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7/23/2019 3Geofísica
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Geophysics 629 1
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Geophysics 629 2
Course Goals
• Geophysics , Seismic Interpretation, is designed toGeophysics , Seismic Interpretation, is designed to
teach you the basics behind reflection seismologyteach you the basics behind reflection seismologyand how it is applied to image the subsurfaceand how it is applied to image the subsurface
• We will coer!We will coer!
" #he basic physics behind the seismic method#he basic physics behind the seismic method " #he basics of seismic ac$uisition#he basics of seismic ac$uisition " #he basics of seismic processing#he basics of seismic processing " %uilding a geologic framewor& from seismic data%uilding a geologic framewor& from seismic data
" 'naly(ing the seismic to answer releant $uestions 'naly(ing the seismic to answer releant $uestions
• Some emphasis will be placed on how seismic dataSome emphasis will be placed on how seismic datais used in the energy industryis used in the energy industry
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Geophysics 629 )
Course Goals
• Seismic *ata is used by many earth scientists to studymany aspects of the subsurface
" #o discoer + recoer natural resources oil, gas, coal,minerals, etc-.
" #o understand subsurface fluid flow water, contaminants.
" #o aid in construction tunnels, s&yscrapers, etc-.
" /tc-
• #his course will focus on using seismic in academicresearch and to e0plore for oil and gas
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Geophysics 629
Contact Information
Instructor: Diego Palacios
m
Office Hours: ????
Class time: Saturdas !:"" # 11:
$%
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Geophysics 629
Textbooks
•Sheriff, 3, and Geldart 4I, 199, /0ploration Sismology, Second edition,5ambridge, 7
•4iner, 5hristopher 4, 288, /lements of )* Seismology, Second edition,ennWell, #ulsa, :7-
•*el ;alle, /, 19<6 , 'puntes de Introducci=n a los >?todos Geof@sicos de/0ploraci=n, A'>
•Berron, *, 281), Cirst Steps in Seismic Interpretation, Society of /0plorationGeophysicist, #ulsa :&lahoma-
•%rown, ', Interpretation of #hree *imensional Seismic *ata, ''G >emoir62, #ulsa :7-
•%aby, , 3iadeneira, >, 281, 4a 5uenca :riente! Geologia y etroleo, I3*DI/C' , Euito "/cuador
•Filma(, (, 2881, Seismic *ata 'nalysis, rocessing, Inersion, and
Interpretation of Seismic *ata, ;olumes I and II, Society of /0plorationGeophysics, #ulsa, :7-
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Geophysics 629 6
Calificacion
Habr& dos e'&menes uno a medio ni(el otro al final )posibleproecto*
.1er +'amen ,"-raba/os0 laboratorios0participacin en clase 2"-3do e'amen )Posible proecto* ,"-
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Laboratory Assignments
4as calificaciones se basan en la participaci=n de los
estudiantes en los proyectos de grupo, informes delaboratorio por escrito, los materiales $ue se entregarndespu?s de algunos de los eJercicios, y un proyecto finalescrito y presentaci=n oral-
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So, What is Reflection Seismology?
Fou can hear me becauseK• /nergy in my body causes my ocal cords to ibrate• 'coustic waes are transmitted through the air • Four ears capture the acoustic waes• Four ear drum conerts the waes into signals• Four brain recogni(es these signals as speech
Can you
hear menow?
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What If ! There Were Some Walls
"e #ou
4e sound 5a(es 5ould bounce off t4e 5alland 6reflect7 into our ears
8all
all
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Reflection Seismology Is$
• #he science of using mechanical waes to e0amine
the earthLs interior • Inoles wae generation, wae detection, signal
processing to generate images, and imageinterpretation
• 'n echoDlocation techni$ue similar to radar, sonarand medical ultrasound
• sed e0tensiely in natural resource industries oil +gas, coal, mining, etc-.
• 'lso applicable for structural and stratigraphicstudies, ground water enironmental studies
• ' technology that started in earnest in the 198Ls andhas been adancing rapidly up to the present
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At the %ery basic
Seismic energy travels down and is refected
o acoustic boundaries within the earthShot Receiver Seismic
Record
Increase inimpedance
Decrease inimpedance
0.0
0.2
1.2
1.4
1.0
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.
0.1
0.!
1.1
1.
0."
0.#
$oundary 1
$oundary 2
%om&ressionRare'action
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At the %ery basic$
• 'coustic impedence is a physical propertybased on density and seismic elocity of amaterial
• M N p O ;
acoustic impedence M. N density p. O elocity ;..
