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1SRB 041406 ver1
3G and 4G Wireless – Advances and Challenges
Suresh R. BorkarAdjunct Faculty, Dept of ECE, Ill Instt. of Tech.
[email protected] 14, 2006
2SRB 041406 ver1
3G and 4G Wireless – Advances and Challenges Where are we? 3G Wireless Summary Where do we Want to go? Evolution to Seamless Networking 4G Wireless Challenges
The one who stays still is left behind
3SRB 041406 ver1
Where are We? Classic Wireline MaBell Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
– US Universal coverage achieved early 1980’s “Wireless” First Generation Analog Systems
– Speech– AMPS, TACS
Second Generation Digital Systems– Enhanced Capacity– CDMA, D-AMPS, TDMA, GSM, DECT, PDC
2.5 Generation Systems– Low Speed Data– GPRS, EDGE
Third Generation Systems– “INTERNET” on Wireless– WiFi/HyperLAN <-> WiMAX/HyperWAN <-> CDMA2000/WCDMA– Evolution to All IP Network including VoIP
4SRB 041406 ver1
Representative Wireless Standards GSM/TDMA
– Time Division Multiplexing based access CDMA
– Code Division Multiplexing based access OFDM
– Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Many toys to play with
5SRB 041406 ver1
TDMA/FDMA
slot 1 slot 2 . . . Slot nFrequency 1 Circuit Circuit CircuitFrequency 2 Circuit Circuit Circuit
.
. Downlink Path
.Frequency Frequency n Circuit Circuit CircuitDomain
Frequency 1 Circuit Circuit CircuitFrequency 2 Circuit Circuit Circuit
.
. Uplink Path
.Frequency n Circuit Circuit Circuit
Give the same air to all
6SRB 041406 ver1
CDMA
t
Freq:Chips
user 1user 2
usern
Separated by PN codest
Message
t
Resulting Signal
X
I I I
All persons are created equal
Channelization code: Separate xmissions from a single source from each otherScrambling code: separate different sources from each otherSpreading Code = Channelization code x Scrambling code
7SRB 041406 ver1
Multipath Arrival of Signals
Transmittedsymbol
received signal Modified with the combinedat each time delay channel estimate symbol
finger #1
finger #2
finger #3
YY
8SRB 041406 ver1
CDMA Rake Receiver
Input signal(from RF)
correlator
code generator
channel estimator
phase rotator delay equalizer
Timing (Finger allocation)
Finger 1
Finger 2
Finger 3
Matched filter
SUM I
SUM Q
Combiner
I
QI
Q
9SRB 041406 ver1
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Successor to Frequency Hopping and Direct Sequence CDMA Capability to cancel multipath distortion in a spectrally
efficient manner without requiring multiple local oscillators (802.11a and 802.16)
Based on use of IFFT and FFT Frequency orthogonality as compared to code orthogonality in
CDMA using Walsh Code
10SRB 041406 ver1
3G Services
2MHz video telemedicineconferencing Video on Mobile
demand TV
electronicInternet radio newspaper
Bandwidth pagingaudioconferencing messaging Mobile
radio
Faxvoice
1KHzbi-directional unidirectional Broadcast/
multicast
Who is first? – the customer; who is second? - No one
11SRB 041406 ver1
Key Mobility Services Multimedia Messaging Services (MMS)
– Text, sounds, images, and video– Transition from Short Message Service (SMS)– Open Internet standards for messaging
Web Applications– Information portals– Wireless Markup Language (WML) with signals using
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Location Communications Services
– Location Awareness Based Personalization of information presentation format
– Service capability negotiations (MExE environment)
12SRB 041406 ver1
Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)
CAMEL = IN + Service portability (incl mobility and roaming) Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• Mobile user <-> ISP <-> corporate server• Mobility, Security, Capacity and quality
Prepaid, Usage Limitations, Advanced Routing Services Virtual Home Environment (VHE)
• Subscriber profile, charging information, Service information, numbering information
