93

03 mrspzfPAoh03 mrspzfPAoh03 mrspzfPAoh03 mrspzfPAoh (03 Chapter)

fu;a;d ixl,amh & wdfjzok mokufu;a;d ixl,amh & wdfjzok mokufu;a;d ixl,amh & wdfjzok mokufu;a;d ixl,amh & wdfjzok moku (Metta Concept : Foundation of Affective )

wdfjzok hk jpkh iZoyd bx.@Sis NdIdfjka Affective hk jok jHjydr

flfrA'1 fuz Affective hk jok iZoyd wF:! jYfhka ps;a;fjz.sl" wdfjzoksl" l@shdldrS"

n,mdk" Woafjz.hla" wdfjzok hk f;areuz iuQyh Ndjs;d lr we;'2 idudkHfhka idrOrAu

yd ixl,am ms<snZoj bx.@Sis NdIdfjka rps; fndfyda ufkdajsoHd jsIhh fCIa;@hg wh;a

.@F:hkays fuu wrA:h iZoyd Ndjs;d jS we;af;a Emotion hk bx.@Sis jokhs'3 wF:! jYfhka

fuu Emotion yd Affective hk jpk folu iudkdrA:j;a f,i jHjydr flfrA'

Emotion hk jofkys wF:! jkqfha ps;a;fjz.h" Woafjz.h" rih yd Ndjh hkakhs'

tfukau Ndjh hkak weZ.jSu iZoyd bx.@Sis NdIdfjz Wesen, affection, being, emotion,

entity, gist, meaning, nature, order, sentiment, status hk joka Ndjs;d jS ;sfnz'4

affection hk jpkfhys wrA: f,i olajd ;sfnkqfha iafkayh" ohdj"

frda.h" wdorh" wdndOh" wkqrd.h" Ndjh" jskaokh" wdfjzokh yd jd;ai,H hkdoshhs'5

tfiau emotion hk jpkfhys wrA: f,i ps;a;fjz.h" Woafjz.h" rih yd Ndjh hk wrA:

iuQyh o being hk jpkfhys wrA: f,i i;a;dj" i;ajhd" i;d" cSjh" Ndjh" N~;hd"

m@dKh" meje;au oelajsh yel' fuys oS ilaldh osgzGs hk wrA:h m@Nj jSug n,mdk ,o

ilaldh hk jok ;ekS we;s wkaou ms<snZoj wjOdkh fhduq jSu jeo.;ah' ulaksido h;a

lsis|= cSj i;a modrA:hla rys; m@ia;;hla jQ ialkaO mxplfhys tla tla ialkaO fldgla

mdidu uu uf.a hehs ie,lSu ilaldh osgzGsh m@NjjSug fya;jk nejsks' 'tfiau entity hk

jpkfhys wrA: f,i wdia:s;Hh" ia:s;sh" ia:s;s" jia;j" wia;s;ajh" Ndjh yd N~;hd hk

wrA: iuQyhka o meaning hk jpkfhys wrA: f,i f;areu" woyi" wre;" wNsm@dh" Pdhd"

Pdhdj" Ndj yd N~;drA:h hk wrA: iuQyhka o nature hk jpkfhys iegsh" ienEj"

iajrEmh" iajNdjh" jrA.h" fidndoyu" .;sh" .Kh" ckau .;sh" OrAu;dj" Ndjh"

,CIKh" ksiZ." ksirA. nj" OrAuh" m@lD;sh yd irEm" hk wrA: iuQyhka o sentiment

hk jpkfhys f,i ufkda .;sh" ye.Su" u;h" wNsm@dh" rih" Ndjh" rxckh yd

ufkdaNdjh hk wrA: iuQyhka o status hk jpkfhys f,i ia:s;Hh" ia:s;sh" whs;sh"

;rd;sru" ;ru;sru" Ndj" Ndjh yd ;;ajh hk wrA: iuQyhka o order hk jpkfhys

f,i wkqms<sfj<" hqla;s OrAu;dj" ksldh" ms<sfj<" iduh" ie,iqu" iudch" ix>hd"

ixjsOdkh" Tzvrh" jev ms,sfj<" jekak" jok" jrA.h" fufyjr" Ydikh" wdZ{dj" wdZ{d

m;@h" wiqk" wiak" weKjqu" Tf<dx.j" l@uh" wK" wkq l@uh" .Kh" jsOsh" jsOdkh"

;SrK wdZ{dj" Ndjh" mgsmdgsh" ksis md,kh" ms<sfj<" kshuh" ksfhda.h" m@ldrh"

94

m@luh" msrsi" wkq ms,sfj<" jskh" f.da;@h" iegs" iuzj;d" iQ;@" irKs" ika lrkjd" wK

lrkjd" ms<sfh< lrkjd" kshu lrkjd yd Tiq b,a,d hjkjd hk wrA: iuQyhka o

fmkajd osh yelsh' fulS jpk ish,a, i,ld n,k l< lsishuz ixl,amhl Ndjuh ;;ajh

weZ.jSu msKsi jvd;a fhda.Hu yd Wps;u jpkh lulaoehs ;SrKhlg t<Ush yelsh'

tnejska Ndjuh ixfjzokhka ksrEmKh lsrSu msKsi Wps;u moh tys mqZM,au wrA:

ksrEmKh f,i fuys l,ska fmkajd fok ,o Affective hkak meyeos,sh' fuu Affective

hk jpkfhka lsishuz ixl,amhl tla;rd me;slvla jQ Ndjuh ;;ajh losug ksrEmKh

lr oelajsh yelsh' tfukau Ydia;@Sh jYfhka jvd;a ishquzu ufkda.;sl ia:rhla lrd

wmf.a jsurAYkh fufyhjSug jvd jevs bv m@ia;djla o fuz uZ.ska Wodfjz'

Affective hk jpkh m@Nj jSug uq,a jQ Affection hk Ynzoh odrAYksl

wrA:fhka Ndjs;d jSu wdruzN jQfha crAuka NdIdfjz we;s jpkhka jk tf\lafgkaf,yafrA (

Affektenlehre ) hk jok uq,a jSfuks'6 th ix.S; fi#kaorAh Ydia;@fhys isoaOdka;hka

ms<snZoj fh|=kls' mqZM,a f,i oelajqjfyd;a wikakka ;< jsjsO jQ b;d jsfYaIs;uh Ndjhka

cks; lsrSug iu;a jkakd jQ iajr rgdjka yeZoskajSu msKsi fuh Ndjs;d lr ;sfnz' fulS

odrAYksl woyfiys idrh kuz ckm@sh ix.S;Z{hskayg jsjsO WmlrK ;<ska kefZ.k

ix.S; kdorgd ksrAudKYS,Snjg m;a lrjSug bjy<ajk mokuhs'jsjsO ix.S; WmlrK

rd. kuz jQ jsOsu;a kdoud,dj,g wkqj jdokhlr tuZ.ska tajd wikakka;< Ndjd;sYh lZM

.ekajSula we;s lrjQ muKg jvd;a is;a .kakd iqZM ix.S;hla ksrAudKh lrkakg yelshdj

we;snj fmr wmros. fi#kaorAh Ydia;@ ms<snZo mrAfhaIKj, ksr;jk jsoaj;kaf.a

jsYajdihhs' WoEik"oyj,a"iji yd rd;@S jeks ojfia jsjsO hduhka j,oS cSj jsoHd;aul

miq;,hlg jvd;a Tnsk f,i jskaok yelshdfjz we;s fjkialuz i,ld fuu rd. ms<sfh, jS

mej;snj fmros. ix.S; Ydia;@fha oelafjz'Nr;uqks jeks mqrdK Ndr;Sh mZvsjref.a kHdhh

Ydia;@ .@ka:j, mjd udkj wdfjzok yd ri ksIam;a;sh ms<snZo funZ|= jsjsO lreKq iZoykah'

ix.S;fhys we;s by; iZoyka l< .Khka wdfjzok mCIfhys o olakg ,efnk nejska

ix.S; ( fi#kaorAh ) Ydia;@fhys isoaOdka;hka ms<snZoj Ndjs;d lrkakg fh|=Kq wdfjzokh

hk jHjydrh ffcj ixfjzokhla kuz lsrSu jsIfhys o Ndjs;d lrkakg jsh' jsfYaI

jYfhka ix.S;fhys yd fi#kaorAhh Ydia;@fhys jsia;r jk ixOzjksh ;< .enzjk

f,,fok iajNdjh yd pu;aldr ckl iajNdjh wdfjzok .Kfhys o ta wdldrfhka .enz

jSu ksid wdfjzokh yeZoskajSu iZoyd o ix.S;fhys Ozjks .Kfhys tla;rd iajNdjhla

yeZoskajSu msKsi Ndjs;d l< Affective hk mohu jHjydr lrkakg jsh' fu;a;d

ixl,amfhys .enz jkakd jQ fi#uH yd pu;aldr ckl iajNdjh tu ;;ajh wdfjzokh

Affective f,i jHjydr lrkakg fya;jla jS ;snQ nj fuz wkqj meyeos,s fjz' usksia

ixfjzokhkays b;du;au ishquz Ndjuh wjia:djla wdfjzokh hkqfjka kuz jS ;sfnz' tfukau

fulS ishquz nj jvd;a lemS fmfkkafka fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZoj idlpzPd lrk

wjia:djhka ysoSh'7

95

fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok moku hkqfjka yeZoskafjkafka fu;a;d

idrOrAuh ms<snZoj we;slr.kakd jQ Ndjuh m@ia;;hhs'8 Ndjuh ;;ajh f.dvkefZ.kafka

huzlsis idrOrAuhla yd iuznJO yeZ.Suz ps;a;fjz. ufkdaNdj wdosh tla;eka jSu uZ.sks'9 nq|=

iufhys ffp;isl mCIfhka ksrEmKh jkafka fuu Ndjuh ;;ajhhs'10 fu;a;d

fpf;dajsuqla;s wdosfhka m@ldYjkQfha fulS l~gm@dma;jQ mru ksIagdj lrd <Z.djQ Ndjuh

mrsmQrAKFjhhs. wdfjzokhka idudkHfhka udkisl mCIfhka l@shdldrS udkisl jQ o ufkda

.;sl iajNdjhka o fj;a' tfukau tys lsishuz fjz.j;a iajNdjhlao w;aoelsh yelsh' fuu

,CIKhka tkuz wdfjzok iajNdjh w;aolsk js,dYh usksidg fukau iFj f,dalfhys

fjk;a cSjSkago msysgd ;sfnz' nsh" i;g" fldamh, iduQyslFjh" us;@YS,SFjh jeks udkisl

wdfjzok iajNdjhka usksidg fukau ish,q iFj m@cdjgu fmd|= wdfjzok fjz' tla;rd w;lg

fuu wdfjzohka iFj meje;afuys wLKav;djh ;SrKh lrkakd jQ idOlhla f,io fmkajd

osh yelsh' ula ksido h;a fuu wdfjzok uZ.ska iFj jrA.hdg Tjqkaf.a ffoksl

wjYH;djhka iuzmQrAK lr.ekSug lsishuz bZ.shla fukau bv m@ia;djla ie,fik nejsks'11

usksid we;ZM ffcj m@cdju iuia;hla f,i .;a l< iduQysl cSjs;h ms@h lrkafkda fj;a'

ffcj jrA.hd fuu iduQysl cSjs;hg m@sh lsrSug mgka .kq ,enQfjz fuhg fndfyda wE;

ld, jljdkqjlg fmr mgkah' ta Tjqkaf.a wdrCIdjg yd meje;aug jsjsOdldrfhka

;rAckhka mrsirfhka" fidndoyfuka yd fjk;a iFj jsfYaIhka uZ.ska t,a,jkakg jQ

ld,jljdkqj;<oSh' jsfYaIfhkau ;ks ;ksj yqol,d jqjfyd;a ;u jrA.hd usys u;ska jZo

jS h;ehs hk wjodkug yd ;rAckhg ,la jQ fndfyda ffcj jsfYaIhka ish meje;au

;yjqre lr.ekSu msKsi iduQysl cSjk fmfj;lg yqre mqre|= jQy'12 fuu ;rAckhka

cdkuh yd fjk;a ffcjSh lreKq iuznJOfhka mjd t,a, jkakg jsh' iduQysl osjs

fmfj;la;< oS ;uka ;ksjS ke;ehs hk wdl,amh fukau nsfhka wdrCIdjSu" li.sskak

m,jd yerSu msKsi ork ,o iduQysl m@h;akhka" fjk;a cSjS jsfYaIhkaf.ka ish cSjs;hg

t,a, jk wys;lr n,mEu wju lr.ekSu jeks lreKq ms<snZoj jsfYaI ie,ls,a,la oelajSu

;;a ld,jljdkqj wkqj b;d wjYH fohla jS ;snsKs' fujeks wjOdkd;aul ld,mrspzfPaohla

.; lruska isgS ffcj jrA.hd yg us;@Fjh ms<snZo uQ,sl wvs;d,u jegqfka fulS iduQysl osjs

fmfjf;ys wjYH;djh u; jSu;a iuZ.uh'13

idudkH jYfhka us;@YS,S wdl,am j,ska iukajs; jqj;a tlS us;@YS,S nj

jvd;a jrAOkhg ,lajkqfha mYapd;a ld,Sk jYfhks' mYapd;a ld,Skj fiiq iFj jsfYaIhka

wNsNjkh lruska usksid fmrg meusfK;au usksid ;< ixjrAOkh jS mej;s udkisl

mrsK;sfhys iajNdjhg iu.duSj Tyq;< us;@YS,S wdl,amhka ixl,am ugzgfukq;a Tnzng

jrAOkh jkakg jsh' tkuz ffcj f,dj ;< fjfikakd jQ wfkl;a iFj jrA.hkayg fuka

yqfola lsishuz idudkH udkisl ixfjzos iajNdjhla muKla fkdjS th jrAOs; wdfjzok

iajNdjhla njg mrsjrA;kh jsh' fjk;a ffcj jsfYaIhkays fkdue;s tfy;a usksidgu

wdfjzKsl jQ wdfjzok li,;djhka usksid w;am;a lr .kq ,enQfjz Tyq ;< ixjrAOkh jS

96

meje;s udkisl mrsK;sh ksiduh'14 fuu udkisl mrsK;sh fya;fldgf.k usksid ;<

we;s fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv Tyq;< we;a;d jQ ishZM udkisl |=rAj,;d

wNsNjkh l< yels wdldrfhka ixjrAOkhg md;@ l< yelshdj ysus lrf.k isgshs' fuz

ksid jsYajfhys fjkia lsis|= iFj jsfYaIhlg ish meje;au wrUhd iajdOSkj lghq; l<

fkdyels wdldrhlska hqla;j lghq; lr tuZ.ska iajlSh iod;ksl jsula;sh idlaId;a

lr.kakg mjd usksidg yels jS ;snSu usksi;a nfjys we;s fY@aIaGFjh lshdmdkakd jQ losu

wjia:djls'15

fu;a;d idrOrAufhys wdfjzok moku hg;g .efkkafka ps;a;fjz.Sh

jYfhka fl;ruz ixfjzoSNdjhla tys .enzjkafka o hk lreK yd wNHka;r.; ps;a;

ifudaOdkh ta ;<ska we;s lr,kafka flfiao hk lreKqh'16 wNsOrAu yd iQ;@ msglhkays

.enzjk iQ;@foaYkd yd jskh msglfhys pq,a,j.a.md,s yd uyd j.a.md,s hk fm<

.@J:j,ska m@lg flfrkakd jQ fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok moku .eUqrska wOHhkh lsrSu

uZ.ska prAhd ixialrK l@ufjzohla jYfhka th nq|=iufhys Ndjs;hg .kq ,enQ wdldrh

ms<snZoj meyeos,s wjfndaOhla ,ensh yelsh' fuz uZ.ska ;;ahq.fhys wOHdmk jsOs l@uhla

jYfhka fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok moku w;s idrA:l f,i Ndjs;hg .kq ,enQ

wdldrh ms<snZoj meyeos,s jegySula o ,ensh yelsjkq we;'17

fu;a;d idrOrAufhys wdfjzzok mokug wh;ajkafka ps;a; ffp;isl

jYfhka nq|=iufhys oelafjk ukfiys Ndjuh ia:rfhys we;s ishquz iajrEmhhs' fuz hgf;a

mqoa., ukfia we;sjk Ndjuh ;;ajhkag wkql~, jk mrsoafoka fu;a;d idrOrAuh uZ.ska

we;slrk fm#reI ixjrAOkh mqoa., fjzu;a;;dj u; lsishuz ksYaps; ia:dkhla lrd wod<

mqoa.,hdj b,lal.; lrjk nejz meyeos,sj fmkajd oS ;sfnz' uq,a nq|=iufha js.@yjk

fpzf;dajsuqla;shg mdoljk Ndjuh l~gm@dma;sh weiqrska fu;a;d idrOrAufhys wdfjzok

moku wrA: olajd we;' jspdr mQrAjl jsYaf,aIKhka is|=l< hq; wjia:djkays oS wdNsOuzusl

jsjrKhkays yd wgzGl:djkays18 .enzjkakdjQ ufkdajsoHd;aul js.@yhka uZ.ska fulS

fu;a;d idrOrAufhys wdfjzok moku .eUqrska wOHkhg ,lajsKs'

fu;a;d ixl,amh fnfyjska Ndjuh .Kfhka fmdaIs; idrOrAuhls'

ys;j;anj us;renj ;< is;g oefkkafka lsishuz uq|= fudf<dla wdl,amhls' us;renj

fyj;a ys;j;anj uq|= fudf<dlah'19 tfukau tys lsishuz taldnoaO;djla usY@jQ yeZ.Sulao

f.kfohs' fuu ys;j;a iajNdjh we;sjkafka iuia; cSj m@cdju ;ukaf.a cSjs;h yd iiZod

ne,Su ;<ska we;slr.kakd ,o iuia;;djh uZ.sks'20 lsishuz flfkl ;ud;< olskakdjQ

ys;j;anj yd cSj;ajSfuz we;s leue;a; wkH cSjSka jsIfhyso Tjqfkdjqkag idOdrKnj oel

wjfndaO lr.kshs' tfiau tf,i wjfndaO lr.ekSuka wk;rej ;ud iajlSh ldh ps;a;

wNHka;rh fyj;a ialkaO mxplh ;< olskakdjQ ;udf.a iajNdjh wkH cSj m@cdj ;<o ta

97

wdldrfhkau oelSu ksid ;uka wkH cSjSkaf.ka fjkajQ wkH jQ iajrEmhla fkdfmkajk yq|=

iuia; ffcj f,dalhgu wh;a ;j;a tla udkj iajrEmS yev;,hla muKla f,i yZ.shs'

ilaldh osgzGsh |=re jkqfha fufia jegySu ksidh';ud iuia; ffcj m@cdjf.ka fjkalr

ie,lSu ilaldh osgzGsh nsysjSug fya;jhs';ud iuia; ffcj m@cdj;< oelSu fukau iuia;

ffcj m@cdj ;ud;< oelSu o fu;a;d ixl,am ixjrAOkfha iSud blaujSu uZ.ska is|= flfrA'

fuz wdldrfhka iuia;h iuia;h ;< isgskakd jQ tla tla cSjshd ;<ska oel yZ|=kd .ekSu

iuia;h flfrys tla tla cSjshd olajkakd jQ odhlFjh meyeos,s lrjhs' iuia;h ;<

talSh iajNdjh fukau talSh iajNdjh ;< iuia;h ms<snZo wdl,amh we;s jkafka ;ud wkH

cSjSkaf.ka fjka fldg l,amkd lrkakdjQ iajNdjh jshqla; lsrSu uZ.sks'21

;uka wkH cSjSkaf.ka fjkalr olajkafka wd;audrA:h uZ.sks' wd;audrA:h yg

.kqfha iuia;h yd ;ud hkq tlu i;a iajNdjfha jsNskak iajrEmhka nj jgyd fkd.ekSu

ksidh' fuz whqrska tlu i;a iajNdjfha jsNskak iajrEmhka fmkajkafka ukao hk ldrKh

fuysoS u;jk jeo.;a lreKls' thg fya;j kuz tu jsNskak iajrEmhka ienE f,iu

m@mxp f,dj ;< jsoHudk fohdldr iajNdjhla fkdj ta foi n,kakdjQ oDIagsfhys fjkia

iajrEmh u; flfkl ukiska ixcdkkh lr.kq ,nkakd jQ wdldrh fjz' wdruzNfhaoS nqoaOs

jsIhhl iajrEmhla m@orAYkh l<o wjidkfhaoS fuu ;;ajh Ndjuh .Khla njg

mrsjrA;kh fjz' fuys Ndjuh ;;ajh kuz ;ud ;uka flfrysu fukau iuia;h flfryso

us;@Fjh f.dv kZ.d .ekSuhs' fuu l@shdj,sh ;<oS is|=jkqfha ;ud iuia;h flfrys

tald;ausl jSuhs' fuu tald;ausl jSu jkdyS wdOHd;ausl neZoSuls' th Ndjuh mCIh

ksfhdackh lrhs' fu;a;d ixl,amfhys fulS nkaOkSh iajNdjh uekjska wka;rA.; fjz'

fuu wdOHd;aul ;;ajh fyj;a Ndjuh iajNdjh uD|= ugis,sgs iajNdjhla m@;sksrAudKh

lrkakls' idrOrAu mCIfhys,d th wod< jkafka li,h fnfyjska uD|= yd ugis,sgs

iajNdjhla .kakd ksidh' li,h ieye,a,qh' is;g yd lhg wdiajdo ckl wdl,am j,ska

msrS we;' uki uD|= lrjk ieye,a,q lrjk fuu wdfjzok ;;ajh fu;a;d ixl,amfhys

fnfyjska nyq, f,i wka;rA.;h' ys;j;a nj we;s jkafka uD|= f,i l,amkd lsrSu ksidh'

wkH cSj m@cdj flfrys uD|= yd WKqiquz f,i Ndjuh m@;spdrhla oelajSug wjldY

ie,fikafka ukfiys mj;skakd jQ ieye,a,qnj ksid we;s jk ps;a; m@fndaOhhs'22

udkisl wd;;s rys; nj uZ.ska jvd;a ksjeros jsksYaphka .ekSug is;g

wjldY ,efnk mrsoafoka is; ieye,a,qNdjhg m;a fjz' ksrjoH;djh fyj;a ;uka ksjeros

flfklh hk udkisl yeZ.Su TzkEu flfklf.a is; iqjm;a lrjkakd jQ ldrKhls' fuz

fya;j ksid ksrjoH;djh ms<snZo flfkl ;< we;sjkakd jQ hym;a wdl,amh TzkEu

flfklf.a udkisl ksfrda.S;djh msKsi ukd msgsjy,la imhkakla njg m;a fjz' fuz

fya;j ksid TzkEu flfkla ;uka ks;ru ksjeros l@shd lrkakd jQ ksjeros flfklh hk

yeZ.Su we;s lr .ekSug fukau iudcfhys wka fndfyda fokd ;uka ksjeros flfklh hk

98

udkislFjfhka hq;j ;uka foi n,kq oelSug b;d reps lr;s' fuu cSj jsoHd;aul

wjYH;djhla muKgu udkjhdf.a ukfiys b;du;a ;oska ;ekam;a jQ ldrKhls' fu;a;d

ixl,amfhys ;j;a tla yria lvla jkqfha fuu ksrjoH;djh ms<snZo yeZ.Su ukisg

ldjeoaoSug th iu;aluz oelajSuhs' iEu flfklu l@shd lsrSfuzoS yels;dla ;ukaf.a l@shdjka

ksrjoH wdl,amhlska hq;j fufyhjSug Wkka|= jkafka Tjqka ;< n,mj;ajk fuu

ksrjoH;djh ms<snZo yeZ.Suhs'23 kuq;a wjdikdjlg fuka fndfyda fokd ksjeros hehs is;d

lrkakd jQ fndfyda l@shdjka ksid fmd|=fjz udkj j.!hdg f.k fokafka ys;lr jsmdl

fkdfjz' ta Tjqkaf.a l@shdjka wd;audrA:h uZ.ska oevsj uev mj;ajkq ,nk ksidh' wd;audrA:h

kuz iuia;fhka mqoa.,hd fjka lr,kq ,nk jeros oDIagshhs' fu;a;d ixl,amh fuu jeros

oDIaGsh usksia ukfika bj;a lr oukq ,nhs' fu;a;d ixl,amh uZ.ska mqoa., ika;dkh ;<

we;sjkafka fmd|=nj yd iduQyslFjh ms<snZo yeZ.Suls' fuu fmd|= nj yd iduQyslFjh ms<snZo

yeZ.Su jQ l,S iuia;fhka mqoa.,hd fjka lr oukq ,nkakd jQ wd;audrA:hg m@;sjsreoaO jQ

yeZ.Suhs'24

fu;a;d ixl,amfhys mj;a;d jQ fuu iduQyslnj ms<snZo wdl,amh yd

fmd|=nj ms<snZo yeZ.Su uZ.ska mqoa., l@shdfjys ksrjoH;djh we;slrkq ,nhs' fuhska m@ldY

jkafka wd;audrA:fhka f;dr jQ is;ska hq;j lrkq ,nk lshkq ,nk tfukau is;kq ,nk

iEu fohla ;<u mdfya fuu ksrjoH;djh .enzj mj;sk njhs' ksjeros l@shdjka ksjeros

l:khka yd ksjeros pska;khka mokuz jS we;af;a fu;a;d ixl,amh nj fuz wkqj ks.ukh

l< yel' ksjeros nj kuz ;ukag;a wkqkag;a hym;la jQ foa muKlauh hkak f.dv

kefZ.kqfha fuu kHdh wkqjh' idudkH csjs;fhys oS flfkl fydZo fyda krl hkqfjka

f.dvkZ.d .kakd idrOrAu rduqjla we;' tu rduqj ;< fydZo foa f,i ks;ru wF:!

