group instruction on successful breast feedingby primiparas in their home setting




(2)as a question

The purpose of this study is to answer the question : Is there a significant relationship between a method of teaching about breast feeding and successful breast feeding by primiparas in their home setting ?


(3) as a hypothesis

The purpose of this study is to test the following hypothesis:

Primiparas who receive individualized instruction in breast feeding will have a significantly more successful breast-feeding experience in their home setting than primiparas who receive structured group instruction in breast feeding



2.4 Objective

General Objective

Specific Objective


From this study those factors which are responsible for stopping breast-feeding in urban communities can be identified and this will be useful for giving feedback for promoting the breast-feeding program.

2.4 Objective

General Objective


2.4 Objective

Specific Objective


2.5 Significance of the Study

Science

Health Service / Health Policy

Research


3. Review of Related Literature

Reasons to Review the Literature

To determine what has already been done Provides ideas about the kinds of studies that need to be done To point out research strategies

To help the researcher to interpret the results of the study


Theoretical Framework

Conceptual Framework


The use of one theory or interrelated theories to support the rationale (reason) for conducting the study and provide a guide to analyzing the results

Theoretical Framework


The use of one or more related concepts that underlie the study problem and support the rationale (reason) for conducting the studyThe concepts should also be discussed in relationship to the variables being investigated

(Use diagram)

Conceptual Framework


Recent publications( the last 5-7 years )


4. Methodology

1. Study Design

2. Location and Time

3. Study Population

4. Sampling

5. Sample size

6. Inclusion and exclusion criteria


7. Informed consent

8. Procedures

9. Identifying Variables

10. Operational definition

11. Plan of data analysis and data interpretation


5. Bibliography


Curriculum vitae of researchers Budget Time schedule of the study Informed consent (Form) Statistical formulas Instruments of the study (e.g. Questionnaire) Dummy Table Others

APPENDIXES



Quantitative and Quantitative and Qualitative ResearchQualitative Research

1. Introduction to Quantitative and Qualitative Research

2. Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative Research

3. Types of Quantitative and Qualitative Research


1. Introduction

Many researchers have narrowly defined scientific research method to include only quantitative research.

This research method is based on the philosophy of logical empiricism

Quantitative and Quantitative and Qualitative ResearchQualitative Research


Quantitative research is

a formal, objective, systematic process in

which numerical data are utilized to obtain

information about the world

Quantitative research ?


Is used to

- describe variables

- examine relationships among variables

- determine cause- and-effect interactions between variables

Quantitative research

the predominantly used method of scientific

investigation


Qualitative research is

a systematic, subjective approach used to

describe life experiences and give them

meaning

not a new idea in social and behavioral

sciences

Qualitative research ?


Quantitative Research

Hard science

Focus : concise and

narrow

Reductionistic

Objective

Qualitative

Research

Soft science Focus : complex

and

broad

Holistic

Subjective

2. Comparison of Quantitative and

Qualitative Research



Reasoning : logistic and deductive

Basis of knowing : cause-and-effect relations.

Tests theory


Reasoning : dialectic,

inductive

Basis of knowing : meaning, discovery

Develops theory

2. Comparison of Quantitative and




Control

Instruments

Basic elements of

analysis

: numbers


Shared interpretation

Communication and observation

Basic elements of analysis : words



Statistical analysis

Generalization


Individual interpretation

Uniqueness


3. Types of Quantitative and Qualitative Research

Types of Quantitative Research

1. Descriptive

2. Correlational

3. Quasi-Experiment

4. Experiment

1. Non-intervention (Observational) 2. Intervention


Types of Qualitative Research

1. Phenomenology

2. Grounded Theory

3. Ethnography

4. etc.


1. Phenomenological Research

Phenomenological research is an inductive, descriptive approach developed from phenomenological philosophy

The focus of phenomenological philosophy is understanding the response of whole human being, not just specific parts of behaviors


The aim of phenomenological research is to describe an experience as it is lived by the person, such as describing a person’s experience of pain as it is lived by that person


2. Grounded Theory Research

GTR is an inductive research technique. This research approach is useful in discovering what problems exist in a social scene and the process persons use to handle them

GTR emphasizes observation and the development of practice-based intuitive relationships between variables


The research process involves formulation, testing, and redevelopment of propositions until a theory evolves.

The theory developed is “grounded” or has its roots in the data from which it was derived


3. Ethnographic Research

ER for investigating cultures through an in-depth study of the members of the culture.

ER attempts to tell the story of people’s daily lives while describing the culture they are a part of

ER process is the systematic collection, description, and analysis of data to develop a theory of cultural behavior


Using ER different cultures are described, compared and contrasted to add to the understanding of the impact of culture on human behavior and health


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3.___PROPOSAL_&_MACAM2__PENELITIAN_(MHS)