• Integration of array of services, content conversion to heterogeneous services, network user profile, location aware services
Take the claims with a grain of salt
13SRB 041406 ver1
GSM Network
BSS
HLRAuC
C, D
Gw-MSC C
E, ISUP
PSTN/ISDN
ISUP
GSM04.08
Call
MSCVLR
A
UE
SMS-GW
Billing Center
SCP
STP IN
gsmSCFSSP
Circuit domain
14SRB 041406 ver1
GSM & GPRS
BSS
HLRAuC
C, D
Gw-MSC C
E, ISUP
PSTN/ISDN
ISUP
GSM04.08+
Call
MSCVLR
A
UE
SMS-GW
Billing Center
GGSN
PDN
Gi
Gb
SGSN
Data, voice, videocall
GSM04.08+
Gr
Gc
GnCGw
Ga
Ga
SCP
STP IN
gsmSCFSSP IP Services
Circuit domain Packet domain
15SRB 041406 ver1
WCDMA/UMTS
UTRAN
HLR+AuC
C+, D+
Gw-MSC C
E+, ISUP
PSTN/ISDN
ISUP
GSM04.08++
Call
3G-MSCVLR
Iu-cs
UE
SMS-GW
Billing Center
GGSN
PDN
Gi+
Iu-ps
3G-SGSN
Data, voice, videocall
GSM04.08++
Gr+
Gc+
Gn+CGw
Ga+
Ga+
SCP
STPIN, CAMEL
gsmSCFSSP IP Services
Circuit domain Packet domain
16SRB 041406 ver1
GSM/UMTS Bit rate, Mobility and ServicesGSM/UMTS Bit rate, Mobility and Services
High
Bit Rate, Kbps
Low
Tex
t Mes
sagi
ngMobility
Voi
ce
76.0 GPRS 384.0 EDGE UMTS 2 Mb/s9.6 14.4HSCSD
CS D
ata
Fax
GSMHSCSDGPRS
EDGE
UMTS
(stationary)
(Car / Train)
17SRB 041406 ver1
3G Evolution
GSMHSCSD15.2 kbps
GPRS170 kbps
EDGE473 kbps EDGE Ph2
GRAN473 kbps
TDMACDPD43.2 kbps
TD-SCDMA284 kbps
TD-SCDMAPh 22 Mbps
PDA/PDC-P14.4 kbps
WCDMA FDD2 Mbps
WCDMA TDD 2 Mbps
WCDMA HSDPA 10 Mbps
cdmaOne76.8 kbps
CDMA2000 1x307 kps
1XEV-DO (HDR) 2.4 Mbps
1XEV-DV (HDR) 5.4 Mbps
WLANIEEE 802.11b11 Mbps
HyperLAN254 Mbps
IEEE 802.11 a/h54 Mbps
HarmonizedHyperLAN2And IEEE 802.11a
Ref: Honkasalo et al, WCDMA and WLAN for 3G and Beyond, IEEE Wireless Communication, Apr 2002
3.5G2.5G
WiMAX/HyperMAN also in the mix
18SRB 041406 ver1
Some Representative Current Wireless Options 3G Cellular (WCDMA)
– Frequency Division Duplex (FDD): Uplink and Downlink are separated in frequency – (“symmetric”)
– Time Division Duplex (TDD): Uplink and Downlink are separated in time – allows “asymmetric” traffic (adjust time slots in uplink and downlink)
3G Cellular (CDMA2000) Wi Fi
– 802.11a and 802.11b; HyperLAN2– 2.4 GHz band
WiMAX– 802.16d (fixed); 802.16e (“portable”)– 5.8 GHz band; 10 – 20 Mbps symmetrical BW
Blue Tooth– RF based LAN technology; 20-30 feet coverage– 2.4 GHz band
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and Survival of the fittest
19SRB 041406 ver1
3G WCDMA Release 99 Release 4 Release 5 Domains, Protocols, and Channels Radio Resource Management Network Dimensioning and Optimization Quality of Service (QoS0 and Location Services
The favored twin sister of CDMA2000
20SRB 041406 ver1
Release 99 Radio Bearer Negotiations Traffic Classes Complex Scrambling Speech Codec – (eight) Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR) Battery Life Transmission “spatial/antenna” diversity Compressed Mode
– Measurements in multiple frequency– Use of transmission time reduction techniques
# PDP Contexts per IP Address QPSK; coherent detection; Rake receiver Short and Long Spreading Codes Multicall – several simultaneous CS calls with dedicated bearers of
independent traffic and performance characteristics Customized Application for Mobile network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)
Phase 3
A lot to gobble
21SRB 041406 ver1
Release 4 Bearer Independent Core Network Tandem Free Operation (TFO), Transcoder Free Operation
(TrFO), and Out of Band Transcoder Control (OoBTC) Low Chip Rate TDD Operation Network Assisted Cell Change FDD Repeater NodeB Synchronization for TDD IPv6 packet switched network supporting both real time and
non-real time traffic– Session Initiated Protocol (SIP) replacing SS7
Home Subscriber Server (HSS) MSC/VLR -> MSC server (mobility management) and MGW
(Connection management subtasks) Multimedia Message Service (MMS) environment
22SRB 041406 ver1