oelafjkafka ;uka yd wkHhka w;r us;@YS,S nj f.dvkxjk wdl,am yd li,;d

jrAOkhhs'25

ysff;ISNdjh fyj;a ys;j;anj hk lreK flfryso fu;a;d

ixl,amfhys n,mEu w;suy;ah' fu;a;d ixl,amfhys uqLH mrudrA:hu jkqfha il,jsO

cSj m@cdj fj; ys;j;a nj me;srjSu jk fyhsks' uq,skau ;uka ;ukag ys;j;anj

we;slr.; hq;h' ljodlj;au flfkl ;ukag ;udu ys;j;a ke;akuz Tyq flosklj;a

wkHhka jsIfhys ys;j;anjla we;s lr.ks;shs is;sh fkdyelsh' tnejska ys;j;a nj we;slr

.; hq;af;a m<uqfldgu ;uka jsiska ;ud flfrysuh' fojkqj ;ud ;uka flfrys

we;slr.kakd ,o ys;j;aNdjh wkHhka lrdo l@udkQl~,j me;srjsh yelsjkq we;'

ienjskau wdfjzokhla jYfhka fuu ys;j;a nfjys we;s Wmfhda.S;djh m@udK l<

fkdyelsh' cSj f,dalh tfukau wcSj f,dalh wLKavj meje;au iZoyd ishZM fokdf.au

l@shdldrluz ys;j;alu u; flaJ|@.; jS ;snsh hq;af;ah' fuf,dj jikakd jQ il,jsO cSj

m@cdj Tjqfkdjqkag ys;j;a fkdjkafka kuz cSjh meje;aug fuf,dj iq|=iq ia:dkhla fkdjkq

99

we;' fuu ys;j;anj jqjo iSud iys; jmirshla u; rZod mj;skafka kuz th kshu ys;j;a

nj f,i Wml,amkh l< fkdyels jkq muKla fkdj th irAj iuzmQrAK jYfhka fu;a;d

ixl,amfhys l@shdldrSFjh jYfhka yZ|=jkajd oSug o fkdyelsjkq we;'26 tnejska ys;j;anj

il, cSj m@cdfjka tla;rd fldgilg muKla iSudjk wdldrfha ys;j;a njla fkdjsh

hq;h' lsishuz wd.usl fyda odrAYksl pska;khla uZ.ska fu;a;d ixl,amfhys jmirsh by;

oelafjk wdldrfhka b;d iSus; rduqjlg fldgqlr ;nkakg jEhuz flfrA kuz tu wd.usl

fyda odrAYksl pska;kh uZ.ska ksrEmKh flfrkakd jQ fu;a;d ixl,amh tys kshu

iajrEmh f,i ms<s.ekSu fuz wkqj wiSreh' fuz wkqj tla;rd lKavdhulg fyda fldgilg

muKla iSud jk jsOsfha fu;a;d ixl,amhlska tys wdfjzok mCIh ksis f,i wF:!

ksrEmKh fkdflfrA' fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok .Khka jk uD|= ugis,sgs yd ieye,a,q

iajNdjh tjka iSud iys; jmirshlska hq; wF:! l:khka ;<ska flfklf.a is;;< yg

fkd.kS'27 wfkla w;g fu;a;d ixl,amh m;rjkq ,nkakd jQ iSudj mqZM,a jkakg jkakg

tys uD|= ugis,sgs yd ieye,a,q iajNdjh flfklf.a is;g jv jvd;a ;oska oefkkag mgka

.kshs' fuz oekSu iuZ.u ta mqoa.,hd ,nkakd jQ udkisl iekiqfuz wdfjzokSh .Kh ;Sj@ fjz'

flfkl huz lsisjla lsrSug fm<fUkakd jQ m@n,u ldrKh jkqfha tu mqoa.,hd tu

ldrAhh weiqrska ,nk wd;au ;Dma;sh fyj;a jskaokhhs' fjk;a f,ilska olajf;d;a

wdfjzokSh .Kfha ;Sj@;dj WmrSu whqrska jsZo .ekquhs'28

wd;auwNsudkh ms<snZo yeZ.Suo fu;a;d ixl,amfhys l@shdldrSFjh m@lg

lrkakd jQ wjia:djls' TzkEu mqoa.,fhlg ;ud ms<snZoj huzlsis wd;au jsYajdihla

f.dvkeZ.S ;snsh hq;h' fuu wd;au wNsudkh hkqfjka woyia jkqfha thhs' il,jsO ffcj

f,dalh fj; us;renj m;,lr yrskakgo flfkl ;< fuu wd;au wNsudkh fyj;a wd;au

jsYajdih f.dvkeZ.S ;snSu uy;au rel,la fjhs' iuia; m@dfKaJ|@hka jsIfhysu fu;a is;

m;, lrkakd jQ mqoa.,hdf.a isf;ys fulS wd;au jsYajdih uZ.ska we;s lrkqfha tlS wruqK

flfrys jQ wLKav fhduq lrjSuhs' iuia; ffcj f,dalhu iqrCIs; jsh hq; njg m@n,

jsYajdihla fujsg tu mqoa.,hdf.a isf;ys yg.kshs' fu;a;d ixl,amh fmrgq fldgf.k

we;ssjkakd jQ fuu wd;au jsYajdih uZ.ska mqoa.,fhlf.a is; uD|= lrAukH iajNdjhlg m;a

lrjkq ,nhs' fujsg isf;ys wdfjzokhkays iajNdjh w;sYhskau mjs;@ jk w;r ieye,a,qo

fjz' mjs;@ yd ieye,a,q wdfjzok iajNdjhlska hq;j lghq; lrkakg lrkakg wkHhka

iuZ. Tyqf.a neZoSu jevs oshqKq fjz' fuu nJOkSh iajNdjh jQ l,S us;@;ajfhys nJOkhhs'

kuq;a fuu nJOkSh iajNdjfhys we;af;a f,daNfhka is|=jkakla fuka isf;ys ;o njla

we;sjSu fkdj is; thska uqojd,Suhs' th yqfola m@S;sh yd ps;af;al.@;djh wruqKqfldgu

we;sjkakd jQ ieye,a,q ksoyia wdfjzokhls'29 fuu ieye,a,qnj isf;ys jrAOkh jkakg jSu

is; ;j ;j;a tjeksu jQ ieye,a,q wruqKq yd wdfjzok Tiafia l@shdlsrSug w;sm@n,

Wmia:uzNkhla fjhs' fu;a;d ixl,amfhys n,mEu ksid is; ;j ;j;a fujeksu uD|= yd

ieye,a,q nj Tiafia jv jvd;a ishquz njg meusfKa' uq,ska ;uka ;ud ms<snZoju wd;au

100

jsYajdifhka l@shdlrk l:dlrk yd is;k ;eke;af;a miqj ishZM ffcj m@cdj ms<snZoju

wd;au jsYajdifhka lghq; lrkakg fm<fUz' jrAudkfhys f,dj we;sjk .egquz yeu

tllgu mdfya uq,a jS we;af;a mqoa., ps;a; ika;dkh ;<ska fuu mqoa., wd;au jsYajdih yd

wkqka flfrys we;sjk jsYajdih ;rka jS hduhs' ;ukag ;uka flfrys jsYajdihla fkdue;s

jsgu wkHhka ms<snZojo jsYajdih ySkjS hhs' ;uka ;ukaj iel lrk muKgu wkHhka

.eko iel lsrSug fy;u fm<fUz' fuz wdldrfhka ielfhka hq;j ySk jQ mqoa.,.; yd

wkH jsYajdihlska lghq; lrkakg fm<USu ksidu fu;a;d ixl,amho mqoa., ukiska

jshelS hhs' wNHka;r yd ndysr .egqug uq, thhs'

flfkl ;< wjYH muKg fu;a;d ixl,amkh l@shd;aul fjz kuz tu

;eke;a;d ;< mqoa.,.; yd iudc.; jsYajdih jrAOkh fjz' mqoa.,.; jsYajdih

jrAOkhjSu wNHka;r ifudaOdkh we;sjSu flfrys bjy,a jk w;r iudc.; jsYajdih

jrAOkhjSu iudc .egZM wju lsrSfuys,d uy;a fia Wmldr flfrA' wfkla w;g iudc.;

.egZM wjujSu hkq mqoa.,.; udkisl fi#LHh wdrCIdjSu f,i wF:! l:kh l< yelsh'30

fuh lsishuz wdldrhl tlsfkl yd noaOjqkq jD;a;hla jeksh' tys tlla iuzmQrAK jSu hkq

wfkl iuzmQrAK jSu iZoyd wjYH fya; idOlhla tla jSu jeksh' tl w;lg fya; M,

iuznJO;djfhys fn#oaO wF:!l:kh fuz uZ.ska ksrEmKh flfrkafka hehs wjYH kuz

flfklg fujeks foa idOl fldg bosrsm;a l< yelsh' flfia jqj;a ;drAlsl uki mdol

fldg.;a jrA;udk oekquz moaO;Skag mjd f;areuz.; fkdyels wdldrhlg huz huz foa

is|=jkq kuz oelsh yelsh' tajd jrA;udkfhys fnfyjska oshqKqj mj;sk jsoHd;aul fuj,uz

yd WmlrK Ndjs;hg f.k mjd fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok l@shdj<sh uZ.ska we;sjk

Okd;aul oshqKqj ksjerosj uek ne,Sug fyda ta ms,snZoj fN#;sl idOl bosrsm;a lsrSug

yelshdjla fkdue;' tfia lrkakg jEhuz lsrSfuys oS mjd mek kZ.skakd jQ m@Odku .egZMj

jkqfha ta iZoyd Wmfhda.S lr.kakd jQ WmlrKj, ksrjoH;djh yd ishquz nj ms<snZoj

u;j we;s .egZM iy.; Ndjhhs' fuz ksid m@udKhg jvd ngysr jsoHd;aul jsYaf,aIKhka

Tiafiau osjejSu ksid usksia pska;kh Tyq jsiskau ksmojk ,o iSud iys; ksrjoH;djhla yd

ishquz njla iys; fN#;sl WmlrKhkays isr.; lsrSug;a ta Tiafia jsgska jsg jsjsO

ixialrKhkag ,lajk fodaI iy.; jsjrKhka fm<.eiajSug;a is|=j we;'

fujeks is|=jSuz woaN~; yd us:Hdjka .Kfhys ,d neyer lsrSug fukau

wjsoHd;aul pska;kfhka hqla;j jyd ms<s.ekqug fndfyda fofkla leue;a; olaj;;a

nq|=iuh wF:! olajkafka tfukau miikafka jspdrmQrAjlj ks.ukhka j,g meusKSuhs'

tfiau jspdr mQrAjl ks.uk j,g meusKSfuzoS jqjo fnfyjska w;sOdjkldrSj l@shd lsrSu

nq|=iuh ms<sfkd.kshs' iEu fohlau is|=jSug tajdgu wkHkH jQ ksYaps; ld,hla ;sfnz' tlS

kshus; ld,hg fmrd;j b;du yosisfha m@ia;;hka ksis f,i msrslaiSulska f;drj jy jyd

ysi .sks.;af;l f,i Tz,drslj l@shdlsrSu w;sOdjkldrSjSu f,i nq|=iuh olajhs' luz

101

ue,sluska yd w,injska hq;j ld,h ld oeuSuo fuhska woyia fkdfjz'31 lula l,;a tys

lsishuz uOHia: njla ;snsh hq;h hkakhs' uOHia: jSu hkq WodiSk jSu fkdjk nejsks'

tfiau uOHia: jSu hkq wOsl w,i jSu yd w;sOdjkldrS nj hk fo wxYfhkau gsl gsl

wkq.ukh lsrSu hkako fkdjk nejsks' hym;a whqrska W;aiyjka;j l@shdlsrSu uZ.ska

iuchg ;ukaf.ka is|=jsh hq; hq;luz yd j.lSuz ksis f,i bgql< yel' W;aiyhg wruqKq

lr.kqfha fu;a;d ixl,amfhka hqla; wdfjzokhhs' ffu;@S mQrAjl wdfjzokfhka fufyhjkq

,enqjd jQ mqoa.,hd b;d jer jEhfuka l@shdfldg iudchg ys; iqj i,iajkafkl fjz'32

tfukau mqoa.,hd ;uka flaJ|@ lrf.k f.dvkZ.d f.k we;a;d jQ oevs

wd;audrA:lduS fpz;kdj iuia;h ;< oshlr yerSu fu;a;d ixl,amh ksid bgq fjz' fu;a;d

ixl,amh ;uka iy wkHhka w;r us;re nj jrAOkh lrjkakd jQ md<uls' th jvd;a

oshqKq ;,hlg meusKSfuzoS ;uka flaJ|@ fldgf.k l@shdlsrSu l:dlsrSu iy is;Su iuia;

ffcj m@cdj flaJ|@ fldgf.k l@shdlsrSu l:dlsrSu iy is;Su njg mrsjrA;kh fjz'

idrOrAu mCIfhka .;fyd;a fuh idrOrAuhkaf.a wjidk ksIagdj fjhs' fyj;a fuhg

jvd idrOrAuhkays W;alDIaguh wjoshla fkdue;s mru ksIagdj njg meusfKa' idudkH

mqoa.,hd fuu wjia:djg fkdmeusKu ish iir iersiereu wjika lrk w;r

fndaOsiFjjre yd nq|=jre hk fo fldgzGdYh ;< muKla fulS wjidk ksIagduh ;;ajhka

oel.; yelsh'33 tu ksidu fujeks wjia:djla mqoa., fm#reIFjh w;ska b;du oshqKq

wjia:djla hehs kuz lrkq ,efnz'34 nq|=iuh uyd mqrsi f,i olajd ;sfnkqfha fulS

fm#reIFjfhys mru ksIagduh ;;ajhhs' mYapd;a nq|=iufhys ldhsl yd udkisl

fm#reIFjfhys mru ksIagdj f,i fuu wjia:dj jrAOkhg m;a lrk ,oS'35 uq,a

nq|=iufhys nq|=r|=kau fuu uyd mqreI wF:!l:kh fldg olajd ;sfnkqfha udkisl mCIfhka

pska;k oshqKqfjys WmrSu wjia:dj oelajSu msKsih'36 fu;a;d ixl,amfhys n,mEu ksidu

fnaOsiFjjre yd nq|=jre ishZM ffcj m@cdj jsIfhysu us;re njg meusfKa'37 fuz ksid

l,HdK us;@hka w;rska fydZou l,HdK us;@hka jkqfha o Wkajykafia,duh'38

ishZM ffcj m@cdj w;rska kdhlFjhg jvd;au iq|=iafil jkqfha fu;a;d

ixl,amh m@.K l< ;eke;a;dh' iuia; ffcj m@cdj jsIfhys is;iqj leue;sjSu fuys

we;s iq|=iqluhs' msrsia n,h msrsia fufyhjSu jeks ldrAhhkays jvd;a fydZoska l@shdl< yels

;eke;a;d fu;a;d ixl,amh m@.Kl< ;eke;a;dh' msrsiays ksrANh yd jsYdro njg t<USu

hk ldrKdjka fu;a;d ixl,amfhys n,mEu ksid we;s jkakd jQ ufkdaNdjfhda fj;a'

jsYdro hkafkys wrA:h jkqfha ksmqK Ndjhhs' fuu ksmqKnj ,efnkafka lsishuz jsIh

fCIa;@hla ms<snZoj f.dvkZ.d .kakd ,oaod jQ oekqu yd mqyqKqjhs' fuu mqyqKqj ,enSfuzoS

jkafka TzkEu fCIa;@hla flfrys oekqu li,;d yd wdl,am f.dvkZ.d .ekSu iZoyd wjYH

jkakd jQ udkisl tald.@;djh fu;a;d ixl,amh uZ.ska mqoa.,hdyg ,enSuhs' wkHhka iuZ.

iyfhda.h f.dvkZ.d .ekSug yelsjSu o ish oekqu yd li,;djh uZ.ska wkHhka fj;

102

jsjsO ixl,amhka ikaksfjzokh lsrSu flfrys Okd;aul f,i n,mdkq ,nhs' n,anhla uq,ska

;ud oe,ajS miqj tys wdf,dalh msg;g m;rejkakdla fuka oekqu wdl,am yd

li,;djhkaf.ka msrsmqka mqoa., f;fuz m,uqfjka ish ps;a; ika;dkh bka oSma;su;a

lr.kshs' mqrjd .kshs' miqj iudcfhys fjfik wkHhka yg o oekqu wdl,am yd

li,;djhka ,nd foa' tnejska fu;a;d ixl,amh jrAOkh lr.kakd ,oaod jQ mqoa.,fhl

,ensh fkdyelald jQ ps;a; tald.@;djhla yd ta weiqfrka ,nkakd jQ oekqu li,;d yd

wdl,am moaO;shla fkdue;s ;ruzh' fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzokSh mCIh t;ruzu iqL

iy.; yd ufkda f.dapr jQjls' OHdk ;;ajhka fj; is; fhduq l<fyd;a tys oelafjk m@S;s

iqL hk wdfjzok ;;ajhka Wmojkafka fuu iqL iy.; ufkdaNdjh uZ.sks'

wdfjzokhkays mj;skakd jQ fuu iqL iy.;Ndjh uZ.ska iFjhdf.a jskaok

fCIa;@h mqZM,a lsrSulao is|=lrkq ,nhs' th jkafka fuf;la l,la Tz,drsl jskaokhkag

wruqKq jS meje;s yqre jS meje;s uki thska uqojd jvd;a by< ;,fha ri jskaokhkag yqre

lrjSu uZ.ska ksrdhdifhkau mqoa.,hdf.a udkisl ugzgfuz WiiaNdjhg muqKqjkq ,nhs'

fuz wdldrhg fkdoekqj;aju udkisl ugzgfuka Wiia ri jskaokhkag yqre jQ yd fhduq jQ

mqoa.,hkaf.ka idudkH tnZ|= ri jskaokhkag fhduq fkdjq rZM udkisl ugzguzj, wh w;ska

is|= jkakd jQ m@n, .Kfha jeros is|=jSu wvqh' mqoa.,hka jeros fohg fhduq jkqfha Tjqkaf.a

ri jskaokfhys mj;akd fuu |=n,;djh fya; fldgf.kh' tu ksid ms<shuz fhosh hq;

jkafkao fn#oaO fya;M, kHdhhg wkqj jrog jvd tu jro is|= jSug ;vq=|=ka fya;j |=re

lsrSu wrnhdh' thu jrog lrkq ,nk ksYaps; ms<shulao fjz'39 fuu |=n,;djh fya;

fldgf.k ksrka;rfhka usksid hym;a lrjSu iZoyd kS;s rS;s meKjSu wjYHjk w;r ri

jskaok ;,h Wiia flfkl ksrdhdifhka jroska j<lskafkl jk ksid tnZ|= wh md,kh

lsrSu iZoyd tnZ|= w;sfrAl kS;s rS;s wjYH fkdjkq we;' wfkla w;g fldmuK kS;s rS;s

meKjqj;a jrog fokakd jQ ovqjuz oevs l<;a Wiia ri jskaokhg fhduq fkdjkd;dlal,a

mqoa.,hka jrfoys neZoSu w;afkdyrskq we;' thg fya;j Tjqkag cSjs;hg ri jsZosh yels

tlu udrA.h rZM Tz,drsl my;a .@duH jskaokhka lrd fhduqjSu jk nejsks' ksrka;rfhkau

fuu Tz,drsl my;a .@duH jskaokhka ,nkakd jQ udrA.h jegS we;af;a jeros yeisrSu ;<ska

jk nejska jv jvd;a mqoa.,hka jrog fhduq jSu olakg ,efnz' ksrka;rfhka jrog fhduq

jQ jrfoys neZ|=kd jQ mqoa.,hka w;ska iudc iuzu; kS;s rS;s lvjkafka Tjqyq ;uka ,nkakd

jQ rZM udkisl wdfjzokhkays jyf,l jSu ksidh'40

fuu ;;ajfhka uqZMukskau usZoS huzlsis mqoa.,fhl Wiia ri jskaokhla

iys; wfhl f,i lghq; lsrSug fm<fUkafka kuz tnZ|= mqoa.,hka w;ska iudc iuzu; kS;s

rS;s wdrCId jkafka yqfola jro l<fyd;a thg ,ndfokakd jQ oZvqjfuys nrm;,lu

ms<snZoj nshjSfuka fyda tu jro l<fyd;a ;uka urKska u; wmdhg hkq we;ehs nsh jSfuka

fyda fkdj tjka jrola is|= jSu iZoyd Wmia:uzN jk rZM Tz,drsl my;a .@duH

103

jskaokhkaf.ka f;dr wdfjzokhka ,enSu msKsi mqoa., uki ilia jSu ksidh'41 rZM Tz,drsl

my;a .@uH jskaokhkaf.ka f;dr wdfjzokhka ,enSu msKsi mqoa., uki ilia jkafka

fu;a;d ixl,amh ukfiys jrAOkh lsrSu ;<ska we;sjk ps;a; wdfjzokhkays ishquz jSu yd

ieye,a,q jSu ksidh' nsh jeks wys;lr ufkdaNdjhka isf;ys yg.kq ,nkafkao is; rZM

wdfjzokhkag yqrejSu ksid we;sjkakd jQ wd;;suh fma@rKhkaf.a l@shdldrSFjh

fya;fldgf.kh' tfukau is; lsis|= lreKla Tiafia tl wruqK msysgqjSug wmyiq

;;ajhl mej;Su ksid lsishuz fohl ksmqK njla ,nd .ekSug wmyiq fjz' tu ksid thska

jkafka jsYdronj fyj;a ksmqKNdjh ,nd .ekSug we;s bvlv weysrS hduhs' fu;a;d

ixl,amh jrAOkh lsrSu fulS ;;ajhkaf.ka is; uqojd .ekSu msKsi fya; fjz' fu;a;d

ixl,amfhys mj;akd jQ uD|= yd lrAuKH iajNdjh is; ieye,a,q lrjk w;r l@shdfjys

Wps;Ndjhgo muqKqjd,hs' ta ksid th ksrANhNdjhg yd jsYdro njg fydZo pska;k

miqnsula isf;ys frdamKh lrjhs'

tlZ.;ajh isf;ys we;s jkakg is; uD|= yd ieye,a,q wdfjzokhla jQ fu;a;d

ixl,amfhys wdNdih ,ensh hq;h' ks;ru is; tlZ. jkafka is; jskaokhg m;a lrjkakd

jQ udkisl wdfjzokhka ieye,a,q jQ muKghs' ieye,a,q is;ska uD|= yd lrAuKH jQ is;ska

hq;j lrk lshk is;k oE uZ.ska is;g iqj t<jhs' tfukau tnZ|= is;lg jyd tlZ.nj

fyj;a tl wruqKla Tiafia l@shd;aul jSug yelshdj we;' fuu yelshdj f,#lsl yd

f,daflda;a;r hk ishZM lghq; j,oS uy;a fia m@fhdackj;a fjz' f,#lsl ia:rh

ksrka;rfhka mj;afka f,daflda;a;r ia:rhg fmrd;j nejska uq,ska f,#lsl ia:rh iqjm;a

njg meusKSu hkq mYapd;a ld,Skj iqjodhs f,daflda;a;r ia:rhlg uxmdod .ekSulao jkq

we;' tuksid nq|=iuh Wmfoia fokqfha ishZM cSjSkaf.a fuz fo wxYhu iqjm;a lrkq

iZoydhs'42 we;euz wjia:djkays fuz oajsjsO jrA.SlrKh fuf,dj mrf,dj jYfhkao oel.;

yelsh' fuysoS fuf,dj f,#lsl iqNisoaOsh ixfla;j;a lrK w;r mrf,dj f,daflda;a;r

iqNisoaOsh ixfla;j;a lrhs'

lZMKq .Kh we;s jSug fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdNdih ,ensh hq;h' lZMKq

