Ekman spiralSurface currents move at angle to windEkman spiral describes speed and direction of seawater flow at different depthsEach successive layer moves increasingly to right (N hemisphere)

Fig. 7.6

Ocean gyresFig. 7.4

Other surface currentsEquatorial countercurrentsSubpolar gyresFig. 7.5

Deep Atlantic Water MassesDeep Atlantic water comes from high latitude N. Atlantic, Southern Ocean and at shallower depth, the Mediterranean Sea

Conveyor-belt circulationCombination deep ocean currents and surface currents