Release 5 IP Transport in UTRAN High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) (upto 10 Mbps) Intra Domain Connection to Multiple CN Nodes (Iuflex) IP Multimedia CN Subsystem (IMS) “Guaranteed” End to End (E2E) QoS in the PS domain Global Text Telephony Support for Real Time Services in packet domain CAMEL Phase 4
23SRB 041406 ver1
HSDPA Peak Data rate > 10 Mbps Same spectrum by both voice and data
– Up to 12 spreading codes for High Speed DSCH (HS-DSCH)– Fast link Adaptation– Both code and time division for channel sharing
Transmission Time interval 2 ms Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ)
– Automatic optimizations to Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) QPSK and 16 QAM modulation at 3.84 Mhz symbol; spreading
factor fixed to 16 Incremental Redundancy or chase combining (CH) New DPCCH2 in uplink primarily for HARQ channel state info
24SRB 041406 ver1
WCDMA Domains
User Equipm ent Dom ain
Access Network Dom ain
Core Network Dom ain
Infrastructure Dom ain
Cu
Mobile Equipm ent Dom ain
USIM Dom ain
Hom e Network Dom ain
Transit Network Dom ain
Uu Iu
[Zu]
[Yu]
Serv ing Network Dom ain
Standardization of architecture (domains) and standardization of protocols (strata)
25SRB 041406 ver1
WCDMA Protocol Layers
ApplicationProtocol
DataStream(s)
ALCAP(s)
TransportNetworkLayer
Physical Layer
SignallingBearer(s)
TransportUser
NetworkPlane
Control Plane User Plane
TransportUser
NetworkPlane
Transport NetworkControl Plane
RadioNetworkLayer
SignallingBearer(s)
DataBearer(s)
26SRB 041406 ver1
WCDMA L1, L2, and RRC Sublayer
L3
control
control
control
control
LogicalChannels
TransportChannels
C-plane signalling U-plane information
PHY
L2/MAC
L1
RLC
DCNtGC
L2/RLC
MAC
RLCRLC
RLCRLC
RLCRLC
RLC
Duplication avoidance
UuS boundary
BMC L2/BMC
RRCcontrol
PDCPPDCP L2/PDCP
DCNtGC
L3/RRC
27SRB 041406 ver1
WCDMA Channels
Logical Channels Control TrafficBCCH PCCH DCCH CCCH SHCCH DTCH CTCH
Mac -b -c/sh -d
Common DedicatedTransport Channels BCH PCH FACH RACH UL CPCH DSCH DCH
Physical Channels Mapped to Transport Channels DedicatedPCCPH SCCPCH PRACH PCPCH PDSCH DPDCH DPCCH SCH
CPICHAICHPICHCSICHCD/CA-ICH
Transport Channels: how information transferred over the radio interfaceLogical Channels: Type of information transferred over the radio interface
Channels made by soft hats
28SRB 041406 ver1
Mapping Between Channels
SCHCPICHAICHPICHCSICHCD/CA-ICH
CCCHDCCHDTCH PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH
DCCHDTCH
RACH CPCH DCH PCH BCH FACH DSCH DCH
LogicalChannels
TransportChannels
Uplink Downlink
PCCPCH SCCPCHPRACH DPDCHDPCCH
PDSCHPCPCHMappedPhysicalChannels
DedicatedPhysicalChannels
DPDCHDPCCH
N to M
29SRB 041406 ver1
WCDMA Channel Usage Examples
Dedicated channels Common channels Shared channelsDCH FCH RACH CPCH DSCH USCH
Uplink/ Both Downlink Uplink Uplink Downlink Uplink, onlyDownlink in TDDCode Usage According to maxm Fixed Fixed Fixed Codes Codes
bit rate codes per codes per codes per shared sharedcell cell cell btw users btw users
Fast Power control Yes No No Yes Yes NoSoft handover Yes No No No No NoSuited for Medium or large Small Small Small or Medium Medium
data amounts data data medium or large or largeamounts amounts data data data
amounts amounts amountsSuited for bursty No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yesdata
Flexibility comes with responsibility
30SRB 041406 ver1
Radio Resource Management Power Control Handover Access Control Load and Congestion Control Packet Scheduling
31SRB 041406 ver1
WCDMA Power Control (near = far)
YY
NodeB
Keep received powerlevels P1 and P2 equal
Power control commandsto the UEs
UE1
UE2Uplink and downlink (1500 Hz)Open Loop Power ControlClosed Loop Power ControlOuter Loop Power Control
Equal Opportunity Administration (EOA)
32SRB 041406 ver1
WCDMA Handovers
YY
sector 1
sector 2
RNC
The same signal is sentfrom both sectors to UE