.Kh hk wkHhka jsIfhys ohdnrs; jSuhs' ohdj we;s jkafka fu;a;d ixl,amfhys

n,emEfuks' ;uka ;ukag ohdnr jkjd fiau wkHhkago ohdnr jSu fu;a;d ixl,amh

uZ.ska is|=lrkq ,nhs'43 ;ukag ;ukaf.a |=la fjzokdjka mSvdjka ksid we;sjkakd jQ luzmkh

wkHhkaf.a |=la fjzokdjka ksido we;sjSu lZMKq .Kh isf;ys msysgd we;s njg idOlhls'

tfukau tjeks |=la mSvdjkaf.ka ;uka ;ukagu msysg jk wdldrhg wkHhkao tjeks |=la

mSvdjkaf.ka uqojd .kq ,nkafka lZMKq.Kfha n,mEu ksidh' lZMKqnr is; fu;a;d

iy.;h' fu;a;d iy.; is; ishquz yd ieye,a,qh tnZ|= ieye,a,q is;g jy jyd wkHhkaf.a

ps;a; mSvd jgyd.; yelsjkq we;' wkHkag msysg jkafka fuz jgyd .ekSu ksid ,nk

wjfndaOh flaJ|@fldgf.kh'44 is; lZMKqnr jSu li,hls' ieye,a,q is;ska i;g f.k fok

104

nj nq|=ysushka olajd we;af;a fuz fya;j ksidh' mqoa.,hka i;g ,nd .ekSu msKsi

fkdfhl;a fkdl<hq; foa mjd lsrSug bosrsm;a fj;s' ukqIH is;a i;ka ieyeis foa j,g

fm<fUkafka tjka foa ;<ska i;g ,efn;shhs Tjqka jrojd Wml,amkh lsrSu ksidh' i;g

ms<snZoj jrA;udk iudch orkakd jQ wdl,amho idl,Hfhkau ksrjoH fkdjknj mejish

yelsh'45 i;g ndysr wruqKq ksid we;sjk nj olakg ,enqk;a ienjska i;g Wmoskafka ish

wNHka;rfhks' tfiau i;g oefkkqfha yoj;gh' fuh yoj;o tfia ke;fyd;a fud<fhys

ridhk l@shdldrSFjhoehs fuysoS wkjYH ;drAlsl m@ia;;hkg t<eUSu wjYH fkdjkafka

fuysoS idlpzPd lrkakg hk ldrKh wdfjzok yd iDcqju iuznJO foa muKla jk nejsks'

fuysoS lshkakg wjYH jk ldrKh kuz wmg oefkk foa tkuz wdfjzok uD|= yd ieye,a,q

jkakg jkakg isf;ys lZMKqnr nj jrAOkh jk njhs' tfukau fu;a;d ixl,amh isf;ys

jrAOkh jkakg jkakg ps;a; wdfjzokhka uD|= yd ieye,a,q njg m;ajk njhs'

fuhska fmfkkafka fu;a;d ixl,amfhys jrAOkh yd isf;ys lZMKqnr

Ndjh w;r wfkHdakH iDcq iuznJO;djla olakg ,efnk njhs' fuu iDcq iuznJO;djh

lrKfldg f.k idrOrAu mCIfhka fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv ffcj is;a

i;kays idrOrAu jrAOkfhys,d b;du;a iqjsfYaIs ldrAhNdrhla bgqlr,k nj meyeos,sju

fmfkkag ;sfnz' ienjska ffcj jrAOkfhys,d b;du;a jeo.;a ls@shdoduhla fu;a;d

idrOrAu ixl,amh uZ.ska bIag fjz' ffcj l@shdldrSFjh cSj wdhq ld,h jrAOkh jSu Wm;a

wkqmd;slh by<hdu yd urK wkqmd;slh my< neiSu jeks lreKq iuznJOfhka fu;a;d

ixl,amfhys n,mEu b;du jsYd, f,i ms<snsUq fjz' ks;ru wkHhka jsIfhys fu;a;d

ixl,am wdfjzokfhka hqla;j is; i;gska fjfikakd jQ mqoa.,fhlf.a wdhqld,h tfia

fkdlrk mqoa.,fhlf.a wdhqld,hg jvd jrAOkh fjz' tfiau YrSfhys we;s jk jsjsO

ms<sld jrA." fkdfhl;a nelagSrshd jrA. uZ.ska we;s lrkakd jQ wdidok yd fndafjk

frda.j,ska wdrCIdj ie,iSu o fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzok jrAOkh fya;fjka we;s jkakd jQ

ys;lr m@;sM, fjz' tfiau iajNdjsl YrSr m@;sYla;sh jrAOkh fjz'

iqjpnj hkafkka woyia flfrkafka ukdj yslauqKqnjhs' YsCIKh hkak

wOHdmk l@shdj,sfhys m@Odk ia:dkhla .kakd lreKls' .rejrhd hkq YsIHhdj

yslaujkakdh hk wF:!fhka YsCIlhd f,i yeZoskafjkafka fuz woyi wkqjh' wOHdmkh

,ndoSu wOsYsCIKh lsrSu kuska yeZoskafjkafkao fuz woyi wkqj husks' YsIHhdg wOHdmkh

,ndoSfuz l@shdj,sh uZ.ska yslaujd .ekSug kuz .rejrhd fyj;a YsCIlhd YsIHhd flfrys

fu;a;d ixl,amh fmrgqfldgf.k l@shd l<hq;nj nq|=iuh fmkajd fokq ,nhs'46 wpdrAh

WmdOHdh ioaOs jsydrsl kuska yeZoskafjk fn#oaO mejsos wOHdmkh ;< .re YsIH iuznJOh

flfia meje;ajsh hq;oehs fmkajdfok nq|=iuh tu iuznJOh msh mq; fifkyi fuka

fu;a;d ixl,amh fmrgq fldg f.k meje;ajsh hq; hehs fmkajd oS ;sfnz' fuz wkqj wdpdrAh

WmdOHdhka jykafia,d jsiska ;ukaf.a mejsos YsIHhdj yslaujsh hq;af;a o YsIHhd jsiska tu

105

wjjdo yd .re WmfoaY wkqj l@shdl< hq; jkafkao fu;a;d ixl,amh fmrgq lr f.k nj

wdpdrAh WmdOHdh yd ioaOsjsydrsl j;ams<sfj;a jsia;r flfrk j;a;laLJOfhys fmkajd oS

;sfnz' tu l@shdms<sfj; mejsos mCIhg ksrAfoaY lr ;snqK;a mejsos iudch .sys iudchg

wdorAY iudchla jYfhka l@shd;aul jkakla nejska .sys .re YsIH iuznJOho ta

wdldrfhka l@shdjg keZ.Su Wps; nj fmfka' fuhska woyia flfrkafka iqjpnj .sys mejsos

fomCI Wfoidu ish cSjk meje;au Wfoid w;HjYH .Kdx.hla njhs' isf;ys iqjpnj

we;sjSug kuz is; uD|= ishquz yd ieye,a,q njg m;ajsh hq;h' rZM orovq is;ls;a iqjpnjla

wfmaCId l< fkdyelafla tjeks is;lg ishquz yeZ.Sula jQ iqjpnj wruqKq fkdjk ksidh'

iqjp iajNdjh ksid is; wk;sudks fjz' wk;sudk iajNdjh l@ul@ufhka jrAOkh jS

wjidkfha oS ksy;udkS iajNdjhg m;afjz' fuz ksid isf;ys wdfjzok li,;djh ishquz

jkakg jkakg tlS is;g wruqKq flfrkakd jQ wruqKqo jv jvd;a ishquz njg meusfKa'

iqjpnj b;d ishquz ixfjzokhla nejska th o< rZM is;lg jvd fydZoska uekjska mqre|=

mqyqKq lrk ,oaod jQ ieye,a,q uD|= yd lrAuKH is;g wruqKq fjz'

fu;a;d ixl,amfhka is; uD|= ieye,a,q yd lrAuKH njg m;a lrjhs'

fu;a;d ixl,amfhys jskaokuh iajNdjh idudkHfhka fjk;a idrOrAuhkg jvd jevsfhka

msysgd ;snSu wdfjzok mCIfhka fu;a;d ixl,amfhys Wmfhda.S;djh biau; lr fmkajd,hs'

fu;a;d ixl,amh uZ.ska isf;ys wdfjzokhkaf.a rZM yd o< iajNdjh l@u l@ufhka wju

lrjhs' fu;a;d ixl,amh isf;ys jevs jevsfhka jrAOkh jkakg jkakg is; jv jvd;a

iqjp njg m;afjz' wkql@ufhka isf;ys ish,q laf,aYhka m@ySk jk ;rug mdfya fu;a;d

ixl,amh wdfjzok mCIfhka m@.K l< yelsh' fu;a;d ixl,amfhys n,mEu ;j;a

me;a;lska isf;ys iqjpnj jrAOkh lsrSu iZoyd Wmldrj;a fjz' tkuz ishZM ffcj m@cdj

jsIfhys us;renj we;slr.kakd ,o mqoa.,hd miqjkafka iajNdjfhkau wkH cSjSka ms<snZoj

ys; iqj leue;af;ks' ta mqoa.,hdf.a is; ;o njg m;alrjk rZM njg muqKqjk fl@daOh

ffjrh mgs>h jeks wys;lr ufkdaNdjuh jQ wdfjzok ;;ajhkaf.ka is; jshqla; jS we;s

ksid isf;ys m@Ndiajrh jrAOkh jQ ieye,a,q jQ uD|= jQ lrAuKH jQ is;lska miqjSu lrK

fldgf.k b;d myiqfjka thg iudk wdl,amhka isf;ys jrAOkh jSug ksrdhdifhkau

lsishuz fm<USula we;sfjz' iqjpnj hk wdfjzokho uD|= ieye,a,q wdfjzokhla nejska tjeks

uD|= ieye,a,q yd lrAuKH njg mrsjrA;kh jQ is;l jvd myiqfjka yd jvd blaukska

tjeks wdfjzokhka me;sr hhs' fyj;a uD|= ieye,a,q is;la ysus mqoa.,hd b;d blaukska

iqjpnjg m;a fjz'47

wk;sudksnj hkafkka woyia jkafka WvZ.njg fkdmeusfKkakd jQ

iajNdjhs' isf;ys WvZ.nj we;s jkafka ;uka wkHhkaf.ka fjkalr iqjsfYaIS mqoa.,fhla

jYfhka ie,lSu ksidh' ;uka wkHhkaf.ka fjkajq mqoa.,fhla nj ienE uq;a th oevs f,i

isf;ys msysgqjd f.k ta Tiafia wkHhkag fjkialuz lsrSu n,j;a jrols' fuz ksid ;ukao

wkHhka fukau ffcj f,dalhg wh;a ;j;a tla cSjsfhla muKlah hk yeZ.Su fndfyda

106

fofklg b;d blaukska wu;lj hhs' b;d blaukska uq, wu;l fldg l@shd lrkafkao

fndfydajsg fujeks Wojshhs' is; udkqIsl nj u; rZojd l@shdlsrSfuz yelshdj is;g ,nd

fokafka wk;sudks nj fyj;a udkh hgm;a lsrSu uZ.sks' udkfhka is; jsisreKd jQ

iajNdjhlg m;ajk w;r th hgm;a lr.ekSu Wfoid l< yels fydZou yd jsOsu;au

m@;sldrh jkqfha isf;ys fu;a;d ixl,amh jrAOkh lr .ekSuhs' fu;a;d ixl,mfhys

wdfjzok iajNdjh jkqfha is; tl wruqKl /ZojSu yd is; ieye,a,q uD|=Ndjhg

meusKjSuhs' fuhska jskaokh jk wdfjzok iajNdjfhys isf;ys fhduq.; jSfuz yelshdj

jrAOkh lrhs' tfukau fu;a;d ixl,amfhys jmirsh mqZM,a jk ksid b;d mqZM,a

fkdyelsZMKq is;lska hq;j wruqKqj, ienE iajrEmh yZ|=kdf.k lghq; lsrSfuz yelshdj

we;sfjz' udkh uqZM ukskau |=rel< yels jkafka wrAy;a udrA. Z{dkfhka jk w;r idudkH

jHjydrfha oS ksy;udks kdufhka yeZoskafjk fh|=u Ndjs;d l< yelshdj ienjskau we;af;a

udkh uqZM ukskau |=rel<djQ ry;ka jykafia,d wrnhd muKs' idudkH f,dalhd ksy;udkS

hk jHjydrfhka yZ|=jkq ,nkakd jQ idudkH mqyq|=ka ckhd yeZoskajSu msKsi Ndjs;dl< hq;

jQ kshu jpkh udkh hgm;a l< hk wrA: we;s wk;sudkS hk jpkhhs'

fu;a;d ixl,amh isf;ys wdfjzokSh jYfhka jv jvd;a jrAOkh lroaoS is;

;< we;s jkakd jQ ieye,a,qnj yd wkH iFjhka flfrys yg.kakd us;renj ms<snZo ishquz

Ndjuh ;;ajh lrK fldgf.k udkh yg.kajk ;o rZM njska f;drj ;uka yd wkHhka

w;r mj;skakd jQ iSudj nsZo oud ;ud yd wkHhka talFjfhka ie,lsh yelsfjz' fuu

talShNdjh ;<ska iEu fohlu we;s ksiaidrnj yd jskdYhg meusfKk iajNdjh i<ld

;uka wkHhkaf.ka fjkalr oelSug fya;jk udkh |=re lsrSfuys ,d W;aiyj;a fjz'48 fuys

uq,au wjia:dj udkh ;djld,slj hgm;a fldg lghq; lsrSug fm<USuhs' tfia

;djld,slj udkh hgm;a fldg lghq; lrkakg yqre mqre|= jQ ;eke;a;dg miqld,Skj

udkfhka uqZMukskau |=rej lghq; lrkakg yelshdj we;s lr.; yels fjz' fn#oaO

b.ekajSuz wkqj udkh hk ixfhdack OrAufhys n,j;alu flf;la oehs lsjfyd;a wkd.duS

;eke;a;dg mjd tla;rd |=rlg udkh n,mj;ajk nj iZoyka jSu uZ.ska fmfka' udkh we;s

jSug m@Odku fya;j ;ud yd wkHhka hkqfjka il,jsO ffcj m@cdj fofldgilg fnod

ie,lSuhs' fuu fnoSu iuZ.u ;uka wkHkag jvd Wiiah iudkh fyda my;ah hkdoS

fkdfhl;a wdldrfhka udkh yg.kshs' uq,a mshjfrysoS fuz ;;ajh |=re jkafka fu;a;d

ixl,amh m@.K lsrSu uZ.ska ;ud;a yd wkHhka hkqfjka il,jsO ffcj m@cdj

fofldgilg fnod ie<lSu keje;ajSu ;<sks' fyj;a ;uka yd wkHhka w;r talFjh we;s

jkafka us;renj we;slsrSu uZ.ska nj ta mqoa.,hd wjfndaOh lr .kshs' fuz wkqj fu;a;d

ixl,amh isf;ys jrAOkh jSu wk;sudks nj we;slsrSfuys,d ufydamldrS fjz'

iqrCIs;;djh hkq wdrCId iys; hkakhs' fyj;a /ljrKh ,enSuhs'

/ljrKh ,enSu is|=jSug wkH cSjSkaf.ka ;u meje;aug ;rAckhla t,a, fkdjsh hq;h'

;ukaf.a meje;aug ;rAckhla mj;skakd jQ jljdkqjl iqrCIs;djh ;snsh fkdyelsh' ;uka

107

wkHhkaf.a osjs meje;aug ;rAckhla fkdjk wdldrfhka l@shdlrkq ,nkafka ;ud ;udf.a

osjs meje;au fukau jgskdlulska hq;j wkHhkaf.a cSj;ajSfuz ksoyi yd ksoyfia

l@shdlsrSfuz ksoyi iqrlsk jsgh' fuz iZoyd ;udf.a cSjs;h yd iudk jgskdlulska hq;j

wkHhkaf.a cSjs;ho ie,lSug yelshdj ,efnk udkisl jd;djrKhla f.dvkZ.d .;

hq;h'49 tjka udkisl jd;djrKhla ksrdhdifhka f.dv fkdkefZ.a' tnejska tjka udkisl

jd;djrKhla ;ud ;< we;slr .ekSu msKsi fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdNdih ,ensh hq;h'

fu;a;d ixl,amh ;ud ;< jrAOkh lr.ekSu ksid ;uka ;ukaf.a cSjs;h fukau wdhq

ld,h jrAOkh lr.ekSu iZoyd wjYH fN#;sl yd wdOHd;ausl mrsirhla we;s lr.kshs'

tfukau wkHhka iuZ. us;re wdl,amhka jrAOkh lr.ekSu fya;fjkao ;udf.a is; msrsis|=

jSu fya;fjka ;ukaf.a YrSr fi#LHh jrAOkh lr.ekSug yelshdj ,efnz' tfukau

fN#;sl jYfhka wkHhkaf.a cSjs;h fukau wdhq ld,h jrAOkh jSu iZoyd iq|=iq fN#;sl

yd wdOH;ausl mrsirhlao fu;a;d ixl,amh isf;ys jrAOkh lr.ekSu fya;fjka l@shdfjka

l:kfhka yd pska;kfhka ;uka jsiskau iafjpzPdfjka ilialr fokq ,nhs'

usksidg w;ajsZoSug ,efnkakd jQ fiiq wdfjzokhka w;rska us;@YS,SNdjh

fndfyda fldgu usksia is;g i;g okjkakd jQ wdfjzokhls' ffcj jrA.hd w;r wdfjzKsl

iyc ,CIKhla fia ie,flk iduQysl cSjkh mj;ajd .kq iZoyd ffcj jsoHd;aulj Wreu

lr.;a Tjqka tlsfkld fj; we,quzlrk iajNdjh usksid fu;a;d ixl,amh fj; fu;ruz

wdYla; jSug fya;j f,i ie,lsh yelsh' ta fya;j ksidu fndfydajsg ksrdhdifhkau

mdfya usksid ;< us;@YS,S wdfjzokhka yg.kshs' us;@YS,sFjfhys ,CIKh jkafka usksiqka

w;r iduQyslFjh f.dvkexjSuhs' tfukau wdfjzokhla jYfhka tu yeZ.Su is;g f.k

tkafka fnfyjska iqjodhs iajNdjhls' tmuKla o fkdj usksiqka w;r iqrCIs; iudc

mrsirhla ksrAudKh lr oSu flfrys o fuu wdfjzokh odhlFjh imhkq ,nhs' nq|=iuh

;< fu;a;d ixl,amh js.@yhg ,la jSug tlu fya;j fjk;a ndysr iuh jdohka ;<

fu;a;d ixl,amhg iudk fjk;a ixl,am jsoHudk jSu fyda tlS iuh jdohkays fu;a;d

ixl,amfhka bosrsm;a flfrk wdfjzok iajNdjh Bg jvd wvqfjka jsjsO iSudjka iys;j

idlpzPdjg ,lajSu fkdfjz' nq|=iuh ish iuh ixl,amhka f.dvkZ.kqfha fjk;a lsis|= iuh

ixl,amhlg tfrysj fkdjSu;a" fuz fya;j ksid nq|=iufhys ;rZ.ldrS iajNdjhla olakg

fkdjSu;a" wjsysxidj b;du m@n, wdldrfhka ish m@Odk flaJ|@.; b.ekajSula f,i

nq|=iufhka bosrsm;a lrkq ,enSu;a" nq|=iuh ;< fu;a;d ixl,amfhys Ndjs;djg m@Odku

fya;ka fjz'

usksid we;ZM iuia; cSjS iajNdjfhys wdfjzKsl lreKla jkqfha yqfola

cSjSka ;< mek kZ.skq ,nk udkisl wdfjzok flfrys tu cSjSka b;du oevs ixfjzoS

iajNdjhla yd wkqjrA;kSh iajNdjhla oelajSuhs' cSjSkaf.a iuia; foayh ksrAudKh jS

;sfnkqfhau fujeks udkisl wdfjzokhka j,g m@;spdr oelajSu iZoyduh' usksiqka

iajNdjfhka ixl,amj,g jvd jevsfhka ps;a;dfjz.j,g m@;spdr olaj;s' tu ps;a;fjz.S

108

yeZ.Suz m@Odk jYfhka ys;lr yd wys;lr hkqfjka fohdldr fjz' fulS fohdldr wdfjzok

rgdjka w;frka jvd;a usksia is; weZoS hkafka ys;lr wdfjzok rgdj fj;h' wys;lr

wdfjzokhka usksid fj; Tyqf.a is; ;< f.dkq jS mej;s wZ|=re rZM wdl,amuh iajNdjhka

uZ.ska we;s lrjkjd usi lsisu mqoa.,fhl ish leue;af;ka wys;lr wdfjzokhka ish is;ays

cks; lr tuZ.ska udkisl fjzokdjka jsZoSug rsisfha jS fkdfjz' mqoa.,hka iajNdjfhkau rsis

jkqfha ys;lr udkisl wdfjzokhka f.dvkZ.df.k thska udkisl usysrla w;ajsZoSugh'50

tjka udkisl jd;djrKhla ;< oS mqoa.,fhl jvd;a reps lrkqfha ;ukaf.a mqoa.,sl

w;aoelSula fjk;a fndfyda fokd iuZ. fnodyodf.k Nla;s jSZoSugh' fuu fnod yod.ekSu

kshudldrfhka is|=jSug kuz mqoa.,hka ;< wka wh iuZ. iuZ.shla yd iduQyslFjhla

f.dvkeZ.S ;snsh hq;h' mqoa.,dka;r jYfhka iuZ.sh yd iduQyslFjh f.dvkefZ.kqfha

us;@YS,S wdl,amhlska iuia; iudchu tlai;aj lghq; lrkafka kuz iuKs' tu mrudorAYS

;,hg <Z.djSu msKsi nq|=iufhka bosrsm;a flfrk fu;a;d ixl,amfhka jsYd, msgsjy,la

imhhs'51

mqoa.,hka cSj;a jkqfha ;j;a mqoa.,hka rdYshla iuZ. jsjsO wka;rAl@shd

lruska iudch kuska yeZoskafjk ixjsOdkd;aul jH=yhla ;<h' tjka iudc mrsirhla ;<

flfklyg ;j;a mqoa.,fhl iuZ. iyfhda.fhka yd iduQyslFjfhka lghq; lrkakg

is|=jSu fm#oa.,sl ixisoaOshla fkdj iudc ixisoaOshla njg m;a flfrA' iudch ;< jsjsO

.;s.K" reps wrepsluz we;s mqoa.,hka we;s nj wms jgydf.k isgsuq' we;euz mqoa.,hka

fm#reIh jYfhkau wka;rAjrA;S mqoa.,hka jk w;r ;j;a iuyre fm#reIh jYfhkau

nysrdjrA;S mqoa.,hkah' iyfhda.h yd iduQyslFjh fm#oa.,sl ixisoaOshla fkdj iudc

ixisoaOshla njg mrsjrA;kh jk fmd|= iudc ixia:djl oS wka;rAjrA;S fmdreIhla ysus

mqoa.,hkayg fiau ndysrdjrA;S fm#reIhla ysus mqoa.,hkayg o wkHhka iuZ. tluq;j

lghq; lsrSfuz wjYH;djh we;s fjz' fuu tluq; nj we;s jkqfha fu;a;d ixl,amh

m@udKj;a ;ruska jrAOkh jS mej;kfyd;a muKh'52 mqoa.,hka tfiau iajNdjfhkau

wdfjzokYS,Sh' yeZ.Suzj,g wkql~,j l@shdlrkakd jQ iajNdjh mj;S' TzkEu iudc moaO;shla

;< m@;sudk fyda jHjia:dms; kS;s moaO;shla mKjd ;sfnkqfha usksidf.a fuu iajNdjh

,CIKh jQ wdfjzokYS,S iajNdjh fya; fldgf.k iudcfhys jikakd jQ wfkla fndfyda

idudcslhkaf.a idudcsl whs;sjdisluz lvlsrSug ,la jsh yels wdldrfha huz huz jroj,a

Tjqka w;ska is|=jSug jvd;a by< iuzNdjs;djla mj;sk fyhsks' us;@YS,S wdl,amhla mj;akd

iudc jgmsgdjla ;< oS usksiqka wfkla mqoa.,hd o ;ud yd iudk fldg i,ld is;kakg

yd l@shd lrkakg mqre|= mqyqKq jk nejska ;uka wlue;s hula wkHhka jsIfhys o l@shd;aul

lsrSu kqiq|=iq nj ;ukaj Wmudjg f.k i,ld .ks;s' kS;S rS;s yd oKavk l@u uZ.ska usksia

wdfjzokhka md,kh lrkq ,nkafka fu;a;d ixl,amhg iuzmQrAKfhka m@;sjsreoaO

wdfjzokhla jQ fodaI uQ,fhka yg.kq ,nk wys;lr wdfjzokhla jQ nsh tlS oKavkhka

ksid yg.kq ,nk nejsks' ta ksid hf:dala; oKavk l@u l@shd;aul jk yd tu l@shdldrSFjh