12
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Rele%ance to &nergy Com'anies
9et7s loo at 54at dri(es toda7s oil companies0 bigand small0 and 4o5 reflection seismolog fits in
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1
Estrato Sub-horizontal
Discontinuidad
Estratosinclinados
Seismic acquisition
Geophones(receivers)
Vibrator(source)
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1
Cambios en lalitología
Discordanciasangulares
Cambios en lalitología
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(etroleum (lays
5ourtesy of /00on>obil 16
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Gro)ing *eman+ for &nergy
(orldwide demand 'or energy willincrease steadily out to 200 andbeyond
)ro*ected demand 'or oil and gas in200 is 45+ more than it was bac, in
2005 -1+ &er year/
2005 2001#"0
%hart &roduced in 2005
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Geophysics 629 5ourtesy of /00on>obil 1<
"eeting &nergy *eman+s
after Edwards, AAPG 8/97
19001900 19201920 19401940 19601960 19801980 20002000 20202020 20402040 20602060 20802080 30003000
2020
4040
6060
8080
100100100 BILLION BARRELS
BillionBarrels
of Oil
Equivalent
perYear
(GBOE)
Billion
Barrels
of Oil Equivalent Per year
(GBOE)NaturalGasNaturalGas
Hydroelectric
Crude OilCrude Oil
Solar, Wind Geothermal
Nuclear Electric
1993
CoalCoal
*ecrea s
ing
*ecrea s
ing
CossilC
uels
CossilC
uels
;
e5.ec4no
lo
gies
World /nergy *emandWorld /nergy *emand
)ro*ected emands
- #ear Career
Starting .-/0
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Geophysics 629 5ourtesy of /00on>obil 19
A 1ully2Integrate+ 3il Com'anyA 1ully2Integrate+ 3il Com'any
etting Rened)roducts to
the %onsumers
etting Raw3il as tothe Renery
Renery
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Geophysics 629 5ourtesy of /00on>obil 28
Com'onents of the 4'stream
• Bow to Get It :ut " where, in detail, are the reseresP
" what to build facilities.P
" will it be profitableP
• Cind :il + Gas QoolsL " which regions and basinsP
" which bloc&sP
" where on the bloc&P
• Crom the Ground, to the 3efinery " how to manage the fieldP
" how to delier the QcrudeLP
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Geophysics 629 5ourtesy of /00on>obil 21
*rill Wells 2 Reco%er 3il 5 Gas
• Drilling 5ells is a e acti(it in t4e <pstream
• +'ploration drills to disco(er ne5 HC reser(es
• De(elopment drills 5ells to delineate a ne5 field anddetermine 4o5 best to e'tract t4e HCs
• Production drills 5ells to drain t4e field 5it4 t4e goalof ma'imi=ing t4e produced HCs 54ile minimi=ingt4e costs
• Industr uses tec4nolog0 primaril reflectionseismolog0 to determine 54ere to drill
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Geophysics 629 5ourtesy of /00on>obil 22
We 6ee+ to *rill Wisely
• ells can be (er e'pensi(e0 some > 3" million0 a lot
of mone e(en for a ma/or oil compan
• ell placement and 5ell pat4 can be critical to success
• So A..
ow can we determine where to drill and&redict what we will nd BEFORE we start
drilling
7his leads to the need 'or geologists87his leads to the need 'or geologists8geo&hysicists8 and other s&ecialistsgeo&hysicists8 and other s&ecialists
'ocused on imaging and inter&reting the'ocused on imaging and inter&reting the
subsur'acesubsur'ace
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Geophysics 629 2)
Aca+emic A''lications
• Can be used to image t4e eart47ssubsurface on a (ariet of scales for a(ariet of applications
• Bi(es important insig4t into +art4structure0 stratigrap4 and lit4olog
• esearc4 $pplications:
" 4is semester 5e 5ill loo at multiple casestudies
" oda: Sumatra0 C4ic'ulub
C S d 1 S
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ig. 1 %ultic4annel seismic profiles )gra lines* and stud area.
S % Dean et al. Science 3"1"E,3F:3"!G31"
ublished by '''S
Case Study 1: Sumatra
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ig. 3 Dept4Gmigrated seismic profile $G$ )D: distance from deformation frontE +: (erticale'aggeration*.
S % Dean et al. Science 3"1"E,3F:3"!G31"
ublished by '''S
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ig. 2 Dept4Gmigrated seismic profile CGC )D: distance from deformation frontE +: (erticale'aggeration*.
S % Dean et al. Science 3"1"E,3F:3"!G31"
ublished by '''S
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ig. , Dept4Gmigrated trenc4Gparallel seismic profile JGJ sea5ard of deformation front )+:(ertical e'aggeration*.
S % Dean et al. Science 3"1"E,3F:3"!G31"
ublished by '''S
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Sumatra Block Model
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Courtesy of NASA
Case Study 2: Chicxulub
C t M h lCrater Morphology
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Crater MorphologyCrater MorphologyLuar examplesLuar examples
!ycho " #$ !ycho " #$kmkm
complexcomplex
cratercrater
Schrodiger " %2& km peakSchrodiger " %2& km peak
rig basirig basi
'rietale " (&& km'rietale " (&& km
multi rig basimulti rig basi
Alfracus C ) 1& kmAlfracus C ) 1& kmsimple cratersimple crater
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21st Cetury Sur*eyig ad+roud !ruth
Best preser*ed large impact o
,arth'ly impact coclusi*ely liked to
mass extictio
Natural laboratory for impacts as ageologic process ad impactse-ect o life
3R; > i / i 5 i /W8813R; > i / i 5 i /W881
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3R; >aurice /wing 5ruise /W8813R; >aurice /wing 5ruise /W881a $/ 2&&$ " 0eb 1/ 2&&$
Sur*eys i prep for
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Sur*eys i prep forrillig
2&&$
MCS lies
2&&$
lad statios
1((
lad statios
1(( ad 3emexMCS lies
4ucata coast lie
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+ulick et al5/ Natur
+eosciece/ 2&&#
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+ulick et al5/ Natur
+eosciece/ 2&&#
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+ulick et al5/ Natur
+eosciece/ 2&&#
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+ulick et al5/ Nature +eosciece/ 2&&#
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