RNC
YY
YY
NodeB1
NodeB2
The same signal is sent fromboth NodeB's to UE, except for thepower control commands
macro diversitycombining in uplink
Hard and Inter-frequency handoversIntersystem cell-reselection“Equivalent PLMN mode” (autonomous cell re-selection (packet) idle mode)
Softer
Soft
33SRB 041406 ver1
Handover Algorithm
Pilot Ec/IO of cell 1
Pilot Ec/IO of cell 2
Pilot Ec/IO of cell 3
Reporting_range- Hysteresis_event 1A
T T T
Reporting_range+ Hysteresis_event 1B
Hysteresis_event 1C
Connected to cell 1
Event 1A- add cell2
Event 1C= replace cell1with cell3
Event 1B= remove cell3
A relay race with multiple batons
34SRB 041406 ver1
Network Dimensioning and Optimization Dimensioning Criteria
– Coverage, Capacity, Quality of Service Dimensioning
– Link budget, capacity (hard and soft) and load factor– Estimation of average interference power– Coverage end Outage probabilities
Optimization– Performance Requirements– Antenna adjustments, neighbor lists, scrambling codes
Don’t force a round peg in a square hole
35SRB 041406 ver1
WCDMA Quality of Service (Qos) Dynamic Negotiations of properties / Services of radio bearer
– Thruput, transfer delay, data error rate– Authentications
Traffic class Conversational class Streaming class Interactive class BackgroundFundamental Preserve time relation Preserve time Request response Destination is notcharacteristics (variation) between relation (variation) pattern expecting the data
information entities of between information Preserve data within a certain timethe stream entities of the integrity Preserve dataConversational pattern stream integrity(stringent and lowdelay)
Examples of the voice, Streaming Web browsing, Backgroundapplication videotelephony multimedia network games download of emails
video games
One way communications is no communications
36SRB 041406 ver1
Location Services (LCS)
SMLC
UE
Node B
LMU type B
HLR
Gateway MLC
External LCS client
Le Lg Lh
LMU type A
Um
Iu
Iub
gsmSCF
Lc
MSC
BSC
BTS LMU type B
A/ (Gb)/ (Iu) Abis
SRNC SMLC
Lb Ls
Uu
<- alternative -> (R98 and 99)
<- alternative ->
SMLC
Lp
UTRAN
GERAN
Cell ID basedObserved Time Difference Arrival – Idle Period Downlink (OTDOA-IPDL)Network Assisted GPS
You can run but you cannot hide
37SRB 041406 ver1
Why Move Towards 4G? Limitation to meet expectations of applications like
multimedia, full motion video, wireless teleconferencing– Wider Bandwidth
Difficult to move and interoperate due to different standards hampering global mobility and service portability
Primarily Cellular (WAN) with distinct LANs’; need a new integrated network
Limitations in applying recent advances in spectrally more efficient modulation schemes
Need all all digital network to fully utilize IP and converged video and data
Incessant human desire to reach the sky
38SRB 041406 ver1
Where Do We Want to Go? Seamless Roaming Integrated “standard” Networks Mobile Intelligent Internet
Onwards to (Ultra) Wideband Wireless IP Networks
We are no longer in Kansas, Toto
39SRB 041406 ver1
Upcoming 3.5 G
– Evolved radio Interface– IP based core network
4G– New Air Interface– Very high bit rate services– Convergence of Wireline, Wireless, and IP worlds
And Now for Something Completely Different
40SRB 041406 ver1
R-SGW
Gi
Mr
Gi
Ms
MGW
MGCFMRF
PSTN/Legacy/External
Mm
Mw
Legacy mobilesignalingNetwork
Mc
Cx
AlternativeAccess
Network Mh
CSCFMg
T-SGW
CSCF
HSS
MSC Server
Gi
MGW
GMSC Server
NbMc Mc
NcT-SGW
Iu
3G All-IP Reference Architecture
Iu
Gi
R Uu
Gn
Gc
Gp
Signalling and Data Transfer InterfaceSignalling Interface
Gr
Other PLMN
Gn
Applications& Services
SCP
CAP
TE MT
SGSN
GGSN
HLR
SGSN
GGSN
MultimediaIP Networks
UTRAN
41SRB 041406 ver1
N_B
PSTN/ISDN
N_B
RNCRNC
IubIubIur
Internet/Intranet/ISP
Application servers
WirelessData
Server
www, email
IP
SGSN
GGSN
IP Firewall
HLRAuC
PCMSS7
3G-MSC
ATM GTP+/IP