109

;ud wh;a huz huz idudcSh jrm@ido lrk fldg f.k wNsnjd hd fkdyels miq;,hl oS

muKla oKavkh Wmfhda.S fldg f.k huzlsis idudcslfhl w;ska uqZM uy;a iudcfha

fjfik wfkla idudcslhkayg is|= jkakd jQ idudcsl whs;sjdisluz lvlsrSuz je<lajSug bv

m@ia;djkdj we;;a" th j,x. jkqfha b;du;a iSus; jmirshlg muKla nejska tlS

l@shdj<sh flgsld,Sk jYfhka huzlsis idrA:hFjhla fmkakquz lr;;a" os.ld,Skj

irAjiuzmQrAK jYfhkau ksrjoH jsiZ|=ula jYfhka ms<s.ekSug wiSreh' fuh os.l,Sk

jYfhka idrA:l jsiZ|=ula fkdjkafka tys moku fu;a;d ixl,amhg mrsndysr Bg

iuzmQrAKfhka m@;sjsreoaO wdfjzokhla u; mdolj fuh iliaj we;s ksidh'53

fuz fya;j ksidu os. ld,Skj idrA:l ms<shula jYfhka iuh ixia:djkays

fuz iZoyd bosrsm;a lrkqfha usksia wdfjzokhka usksia iudcfhys hymeje;aug ys;lr jk

whqrska yd fu;a;d ixl,amh weiqrska ixialrK l@shdj<shlg ,la lsrSu;a" tu l@shdj<sh

fya;fldg f.k usksid ;< yg .kakd jQ ishZMu wys;lr wdfjzokhka j,ska usksia uki

uqla; lrjd tla tla wd.fuys W.ekafjk mru ksIagdj kuska jQ tlS wd.ugu wkHkH jQ

tla;rd mrudorAYS ;,hla lrd udkisl Yla;sh fufyjSu msKsi idrA:l wd.usl

WmfoaYkhka iemhSu;a hk jsiZ|=uzh' fu;a;d ixl,amh jsjsO kuzj,ska jsjsO iajrEmfhka

jsYaf,aIKhjk fiiq iuhhka w;r ;nd ;<kd;aulj i,ld ne,Sfuz oS fuz ;;ajh

nq|=iufhys mjd jsoHudk jk uq;a" nq|=iufhys js.@yjk wdldrhg wdfjzok ixialrK

l@shdj<sfhys .enzjk jsoHd;aul pska;k rgdj yd nqoaOsf.dapr iajNdjh fjk;a iuhkays

wjsoHudk jQjls' fuz fya;j ksid nq|=iufhys iZoykajk wdfjzokh ixialrK l@shdj<sh

uZ.ska jspdr mQrAjl whqrska yd jsoHd;aul whqrska jsjsO ixl,amhkays wdfjzokh me;slv

js.@yhg ,la lrkq ,nk w;r fuz uZ.ska ;ukagu ;ukaf.a wdfjzokhkays h:d iajNdjh

ms<snZoj ksjeros ;lafiarejlg meusKsug wod< mqoa.,hdygu wjia:djla ,efnk w;r

tuZ.ska ;u;a ms<snZoj ,nd.kakd iajhx wjfndaOh lrKfldgf.k ;uka ;< l@shd;aul

jkakd jQ tlS wys;lr wdfjzokj,ska uqZMukskau usoS lghq; lsrSfuz yelshdj tu mqoa.,hdg

ks;e;skau ,efnz'54

fujeks wys;lr udkisl wdfjzokj,ska uqZMukskau jsksrAuqla; jQ

mqoa.,fhlf.a is; ksrdhdifhkau mdfya iudcfhys fjfik wfkl;a cSjSka flfrys ffu;@S

mQrAjl wdl,amj,ska msrS mj;S' uqZM uy;a f,dj ;< fjfikakd jQ f,dl lvd il,jsO cSjS

iuQyhhd o ;uka jeks ;ukaf.a cSjs;h mj;ajd f.k hEfuz wdYdj yd jvd;a fydZoska

cSjs;h mj;ajdf.k hEfuz wdYdfjka hqla; nj kqjKska wjfndaO lr.kakd fy;u ishZM

cSjSka flfrys ohd mrjY ;eke;af;la fjz' iudcfhys fjfikakd jQ ishZM cSjSka Nla;s

jsZoskakd jQ idudcsl whs;sjdisluz iqrCIs; lsrSug;a" tajd ksoyfia Nla;s jsZoSug Tjqkag we;s

whs;sh ms<s.ekSug;a fy;u W;aiql fjz' jrA;udkfhys udkj ysusluz yd udkj

whs;sjdisluz ms<snZoj jsYaj m@ldYkfhys iZoyka jk ishZMu lreKq;a wu;r jYfhka iFj

110

ysxikh msgqoelSu msKsi mKjd we;s kS;s rS;s yd iuzuq;Skaj, js.@yjk ishZM lreKq;a Bg

wu;rj f,dj u;jg we;sjsh yels tnZ|= huzlsis wysxidjdoS ms<sfj;l .enzjsh yelald jQ;a"

ishZM lrekq;a iudc moaO;sh ;< fjfikakd jQ il,jsO cSjS iuQyhhd Nla;s jsZoskakd jQ

idudcsl whs;sjdisluz wfkl;a idudcslhkayg ysreyerhla fkdjkdldrfhka Tjqka leue;s

mrsos ksoyfia Nla;s jsZoSug Tjqkag we;s ysuslu fuz uZ.ska jsYo flfrA' by; fmkajd fok ,o

mrsos ffcj ys;jdoS whqrska mqoa., uki ilia lsrSfuz ixialrK l@shdj<sh nq|=iuh ;<

bosrsm;a flfrk fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv ;< .enz fjz'

nq|=iuh ;< ixl,amhla cSjS ukig .e,fmk wdldrfhka idrA:l f,i

wka;rA.@yKh lrjkafka flfiao hk lreK jsfYaIfhkau ixl,am ikaksfjzolfhl ;<

;snsh hq; ,CIK olajk wjia:dj, oS b;du;a ijsia;r f,i fmkajd oS ;sfnz' tnZ|= ;ekaj,

oS ixl,am ikaksfjzokh lrjkakd jQ mqoa.,hd wkHhka jsIfhys ffu;@S .Kh fmrgq

fldgf.ku Wla; l@shdj<sh wdruzN l< hq; nj yd tlS l@shdj<sfhys fhosh hq; nj

wjOdrKh lr ;sfnz' fuhska fmkS hkafka wOHhk yd wOHdmk l@shdj<sfhys uQ,sl wjia:dj

fu;a;d ixl,amh fmrgqj .ukal< hq; njhs' wOHhkh yd wOHdmkh hkafkka woyia

jkqfhao ixl,am iajwNs,dIfhka .@yKh lr.ekSu yd tfia .@yKh lrjSu jk nejska

YsIHd .rejrhd jsIfhys o .rejrhd YsIHhd jsIfhys o fu;a;d ixl,amh fmrgqj

mej;sh hq; nj iZoykajSu ;< ixl,am ikaksfjzok l@shdj<shg wjYHjk udkisl miq;,h

us;@YS,S iajNdjhlska mej;sh hq; nj fmkajd oS ;sfnz' ixl,am ikaksfjzok l@shdj<shys os

jvd;a jeo.;a ;ekla .kq ,nkafka wdfjzok me;slvhs' Bg fya;j ikaksfjzok l@shdj<sh

m@fndaOu;a whqrska is|=jSu wdod< ixl,amh ksis whqrska .@yKh lr.ekSfuzys,d

m@;scdkkd;aul Wmia:uzNkhla jYfhka mqoa., uki ;< l@shd;aul jk nejsks' fuys oS

m@;scdkd;aul Wmia:uzNlhla jYfhka l@shd;aul jkafka fu;a;d ixl,amfhys .enzjk

wdfjzok me;slv nj meyeos,s fjz' fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slfvys jsoHudk jk

ieye,a,q iajNdjh" uD|=nj" msrsis|=lu" fkdyelsZMKq iajNdjh jeks wNHka;r .Khka

;<ska thg m@fndaOu;a iajNdjhla tla flfrA'

fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv ;< .enzjk uD|=nj" ieye,a,q

iajNdjh" msrsis|=lu yd fkdyelsZMKq iajNdjh jeks wNHka;r .Khka ksid tla

mqoa.,fhl flfrys jsoHudks; fuu ,CIK flfrys wkH mqoa.,hkaf.a wdlrAIKh we;s

flfrA' us;@YS,S Ndjfhys wdruzNh t;ekhs' mqoa.,fhl wkH mqoa.,hka flfrys

wdlrAIKhjSu;a" wkH mqoa.,hka tlS mqoa.,hd flfrys wdlrAIKhjSu;a fufyhjkq ,nk

md,l WmlrKh jkqfha fuu fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv ;< jsoHudks;

wNHka;r .Khka fjz' wdfjzokh hkq iFjhdf.a uqZM uy;a iakdhq moaO;shu luzmkh

lrjSug iu;a jkakd jQ m@n, yeZ.Suzzh' wdfjzokh huzlsis wd;;shla jkqfha wdfjzokh

wys;lr ,CIKhkaf.ka iukajs; jQ jsgh' fuhg jsreoaO f,i wdfjzokh ys;lr

,CIKhkaf.ka iukajs; jQ l, th iakdhq moaO;sfhys ishZMu wd;;Ska iukh msKsi

111

Wmldrj;a fjk T#IOhla js,iska l@shd;aul fjz' tlu foh tla;rd wjia:djl oS jsi

iys; jSug;a" wfkla wjia:dfjys .K iys; jSug;a n,mdk ,oafoa wdfjzok me;slfvys

jsoHudks; uD|= yd rZM iajNdjfhys fjkia njhs' fuhska meyeos,s jkqfha huzlsis wdfjzok

me;slvl jsoHudks; rZM iajNdjh uZ.ska wd;;Ska ckkh lsrSfuz YlH;djh;a" tfukau

wdfjzok me;slvl jsoHudks; jk uD|= iajNdjh uZ.ska wd;;Ska iukh lsrSfuz YlH;djh;a

wka;rA.; nj meyeos,sj fmfka'55

udkisl wdfjzokhka uD|= yd rZM jSug n,mdk m@Odku fya;j jkafka

wkHhka jsIfhys yd wkHhka wruqKq fldg we;s lr.kakd udkisl wdl,amj, uD|= yd rZM

iajNdjhhs' ;uka fjku mqoa.,fhla fldg wkH cSjSkaf.ka fjka lr.kakd iajNdjh ksid

;uka wkH cSjSkaf.ka iqjsfYaIS jQ mqoa.,fhla f,iska wkH cSjSka ;< fkdue;s ;ukagu

muKla iSud jQ wkH;djhla f.dvkZ.d .ekSug huzlsis mqoa.,fhla fm<fTz' fuu

wkHkH;djh yqfola wkHkH;djhlau muKla fkdj wkHkHNdjfhys iSudj blaujd .shd

jQ wd;audrA:lduS yeZ.Sula njg mrsjrA;kh jSu ksid tu wd;audrA:lduS yeZ.Su ;j |=rg;a

fmdaIKh jk mrsos ;uka iy wkH mqoa.,hka w;r mr;rh ;j ;j;a jsYd, lr.kq ,nhs'

tuZ.ska ;uka ms,snZo wd;audrA:lduSFjh fyj;a uu;ajh ;yjqre lr.kq ,nhs' mD:la

iajNdjh jkqfhao fuu wd;audrA:lduS njhs' tjsg mD:.ack hkq fuu wd;audrA:lduS

fpz;kdj To jevqKq mqoa., fldgzGdYh f,i wrA: oelajsh yelsh'

huzlsis cSjs fldgzGdYhla ;< iuZ.sh iyfhda.h fkdue;s jSug fya;j tlS

mqoa.,hka tlsfkld w;r mj;sk To jevqKq wd;audrA:lduS fpz;kdfjys m@n,Fjhhs'

huzlsis fyhlska fulS wd;audrA:lduS fpz;kdj wvq jkafka kuz tjsg iuia; cSj iajNdjh

ms<snZoj jvd mqZM,a oelaulska hq;j n,kakg yd tfia ;uka jsiska f.dvkZ.d .kakd ,o

orAYkh Tiafia lghq; lr bka udyeZ.s m@;sM, ,nd .ekSug yelshdj ,efnz' fn#oaOhska

jsiska tla;rd |=rlg fpz;kdj jYfhka i,lkqfha o wdfjzok me;slv ;<ska ixfjzokhka

/ialr .ekSu nj fmkajd osh yelsh' wNsOrAufhys jsia;r lrfok wdldrhg huzlsis

ps;a;jS:shl wjidkfhys olakg ,efnk ;odruzuK fol jYfhka fndfyda |=rg

yeZoskafjkafka tu ps;a; jS:sfhys uq,ska olajk ,o cjka ps;a;CIK fm<g wruqKq jYfhka

,nd .kakd ,o wruqK f.k we;s jkakd jH;sfrAl ps;a; fjz.hla jYfhks' cjka

ps;a;CIK jYfhka ,nd .kakd ,o wruqfKys m@n,Fjh fl;ruzo h;a tu cjka

ps;a;CIK fm< wjidkfhys mjd tu wruqfKys ;Sj@;dj ;odruzuK jYfhka we;sjk nj

fuys oS fmkajd oS ;sfnz' by; oS wdfjzok me;slv hkafkka lsishuz wdfjz.YS,S iajNdjhla

fyda yeZ.Sula fyda fpz;kdjla bka weZ.fjk nj fmkajd fokq ,enQfha o fuz ksiduh'

fuys oS jrojd fkdjgyd.; hq;a;la we;' tkuz iEu ;odruzuKhlau

lsishuz is;a l,Tjk iqZM" wys;lr mCIfhys wdfjzok muKlau fkdfjz hkakhs' wdfjzok

iajNdjfhkau fjz.j;a is;sjs,s ldKavhla jQfha jS kuq;a tu fjz.j;a is;sjs,s iEu tllau

112

wys;lr wruqKq flaJ|@fldg nsys jQ krl tajd fkdfjz' iuZ.sh" iduQyslFjh" us;@YS,S

iajNdjh yd iyfhda.h hk wdfjzok .;fyd;a tajd wdfjzok jqj;a lsisfia;au is; fkduZ.

hjk iqZM tajd fkdfjz' is;g ieye,a,q nj i;g yd us;@Fjh ,Z.d lrjk wdldrfha msrsis|=

is;sjs,sh' l@udkQl~,j is; mjs;@ lrk yd is; ksjd,k iajNdjhla thg we;'

fuhska meyeos,s jkqfha wOHdmkh ,ndoSfuz l@shdj<sfhys oS tu wOHdmk yd

wOHhk l@shdj<sh jvd;a idrA:l njg m;a lr .ekSu msKsi lsishuz ixl,amhl wdfjzok

me;slv M,odhl f,i Ndjs;hg .; yels njhs'56 fuz wkqj fu;a;d ixl,amh

ikaksfjzokh lsrSfuzoS th jvd;a mqoa., uki ;<g ldjosk whqrska bosrsm;a l< yelafla

wdfjzok me;slv Tiafia lreKq bosrsm;a lsrSu uZ.ska nj fuz wkqj meyeos,s fjz' wdfjzok

me;slv fu;ruz wOHdmk yd wOHhk l@shdj<sfhys ,d jeo.;a ia:dkhla ysus lrf.k

isgskqfha ukaoehs f;areuz .ekSug myiqu l@uh jkafka tu l@shdj<sfhka wfmaCIs; ksIa:dj

idOkh lsrSfuys,d jvd;a m@;sM,odhl wdldrfhka Ndjs;d lrkqfha luk l@ufjzohoehs

YsCIlhska jsiska ie,ls,a,g .kq ,nk nj jgyd.ekSuhs' YsCIlhska jsiska jvd;a ie,ls,a,

olajkqfha jsjsO ugzguzj, miqjk YsIH msrsilf.ka tla jrl oS is|= lrkq ,nk wOHhk yd

wOHdmk l@shdj<shl oS Tjqka w;rska jvd;a jevs msrsilg idrA:l f,i ixl,am b.ekajSu

is|= lrkafka luk l@uhlskao hk ldrKhhs' Tzkeu YsIH msrsila w;rska by< fmf<a

nqoaOsuh lY,;d j,ska iukajs; jkqfha b;du;a iSus; YsIH msrsila jk w;r nyq;rhla

fokd idudkH nqoaOs ugzgulskao ;j msrsila nqoaOs ugzgu w;ska fiiq YsIHhkag jvd wvq

lY,;d fmkakquz lrk w;r Tjqka ish,q fokd jsIfhys tlu ixl,amhla yeufokdgu

wjfndaOjk f,i bosrsm;a lsrSfuz wjYH;djh we;s jQ l, jvd;a nqoaOs f.dapr l@uh jkqfha

fiiq YsIHhkag jvd wvq lY,;d iys; YsIHhkag o myiqfjka f;areuz.; yels jk mrsos

Tjqkaf.a ugzgfuka b.ekajSfuz l@shdj<sh is|= lsrSuh' fuz iZoyd b.ekajSug

n,dfmdfrd;a;jk jk ixl,amh ikaksfjzokh lrkafka |=rAj, YsIHdg;a th jvd;a

myiqfjka .@yKh lr.ekSug yelshdj we;sjk wdldrhgh' fuz wkqj lsishuz ixl,amhla

ixcdkk me;slv Tiafia ikaksfjzoh l< fyd;a th fydZoska jgyd.kq ,nkafka b;du;a

iSus; YsIH msrsila jk w;r wdfjzok me;slv Tiafia tu ikaksfjzok l@shdj<shu

f.k.shfyd;a jvd;a jevs YsIH msrsila th fydZoska .@yKh lr.ekSug iu;a fjz' fuz

wdldrhg bf.kquz b.ekajSuz l@shdj<sfhys oS Ndjs;d lrkqfha tu ia:dkhg yd tu YsIH

msrsig jvd;a Wps; b.ekajSfuz l@fudamdhh fjz'

tfukau wdfjzok me;slv Tiafia lsishuz ixl,amhla ms<snZoj ,ndfokq

,nk jegySu lvd <uqka w;r muKla fkdj jevsysgs mqoa.,hska w;r mjd nqoaOs ugzgfuka

jsjsO;d olakg we;s jsjsO mqoa.,hkayg ukdj .e,fmk jsOsl@uhls'57 fu;a;d ixl,amh

ms<snZo ie,ls,a, fhduq lrkq ,enqjfyd;a tys .enzjk wdfjzok me;slfvys fCIa;@M,h fiiq

ixcdkk yd prAhd me;slvj, fCIa;@M,hg jvd by< w.hl mj;shs' tfukau fuz fya;j

113

ksid fu;a;d ixl,amfhys oekSfuz yd ixfjzoS iajNdjh wOslh' fuu oekSfuz yd ixfjzoS

iajNdjh uZ.ska oekquz ugzgu t;ruz fkdue;s mqoa.,fhlyg mjd thska b;d jsYd,

Okd;aul n,meula t,a, lrkq ,nhs' fuu n,mEu Tyqf.a hym;a yeisrSu fyj;a

Okd;aul ufkdapd<l yelshdjka muKla fkdj wNHka;r ps;a; ifudaOdkh" ;Sj@

mrsl,amk Yla;sh" ksrAudKYS,SFjh" oelSu fyj;a oY!k lD;Hh yd jspdr mQj!l wdl,am

hk udkj lY,;djhka jrAOkh lrkq ,nhs' wOHdmk yd wOHhk l@shdj<sfhka

n,dfmdfrd;a; jkakd jQ wjidk we.hSu jkafka o mqoa.,fhl ;< fujka foa jO!kh lrjSu

jk w;r wOHdmk yd wOHhk l@shdj<sh fu;a;d ixl,amh mdol fldgf.k l@shd;aul

lrkafka kuz tys wjidk ksIagdj f,i YsIHhka ;< fuu .Kdx. myiqfjka frdamKh l<

yels jkafkah'58 wOHdmk uQ,OrAu w;r o wdfjzok me;slv uZ.ska huz huz prAhduh

,CIKhka ixialrKh lsrSfuz yelshdj we;s nj fmkajd oS ;sfnz' jsfYaIfhkau ixcdkk

me;slvg jvd is;g oefkk iajNdjh wdfjzok me;slfvys wka;rA.; jk nejska lsishuz

ixl,amhla jvd fydZoska b.ekajSfuz oS wdfjzok me;slv Tiafia tu wOHdmk l@shdj<sh

fufyhjSu jvd;a idrA:l m@;sM, Wod lrkakd jQ l@uhla f,i wOHdmk jsoHdZ{hska w;r

ms<s.ekSug md;@j we;' lvd orejka ms<snZoj .;fyd;a idudkHfhka m@d:usl jirj, lvd

orejkayg lsishuz ixl,amhla ms<snZoj wjfndaOhla ,nd oSug ixcdkk me;slv Tiafia

mrsY@uhla oerSug jvd wdfjzok me;slv Tiafia ta wjfndaOh ,nd oSug mrsY@uhla oerSu

M,odhl nejz mejish yelsh' jevsysgshkag idfmaCIlj lvd orejkaf.a fud<fhys jrAOkh

wju ugzgul mej;Su ixcdkk me;slvg jvd wdfjzok me;slv jvd;a m@;sM,odhl jSu

flfrys n,mdkq ,nk idOlh fjz' tfukau lvd orejkag ixl,am wjfndaO lrjSfuz oS

Tjqkaf.a ufkdaNdjhg .e,fmk ixl,am f;dard .ekSug is|= fjz' us;@YS,S nj jeks

ixl,amhla jvd;a myiqfjka lvd orefjlf.a wjOdkhg md;@ fjz' us;@YS,S nj is; msrsis|=

lrk is; ieye,a,qjg m;a lrjk ishquz udkqIsl wdfjzokhla nejska lvd orejka jvd;a

fydZoska th .@yKh lr.kshs' us;@YS,S nj hk ixl,amfhys fiiq me;slv w;rska wdfjzok

me;slv jvd;a fydZoska lvd orejka jsiska wjfndaO lr.ekSu fiiq ixl,amj,g jvd tu

ixl,amh lvd orejka w;r m@p,s; jSug fya;jhs' lvd orejka hkq jevsysgshka olajd

fud<fhys jrAOkh is|= jkakd jQ mqoa.,hka ksid lvd orejkag mjd jvd;a fydZoska fu;a;d

ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv .@yKh lr .ekSug yels kuz fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok

me;slv TzkEu ;rd;srul mqoa.,fhl jsiska myiqfjka bf.ksh yels yd myiqfjka

wjfndaO lr osh yels nj ukdj meyeos,s fjz'59

;j;a f,ilska .;fyd;a fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv jvd;a

m@n, jkqfha fu;a;d ixl,amfhysu .enz jkakd jQ ixl,amShuh w.h jvd;a Ndjuh

wxYhg jevs keUqrejla oelajSu ksid nj fmfkkakg ;sfnz' fu;a;d ixl,amfhys ixcdkk"

prAhd hk me;slv folg jvd wdfjzok me;slv m@n, jkqfha tys fuu ixl,amfhys

idrOrAu w.h jvd;a Ndjuh wxYhg jevs keUqrejla we;s f,ilska jsoHudk jSu ksidhs'

114

ksoiqkla f,i .;fyd;a we;euz ixl,am tys idrOrAu w.h w;ska jevs keUqrejla olajkqfha

ixcdkk me;slv fj;gh' jspdr mQrAjl nj jeks ixl,amhla fuz .Khg jefgz' ;j;a

iuyr ixl,am tajdfhys idrOrAu w.h w;ska jevs keUqrejla m@orAYkh lrkqfha prAhd

me;slv fj;hs' mfrdamldrh jeks ixl,am fuz fldgig wh;a fjz' by; ksoiqka folskau

js.@yl< wdldrhg fu;a;d ixl,amfhys idrOrAu w.h w;ska jevs keUqrejla m@lg

lrkqfha wdfjzok me;slv fj; nj fuz wkqj meyeos,s jsh hq;h'60 fu;a;d ixl,amfhys

jHdma;sh flfrys fulS lreK Okd;aul f,i Ndjs;d lr.kq ,nkafka kuz wdfjzok

me;slv flaJ|@ fldgf.k fu;a;d ixl,amh mqoa.,hka fj; bosrsm;a l< hq; nj fuhska

fmkajd fokq ,nhs'

fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv fiiq me;slvj,g jvd meyeos,sju

mqoa.,dka;r ikaksfjzokh flfrys m@;scdkkd;aul ia:uzNkhla we;s lrjk nj fuhska

;yjqre flfrA'61 tu; o fkdfjz' fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv ffcj jsoHd;aul

jYfhka usksia yeisrSuz yd usksia l@shdldrluz jsIfhys jvd;a ixfjzokd;aul jYfhka

n,mdkq ,nk nj o fuhska meyeos,s fjz' iakdhq yd tys ieleiau tuZ.ska huz huz

ixfjzokhka ,nd .ekSu hkdosh wdfjzok me;slfvys ldrAhNdrh f,i ie,lsh yelsh'

nq|=iufhys fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok moku iuznJOfhka bosrsm;a lrkakd jQ oyuz

lreKq ffjoH jsoHd;aul meyeos,s lsrSuz yd mrAfhaIKd;aul m@;sM, ksid jrA;udkfha jevs

fofklg fN#;slj mjd myiqfjka oel n,d.; yelsh' ffjoH jsoHd;aul moku wkqj

i,lf;d;a" reOsrfhys wekv@,Ska m@udKh wju jSu uZ.ska wys;lr ps;a;fjz.Sh wdfjzokj,

ixisZoSu fmkakquz lrhs' fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv uZ.ska ixfjzokh lrkakd jQ

iakdhquh ixfjzokh ksid isrer ;< uqZM uy;a ffcj l@shdjkays ys;lr mrsjrA;khla we;s

fjz' isrefrys iajNdjsl m@;sYla;sh fuz ksid by< w.hla lrd kxjkq ,nhs' isrere.;

m@;sYla;slrK moaO;sh Yla;su;ajSu jsjsO f,v frda. yd wdidokj,ska wdrCIdjSu flfrys

Wmia:uzNl fjz'

cSjSyq idudkHfhka wdfjz.YS,S iajNdjhlska hqla;j lghq; lsrSug oevs

repshla olaj;s' fufia jkafka wdfjz.YS,S yeisrSug Tjqka olajk kuHYS,S Ndjhhs'

we;euzjsgl oS fufia jkafka usksid o tla;rd iFj jsfYaIhla ksid usksid ;< o fiiq

iFjhkayg Wreu jk fmd|= iFj .K wka;rA.; cdkuh iajNdjh .enzjk nejska hehs

wkqudk l< yel' wdfjz.YS,Sj lghq; lsrSug fiiq iFj j.!hd fiau usksiqka olajk jevs

keUqrej yd leue;a; fya;fldg f.k iudchla jeks usksia iuQyhla jdih lrk ia:dkhl

wkjYH .egquz yd l,flda,dy, we;s lrjSug uZ. mdokq ,nhs' tnZ|= wkjYH .egquz yd

l,flda,dy, we;s jsgl oS usksid l@shdlrkqfha o idudkH iFj f,dalfhys fiiq iFj

jsfYaIhka l@shdlrkakd jQ wdldrhguh' iuyr jsfgl oS usksid thskq;a my< ia:dkhlg

m;ajk nj ;rula Wmydifhka hq;j mejiSug mjd wm mqre|=j isgsuq' fuh fufia jkafka

115

ixcdkk me;slv uQ,sl fldgf.k huz huz foa ms<snoj jspdr mQrAjl ks.ukj,g

meusKSug jvd wdfjzok me;slv flaJ|@ fldgf.k huz huz foa ms<snZoj wdfjz.YS,S

ufkdaNdjhkag m;ajSug usksid iajNdjslju olajk repslFjhhs' funZ|= repslFjhla

usksiqka jsiska m@orAYkh lrkqfha ula ksido hk m@Yakhg ms<s;r f,i ngysr ufkdajsoHdj

yd udkj jsoHdj jsiska fmkajd fokq ,nk iFj yd udkj mrsKduh iuznJO we;euz

isoaOdka; nq|=iuh jsiska ta jQ wdldrfhkau wkqu; fkdlrk nejska Bg jvd jspdr mQrAjl

f,i ta ms<snZoj is;d ne,Sug wm;< fm<Ujsula we;s jsh hq;h'

usksiqka iajNdjfhkau jsjsO repslFj" jsjsO .;s isrs;a yd jsjsO udkisl ;,

Wreu lrf.ku nsysjk nj nq|=iuh ms<s.kshs' kdkkdkkdkkdkd;a; ldfh kdk;a; iZ[aZ[d;a; ldfh kdk;a; iZ[aZ[d;a; ldfh kdk;a; iZ[aZ[d;a; ldfh kdk;a; iZ[aZ[ddddZ hkqfjka

oelafjkqfha o usksiqkaf.a fuu jsjsO jQ iajNdjhhs' usksiqka jsjsO jk ksid iudch o jsjsO

fjhs' fuz jsjsOFjh wd;audrA:fhka hqla; jQ l, jsIu nj ckkh fjz' jsjsOFjh jsIu nj

yg.ekajSug taldhk fya;j fkdfj;;a" jsjsOFjh ksid jsIu nj we;s jSug wjldY

ie,fia' tla w;lska w;audrA:lduS nj ksid usksiqka jsIu jk w;r wd;audrA:h iuZ.sh"

iyfhda.h yd iduQysl osjs meje;au jskdY lr ouhs' usksiqka Tjqfkdjqka tlsfkldg oafjzI

lr.kakd jQ uy;a wd;audrA:lduS mqoa.,hka jSug tjka ;;ajhla ukd msgsjy,la imhhs'

fu;a;d ixl,amfhys Wmfhda.S;djh u; jkafka fujka jd;djrKhla ;< oS jk w;r

wdfjzok iajNdjfhys mj;skakd jQ ;Sj@ .Kh fya; fldgf.k fu;a;d ixl,amh flfrys

TzkEu usksia is;la wdlrAIKh fjz' usksia isf;ys wdlrAYkh rZod mj;afka lsishuz

ixl,amhla flfrys is; wdYla; jkafka kuz muKs' ta w;ska fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok

me;slfvys mj;akd wdfjzok wdYla;;djh ksid th jvd;a usksia yeZ.Suz .@yKh lrhs'

usksid muKla fkdj ljr huz cSjsfhl fyda fuu wdYla; njg weZoS hkafkauh' wdYla;

iajNdjh wdYdj fkdfjz' ;Kaydj wdYla; jSfuka wdYdj ckkh jk w;r fu;a;d

ixl,amh wdYla; jSfuka us;@Fjfhka imsrsKq iduQyslFjh nsys fjz' fydZo fyda krl TzkEu

ixl,amhl wdYla; jSfuz iuzNdjs;dj u; tu ixl,amh fl;ruz m@dfhda.sl wxYfhka

idrA:l jkafkao hk lreK rZod mj;shs' lsishuz ixl,amhla usksia is;g we;<a jkafka

wdYla; jSfuz l@shdj idrA:lj bgqjkl,h' wdfjzokhka kuz wdYla; nj lrd t<USfuys uq,a

mshjrhkah' wdfjzok me;slv jYfhka kuz jkafka o wdYla; jSfuz l@shdj<shuh'

ish,q cSjSka wdYla; nj m@sh lrkafkda jk w;r wdfjzokhkays .enzjk

wdYla; nfjys we,qfkda fj;s' wdYla; njg wruqKq lr.kakd jsjsO wruqKq w;r fu;a;d

ixl,amh jvd;a fydZo wruqKls' fu;a;d ixl,amh wruqKq lrf.k wdfjzok me;slv ;<

we;sjk wdYla; nfjys .enzjkafka uD|= yd ieye,a,q ffp;isl jskaokhkah' fuu udkisl

jskaaokhka fnfyjskau iqL iy.; jk w;r m@S;sh o ckkh lrhs' fuu iqLh fukau m@S;sh

o yg.kajkafka wdfjzok me;slfvys wdYla; iajNdjh uZ.sks' tfukau fu;a;d ixl,amh

jspdr mQrAjl wdl,amhlska hq;j msrslaid ne,Su uZ.ska wdfjzok me;slvg oefkk iqL

iajNdjh yd m@S;su;a ijNdjh jvd;a jrAOkh l< yel' fu;a;d ixl,amfhys iqL

116

iajNdjh yd m@S;su;a iajNdjh ;< jspdr mQrAjl pska;kh o wka;rA.;h' us;@Fjh

yg.kafka ish,q iFjhd jsIfhysu we;s lr.kakd ,o ys;j;a iajNdjh lrKfldgh' tu

ksid wd;audrA:fhka cks;jk uuFjfhka f;drju iudch foi wjOdkh fhduq l< yels

yd iuQyfhka ;ud fjkalr fkd.kakd jQ iuQy.; pska;khg fuhska wjldY jsjr fjz'

fuu iuQy.; pska;kh fu;a;d ixl,amhg iudk yd ta yd neZ|=kq kj ixl,am cks;

lrjSu iZoyd Wmia:uzNk fjz' fujsg ixl,am cks; jkafka ixl,am modi yd fmdlre

f,ih' tla ixl,amhlska wfkla ixl,amh lulaoehs ksjerosj f;drd fnzrd .; fkdyels

jk muKgu os.ska os.g ixl,am je,la fyda ixl,am fmdlrla nsys lrjSu fuys

mrudrA:hhs' js;rAlkh f,i idudkH jHjydrfhys olakg ,efnk ixl,am f.dkq nsysjSu

tla ixl,amhla flaJ|@,; fldgf.k we;s fjz' fu;a;d ixl,amh flaJ|@.; fldgf.k

nsysjk ixl,am f.dkqjl ta yd iuznJO jsysxidj" wjHdmdoh yd wfodaih nZ|= ;j;a fu;a;d

ixl,amhu wruqKq lrf.k yg.kakd jQ ixl,am rdYshla f.dkq.; jS ;sfnkq oelsh yels

fjz'

fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv ;< olakg ,efnk funZ|= ixl,am

f.dkqjla fu;a;d ixl,amh wruqKq fldg yg.efkk nejska js;rAlkh kuska tu ixl,am

f.dkqj yg.ekSfuz l@shdj yeZoskafjz' fuu ixl,am f.dkq yg.ekSfuz l@shdj,sh jspdr mQrAjl

iajNdjh yd o iuznJO;djhla fmkajkq ,nhs' fu;a;d ixl,amh wruqKq fldgf.k is;ays

cks; jk jspdr mQrAjl udkisl iajNdjh ksid jspdrj;a f,i ;j ;j;a Bg iudk

ixl,am yg.kajhs' tf,iskau m@S;sh yd iqLh jeks wdfjzok iajNdjhka ksid Bg iudk

i;g" ieye,a,qj" wdya,doh yd fiduzki jeks wdfjzok iajNdjhka is;ays cks; fjz' fu;a;d

ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slvg wruqKqjk fuu m@S;sh yd iqLh jeks ixfjzokhka fukau

fu;a;d ixl,amhg iudk fjk;a ixl,amhkays wdfjzok me;slvg wruqKqjk fndfyda

ixfjzokhka we;' ksoiqkla f,i fu;a;d ixl,amhg iudk fjk;a ixl,amhka jsysxidj"

wjHdmdoh yd wfodaih jk jsg" tajeks ixl,amkays wdfjzok me;slvg ixfjzokh jkafka

isis,i" uD|=nj" ldreKslnj" iduQyslFjh yd iuZ.sh jeks wdYla;l .Khka fjz' fuz

wdYla; .Khka uZ.ska usksid we;ZM fiiq iFjhska cSj ys;jdoS ia:djrhl msysgqjd,kq

,nhs' fuf,dj wLKav meje;aug fulS cSj ys;jdoS wdl,amhka w;HjYH idOlhls' yqfola

wdl,amhka muKla ;snqfha jS uq;a th fkdiefya' tu wdl,am wdOHd;au.; jS iuia; ffcj

l@shdjka ta uZ.ska md,kh jk ;rug ;oska th uq,a neif.k mej;Su wjYHh' ffcj

wdfjzok me;slv ;<ska bgq lrkq ,nkafka hf:dala; ldrAhh Ndrhhs' ffcjSka nqoaOs ugzgu

w;ska jsjsOh' ixl,am ixcdkkh flfrys ffcj nqoaOs ugzgu n,mdkq ,nhs' we;euz ixl,am

nqoaOs ugzgfuka wfmaCIs; ia:dkfhys fkdisgsk cSjSfhlyg ksis whqrska ixcdkkh fkdfjz'

kuq;a ta |=n,;djh wdfjzok me;slfvys jsoHudk fkdfjz' wdfjzok me;slv flfrys nqoaOs

ugzgu n,dmq ,nkafka b;du wju wdldrfhks' nqoaOs ugzgu w;ska b;du m@d:ussl cSjshdg;a

b;d by< nqoaOs ugzgulska hqla; cSjshdg;a hk mqoa., fldgzgdY fol w;r;r isgsk TzkEu

cSjS fldgilg wdfjzok me;slv uZ.ska b;d myiqfjka ixl,am ixfjzokh lsrSug mqZMjk'

117

we;euz wjia:dj, oS ixl,am wdfjzokh lsrSfuz l@shdj<sh fjzokd hk kuska o

fn#oaO idys;Hh ;< olajd ;sfnz' wdfjzokfhys iajNdjh u; tuZ.ska nsysjk fjzokdj

iem" |=la fyda uOHia:;djh t<jk iqZM tlla jSug bv ;sfnz' fjzokd uZ.ska iFjhka ;`<

nsys lrkafka jsZoSuhs' ke;fyd;a jskaokhhs' th fN#;sl mCIfhka .;fyd;a iakdhquh

ixfjzokhla fjz' tfukau fud<fhys wod< m@foaYhkays ridhksl m@;sl@shdjl iajrEmhla

fjz' foay wNHka;r ffcj iudfhdack l@shdjl m@;sM,hla fjz' kuq;a fuys oS tys iajrEmh

jvd;a jeo.;a jkqfha wdfjzok mCIfhys ,d th wod< jk muKgh' fu;a;d ixl,amh

wdfjzok me;slv ;< oS fjzokd iajrEmfhka ksrEmKh jk wdldrh ms<snZoj fidhd ne,Su

uZ.ska fjzokdfjys h:d iajNdjh ms<snZoj wmg jvd;a meyeos,s ks.ukhlg meusKSug

mqZMjkalu ,efnz' huzlsis jsIh.; wruqKla bJ|@sh oajdrhl oS wod< wruqK yd bJ|@sh

iamrAY jSu;a" tlS iamrAYh fya;fjka yg.kakd jQ ishquz ixfjzokh fjzokd kdufhka

fn#oaO ixorANh;< oS ud;DldjSu;a fu;a;d ixl,am ksid yg.efkk fjzokdfjys h:d

iajNdjh ms<snZoj .fjzIKh lrkakd jQ mqoa.,fhlyg b;d jsYd, lreKq iuzNdrhla

Wlyd.; yels ia:dk fjz'

wjYHfhkau fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv ms<snZoj idlpzPd

lsrSfuz oS us;@YS,SNdjh mqoa.,fhlyg oefkkafka flfiao yd Tyq jsiska th jsZo ord .kqfha

flfiao hk lreK jeo.;a fjz' fu;a;d ixl,amh wdfjzok mCIfhka is;g iqj t<jk iqZM

wdfjzokhls' tuksid fjzokd wxYfhka o tys .enzjkqfha iqL fjzokdj hehs Wml,amkhlg

meusKsh yelsh'62 ngysr ufkda jsoHdj ;< fuz iqL fjzokdj fndfyda fldgu iodpdr yd

idrOrAu jrAOkh lsrSfuys ,d m@;scdkkd;aul ia:uzNkhla jYfhka Ndjs;d jS ;sfnz' fuh

iqL mrujdoh hk kuska ngysr ufkdajsoHdj yZ|=kajkq ,nhs' ffcj jsoHd;aulj iFjhka

;< iajNdjslju msysgd we;s iqjhg we;s leue;a; fuys oS iqL mru jdoh hk kuska

yZ|=kajkq ,nk w;r th iajNdjsl fm@arKhla f,iska l@shd;aul jk nj fndfyda ufkda

jsoHdZ{hska jsiska m@ldY lr ;snsKs' usksid jsiska is|= lrkq ,nk fndfyda l@shdjka md,kh

lrkq ,nkafka ta l@shdjka ksid Tyqg w;ajsZoSug is|= jkakd jQ iqL iy.; jQ fulS udkisl

fm@arKh nj jsjsO usksiqka weiqfrka is|= lrkq ,enQ jsjsO mrAfhaIK lghq; j,oS ;yjqre

lrf.k ;sfnz' tfukau fuu iqL iy.; udkisl fm@arKh wOHdmk ufkda jsoHdj ;< oSo

prAhd ixialrK l@uYs,amhla f,i Ndjs;hg f.k ;sfnz' jsjsO wOHdmk ufkda jsoHdZ{hska

jsiska fuz iuznJOfhka b;du;a jeo.;a jQ u; m< lr ;sfnz'63 prAhdjka ixialrKh hkq

prAhdjka md,kh lsrSu fyda fjkia lsrSu hkqhs' ta khska .;al< fu;a;d ixl,amfhys

wdfjzok me;slv ;< .enzjk ufkda jsYaf,aIKd;aul wka;rA.;fhys b;du;a jsYd,

jsoHdkQl~, mokula we;s nj meyeos,s fjz'

118

fuys iZoyka prAhd ixialrK ,CIK Wmfhda.S lr.ekSu uZ.ska TzkEu

mqoa.,fhlyg fuf;la f.k .sh ish wys;lr prAhdjka ;j |=rg;a os.ska os.gu th

mj;ajdf.k fkdf.dia" iudcfhys iqN isoaOshg .e,fmk wkaouska fjkia lr th kej;

;udg yd wka whg .e,fmk f,i ilia lr .ekSug yd udkj wNsjDoaOsh flfrys Wps;

jk wdldrhg ish wdl,am yev .iajd .ekSug yels nj hk ,CIK fu;a;d ixl,amfhys

wdfjzok me;slv ;< olakg we;s iqjsfYaI;d fjz' lsishuz mqoa.,fhl lsishuz jsIhhla

flfrys wjOdkhla cks; jkafka ta mqoa.,fhyg wod< jsIfhys jgskdlu yd th

yeoErSfuka ;ukag w;ajk M,m@fhdack ms<snZoj i,ld ,nkq ,enSfuka wk;rejh' tfukau

lsishuz mqoa.,fhl fu;a;d ixl,amh jevSug fm<fUkafka tys wka;rA.; jeo.;alu yd

th jevSfuka ;ukag w;ajk M, m@fhdack i,ld ne,Sfuka wk;rejh' fu;a;d ixl,amh

flf;ruz wka whg iudchg m@fhdackj;a jqj;a th jevSfuka ;ukag M, m@fhdackhla w;a

fkdfjz kuz lsishuz flfkl fuu ixl,amh jevSug uq,a jrg fhduq fkdjkq we;' lsishuz

flfkl uq,a jrg fu;a;d ixl,amh jevSug fhduq jSfuz wdlrAYKh rZod we;af;a fu;a;d

ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv ;< .enzjk iqjodhs yd isis,i okjk is;sjs,s j,ska

iukajs; jQ iqL iy.; yd m@S;sh cks; lrjk fjzokdj ksidh' fu;a;d ixl,amfhys

wdfjzok me;slv ;< wka;rA.; Wmfhda.S;duh ,CIK jkafka ienjskau fuz lreKqh'

fu;a;d ixl,amh uq,a jrg jvkakd ta flfrys wdYla; lr .ekSu;a" tu ixl,amh os.ska

os.gu jevSu flfrys weZo neZo ;nd .ekSu;a fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv ;<ska

bgqjk ldrAhNdrhhs'

wdfjzok me;slv ksfhdackh lrkakd jQ tla;rd wjia:djla f,i fjzokdj

uq,ska oelajsKs' tfukau tlS fjzokdfjys iajrEmh iqL iy.; yd m@S;sh wka;rA.;

iajNdjhla nj meyeos,s lr.kq ,ensKs' m@S;sh yd iqLh jspdr mQrAjl iajNdjh fya;`

fldgf.k yg.efkk nj;a" fulS iuia; l@shdj<shu fya;fjka js;rAlkh fyj;a ;j;a

fu;a;d ixl,amh nZ|= ixl,amhka we;slr .ekSu;a" fuys oS jsia;r lrk ,oS' fuz ish,q

lreKq ldrKd fya; fldgf.k fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv prAhd ixialrK

jsOsl@uhla jYfhka jvd;a m@;sM,odhl jkafka ukaoehs yd th prAhd ixialrK jsOsl@uhla

jYfhka nq|=iufhys Ndjs;d jkafka ukaoehs hk m@Yakj,g usska meyeos,s ms<s;rla ,efnz' uqZM

uy;a nq|=iuh mqrdu jsia;r flfrkqfha prAhd ixialrK jsOsl@uhka Ndjs;hg .ekSu uZ.ska

mqoa., fm#reIFjh f.dvkZ.d .ekSu ms<snZojhs' fulS mqoa., fm#reIFj f.dvkeZ.u

yqfola mqoa.,hd foajFjhg muKla Tijd fkd;nkakla fkdjk w;r foajFjh yd bka

Tnzfnys jQ b;du by< ;, olajd mqoa., fm#reIFjh oshqKq l< yels wdldrh fuys

fudkjg meyeos,s flfrA'64 ukqIHFjh" foajFjh" n@yauFjh" wrAy;ajh muKla fkdj mfia

nq|= yd iuzud iuznqoaO ;;ajh olajdu mqoa., fm#reIh f.dvkeZ.sh yels nj uska ukdj

fmkajd fokq ,nhs'

119

nq|= iufhys wdfjzok me;slfvys iajrEmh b;d ishquzj mqZM,aj wrA:

ksrEmKh fldg olajd ;sfnz' we;euz jsfgl oS oafjzIh" fl@daOh" ffu;@sh jYfhka hym;a

fpz;kd jYfhka o whym;a fpz;kd jYfhka o wdfjzok me;slfvys l@shdldrSFjh jsia;r

lr olajd ;sfnz' ixLdr jYfhka fjzokd iajrEmhg miqj tysu jsldYkhla jYfhka fuu

wdfjzok me;slv olajd ;sfnz' wdfjzok me;slv nq|=iufhka js.@y flfrk ixLdr fldgi

uZ.ska ksis whqrska jsia;r l< fkdyels jqj o fjzokd fldgi iy ixLdr hk fldgia fofla

tl;j ;< wdfjzok me;slv ksrEmKh jkafka hehs i,ld .; yelsh' tfia kuz lsishuz

ixl,amhl ixLdr ixfjzokh uZ.ska tlS ixl,amh flfrys tlS cSjshd olajk Tyqgu wkkH

jq m@;spdrh ms<snzoj huzlsis ks.ukhlg t<USfuz yelshdj we;' wdfjzokh hkq mqoa.,

jsIhg wkkH jQ ;;ajhla nejska wdfjzokfhys oS mqoa., jsfYaI;d o tlS wdfjzok l@shdj<sh

flfrys n,mdkq ,nhs' we;euzjsg mqoa., wdl,amhka huzlsis f,ilska wdfjzok l@shdj<sh

flfrys iDKd;aul f,i n,mE yels w;r ;j;a f,ilska Okd;aul f,i n,mE yelsh' fuz

ksid wdfjzok l@shdj<sfhys ;Sj@;djh iZoyd n,mdkq ,nk tlu fya;j tlS wdfjzok

l@shj<sh iZoyd wruqKq lr.kakd ixl,amfhys m@n,Fjhu fkdjsh yelsh' ;j;a wjia:djl

oS wdfjzok l@shdj<sh iZoyd wruqKq lr.kakd jQ ixl,amfhys m@n,Fjh ksid o m@n,

fkdjk wdfjzokhka jvd;a ;Sj@ f,iska oefkkakg mqZMjk' fu;a;d ixl,amh wruqKq

lrf.k yg .kq ,nk wdfjzokhl fu;a;d ixl,amfhys we;s m@n,Fjh mqoa., prs;

iajNdjh wkqj fuz ksid |=n, jsh yelsh' mqoa.,hd oafjzI prs;hla kuz fl;ruz fu;a;d

ixl,aamh jvkq ,enQj;a fuz wkqj tlajru Tyq wffjrS mqoa.,fhl njg mrsjrA;kh fjz

hehs wmg ms<s.ekSug wmyiqh' wfkla w;g huzlsis mqoa.,fhl iajNdjfhkau ffu;@S

iajNdjfhka hqla; wfhl jS kuz l,d;rlska fyda Tyqf.a is;g oafjzIh msjsisfha jS kuq|=

jyd tlS oafjzIh is;ska bj;a jS hk nj;a" Ouzumofhys fmkajd oS ;sfnz' iajNdjfhkau

ffu;@S pska;kfhka hqla; wfhl ;j |=rg;a fu;a;d ixl,amh m@.K lrkafka jS kuz

iajNdjfhkau oafjzIfhka hqla; mqoa.,hdg jvd myiqfjka yd ;sr f,iu fy;u

ffu;@sfhys msysgkafkl fjz'

nq|=iufhys fpz;kdj olajd we;af;a o wdfjzok me;slvg iudkqmd;slj

l@shd;aul jk whqrlsks' fpz;kdyx NslaLfjz luzux jodusfpz;kdyx NslaLfjz luzux jodusfpz;kdyx NslaLfjz luzux jodusfpz;kdyx NslaLfjz luzux jodus hk mdGfhka .uH jk mrsos

huzlsis wdfjzokhl .enzjk mqoa.,uh wkkH;djh os.ska os.gu tlS wkkH;djh ;yjqre

lrf.k hEfuz l@shdj<sh flfrysu lsishuz fm<USula we;s lrk nj fmfkkag ;sfnz'65

iFjhka iir iersierSfuys fya;j jYfhka olajk wjsoHdj mjd yg.ekSug ;vq fok

lreK jkafka fufia mqoa., wkkH;djhla flfrys os.ska os.gu oevs f,i f,dn neZoSuhs'

wdfjzokfhys mj;akd jQ usksia is; jiZ. lrk iqZM nj fulS wkkH;djh os.ska os.gu

mj;ajd .ekSug m@Odku fya;j fjz' wdfjzok me;slv usksia is; jiZ. lrkqfha os.ska os.gu

iqLh yd m@S;sh ms<snZoj fkdikaisZ|=kq n,dfmdfrd;a;jla is;g ,nd oSu ;<sks' iajNdjslju

iEu wdfjzokhlau fjkiajk njska hqla;h' tnejska ta weiqfrka yg .kqfha |=lla yd

w;Dma;slr nj ms<snZoj yeZ.Sula usila iqLh yd m@S;sh fkdfjz' is; lrkafka jrA;udkfhys