N_B
Internet/Intranet/ISPPSTN/ISDN
Application servers
N_B
RNCRNC
IubIubIur
ATM GTP+/IP
WirelessData
Server
www, email
IP
PCMSS7
IP Firewall
GGSN
IP
PSTN/ISDN
MGCFHSS CSCF SGW
MGW
MRF
(G)MSCServer
MGW3G-MSC
SGSN
GGSN
WCDMA 3G Evolution to All-IP Network
UTRAN
42SRB 041406 ver1
3.5G Radio Network Evolution High Data rate, low latency, packet optimized radio access Support flexible bandwidth upto 20 MHz, new transmission
schemes, advanced multi-antenna technologies, and signaling optimization
Instantaneous peak DL 100 Mb/s and UP 50 Mb/S within 20 MHz spectrum
Control plane latency of < 100 ms (camped to active) and < 50 ms (dormant to active)
> 200 users per cell within 5 MHz spectrum Spectrum flexibility from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz Eliminate “dedicated” channels; avoid macro diversity in DL Migrate towards OFDM in DL and SC-FDMA in UL Support voice services in the packet domain Adaptive Modulation and Coding using Channel Quality
Indicator (CQI) measurements
43SRB 041406 ver1
3.5G WCDMA Evolved System Architecture
Evolved Packet Core
Evolved RAN S1 Gi
Op. IP
Serv. (IMS, PSS, etc…)
Rx+
S2
GERAN
UTRAN
GPRS Core
Gb
Iu
S3
MME UPE
Inter AS Anchor
S4
non 3GPP IP Access
HSS
PCRF
S5
S2
S7
S6
WLAN 3GPP IP Access
* Color coding: red indicates new functional element / interface
Source: www.3gpp.org
44SRB 041406 ver1
Key 3G and 4G ParametersAttribute 3G 4G
Major Characteristic Predominantly voice- data as add-on
Converged data and VoIP
Network Architecture Wide area Cell based Hybrid – integration of Wireless Lan (WiFi), Blue Tooth, Wide Area
Frequency Band 1.6 - 2.5 GHz 2 – 8 GHz
Component Design Optimized antenna; multi-band adapters
Smart antennas; SW multi-band; wideband radios
Bandwidth 5 – 20 MHz 100+ MHz
Data Rate 385 Kbps - 2 Mbps 20 – 100 Mbps
Access WCDMA/CDMA2000 MC-CDMA or OFDM
Forward Error Correction Convolution code 1/2, 1/3; turbo
Concatenated Coding
Switching Circuit/Packet Packet
Mobile top Speed 200 kmph 200 kmph
IP Multiple versions All IP (IPv6.0)
Operational ~2003 ~2010
45SRB 041406 ver1
Key 4G Mobility Concepts Mobile IP
– VoIP– Ability to move around with the same IP address– IP tunnels– Intelligent Internet
Presence Awareness Technology– Knowing who is on line and where
Radio Router– Bringing IP to the base station
Smart Antennas– Unique spatial metric for each transmission
Wireless IP <---> IP Wireless
46SRB 041406 ver1
4G Networks Advances Seamless mobility (roaming)
– Roam freely from one standard to another– Integrate different modes of wireless communications – indoor
networks (e.g., wireless LANs and Bluetooth); cellular signals; radio and TV; satellite communications
100 Mb/se full mobility (wide area); 1 Gbit/s low mobility (local area) IP-based communications systems for integrated voice, data, and
video– IP RAN
Open unified standards Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
– Successor to “SS7”; replacement for TCP– Maintain several data streams within a single connection
Service Location Protocol (SLP)– Automatic resource discovery– Make all networked resources dynamically configurable through
IP-based service and directory agents
The demise of SS7
47SRB 041406 ver1
4G Networks Advances – cont’d Diameter
– Successor to “Radius”– Unified authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA)
Integrated LAN card and Subscriber Identity Modules (SIMs) HSS
– Unified Subscriber Information Application developers, Service providers, and content
creators
Expand beyond the circle
48SRB 041406 ver1
Key Challenges Spectral Efficiencies
– Challenge Shannon’s fundamental law of data communications (BW, Sig/No)
– Hardware Frequency Synthesis techniques esp. for Frequency Hop (FH) systems
– Traffic characteristics management (burstiness, directionality) Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM)