120

mqoa.,hdyg flosklj;a fkd,efnk tfy;a wkd.;fhys ,efn;ehs lsis|= ;rAldkQl~,

mokula u; fkdfmkajsh yels jQ uk%l,ams; iqLhla yd m@S;shla ms<snZoj jHdc

n,dfmdfrd;a; yd fpz;kd os.ska os.g is;ays my< lr.ksuska mqoa., is; thska weZo neZo

;nd .ekSuhs' ienjskau we;af;a wiykh yd w;Dma;sh kuz ta ;;ajh ms<s.ekSu fjkqjg

jHdc ;;ajhla ,qyqneZo hdu ;j ;j;a is; fjfyig yd l,lsrSug m;alrjk iqZM fjz' uska

is;g oafjzIh ms<sl<l iajrEmfhka we;s fjz' fu;a;d ixl,amh jevSu uZ.ska is|= lrkafka

wdfjzok me;slv ksid iFjhdyg ksrdhdifhkau Wreu jk fuz by; olajk ,o udkisl

wiykfhka yd l,lsrSfuka Tyqj uqojd .ekSuhs' fu;a;d ixl,amh jevSu uZ.ska mqoa.,hd

yg jrA;udkfhys Tyqg jsZoskakg ,efnk wdfjzokj, wiykldrS yd w;Dma;slr iajNdjh

kqjKska oek yZ|=kd .ksuska tajdfhys wks;H iajNdjh wjfndaO lruska is; mSvdjg

m;afkdfjuska wluzms;j jsZo ord .ekSug yqrejla ukfiys we;s lrjkq ,nhs' fuu ;;ajh

wdfjzokhkays yq|= fjzokd mCIh blau kqjKska msrsisZo olskakg yqre jSuls' nq|=iuh fuz

;;ajh hfulyg tlajru mila lr.; yels hehs mjkafka ke;' kuq;a ta ;;ajh lrd

b;du l@udkQl~,j hd yels .uka uZ.la meyeos,sju nq|=iufhys jsia;r lroS ;sfnz'

nq|=iufhys p;rdrAh i;Hh ;< olajd we;af;a by; lS .uka uZ. ms<snZo b;du m@Yia;

js.@yhhs' tysoS wiykh yd w;Dma;sh;a" tlS wiykh yd w;Dma;sh we;sjSug fya;j;a" tlS

wiykh yd w;Dma;sh |=re lr.kakd jsOsl@uh;a yd tu jsOsl@uh Ndjs;fhka wiykh yd

w;Dma;sh |=re lr.ekSu;a hk i;rjsO i;Hhka bka jsYo flfrA'

ffcj f,dj;< bkakd tlu iFjhd ;ud fkdjk nj;a" ;uka ish,q ffcj

f,dj ;< wxYjla muKla nj;a mila lr.ekSu uZ.ska mqoa.,fhl i;rjsO i;Hh ms<snZo

m@;HCI wjfndaOh ,nhs'66 tuZ.ska fy;u ;uka hkqfjka ;u mqoa., wkkH;djh wfkla

iFjhka w;frka fjka lr f.dvkZ.d .kakd udkisl m@fCIamkh mokuz lr.;a uuFjjdoS

jQ jHdc oDIaGsh nsZo oud ienE orAYkhg m@jsIaG fjhs' m<uq orAYkh m@jsIaGfhys oSu fy;u

;j |=rg;a ndysr u;jdoj,ska ps;a; m@fCIamk ;j |=rg;a f.dvfkdZ.kakd jQ meyeos,s

m@;HCI wjfndaOhla ,nd wdrAhh kdufhka yeZoskafjk Wiia udkisl oshqKqjla w;am;a

lr.kakd ,o mqoa.,fhla njg meusfKhs' ;j |=rg;a ;ud ,nk ,o m@;HCI wjfndaOh

Tiafia is; fufyhjk fy;u ;ksju ;uka ,nd.kakd ,o orAYk udrA.fhys l~gm@dma;s

wjia:dj jQ ish,q ffcj f,dj;< ;ud hkqfjka f.dvkZ.d .kakd ,o mqoa.,sl udkisl

m@fCIamK ish,a, w;yer oud ish is; ta yeu fohskau ixisZojuska ksjd .kakd wjia:djlg

meusfKa'67 ish,q ffcj f,dj flfrys mrsmQrAK ffu;@sfhka hqla;j l,amkd l< yels tlu

udkisl wjia:dj fuh fjz' fuz olajd ish,q iFjhka flfrys ffu;@sh m@.K lrkq ,nqj;a

th lsishuz wd.usl Ydia;Djrfhl jsiska wkqoek jod< ksid Ydia;D f.#rjh fmroers

lrf.k jvk fu;a;d ixl,amhla usil fujeks mrsmQrAK wjfndaOfhka ksrdhdifhkau

isf;ys meKkZ.sk ;;ajhla fkdfjz' ish,q udk ixLHd; oDIaGSka ish,a, wZMhu ,Q lKqfl<

msvla fia w;yer ouk ,o fulS W;uz wrAy;ajhg m;a ry;kajykafia ksrdhdifhkau ish,q

121

f,daljdiS ffcj m@cdj flfrys ksre;aidylju fu;a;d ixl,amfhka hqla;j lghq;

lsrSug iu;a jk fial'68 fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slfvys mrsmQrAK ksIagdj

fujsg Wkajykafia jsiska w;am;a lrf.k isgsk nejska Wkajykafiaf.a is; yeu jsglu

ikaiqkah' ksYap,h' meyeos,s ksi, js,l osh fuks'69

nq|=iuh ;< wdfjzok me;slfvys l~gm@dma;sh olajd we;af;a fpzf;da jsuqla;s

hk kdufhks' tfukau ixcdkk me;slfvys l~gm@dma;s wjia:dj m@Z{d jsuqla;s kdufhka

olajd we;' wdfjzok yd ixcdkk me;slv foflysu tlajka l~gm@dma;s wjia:dj wksus;a;

jsuqla;s kdufhka olajd we;' fuys oS m@Z{d jsuqla;sh msKsi YkH;d jsfudlaIh;a" fpzf;da

jsuqla;sh msKsi wm@Ksys; jsfudlaIh;a" WNf;da jsuqla;sh msKsi wksus;a; jsfudlaIh;a

olajd ;sfnz' fuys oS jeo.;a jkqfha wdfjzok me;slfvys l@shdldrSFjh ksrEmKh jk

fjzf;da jsuqla;s yd WNf;da jsuqla;s hk fol muKs' fpzf;da jsuqla;sh flfrys n,mdkq ,nk

ixl,am w;rska fu;a;d ixl,amh m@uqL ia:dkhla .kq ,nk nj iZoyka jS ;sfnz' fu;a;d

ixl,amfhys .enzjk iqL y.; iajNdjh yd m@S;su;a iajNdjh uZ.ska isf;ys .egquzldrS yd

l,lsreKq .;sh uZ.yrjkq ,nhs' jvd;a myiqfjka is; tlZ. lrjk w;r ps;a; iudOsh

,nd .ekqug ufydamldrS fjz' ps;a; iudOsfhys by<u wjia:d f,#lsl OHdk uZ.ska

ksrEmKh jk w;r ps;a; mdrsYoaOsfhys f,daflda;a;r wjia:djka ud.!M, kdufhka

oelafjz' fuys f,#lsl OHdk iudOsfhys by<u ysKsfm;a; ksrEmKh lrk w;r

f,daflda;a;r OHdk m@Z{dfjys yd ps;af;al.@;djfhys by<u ysKsfm;a; ksrEmKh lrhs'

isysh yd wLKav ksrSCIKh ud.!M,hkag meusKSug jsOsl@uh fjz' tys wdfjzok l~gm@dma;sh

iuZ.u m@Z{d l~gm@dma;sh o wka;rA.;h' wdfjzok me;slv flaJ|@lrf.k wdfjzok

l~gm@dma;sh uZ.ska m@Z{d l~gm@dma;sh we;s lr.kakd l@ufjzohg fpzf;da jsuqla;sh hehs

jHjydr lrk w;r" wdfjzok me;slv yd ixcdkk me;slv hk me;slv folu bjy,a

lrf.k ta fol uZ.skau wdfjzok yd mZ@{d l~gm@dma;sh we;s lr.kakd jsOsl@uhg WNf;da

jsuqla;sh hehs jHjydr lrkq ,nhs' fpzf;da jsuqla;sh yd WNf;da jsuqla;sh hk jsOsl@uhka

fol msKsiu wdfjzok me;slv i; jQ wdfjzok .Kh Wmldrj;a fjz' fu;a;d ixl,amh

mdol lrf.k hfula is; ixisZ|=jhs kuz fyda m@Z{dj wjos lrhs kuz fyda is; ixisZojSu yd

m@Z{dj wjos lrjSu hk folu is|=lrhs kuz fyda wdfjzok me;slv i; jQ m@;sNdjh thska

jgyd .; yelsh'70

fu;a;d ixl,amh i; jQ ishquz nj yd uD|= iajNdjh ksid th Wmldr

lrf.k wdfjzok me;slv Tiafia ;ukag wjYH mrsos ;ukaf.a is; yiqrejd .ekSug

mqoa.,hka yg uska uy;a rel,la ie,fia' ffcj wdfjzok me;slv ilia jS ;sfnkqfha b;d

ishquz ixfjzokhkag mjd jyd m@;spdr oelajSfuz myiqj we;s jk mrsosh' th tla;rd |=rlg

iFj .Khla jYfhkao iZoyka lsrSug yelsh' iFj .Khla jQ wdfjzokh ffcj prAhdjka

ixialrKh lsrSu msKsi o nq|=r|=ka jsiska b;du;a m@Yia; wdldrfhka Ndjs;hg .kq ,en

122

;snqKq nj fu;a;d ixl,amh ta iZoyd wkqoek jodrd we;s wdldrh wkqj meyeos,s fjz'

fu;a;d ixl,amh jO!kh lsrSug mjd iSudjla oelajsh fkdyels mrsoafoka ;srsika"usksia"

foaj yd n@yau hk ljr ffcj fldgilg jqjo wdfjzok wjYH;djhka ;Dma;su;a jk mrsos

Ndjs;d l< yels f,i fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok mCIh ishquz lulska hqla;j olajd

we;' wdfjzok me;slv ishquz jkakg jkakg ;srsika.; iFjhdf.a isg n@yau ldhsl cSjShd

olajd ffcj ;,h Wiia jk w;r" ffcj ;,h tnZ|= f,ilska Wiia jkakg jkakg wdfjzok

me;slfvys ishquz iajNdjh o Wiia fjz' ta wdldrfhkau wdfjzok me;slv rZM jkakg jkakg

n@yau ldhsl cSjshdf.a isg ;srsika.; iFjhd olajd ffcj ;,h my< niskakg mgka

.kshs' tfiau ffcj ;,h my< niskakg niskakg ta ;,j, isgsk cSjSkaf.a wdfjzok

me;slv rZM jkakg fjz' fuhska fmfkkafka wdfjzok me;slv iy ffcj ;,h w;r wkqf,dau

iudkqmd;hla olakg ,efnk njhs' fuzz ksid ksrAjdKh nZ|= Wiia wruqKla lrd iuzm@dma;s

jSug wosgka lrf.k isgsk iEu flfkl jsiskau ish wdfjzok ;,h yels;dla |=rg rZM

wdfjzokhkaf.ka jsksrAuqla;j yd yels;dla |=rg ishquz wdfjzokhkaf.ka hqla;j mj;ajd

.ekSug W;aiyj;a jsh hq;h'71 fu;a;d ixl,amfhys olakg we;s jsfYaIFjh jkqfha tuZ.ska

iFj wdfjzok me;slv yels;dla |=rlg ishquz lsrSuhs' fu;a;d ixl,amh b;du;au ishquz

wdfjzokhla nejska fuz wdldrfhka tlS wdfjzokfhka os.ska os.gu ish is;a i;ka mqrjd

.kakd jQ mqoa.,hkaf.a is;a uD|= yd ieye,a,q njg m;afjz' fulS ieye,a,q iajNdjh

Wmfhda.S lr.ksuska iFj ps;a;h ;srYapdk iajNdjfhyss isg n@yau iajNdjh olajd Wiia

;,hlg m@jsYaG lr,Sfuz yelshdj we;s lr .kshs' tmuKla o fkdj wjidk mrudorAYh

jYfhka fmkjd fokq ,nk laf,aY ksrAfjzoh jk ksrAjdKh keue;s w;sm@KS;;r udkisl

wdfjzokh <Z.d lr.ekSug mjd fulS fu;a;d ixl,amh uyZ. msgsjy<la fjz'

fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv usksia is;a i;ka fi#uH yeZ.uska

mqrjd,hs' usksiqka tlsfkld w;r mj;sk ;rZ.h tlS ;rZ.h fya;fjka Wkqka yd w;r

we;sjk oafjzIh m<jd yer ukqIHFjfhys WKqiquska is;a f;;a lrkq ,nhs' fu;a;d

ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv uZ.ska usksi;alu fl;ruz W;uz fohlao yd usksi;alu

wrAy;ajh mfia nqoaOjh yd iuzud iuznqoaOFjh olajd jevs oshqKq l< yels nj usksiqkayg

myod fokq ,nhs' fu;a;d ixl,amh usksia iudch iduQyslFjfhka weZo neZo ;nd .kakd

nJOkhla yd iudkh' jsjsO ixl,amhka usksia is;a i;ka ;<g m@fjzY jSfuzoS tu m@fjzYh

is|=jkq ,nkakd jQ wdfjzok me;slv fyj;a jskaokd;aul mCIh jvd;a m@Yia;j ;nd.ekSu

uZ.ska m@fjzYjkq ,nk wd.ka;l ixl,amhka jvd;a fydZoska wjfndaO lr.ekSug wjldY

ie,fihs' fuu ixl,am wjfndaOh fydZoska m@Yia; ugzguska is|=jSu mYapd;a ld,Skj nqoaOsuh

jYfhkao ufydamldrS fjhs' iFjhdf.a nqoaOsuh wxYh m@ldY jkafka ixcdkk me;slv

uZ.ska jk nejska wdfjzok me;slfvys l@shdldrSFjh uekjska mj;ajd .ekSu ixcdkk

me;slfvys oshqKq ikaksfjzok yelshdj flfrys Wmia:uzNl jk nj fuysoS meyeos,s fjz'

fuhska m@lg jkqfha wdfjzok me;slfvys l@shdldrSFjh fjk;a fiiq wxY iuZ.

iyiuznJOfhka ;<kd;aul f,i jrAOkh jSu flfrys o Wmia:uzNl jk njhs' fuu

123

lreK fu;a;d ixl,amh iuznJOfhka jvd;a ;yjqre flfrk ldrKhls' ulaksido h;a

fu;a;d ixl,amfhka is;a i;ka uD|= yd ieye,a,q lsrSug wjYH flfrk udkisl jgdmsgdj

myiqfjka f.dvkefZ.k nejsks' ieye,a,q yd uD|= udkisl jgdmsgdjla iys; mrsirhla ;<

oS TzkEu mqoa.,fhlf.a ixcdkk yelshdj yd wdfjzok ;Sj@;djh ;j ;j;a by< hk

nejsks' tfukau ixcdkk wxYfhka oshqKqj;au ta wdY@h lrf.k mj;sk prAZhd me;slv

uZ.ska wod< cSjshd ffcj ys;jdoS l@shdldrluzj, ksr;lrkq ,nhs' wfkla w;g os.ska os.gu

ffcj ys;jdoS prAhd rgdjlg wenzneys jSu ksid o tuZ.ska ixcdkk yelshdj yd wdfjzok

;Sj@;djh jrAOkh jk njo fmkS hhs'

fuu tlsfkl wxYhkays ukd ifudaOdkh ksid iuQy.; usksia prAhdjg

ys;lr whqrska ixcdkk" prAhd yd wdfjzok me;slv hk wxY ;ku jrAOkh fjz' tys

ldrAhCIu;djh by< hhs' iduQysl nj jevs iudc jvd;a blaukska ixjrAOkh lrd msh

Tijkafka o fuz ldrKh ksidh' iduQyslFjh yd us;@YS,S wdl,am mqoa., yd iudc

ixjrAokh fjz.j;a lsrSfuys ,d b;du;a jeo.;a ;ekla .kakd ldrKhls' fuz fya;j ksid

fu;a;d ixl,amh jevSfuka TzkEu mqoa.,fhlf.a ldrAhCIu;djh fyj;a udkisl

Odrs;djh by< kxjk nj lrKSh fu;a;d iQ;@h wkqj meyeos,s fjz' jvd jevs

ldrAhCIu;djhlska iukajs; ixcdkk" prAhd yd wdfjzok hk me;slv ;k uZ.ska

cSjshdf.a ffcj ;,h o ;srsika fhdksfha isg n@yau f,dalh olajd ixjrAOkh fjuska .uka

.kshs' kuq;a nq|=iuh ish iuh orAYkfhys mru ksIagdj f,i i,lkqfha n@yau ldhsl

iajNdjfhkao jsksrAuqla; jQ il,jsO jQ laf,aYhkaf.ka ksrAfjsos; wjia:dj jk nejska ta

wjia:dj olajd ixcdkk" prAhd yd wdfjzok me;slvhkays l@shdldrSFjh oshqKq lsrSu" ;Sj@

lsrSu" ishquz lsrSu yd Wiia ;,hlg meusKjSu is|= lrkq ,nhs' fulS Wiia lsrSu lY,fhys

fhoSu fyj;a mskaoyuzj, ksr;jSu kuska o thska mrsndysrj wka w;g" jsreoaO osYdNsuqLj

ixcdkk" prAhd yd wdfjzok me;slvhkays l@shdldrSFjh msrsyShdu msKsi wkqn, ,nd oSu

lY,fhys fhoSu fyj;a mjzluz lsrSu kuska o wF:! olajd we;' fuz khska .;fyd;a msk

fyj;a lY,h ;@sjsO me;slvhkays ixjrAOkh ms<snsUq lrkakla f,iska o mj fyj;a

wlY,h ;@sjsO me;slvhkays msrsySu iksgqyka lrkakla f,iska o oelajsh yelsh'72

lY,h yd msk o wlY,h yd mj o iudkdrA:j;a f,iska jHjyrfhys

fh|=k o fuys b;du;a ishquz fjkialuz fjz' fuys msfkys wdfjzokd;aul iajNdjhg jvd

ishquz njla lY, hkafkys o wlY,fhys wdfjzokd;aul iajNdjhg jvd rZM njla mj

hkafkayso .enzfjz' fuys uq,skau ish prAhdjka ixialrKh lr.ksuska wdfjzok me;slv

ishquz njg muqKqjd .ekSu wdruzN lr isgsk mqoa.,hdg Wmfoia fokq ,nkafka ffcj

iudch flfrys olajkakd jQ us;@YS,S wdl,amh ksid mj keue;s b;du;au rZM udkisl

wdfjzokj,ska je<flk f,ih' inznmdminznmdminznmdminznmdmiaiiaiiaiiai wlrKx wlrKx wlrKx wlrKx hkafkka th lshfjz' bka wk;rej

;j |=rg;a us;@YS,S Ndjfhys by< ;,hka lrd .uka .kakd mqoa., uki wlY, keue;s

fiiq lvd rZM udkisl wdfjzokj,ska je<lSug;a" mska keue;s ishquz udkisl wdfjzokhkag

124

yqre mqre|= lr.ekSug;a Wmfoia fokq ,nhs' bka wk;rej wod< mqoa.,hdf.a is; ;j |=rg;a

ishquz wdfjzokhkaf.ka hqla; lrkq ioyd lY,h jrAOkh lrk f,i Wmfoia fokq ,nhs'

l`i,iai Wmiuzmodl`i,iai Wmiuzmodl`i,iai Wmiuzmodl`i,iai Wmiuzmod hkafkys wrA:h fuhhs' l@udkQl~, f,i ffcj wdfjzohka ishquz lsrSfuz

l@shdj<sh;a tu l@shdj<sh wjidkfhys ish,q laf,aYhkaf.ka jsksrAuqla; jSu olajd is|=jSuz

fm< ish,q iFjhka iZoyd ksrAfoaY jS ;sfnkqfha ips;a; mrsfhdaomkxips;a; mrsfhdaomkxips;a; mrsfhdaomkxips;a; mrsfhdaomkx hkafkks' f,dalfhys

nq|=jre huz;dla my< fj;a o Wkajykafia,d ish,q fokdf.au wruqK jkqfha o f,dljdiS

iEu iFjfhlu fuu jevms<sfj< m@.K lruska iirska tf;r lrjSu nj ta;x ta;x ta;x ta;x

nqoaOidikxnqoaOidikxnqoaOidikxnqoaOidikx hkakka lshfjz'73 ish,q nq|=jre fuu jevms<sfj< iuia; f,daljdiS iFjhd fj;

yZ|=kajd fokq ,nkafka Wkajykafia,d ;< iuia; f,daljdiS iFjhka flfrys we;s us;re nj

fmrgq fldg.;a wdkqluzmdj ksidh'74 fuz f,dlafhys Wiia;u l<HdK us;@hka iuzud

iuznq|=jre jkqfha fuz ksidh' ish,q iFj j.!hd jsIfhys Wkajykafia,d ;< jrAOkh jS

;snqKq l,HdK us;@Fjh ksidu Wkajykafia, fulS iWmfoaYhka iFjhka fj; m@odkh

lr;a' wdfjzok me;slv ishquz lsrSfuz jHhdhuh ;< .enzjkqfha o fu;a;d ixl,amfhys

Ndjs;djhs'

ish,q iFjhd fu;a;d ixl,amfhka hqla;j jsiSu ffcj ys;jdoS udkisl

wdl,amhls' tfukau tjsg iFjhd ;uka Wmudjg f.k wkHhka flfrys fu;a;d ixl,amh

we;sj jdih lrhs' huz mqoa.,fhl ;uka ;ukag flf;ruz ys;j;a o tayd iudkju

wkHhka flfrys ys;j;a iajNdjh jrAOkh lr .kshs' huzlsis iudc ia:rhl fuz

wdldrfhka iFjhka jdih lr;ao ta iudch lsis osfkl msrsySug m;a fkdjk w;r osfkka

osk oshqKqj lrd md Tijhs' fndfyda fofkla Bkshd oshqKq j f,i olakd ndysr fN#;sl

oshqKqj kshu oshqKqjla fkdfjz' th iudch yd iudch ;< bkakd mqoa.,hka tlsfkld

rjgd.ekSula muKs' tf,i u;msgska oshqKqjla f,i mej;sho Tzcia .,k ;jd,hla f,i

msg;ska wdjrAKs;j we;<; lKq .Zo .iuska meyejuska os.ska os.gu iudch keue;s

frda.shd ush hkf;la th fkdisZoS mj;S' kuq;a wjxlju iajlSh is; we;<;skau fu;a;d

ixl,amh m@.K lrkq ,nk mqoa.,fhl fyda tnZ|= mqoa.,hka iuQyhlska iEoS we;s

iudchla tf,i u;msgska olsk oshqKqj fiau wNHka;r .;j we;s oshqKqj ksid flosklj;a

msrSySula we;s fkdfjz' tu iudc ixialD;sh iuZ. noaOj hk l,d Ys,am yd mqoa.,

ridiajdoh o ishquz njg m;alrk ,o usksia wdfjzok me;slv uZ.ska fydZo foa muKla ta

;<g .@yKh lr.; yels wdldrhg th ilia jS we;s ksid lsis osfkl nd, yriqka foa

iudch jsiska fkdb,ajkq ,nhs' ksrdhdifhkau ishquz njg muqKqjk ,o wdfjzok ;<ska

fydZo foa muKlau ri jsZoSug usksid yqrej we;s fyhsks' fuhska meyeos,s jkqfha iudchla