– Baseband process using parallel equal bandwidth subchannels– MC-CDMA; OFDM– Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK); Multilevel Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM); Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)– Add cyclic extension or guard band to data– Challenges of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and Peak to
Average Ratio (PAVR)
No pain, no gain
49SRB 041406 ver1
Key Challenges - cont’d - 1 Signal Processing and optimizations
– Handling extremely large number of users– Synchronous and asynchronous transmissions– Orthogonality / correlation of large number of codes– Spectrum Pollution– Multi path re-enforcement / interference – Multi User Detection (MUD) and Adaptive Interference
suppression techniques (ISI and MAI)
50SRB 041406 ver1
Key Challenges - cont’d - 2 Extremely Fast Arithmetic (esp. multiplication)
– N Dimensional vector spaces– IFFT, FFT– Advanced DSP’s for parsing and processing data
Smart / Intelligent Antennas– Dynamically adjust beam pattern based on CQI– Switched beam Antennas; adaptive arrays– Coverage limitations due to high frequencies (> 5 GHz)
Manage Entropy
51SRB 041406 ver1
Key Challenges - cont’d - 3 More Efficient and Sensitive Transreceiver Designs
– Noise figure, gain, group delay, bandwidth, sensitivity, tunable filters, spurious rejection, power consumption
– Frequency Reuse; linearity techniques– Tight closed Loop power control– Dynamic Frequency selection and packet assignments– Multi band, wide band, and flexible radios– Error Correction Coding– “Perfect” Synchronization / phase alignment between
Xmitter and Receiver• Clock recovery algorithms (e.g., as times-two, zero
crossing)– Adaptive digitization of speech and multi media signals
• A/D and D/A transformations
52SRB 041406 ver1
4G RF/IF Architecture Example
Source: http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4G_CommSystemArticle.htm
53SRB 041406 ver1
4G Transreceiver Processing Example
Source: http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4G_CommSystemArticle.htm
54SRB 041406 ver1
Key Challenges - cont’d - 4 All IP Network
– Tunneling and Firewalls– Fast Handoff control, authentication, realtime location
tracking, distributed policy management– Media Gateways for handling packet switched traffic
• Trasnscoders, echo cancellations, media conversions Planetary Interoperability
Integration across different topologies– Multi Disciplinary Cooperation
WPAN WLAN
WWAN WMAN
There is packet at the end of the tunnel
+ IP
55SRB 041406 ver1
Key Challenges - cont’d - 5 Distribute intelligence to the edges
– Very Smart User equipment; away from “network Centric” architecture
– Access routers– Miniaturization esp User Equipment
Security and Levels of Quality of Service (QoS)– Encryption Protocols; Security and “trust of information”– Different rates, error profiles, latencies, burstiness– Dynamic optimization of scarce resources
Advanced Used interactions / presentation– Improved User interfaces– advanced Speech recognition and synthesis– Flexible displays
56SRB 041406 ver1
Key Challenges - cont’d - 6 Web AI service / Interactive Intelligent Programs
– Smart applications in the web; intelligent agents– Web Adaptiveness – global database schemes, global error
corrective feedback, logic layer protocol, learning algorithms
– Symbolic manipulation– Derive specifically targeted knowledge from diverse
information sources Standardizations and Regulatory
– Modulation techniques, switching schemes, roaming– Spectrum– Cooperation/coordination among global Spectrum
Regulators
57SRB 041406 ver1
4G Forums Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) in Europe Next-Generation Internet (NGI)
– Led by and focused on US Fed Agencies (DoD, DoE, NASA, NIH etc.)
– High Performance networks: vBNS (NSF), NREN (NASA), DREN (DoD), ESnet (DoE),