mjd ilia jSug fu;a;d ixl,amh uZ.ska ishquz njg muqKqjk ,o wdfjzok me;slv

ufydamldrS jk njhs' l,dYs,am j,ska is|=jkqfhao usksiqkaf.a rZM udkisl wdfjzok

Tmugzguz lrjd tajd ishquz njg meusKjSu jk ksid ta wdldrfha l,d ksrAudK tjsg ta

iudcfhys uq,a ;efkl ,d jecfUkq we;' jrA;udkfhys fuka yriqka fohska usksiqka

125

uq,djg m;a fkdjkq we;' usksiqka jvd;a w.h lrkakg fm<fUkqfha o yels;dla ishquz

jskaokd;aul foa muKs' fu;ekg mqoa.,dNHka;rh ilia lrkakg kuz fu;a;d ixl,amh

jrAOkh lr.ksuska wdfjzok me;slv ishquz njg mrsjrA;kh lr.ekSug usksiqkag wjldY

ie,ish hq;h' fuysoS iudchg j.lSuz folla mejfrA' tlla kuz iudch jsiskau wjYH

osYdk;sh ilia lr usksiqkayg tlS wdfjzok ;;ajhkag meusKsug Wmldrj;a jSuhs'

fojekak jkqfha fm#oa.,slju ;u ;uka ;< wdfjzok l@shdldrSFjh Wiia njg

muqKqjdf.k wk;rej ;uka ;<ska ndysr iudchg fulS ;;ajh jsysfok wdldrhg

iudch ;< lghq; lsrSuhs' fojekak jvd;a m@fhda.sl jYfhka jeo.;a jqj o wiSre;u

ldrAhh fjz'75

idudkH .sys iudchg wdorAYhla f,i .; yels mrsos ix> iudcfhys

jH=yh yd mrudorAY ilia jS we;' ix> hkafkys wrA:h jkqfha iuQyh hkakhs' fjka l<

fkdyels tl usgshla iuQyhla hk wrA:h bka lshfjz' kuskau ix> iudcfhys mrudrA:

ms<snZoj o< wjfndaOhlg meusKsug yelsjk mrsos kuz flrS we;' kuskau wrA:j;a flfrk

mrsos ix> iudch hkq jrA;udk iudc md,k rgd w;rska jvd oshqKu ,CIK wka;rA.;

mrsmd,k jH=yhla nj mejish yelsh' ix> iudch mqoa., kdhlFjhla jgd f.dkq

fkdjqjla jk w;r mqoa., kdhlFjhl olakg we;s wys;lr ,CIK lsisjla ix> iudchla

;< fuz ksid olakg fkdfjz' ix> iudchl jsoHudk jkqfha iduQysl md,k rgdjls' tys

wrA:h iuia;hd iuia;hd uZ.skau md,kh lrkq ,nkafkah hk kHhdhhs' fuz wkqj ix>

iudcfhys tla tla idudcslhdyg idudcsl jgskdula fuz uZ.ska mjrd fokq ,en we;af;ah'

fuz iuQy.; iudcfhys fldgia lrefjl jSug kuz ;udyg mjrd fokq ,nk hq;luz

j.lSuz fldgi ;ukag mqZMjka Wmrsu whqrska bgq lr oSug fulS idudcslhd wkHhka fj;

iduQyslFjfhys j.lSfuka neZoS isgshs' fuu iduQyslFjh f.dkq jS mj;skqfha ffu;@sh yd

iudk;au;djh jeks iudc mrudorAY jgdh' fuz ksid lsishuz ffk;sl isoaOdka;hlska

iudch md,kh lrkjdg jvd jevs ksoyila fuz l@uh hgf;a tu iudcfhys tla tla

idudcslhdg ,efnz'76

fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv iuznJOfhka b;du jeo.;a

ksrAfoaYhka ix> iudch wdY@s;j imhd .; yelsh' uq,a hq.fhys ix> iudch ilia jS

;snqfKa mejsos cSjs;fhys uQ,sl mrudrA: Wfoid mejsos jQ msrsilf.ka nejska yqfola Tjqkaf.a

uQ,sl wNsm@dh jQfhao yels blaukska tlS mrudrA:hka idCId;a lr.ekSuhs' fuz iZoyd Tjqka

jsfYaI oekquz oSulska fyda wK oSulska f;drj b;du iyfhda.fhka ffu;@sfhka hqla;j ish

uQ,sl wruqK jQ wrAy;ajh ,enSfuys jHdhdufhys wm@udoSj ksr; jQ nj fmfka' Tjqyq

iajNdjfhkau pduz w,afmapzP iy is,aj;a cSjs;hla .; l<y' ikaksOsldr mrsfNdackfhka

f;drj" fN#;sl wjYH;d w;sYhskau iSud lr mj;ajk ix> iudchg uQ,sl ksY@h i;rla

jsh'77 fuu uQ,sl ksY@h i;r wdY@h lr.ksuska yd fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok

126

me;slfvys ishquz nj w;aolsuska ieye,a,q cSjs;hla Tjqyq .; l<y' ieye,a,q nj ksidu ix>

iudch w;sYhskau us;@YS,S wdla,m j,ska iukajs; jsKs' uq, oS ieye,a,q nj m@;HCI jYfhka

w;aolsuska f.k.sh w,afmapzP cSjs;h Tjqfkdjqka tlsfkldg olajk ,o us;@YS,s wdl,amh

jshelShdu;a iuZ.u l@ufhka ixlSrAK jkakg jsh'78 uq, oS ir, nj .enz jQ ix> iudch

wd;audrA:lduS fpz;kdj ksid us;@YS,S cSjk rgdfjka neyer jS l@ufhka ixlSrAK njg

mrsjrA;kh jS wjidkfhys ixia:d.; jq nj meyeos,sj fmfkkakls' mYapd;a ld,Sk

jYfhka ix> iudch ixlSrAK jQj;a tys uq,a ld,Sk wruqKqj,ska neyer fkdjSu ix>

iudch msysgqjSfuz wfmaCIdjh' tnejska nq|=rcdKka jykafia uQ,sl NsCIq mrudrA:hkag ydks

fkdjk mrsoafoka mYapd;a ld,Skj jsldYh jQ ix> iudch jsiska w;am;a lr.kakd ,o ta

w;sfrAl ,dN ms<s.ekSu yd mrsfNdackh ms<snZo jsjsO jskh kshuhka m@ldYhg m;a lsrSfuys

wjY;djh Woa.; jQ w;r ld,Skj we;s jQ iudc jsmrAhdihkag wkqj jskh kshuhka o

m@ldYhg m;ajsh'79

jskh ffk;sl mokula .enzjk fohla jqj;a" nq|=iufhys iZoyka jk jskh

kS;s yqfola ffk;sl mokula msKsiu mKjk ,o fohla fkdfjz' tys wruqK fu;a;d

ixl,amfhys .enzjk ishquz udkisl wdfjzokh ta jQ wdldrfhkau ix> iudch ;< ia:dms;

lsrSu iZoyd wjYH lrk udkisl jd;djrKhl /ljrKh NsCIQkajykafia,dg ,ndoSuhs'

fuu woyi fmroers fldgf.k fulS woyi lZM .ekafjk mrsos m@d;sfudCIfhys ksrEms;

jskh m@Z{ma;Ska iliaj we;' ta jskh kshuhka w;r uq,a ;ek .;af;a idx>sl l@uhhs' fuhska

woyia lrkqfha ix> iudch i; foa mqoa., ika;l fkdlr iuQyhd ika;l lsrSuhs'

iuQyhdf.a jeo.;alu olsk iudchla yegshg ix> iudch yeZoskajsh yelshs' tys oS ish,q

fokdg ix> iudcfhys iudc jgskdluz iu fia wdfrdamKh jS ;sfnz' ix> iudcfha

w;sfrAl ,dn jYfhka ,efnk isjzmih iuQyhdg ika;l lsrSu hkq ish,q fokdf.a wjYH;d

Wfoid lem lsrSu hkakhs'80 idx>sl foam< l@uh m@cd;dka;@sl ,CIK m@lg lrkqfha ta

mrsfNdack l@uh ;< us;@YS,S iudc mrsirh mdol lrf.k ish cSjk rgdj f.k.sh lsis|=

NsCIqjla meje;au ms<snZoj fjfyig m;a fkdfjk nejsks' wfkla w;g .Dyia:hska fuka

uqo,a bmhSfuys kshqla; jSu NsCIQFjh uQ,sl mrudrA:fhka .s,syS fjfyig meusKSuls'

iuQyhd jsiska mqoa.,hd iqrCIs; lrk nejska ix> iudch ;< fm#oa.,sl Okj;a njla

;snSu wjYH fkdfjz' tfukau fm#oa.,slj lrk odkhg jvd iduQysl odkfhys wdksixY

fkdtlajsg nq|=r|=ka jsiska jodrd ;sfnz' uska fy<sfmfy<s jkqfha us;@YS,S yeisrSuz rgdfjys

jeo.;alu iduQyslFjh iqrCIs; lsrSfuys oS jeo.;ajk njhs' nq|=rcdKkajykafia mqoa.,sl

odkhg jvd iuQy.; odkfhys w.h jod<y'81 Wkajykafia iuQyhd yd iuQyfhys us;@YS,S

wdl,amh mj;ajd .ekSu ms<snZoj olajk ,o ie,ls,su;a nj uska m@lg fjhs' wdrdu fikiqka

msrskeuSu;a" iuZ. wdrdusl jQ fkdfhla NdKav w;sfrAl ,dN jYfhka ix> iuQyhd fj;

msrskeuSu is|= jsh' lsis|= m@;s,dNhla mqoa.,fhl ika;l fkdlr iuQyhd jsIfhys mejrSu

uZ.ska n,dfmdfrd;a; jQfha" ix> msrsi w;sYhskau ys;j;a iajNdjhla" tfukau Tjqfkdjqka

127

flfrys ie,lsu;a jk iajNdjhla we;slsrSuhs'82 us;@YS,S nj uq,afldg.;a" iuQyhdf.a

meje;au myiqjkq msKsi fuz iZ.i; foam< mrsyrKfha oS ta ta mqoa.,hdf.a wjYH;djh

ms<snZoj jevs ie,ls,a,la oelajSu ix> iudch ;< idudkHfhka olakg ,efnz' thska

mqoa.,fhl ;j;a mqoa.,fhlf.a wjYH;djh ms<sno ie,ls,su;ajSug;a" ;uka yd

wkHhkaf.a wjYH;d i,ld n,d lsishuz us;@YS,S wdl,amhlska hqla;j wkHhka jsIfhys

lghq; lsrSug;a ix> iudcfhys idudcslhska yeu foku mdfya Wkka|= jsKs' fuhska

wkHhka jsIfhys us;@YS,s wdl,amhlska lghq; lsrSug ix> iudcfhys idudcsl msrsi yqre

mqre|= jsKs'83 ix> iudcfhys wksjdrAhfhkau mej;sh hq; jQ fu;a;d ixl,amh neyerjSu

ksid huz wl@usl;djhla is|= jqjfyd;a thg j.lsj hq; NsCIqj iuQyhd fj;ska jskhdkQl~,

oZvqjulg Ndckh fjhs' tu oZvqju mjd tu NsCIqjg ,ndfokq ,nkafka fu;a;d ixl,amh

fmroers lrf.k tu NsCIqj tu jroska uqojd .ekSfuz fpz;kdjks' mqoa.,hd iuQyhdg

j.lsj hq; nejska ish,q fokd fj;u lghq; ms<snZo j.lSuz iy.; njla ;snsh hq; fjz'

iduQysl iudchl ;snsh hq; us;@YS,s wdl,amh jrAOkh jSug fuh wksjdrAh idOlhla

fjz'84 idx>sl foam, iuQy mrsfNdackhg ,lajk jsg tajdfha ukd meje;au yd wdrCIdj

is|=jsh hq;af;a us;@YS,s njska hq; jQ iuQyhd w;skauh'85 ish,q ix>hd jykafia fmd|=fjz ;u

j.lSuz fldgi yZ|=kdf.k mj;ajk fikiqka jsyrKfha ffu;@S mQrAjl wdfjzokfhys uD|=

ugis,sgs iajNdjh fuhska meyeos,s fjz' wkHhkaf.a ys;iqj msKsi l@shdlrkakd jQ us;@YS,S

wdl,amj,ska iukajs; jQ NsCIqjla huz jsydria:dkhl jdih lrkafka kuz tys jik wkH

NsCIQkaf.a fi#LH ixrCIKh msKsi ish wjOdkh wksjdrAhfhkau fhduq l< hq; nejz

nq|=rcdKka jykafia jsiska fmkajd fokq ,enSh'86 idx>sl foam< iqrCIs;j us;@YS,S

wdl,amfhka hqla;j mrsfNdackh lsrSfuz j.lSuz iys; nj uska m@ldYs;h' iiqka ms<sfj;g

ms<smka NsCIQkaf.a fmd|= wruqK f,i ie,flk ksrAjdK m@drm@dma;sh ,en .ekafuys uQ,

OrAuh jkqfha iduQysl foam< mrsyrKhhs'87 iuQyhdf.a meje;au myiqjSu msKsi wkqoek

jodrd we;s fuz jskh kshuhka us;@YS,S whqrska iduQysl osjs fmfj;la .;lrkq ,nk

mqoa.,hdf.a iudcSh j.lSu m@lg lrkq ,nhs'

ksrAjdK ,dNh iajlSh tlu mru ksIagdj fldg i,ld l@shdlsrSfuz j.lSu

orK ix> iudcfhys udkisl wdfjzok me;slfvys ishquz nj rZod nj;afka ;rZ.ldrS osjs

rgdfjka w;ausoS iduQysl cSjs;hla lrkjdkuz muKla nejska hf:dala; ldrAhh idOkfhys

,d ix> iudch ksr;lrjSu msKsi foam< flfrys mqoa.,sl ysusluz meje;ajSfuz whs;sh iSud

lr ;sfnz' tnejska ix> iudcfhys l@shd;aul jkqfha iduQysl foam< l@uhls' fuz iduQysl

ix> foam< fm#oa.,slj mejrsh fkd yelsh' fm#oa.,slj fikiqka mejrE tla wjia:djl

nq|=rcdKka jykafia thg .ryd iZ. i; jia;~ka fm#oa.,sl whs;shg fkd osh hq; nj

iuzu; l<y' wdrdufha wdrdusl jia; lsisjla fm#oa.,sl whs;shg .ekSu" mejrSu wkqu;

fkdjk wdldrh bka fmfka' fm#oa.,sl ika;l fkdjQjo tajd jsOsu;aj mrsyrKh lsrSfuz

whs;sh iEu fokd jykafiag ;sfnz' fuz mrsyrK l@uh ksid NsCIqj ;DIaKd odi Ndjhg

128

fkd meusfKa' jsydrfhys ;uka iuZ. jik wfkla ish,q fokd iuZ.u iyfhda.fhka lghq;`

lsrSug fm<fUz' ffu;@S mQrAjl fpz;kdj mdol lrf.k fuu lghq;j, ksr; fjz' fu;a;d

ixl,amh fya;fjka yg.kakd hym;a iqjodhs udkisl wdfjzokhl miqjkafka fjz' wdrdusl

lghq; is|= lsrSfuz oS fu;a;d ixl,amh mdol lr.kakd ,o wdfjzok ugzgul isg tlS

lghq; l, yels jk wdldrhg m@Z{ma;s yd wkq m@Z{ma;s iliaj we;' w;sfrAl ,dNh

jYfhka jsydria:dj,g ,efnkakd jQ jsjsO odkudk yd msrslr nyq, jSug fmr mgkau

msKavmd;h mjd iduQysl mrsyrKhg fhduq l, hq; wdldrh olakg ,efnz' fuu

iduQyslFjh ;<ska iuZ.sh;a" fu;a;d ixl,amh;a jrAOkh jS wjidkfhys nq|=iufhka

wfmaCIs; wjidk ksIagdj jQ ksrAjdK iuzm@dma;sh lrd mqoa., uki wkql@ufhka fhduqjk

wdldrhg wdfjzok me;slv ilialsrSu fuhska woyia jS we;' ix>hdf.a idrdKSh OrAuhla

f,i wvq jYfhka md;@ mrAhdmkak jQ wdusIhla fjz kuz th wiqj,dg fkdj" wiqj,dgh

hkqfjka fjka lsrSula fkdue;sj in@yaupdrSka yd idOdrK fNda.S jsh hq; nj fmkajd oS

;sfnz'88 fuz uZ.ska o wfmaCIdlr ;sfnkqfha ish meje;au ms,snZoj lsis|= wu;r fjfyila

fkdf.k ;ukaf.a uQ,sl wruqK jk wrAy;ajh ,nd .ekSu msKsi jSrAhh jevSug wjYH

lrk udkisl ksoyila ix> iudcfhys idudcslhkag ,ndoSuhs'

fuz uZ.ska ish wjidk jsuqla;sh idCId;a lr.ekSu jsIfhys W;aiql jSu jskd

fjk;a lsis|= f,#lsl wNsm@dhhla uq,a hq.fhys NsCIQkag fkdjQ nejska ;;a hq.h ;< ndysr

m@Z{ma;s wkqidrfhka Wla; iudc jgdmsgdjla f.dv keZ.Sfuys wjYH;djhla we;s fkdjsKs'

uq,a hq.fhys NsCIQkaf.a wej;uz mej;uz o f.dvkeZ.S ;snqfKa Tjqkaf.a by; lS mrudrA:uh

wOs.uh yels blaukska YdlaId;a lr.ekSfuz wNs,dYfhka ksid Tjqka w;ska is|= jk

b;du;au iqZM w;miqjSula wrUhd isysm;a lrjSuz iajrEmfhka is|= lrkakd jQ isys leZojSula

muKla wjYH jQjd jskd l< hq; yd fkdl< hq; foa fuzjdh fujeks foa l< fyd;a fujeks

oZvqjuz jsZoskakg is|= fjzh hkdoS jYfhka oKavkd;aul iajrEmfha wdZ{djla Tjqka jsIfhys

meKjSfuz wjYH;djhla Woa.; fkdjSh' fu;a;d ixl,amh wka;rA.; wdfjzok miqnsula

mokuz lrf.k ix> iudcfhys tla tla idudcslhdf.a is;uz me;uz ta wkqj ilia

lr.ekSug wkqn, ,ensK' mqoa.,d;aul jYfhka o ksoyia yeisrSuz rgdjla ;< lghq;`

lrkakg bv ie,iSu usksia wdfjzok wxYfhka jvd;a m@;sM,odhl lreKls' thg fya;j

wdOHd;aul ixjrAOkh we;s lr,Sfuys,d udkisl wxYh jvd;a m@Odk;ajh .kakd nejska

udkisl iqj myiqj yd ksoyi Nla;s jsZoskakd jQ mrsirhla iemhSu iajlSh wruqKq jvd;a

myiqfjka uia;m@dma; lr.ekSu jsIfhys b;du;au jeo.;ah' udkisl ksoyi Nla;s jsZoSu

hkqfjka woyia jkafka is;~ u;fhys w;a;fkdau;sl f,i lghq; lsrSu fkdj huzlsis

iodpdrd;aul jgdmsgdjla ;< ;ukaf.a wruqKq lrd hk w;ru wkHhkaf.a ksoyio Nla;s

jsZoSug iq|=iq fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzok mokulska hqla; udkisl miqnsula Tjqkag ilia

lroSfuys Wmldrj;a jk ksoyia iulduS udkisl jd;djrKhls'89

129

ieu jsglu .sys iudchg mqfrdal:khla fukau wdorAYhla o jk ix>

iudch iajlSh md,k jH=yh ilia lr.kq ,enqfjz w;sYh m@cd;ka;@jdoS miqnsula u;h'

iduQysl osjs meje;au yd iduQysl foam< mrsyrKh mjd ix> iudch ;< l@shd;aul jQfha

wdYdjka yd udkisl wdfjz.ldrS jd;djrKhla ta ;<ska cks; fkdjk fiah' fujka

udkisl jgdmsgdjla ;;ahq.fhys fnfyjska m@;sm;a;s.relj jsiQ NsCIQ iudchg iajlSh

udkisl ixjrAOkd;aul l@shdj<sfhys ,d w;sYhskau Wmldrj;a jsh' huz fyhlska fuz

wdldrfhka l@shd fkdl<dkuz wdruzNl hq.fhys NsCIq iudchg Tjqka ienjskau wfmaCId

lrk ,o mrudrA:uh wOs.u ;;ajhka lrd ;@smsglfhys yd wgzGl:d .@J:hkays oelafjk

mrsoafoka myiqfjka yd iq,N wdldrfhka hd fkdyels jkakg bv ;snsKs' fuz ksid uq,a

hq.fhys NsCIQka jykafia,df.a cSjk meje;au yd tlS hq.fhys Tjqka jsiska YdlaId;a

lr.kakd ,o mrudrA:uh wOs.u ;;ajhka w;r wmQre wkqf,dau inZo;djhla mej;sKs'

nq|=rcdKka jykafiaf.a wfmaCIdj jQfha o ienjskau fuz ;;ajh os.ska os.gu ix> iudch

;< rZod mj;ajd .ekSu jQ w;r kuq;a mYapd;a ld,Skj ix> iudch ixlSrAK fj;au uq,a

hq.fhys ix> iudchg m@fjzY jQ wdruzNl idudcslhkaf.a wruqKq yd mYapd;a ld,Skj Bg

tla jQ kj idudcslhkaf.a wruqKq w;r mr;rh l@udkQl~,j |=riajkakg jsKs' fuz |=ria;r

iajNdjh we;s jSu uqZMukskau uev meje;au m@fhda.slj lsisfia;a l< fkdyels lreKla nj

nq|=rcdKka jykafia jsiskau;a fydZoska oek isgsh;a" |=ria;r iajNdjh we;s jSfuz fjz.h huz

muKlska fyda wvd, lrkakg kuz ix> iudch lsishuz ffk;sl jHjia:d ud<djl /ZojSu

l< hq;u ldrAhlehs ix> iudcfhys jQ fcHIaG NsCIQka jsiska mjd is;kakg jQ miqnsul yd

ld,jljdkqjl nq|=r|=ka hf:dla; ldrAfhys,d W;aiyj;a jQ whqre oel.; yelsh' tys oS

nq|=rcdKka jykafiaf.a ks.ukh jQfha ish,q ffk;sl jHjia:djka meKjSfuz wjia:djka yd

wjYH ldrKhka ms<snZoj b;du;au ksrjoH ;SrK .ekSfuz yelshdj yd Bg wjYH lrkakd

jQ nqoaOs mrsmdlh we;af;a iuzud iuznq|=jrekagu muKla njhs'90

NsCIq msrsi mD:q, jk jsg NslaLq osjsfhys uQ,sl moku jQ fu;a;d ixl,amh

iys; wdfjzokhkaf.ka neyerg hk jsg" nq|=rcdKka jykafiag iuQyhdf.a md,kh Wfoid

huz huz jskh jsOs wkq.ukh lsrSug is|= jQ nj b;d m@lgh' iiqfkys kjlhska yslaujSu

Wfoid wdpdhH! WmdOHdh l@uhla ksrAfoaY lsrSug is|= jQfha o ta wkqjh' NsCIq YsCIKfhys

uQ,sl wfmaCIdj kuz jsuqla;s idOkhhs' jsuqla;s idOkh msKsi wjYH lrkakd jQ udkisl

,sys,a nj we;s lr.ekSfuz wOsIaGdkhlska hqla;j tu wOsIaGdkh imsfrk wdldrfhka iiqk

;< jev fjfikakd jQ NsCIQka jykafia,d lghq; lrkafka flfiao hk meKhg jsiZ|=ula

fu;a;d ixl,amh uZ.ska fmkajd oS ;sfnz' huz NsCIqjla iiqfkys yd;amiska nei yslafukafka

kuz ossgzGOuzu jYfhka wrAy;ajh fyda wkd.duS nj fyda hk M, folska tlla leu;s jsh

hq; nj ;:d.; wfmaCIdjhs' fulS mrudrA:h iZoyd nq|=rcdKka jykafia jsiska u iq|=iq

fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzok mokulska hqla; miqnsula u;" uq,a ld,Sk Y@djlhka yslaujk ,o

kuq;a miqj we;s jQ ;;ajhka wkqj wjjdo fkd,nk" wkqYdikd fkd ,nk" ukd f,i yeZo

130

fkd fmrjQ wdl,am iuzmkak fkdjQ msrsia nsys jQy'91 WmdOHdh jrhd wkqoek jodf<a fuz

fya;fjks'92 WmdOHdhka jykafia iy wkaf;ajdislhd w;r iuznJOh jvd;a iafkayjka; jQ

muKgu Tjqfkdjqkaf.a Ydiksl ldrAhNdrh o idrA:l jQ nj fuys oS fmkajd oS ;sfnz' fuys