Internet2– US Universities Initiated– Focus on Gigabit/sec Points of Presence (gigaPoPs)
58SRB 041406 ver1
Summary Mobile Intelligent Internet and multi media applications Seamless Roaming, substantially high and selectable user
bandwidth, customized QoS, Intelligent and responsive user interface
Mobile IP, Radio Routers, smart Antennas Continued advances and challenges from 1G -> 4G
– Modulation techniques, transreceiver advances, fast manipulations, user interfaces, IP tunelling and firewalls
– Spectrum usage, regulatory decisions, “one” standard, authentication and security, multi disciplinary co-operation
Packing so much intelligence in smaller and smaller physical space, esp. User Equipment (UE)
IP + WPAN + WLAN + WMAN + WWAN + any other stragglers = 4G
IP in the sky with diamonds
59SRB 041406 ver1
Back-up
60SRB 041406 ver1
1st Generation Analog Cellular Systems
Standard Region Frequency (MHz)
Channel Spacing (kHz)
No. of Channels
Modulation Data Rate (kbps)
AMPS USA 824-849 869-894
30 832 FM 10
TACS Europe 890-915 935-980
25 1000 FM 8
ETACS UK 872-915 917-950
25 1240 FM 8
NMT 450 Europe 453-457.5 463-467.5
25 180 FM 1.2
NMT 900 Europe 890-915 935-960
12.5 1999 FM 1.2
C-450 Germany Portugal
450-455.74 460-465.74
10 573 FM 5.28
RTMS Italy 450-455 460-465
25 200 FM -
Radiocom 2000
France 414.8-418 424.8-428
12.5 250 FM -
NTT Japan 870-885 25 600 FM 0.3JTACS / NTACS
Japan 860-870 915-925
25 400 FM 8.0
61SRB 041406 ver1
2nd Generation Cellular and Cordless SystemsSystem Country
IS-54 USA
GSM Europe
IS-95 USA
CT-2 Europe, Asia
CT-3 DCT-90 Sweden
DECT Europe
Access Technology
TDMA / FDMA
TDMA / FDMA
CDMA / FDMA (DS)
FDMA TDMA / FDMA
TDMA / FDMA
Frequency Band
BS(MHz) 869-894 935-960 869-894 864-868 862-866 1800-1900MS(MHz) 824-849 890-915 824-849
Duplexing FDD FDD FDD TDD TDD TDDRF Channel Spacing (kHz)
30 200 1250 100 1000 1728
Modulation Pi/4 DQPSK
GMSK BPSK / QPSK
GFSK GFSK GFSK
Frequency Assignment
Fixed Fixed Fixed Dynamic Dynamic Dynamic
Power Control
MS Y Y Y N N NBS Y Y Y N N N
Speech Coding
VSELP RPE-LTP QCELP ADPCM ADPCM ADPCM
Speech rate (kbps)
7.95 13
8 (variable rate) 32 32 32
Channel Bit Rate (kbps) 48.6 270.833 1228.8 72 640 1152Channel Coding
1/2 rate convolution
1/2 rate convolution
1/2 rate forward, 1/3 rate reverse, CRC
None CRC CRC
62SRB 041406 ver1
3G WCDMA and CDMA2000 Standards
UMTS-WCDMA CDMA2000
"No' Backward Compatibility Backward compatibility with CDMAOneCell Sites not synchronized Cell sites synchronized thru' GPS timingEach cell site with different scrambling Adjacent cell sites use diffferent time offsetcode for spreading of same scrambling code for spreadingComplex soft Hand Over Simple Soft Hand OverScrambling code 38,400 chips; frame Preudo Random (PN) sequence of lengthof 10 ms 215 - 1 chips; period of 26.67 ms; different
site offset of 64 chipsOVSF Codes Walsh Codes
63SRB 041406 ver1
Cdma2000 Layered Structure
Unique to cdma2000
SignalingServices
Packet DataApplication
Packet DataApplication
Packet DataApplication
TCP UDP
IP PPP
High SpeedCircuit NetworkLayer Services
LAC Protocol Null LACLAC
MACControlState
Best Effort Delivery RLP
QoS ControlMultiplexing
MAC
Physical Layer
UpperLayers(OSI 3-7)
LinkLayer(OSI 2)
Physicallayer(OSI 1)
64SRB 041406 ver1
UMTS Spectrum Allocation
Europe
Japan
Korea
USA
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200
GSM 1800DL DECT
IMT-2000TDD
IMT-2000UL
MSSUL
IMT-2000TDD
IMT-2000DL
MSSDL
PHSIMT-2000UL
IMT-2000DL
IMT-2000DL
IS-95DL
IMT-2000UL
PCS/UL PCS/DL
65SRB 041406 ver1
WCDMA Circuit Switched Protocols
PHY
Phy-up
MAC
RLC
RRC
MM
CM
ATM
AAL2
FP
AAL5
SSCOP
SSCF-UNI
SSCOP
PHY
AAL5
SSCF-UNI
ALCAPNBAP
Phy-up
MAC
RLC
RRC
PHY
ATM
Q.2630.1
Q.2150.1
MTP3b
SSCF-NNI
SSCOP
AAL5
IuUP
AAL2
PHY
ATM
Q.2630.1
Q.2150.1
MTP3b
SSCF-NNI
SSCOP
AAL5
IuUP
AAL2PHY
ATM
AAL2
FP
AAL5
SSCOP
SSCF-UNI
SSCOP
PHY
AAL5
SSCF-UNI
ALCAP NBAP
UE Node B RNC Core
RANAP
AAL5
SSCOP
SSCF-NNI
SCCP
MTP3B
RANAP
AAL5
SSCOP
SSCF-NNI
MM
CM
SCCP
MTP3B
CODEC
66SRB 041406 ver1
WCDMA PACKET CONTROL PLANE PROTOCOLS
SMGMMRRCRLC
MAC-cdPHY-up
FP FPPHY-upMAC-cd
RLCRRC
NBAPALCAP ALCAPNBAP
AAL2SSSAR
AAL2SSSARSAALSAAL SAALSAAL
AAL5AAL5 AAL5AAL5ATM ATMPHY PHY
PHY
CDMA
PHY
CDMA
UE/MTE NODE B RNC SGSN
Uu Iub Iu-ps
67SRB 041406 ver1
WCDMA PACKET USER PLANE PROTOCOLS
IP
RLCPDCP
MACPHY-up
FPALCAP
PHY-upMACRLC
PDCP
AAL2SAALAAL2 SAALFP ALCAP
ATM ATMPHY PHY
PHY
CDMA
PHY
CDMA
UE/MTE NODE B RNC SGSN
Uu Iub Iu-ps
68SRB 041406 ver1
HSDPA Protocol Architecture
L2
L1
HS- DSCH
FP
RLC
L2
L1
L2
L1
L2
L1
HS-DSCH
FP
Iub Iur
PHY
MAC
PHY
RLC
Uu
MAC-hs
HS- DSCH
FP
HS-DSCH
FP
MAC-c/sh
MAC-D
69SRB 041406 ver1
IMS Architecture
UTRAN
Home
Serving PS domain
IMS
Home
Serving PS domain
IMS
S-CSCFI-CSCF
GGSNSGSN
HSS
P-CSCF
Other IP/IMS network
70SRB 041406 ver1
StandardsIEEE 802.11a and b: Wireless LAN (WiFi)IEEE 802.15: Wireless PAN (Bluetooth)IEEE 802.16d and e: Wireless MAN (WiMAX)
IS-41: Inter-systems operation (TIA/EIA-41)IS-54: 1st Gen (US) TDMA; 6 users per 30 KHz
channelIS-88: CDMAIS-91: Analog Callular air interfaceIS-93: Wireless to PSTN InterfaceIS-95: TIA for CDMA (US) (Cdmaone)IS-124: Call detail and billing recordIS-136: 2nd Genr TDMA (TDMA control channel)IS-637: CDMA Short Message Service (SMS)IS-756: TIA for Wireless Network Portability
(WNP)IS-2000: cdma2000 air interface (follow on to
TIA/EIA 95-B)
71SRB 041406 ver1
Glossary3GPP:3G Partnership ProjectAAA:Authentication, Authorization, AccountingAMR:Adaptive Multi Rate (Speech Codec)ANSI:American National Standards InstituteARIB:Association of Radio Industries and Businesses
(Japan)BRAN:Broadband Radio Access Network (HYPERLAN
2) 2.5 MbpsCAMEL:Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced
LogicCDMA:Code Division Multiple AccessCWTS: China Wireless Telecommunications Standards
group (China)ECMA:European Computer Manufacturers AssociationEDGE:Enhanced Data for GSM EvolutionETSI:European Telecommunications Standards InstituteFDD:Frequency Division DuplexFDMA:Frequency Division Multiple AccessGGSN:Gateway GPRS Support NodeGMSC:Gateway MSCGPRS:General Packet Radio ServiceGSM:Global System for Mobile communicationGTP:GPRS Tunneling ProtocolHIPERLAN:High Performance Radio Local Area NetworkHLR:Home Location RegisterHSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched DataHYPERLAN: High Performance Radio Access networkIMSI:International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IMT:International Mobile TelecommunicationsITU:International Telecommunications Union OVSF:Orthogonal Variable Spreading FactorPDN:Public Data NetworkPLMN:Public Land Mobile NetworkPSTN:Public Switched Telephone NetworkQoS:Quality of ServiceRAB:Radio Access BearerRNC:Radio Network ControllerRRC:Radio Resource ControlSGSN:Servicing GPRS Support NodeSIM:Subscriber Identity ModuleTDD:Time Division DuplexTDMA:Time Division Multiple AccessTTA:Telecommunications Technology Association
(Korea)TTC:Telecommunications Technology Commission (Japan)UMTS:Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUTRAN:UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkVoIP:Voice over Internet ProtocolWCDMA:Wideband Code Division Multiple AccessWLAN: Wireless Local Area NetworkWPAN: Wireless Personal Area NetworkWWAN: Wireless Wide Area Network
72SRB 041406 ver1
References1. www.3gpp.org2. WCDMA for UMTS, Ed.: H. Holma and A. Toskala, John Wiley, 20013. UMTS - Mobile Communications for the Future, Ed. F.Muratore, John Wiley, 20014. WCDMA: Towards IP Mobility and Mobile Internet, Eds E.Djanpera and R.Prasad,
Artech House, 20015. IS-95 CDMA and CDMA2000, V.K.Garg, Publishing House of Electronics Industry, Beijing, 2002 6. IP Telephony, O. Hersent, D. Gurle Et, and J-P Petit, Addison-Wesley, 20007. www.mobileinfo.com