oS Tjqfkdjqka fofokdf.a N~usldjka yqfola flfkla wfkldg hgy;a my;a jSu muKlau

fkdj hq;luz j.lSuz iajrEmfhka l@shd;aul jkakd jQ wfkHdakH ffu;@sh mQrAjx.u

lr.kakd ,o m@;smodjla nj meyeos,ju fmfkkakg ;sfnz' jsfYaIfhkau Tjqka fofokdf.a

iuznJOh msh mq; fifkyi fuka uQrA;su;a lsrSu ;< wfkHdkH jYfhka mej;sh hq;

fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokfhys m@udKh fmkajd fokq ,nhs' fulS fu;a;d ixl,amh wdfjzok

mCIfhka yrshdldrj l@shd;aul jSug kuz ;u;uka ;ukaf.a hq;luz fldgi wfkla mCIh

fj; yrshdldrj bgq l< hq; nj wjOdrKh lr ;sfnz'

fuys oS wdpdrAh WmdOHdh fofokdf.a jsfYaIFjh lulaoehs hkak i,ld

ne,sh hq;h'93 WmdOHdhjrfhl ke;slu hkq jro ksjro yZ|=kajd fok .rejrfhl ke;s

njhs'94 wdpdr iudpdrfhys yslaujkafka wdpdrAhjrhd njhs'95 ;ukayg WmdOHdh jkq

uekjehs YsIHhd jsiska lrkq ,nk wdrdOkh WmdOHdh f;fuz ms,s.kafka kuz WmdOHdh

.@yKh fjhs'96 ta wdldrhgu wdpdrAhjrhdg o wdhdpkd lsrSfuka miqj th ms,s.kafka kuz

wdpdhH! .@yKh fjhs'97 WmdOHdhjrhdf.a YsIHhd ioaOsjsydrslhdh' wdpdhH!jrhdf.a

YsIHhd wkaf;jdislhdh' fuz wdpdrAh WmdOHdh yd wkaf;ajdisl iuznJO;djh msh mq;

fifkyi ;rugu tlsfkl oevsj neZ|=kq ffu;@S mQrAjl yd iuZ.s iuzmkak tlla jsh hq;`

nj fuhska b;du;a oevs f,i wjOdrKh lr ;snsKs' fuz .re YsIH fomCIh tlsfkl fj;

ffu;@S mQrAjl msh mq; wdl,amhla m@lg l< hq;h' wdpdhH! wkaf;jdisl iuznJO;dj o

fufiau ffu;@S mQrAjl wdl,amhlska hqla;j mej;Su wkqoek jodrd we;'98 wfkHdkH f.#rj

iys;j"99 wfkHdkH msysg iys;j"100 .e,fmk mej;uz we;sj"101 .re – YsIH fomCIh

jdih lrkafka kuz iiqfkys jrAOkh" jsmq,Fjh is|= fjhs' .re – YsIH ino;dj

wrA:j;ajSug fhda.H ufkdajsoHd;aul wdl,amhla f,i fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokh fuhska

m@ldYs;h' ffu;@S mQrAjl fpz;kdfjka iukajs; .rejrhdf.a ldrAhNdrh lulao hkak

wk;rej myod.; hq;h' NsCIqj wkdl,am iuzmkak jkqfha wjjdoh;a wkqYdikh;a fkd

,nk l,aysh' tfia kuz .rejrhdf.a uQ,sl ldrAhh ffu;@S mQrAjl fpz;kdfjka hqla;j

YsIHhdg wjjdoh;a wkqYdikh;a ,nd oSuhs' huz jrolg meusKSug fmr fuh lrkak"

fuh fkdlrkak' hkqfjka lrk m@ldYh wjjdohhs' huz jrolg meusKSug miq lrk

m@ldYfha wkqYdikhhs' tfia u jrog meusKqk l,ays fyda ke;s l,ays fyda m@:u jpkh

wjjdoh fjhs' kej; kej;;a lSu wkqYdikh fjhs'102

wdpdrAh WmdOHdh jSug fhda.H mqoa.,hd tlaflda wffYCIH ( ry;a )

mqoa.,fhl jsh hq;h' ke;skuz fiaL m@;smodjg ms<smka mqoa.,fhl jsh hq;h' fiaL

mgsmodjg ms<smka wdpdrAhjrhd Y@oaOdfjka hqla;"103 mdmfhys ,cAcd we;af;ls'104 mjg

131

nshh'105 wrUk ,o jSrAhh we;af;ls'106 t<U isgs isys we;af;ls'107 tnejska wkHhka iiqfkys

fhdojkakg ksis fjhs' wdpdrAhjrhd iS, jsm;a;shg;a" wdpdr jsm;a;shg;a" oDIags

jsm;a;shg;a fkd meusKs nyqY@e; m@Z{djka;fhl jsh hq;h' .rejrhd ioaOsjsydrslhdf.a;a"

wkaf;ajdislhdf.a;a myiqj ie,iSug yels whl jsh hq;h'108 YsIHhd ;< iiqfkys fkd

we,aula fjz kuz th |=re lrkakg fyda |=re lrjkakg yels jsh hq;h'109 YsCIdj ms<snZo

Wmosk llia OrAudkQl~,j neyer lrkakg fyda o; hq;h'110 wdm;a;sh o; hq;h'111

wdm;a;sfhka keZ.S isgSu o; hq;h'112 fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzok miqnsulska hqla;j" YsIHhd

flfrys ldhsl jYfhkq;a udkisl jYfhkq;a myiqj ie,iSug.rejrhd ;< yelshdjla

mej;sh hq; nj uska wjOdrKh flfrA' mejsoaog wkqf,duz jQ wdpdr YsCIdfjys YsIHhd

yslaujkakg o; hq;h'113 n@yauprshdjg uQ,sl jk YsCIdjkays o yslaujSug o; hq;h'114

wNsOrAufhys;a" wNsjskfhys;a yslaujkakg o; hq;h'115 YsIHhdg huz oDIags.;hla

Wmkafkd;a th OrAudkql~,j jsfjzpkh lrkakg .rejrhd o; hq;h'116 hkdoS jYfhka mia

whqrlska fuh js.@y flfrA'

uQ,sl jYfhka YsIHhd .rejrhd flfrys ukd f,i mej;sh hq;h'117 fuz

ukd f,i mej;Su hkak wdrdusl YsCIKfha oS fnfyjska jeo.;a fjhs'118 .rejrhdf.a

md;@ isjqre wruqKq fldg mjd ffu;@S mQrAjl wdl,amhlska hqla;j l@shd l< hq; wdldrh

oelajSu ;< msh mq; fifkyfiys neZoSu ta whqrska Ydik osjsfhys wruqKq YdiaCId;a

lr.ekSu wrNhd o flfia Wmfhda.S lr.; oehs jgyd .; yels fjz'119 ;uka jikakd jQ

wdjdifhys ikSmdrCIdj ms<snZoj o YsIHd ie,ls,su;a jsh hq; nj fmkajd oS we;'120

tmuKla o fkdj ;uka jsiska wkHhka jsIfhys is|= lrkq ,nk ish,q u lghq; ;u

.rejrhdf.a wjirh iys;j u l< hq;h'121 ;ukag lSlrej ffu;@sfhka hqla;j Wjegka

lrkakd jQ YsIHhd frda.d;r jqjfyd;a .rejrhdg lrk mrsoafoka u fu;a;d ixl,am

wdfjzokfhka iukajs; .rejrhd jsiska ;ukag Wjegka lrkq ,nk iajlSh YsIHhdg o

Wjegka l< hq;h' ishZMu j;a ms<sfj;a YsIHhd jsiska ioaOsjsydrsl" wkaf;ajdisl j;a

iuzmQrAK l< hq;h'122 huz ioaOs jsydrslfhl WmdOHdhjrhd jsIfhys ukd f,i fkd

mj;skafka ffu;@S mQrAjl fpz;kdj fkdue;s fia i,ld tnZ|= wh flfrys .;hq; jskhdkQl~,

l@shdudrA.o fmkajd oS ;sfnz'123 tfia fldg;a ukd f,i .rejrhd flfrys fkd mj;sk

YsIHhd neyer lrkakg wkqoek jod<y'124 ukd f,i fkd mj;sk YsIHhd neyer lsrSu;a

tfia neyer lrkq ,enQ YsIHhd jsiska iudj wheoSu;a hk lreKq folska wfmaCId lrkqfha"

ffu;@S fpz;kdj fmrgq fldgf.k Ydik mrudrA:h bgqjSu u .re YsIH inZo;dfjz uQ,sl

mrudrA:h jsh hq; njhs'

huz WmdOHdhjrfhla neyer lrk ,o ioaOs jsydrslfhl jsiska iudj

whoskq ,nk l,ays iudj fkdfoa o th WmdOHdhjrhdf.a fodaIhla f,i meyeos,s lr oS

132

;sfnz'125 huz fyhlska iudj whosk l,ays o .reka fj;ska iudj fkd ,nk YsIHhd neyer

hkakg mqZMjk'126 isjqre yer hkakg o ms,sjk'127 wkH ;SrA:lhka fj; hkakg o

mqZMjk'128 tfia jsh fkdoS YsIHhd wdrCId lrkakg kuz .rejrhd fj;ska YsIHhd iudj

,ensh hq;h' tfy;a .rejrhd flfrys ukd f,i fkd mj;akd" neyer lrk l,ays|= iudj

fkd wokd YsIHhd jsIfhys kuz ms,smeosh hq; jsOshla ke;' Ydik ldrAhh bgq fkd jk

;ek .re YsIH iuznJO;djg fldfy;au m@;sIagdjla ke;' NsCIq wOHdmkfhys uQ,sl moku

ffu;@shhs' .rejrhd ;< fukau YsIHhd ;< o ffu;@Sh wjYHlrk m@udKhg jrAOkh

lr.ekSu NsCIq wOHdmkfhys uQ,sl ldrAhNdrhla fjz' fuz fya;j ksid tu uQ,sl wOHdmk

wruqK jk .rejrhd flfrys ffu;@S mQrAjl wdl,amhlska hqla;j lghq; lrkq ,nk

YsIHhd neyer lrkakg lsisfia;a .rejrhdg wjirhla ke;' tfia lsrSu oafjzI uQ,sl

fpz;kdfjka is|= lrkakla nejsks' tfiau iajlSh .rejrhd flfrys ffu;@S mQrAjl

fpz;kdfjka hqla;j lghq; fkdlrkq ,nk YsIHhd neyer fkd lsrSfukq;a fodI iy.;

mqoa.,fhl fjz'129 huz YsIHfhl .rejrhd flfrys wOsud;@ fm@aufhka hqla; fkdfjz o

wOsud;@ m@idofhka f;dr fjz o130 wOsud;@ ,cAcdjla fkdfjz o131 wOsud;@ f.#rjfhka f;dr

fjz o132 wOsud;@ ffu;@S ps;a;hla ke;af;a o133 tnZ|= YsIHhd neyer l< hq;h' tnZ|= |=rA.K

we;s YsIHfhl neyer fkd lrk .rejrhd fodia iys; fjz'134 neyer lrkafka u fodia

rys; fjz'135 .rejrhd flfrys wOssud;@ fm@auh;a" m@idoh;a" ,ecAcdj;a" f.#rjh;a" ffu;@S

ps;a; Ndjkdj;a we;s YsIHhdu wdrCId l< hq;h' tnZ|= YsIHfhl neyer lsrSfuka

.rejrhd fodia iys; fjz'136

ksi .ekSu hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha WmdOHdhpdrAhjrfhl weiqfrys

isgSuh' th tla;rd wdldrfhka iajlSh .rejrhd <.u jev fjfiuska ;ukaf.a prs;

ixjrAOhg wjYH lrkakd jQ Wmfoia .ekSula f,iska o wF:! oelajSfuz yelshdj we;' fuz ;<

.enzjkqfha ffu;@S mqrAjl fpz;kdjhs' fu;a;d ixl,amh iy.; is;ska hqla;j jdih l<

hq;af;a tfia fkdjk fyj;a jHla; m@;sn, fkd jk mqoa.,hdg iiqka osjsh wka;rdhlr jk

nejsks' fuys jHla; m@;sn, iuzmkak mqoa.,hd hkq wkHhka jsIfhys fu;a;d ixl,amh

fmrgq fldg lghq; l< yels wodk.@dyS fkdjkakd jQ mqoa.,hdh' l,HdK us;@Fjh ,enSu

jkafka o thuh' tnejska jHla; m@;sn, iuzmkak NsCIqjla mia jila o" wjHla; NsCIqj

jsiska osjs we;s ;dla o wdpdrAh – WmdOHdh weiqfrys jsish hq;h'137 fya;j fu;a;d ixl,amh

ix> iudcfhys idudkH idudcslfhl fj; idudkHfhka ;snsh hq; muKg fkdjevS we;s

nejska ;j |=rg;a tfia yslauSu ,ensh hq; mqoa.,fhl fldg i,lk fyhsks' fu;a;d

ixl,amh jvuska ksY@hdpdrAhjrfhl hgf;a isgsh hq; njg fya; /ils' tajd kuz ;j

|=rg;a jevsh hq; is,a we;s nj"138 ;j |=rg;a jevsh hq; iudOs we;s nj"139 ;j |=rg;a

jevsh hq; m@Z{d we;s nj"140 jsuqla;sfhka iukajs; fkd jSu"141 Y@oaOdj ke;s lu"142 mfjys

,cAcd ke;s lu"143 mfjys nsh ke;s lu"144 liS; luska hq; jSu"145 isys uq<dfjka hq;

jSu"146 iS, jsm;a;s we;s lu"147 wdpdr jsm;a;s we;s lu"148 jeros oDIags we;s lu"149

133

w,amY@e; nj"150 |=Yam@dZ{ nj"151 wdm;a;sh fkd okakd lu"152 wkdm;a;sh fkd olakd

lu"153 idudkH weje;a fkd okakd lu"154 .re weje;a fkdokakd lu"155 NsCIq NsCIqKS WNh

m@d;sfudCIh fkd okakd lu156 yd jia mylg wvq jSu157 hk lreKq fu;a;d ixl,amh ksis

mrsos jevS fkdue;s nfjys i,lKq fjz' NsCIq wOHdmkfha moku f,i ie,flk ffu;@S

mQrAjl wdl,am iuzmkak yeisrSuz rgdj wfmaCIs; mrsidOk ugzgu olajd jevS ;snSu iEu

kjl NsCIqjlf.kau ix> iudch wfmaCId lrk w;r wjidkfha oS iajlSh idudcslfhl`

f,i wOsiS, ixLHd; Wmiuzmodj mjd ,ndfokq ,nkafka fulS b,lalh imqrk fyda tfia

imqr;ehs ix> iudch jsiska iduQysl tlZ.Fjhlg meusfKk kjl NsCIqjlgh'

fuz uZ.ska b;du;a fydZoska meyeos,s jk ldrKhla jkqfha NsCIq

wOHdmkfhys uQ,sl w;a;sjdru iliaj we;af;a msh mq; iafkayh fuka jQ ffu;@S mQrAjl

fpz;kdj yd wfkHdakH iyfhda.S;djh u; njhs' fuz iyfhda.h n,fhka we;s l< yelalla

fkdjk nj o th l< yelafla ukdj wjfndaOfhka hq;j ish cSjk wruqK lulaoehs

f;areuz .ekSu ;<ska muKla nejz fuz uZ.ska NsCIq iudch ;<g jka kjl NsCIQka jykafia

kulg jqj o fydZoska f;areuz hk wdldrfhka wdrdusl NsCIq wOHdmkh ilia j we;'

tfukau wdrdusl wOHdmkfhys iqjsfYaIsuh jeo.;a lreK jkqfha th fjk;a wOHdmk

jsOsl@uhkays fuka yqfola mqoa., ixcdkk li,;djhu flaJ|@fldg .;a;la fkdjk w;r

h:d mrsos m@fndOlhka f,i Ndjs;d lrkq ,nk ixl,amhka uZ.ska wdfjzok yelshdj jvd;a

oshqKq ;,hlg m;a lrjkakla o jk njhs' ix> iudch fnfyjska iduQysl cSjkh

flaJ|@lr .;a;la nejska wdfjzok yelshdj yels;dla wkHhka iuZ. iyfhda.fhka lghq;

lsrSug fydZo mqre|= mqyqKqjSula ;<ska jO!kh lr .ekSug wdrdusl wOHdmkh uZ. fy,slr

fokq ,nhs' jsfYaIfhka fu;a;d ixl,amh uZ.ska wfmaCIs; us;@Fjh" ifydaorFjh yd

iudkFjh jeks yeZ.Suz jevs jO!kh lsrSu msKsi jvd jevz rel,la ,nd fokq ,nhs'

nq|=iufhys mqoa.,sl jsuqla;sh yd iudkju jeo.;a ia:dkhla iudc jsuqla;sh fj;g o

,ndfok nejska mqoa.,hd ,nkakd jQ flaj, mqoa., jsuqla;sfhka muKla iEySulg m;ajSug

nq|=iuh /l,a fokq fkd,nhs' mqoa., jsuqla;sh jqj o nq|=iufhys wkqoek jodrd we;af;a

mYapd;a ld,Sk iudc jsuqla;shg th Wmia:uzNl lr.; yels mokula jYfhks' fuz

fya;j ksidu mqoa., jsuqla;sh idOd .kakd mqoa.,fhl ;<o wksjdrAhfhkau iudc

jsuqla;sh idOd,Sug fhda.H m@udkfhys fu;a;d ixl,am ixjrAOkhla mej;Su nq|=iuh

wfmaCId lrkq ,nhs' nq|=ufhys wdNdih ,nk flnZ|= Y@djlfhl ;< jqj o mrsiudma;shg

m;a fu;a;d ixl,amfhka iukajs; wdfjzok me;slvla ;snSfuz wjYH;djh nq|=iuh iEu

wjia:djlg ish Y@djlhska fj; bosrsm;a lr isgskqfha o tfyhsks'

134

mdol igyka mdol igyka mdol igyka mdol igyka ( Foot Notes ) & -

1' u,,fialr" .Kmd,"bx.@Sis – isxy, YnzofldaIh" iSudiys; weuz' vS' .Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 12 jeks uq|@Kh 1987"msgqj 15' 2' Hornby, A. S.,Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, Oxford University Press, Sixth edition, 2000, p. 402 3' u,,fialr" .Kmd,"bx.@Sis – isxy, YnzofldaIh" iSudiys; weuz' vS' .Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 12 jeks uq|@Kh 1987"msgqj 302' 4' Hornby, A. S.,Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, Oxford University Press, Sixth edition, 2000, p.410 5' ,, ,, ,, Do ,, ,, ,, p 20 6' The Encyclopeadia Britannica Volume 1, Helen Hemingway Benton Publisher, 1975, 15 th Edition, p. 119 7' i. Allen,R.E, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, Oxford University Press, India, 1990, pp. 19,20 ii. Collocott,T.C, Dodson,A.B, Dictionary of Science and Technology, Allied Publishers Private Limited, India, 1974, p. 21 iii. Macdonald,M.A, Chambers Twentieth Centuary Dictionary, Allied Publishers Private Limited, India, 1982, p 20. 8. ucACOsu ksldh 1" fldiuznsh iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgq 756"756 9. fu;a;d NslaLfj" nyqldfrd wrshiai wgzGX.sl u.a.iai Wmamdodh l;fud tlOuzfud" hosox l,HdK us;a;d" l,HdK us;a;iafi;x NslaLfj" NslaLqfkd mdgslXLx wrshx wgzGx.slx u.a.x Ndfjii;s wrshx wgzGx.sld u.a.x nyq,Slrsiaika;s' l:Z[ap NslaLdj" NslaLq l,HdK us;af;d wrsh wgzGx.slx u.a.x nyq,Slrsiai;S;s' l:Z[ap NslaLfj" NslaLQ l,HdK us;af;d wrshx wgzGx.slx u.a.x Ndfj;s" wrshx wgzGx.slx u.a.x nyq,Slfrd;s bO NslaLfj" NslaLq iuzud osgzGs Ndfj;s - fm - iuzud iudOsx Ndfj;s' jsfjzlx ksiais;x jsrd. ksiais;x ksfrdO ksiais;x fjdi.a.mrsKdusx" tjx fLd NslaLfj NslaLQ l,HdK us;af;d wrshx wgzGx.slx u.a.x Ndfj;s" wrshx wgzGx.slx u.a.x nyq,Slfrd;S;s' ixhq;a; ksldh v" l,HdK us;a; iq;a;a" nq' c' uq' msgqj 58 10' ucACOsu ksldh 1" fldiuznsh iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgq 756 11' i fid,uka Solomon" 1977" ,hkaia Lyons jsiska Wmqgd olajhs" 1980" ms' 9 ii lsuznzf,a Kimble" 1961 & uelskafgdIa Mackintosh" 1974 " ixcdkkh ( fkahsirA Neisser" 1967 & jsfl,a.afrAka Wickelgren" 1979 ) iy fuhg iudk idudkH ufkdajsoHdj ( bielaika Isaacson" ygz Hutt " iy nz,Quz Blum" 1965 )'

iii f,fhdkaia" Lyons 1980" ms' 53 12. ,, ,, ,, Do ,, ,, 13. jsoHdZ{hska jsiska fuz iuznJOfhka is|= lrkq ,enQ mrAfhaIKj, oS fidhd .kakd ,o fohla kuz

wdfjzokfhys n,mEu ksid i;kf.a ffcj l@shdj<sfhys mjd b;d jsYd, fjkialuz we;s jQ njhs' yeisrSuz" mqre|=" wdl,am yd jsjsO wdfjzokhkag olajk m@;spdrhkays mjd wdfjzok iuznJOfhka jQ n,mEu wOsl nj fidhd .kakd ,oS' ta iZoyd wekv@,Ska kuz fydafudakh Ndjs;d lrk ,oS' tysoS l,n,ldrS iajNdjh ;Sjzr lsrSfuys jsfYaI n,mEula we;s wekv@,Ska fydafudakh tkak;a l< i;`kaf.a yeisrSu wfkla i;`kag idfmaCIlj l,n,ldrS jsKs' fldamh jeks oafjzI uQ,sl udkisl ;;ajhka hgf;ys wekv@,Ska fydafudakh b;d wOsl jYfhka i@djh fjz' fu;a;d ixl,amh wdfjzokhjSu ksid wekv@,Skaj, l@shdldrSFjh hgm;a jS hkq ,nhs' fu;a;d ixl,amh ksid isf;ys Ydka; iajNdjh" iudOsh" jyd tlZ.jSu yd wjsfCIamh jeks .Kdx. jrAOkh fjz' fuz fya;`j ksid ukfiys iaurK Yla;sh o jrAOkh fjz' ,, ,, ,, Do ,, ,, 14' remam;S;s fLd NslaLfj ;iaud rEmka;s jqpzp;s fjzoh;S;s fLd NslaLfj ;iaud fjokd;s jqpzp;s ixcdkd;S;s fLda NslaLfj ;iaud iZ[aZ[d;s jqpzp;s ixL;uNsixLfrdka;S;s fLd NslaLfj ;iaud ixLdfrd;s jqpzp;s jscdkd;S;s fLda nslaLfj ;iaud jsZ[aZ[ka;s jqpzp;s ixhq;a; ksldh 111" LcAckSh iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgq 146 – 148 15' ixhq;a; ksldh v" us;a; iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgq 290 - 291 16. ucACOsu ksldh 1" fldiuznsh iq;a;" nq' c' uqq" msgq 754 - 756 17. Social Learning theory,A.Bandura,Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs,1977,p.61. 18 i. ixhq;a; ksldh v" us;a; iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgq 290 - 291 ii. fu;a;d fpzf;djsuq;a;S;s tF: fu;a;d;s jq;af; wmamkdms Wmjdfrdms jgzg;s" fpf;djsuq;a;S;s wmamkdfhj'fhdksfidukisldfrd jq;a; ,laLfKdj' wmsj P Ouzud nHdmdoiai mydkdh ixj;a;ka;s - fu;a;d ksus;a;iai W.a.fyd" fu;a;dNdjkdkqfhdf.d" luzuiail;dmpzpfjlaLK;d" mgsiZXLdk nyq,;d" l,HdKus;;a;d" imamdhl:d;s' Tosiail wfkdosiail osidMrKdkCoys wZ[aZ[;rjfik fu;a;x W.a.Kaykaf;iaidms nHdmdfod mySh;s" ;:d TOsfidwfkdOsfidosidMrKdjfik fu;a;x Ndfjka;iaidms' ;jx M;iai l`oafOd lsx lrsiaiis$

135

lsuiai is,doSks kdfi;x ilLsiiis $ kkq Fjx w;a;fkd luzfuk wd.kaFjd w;a;fkd luzfufkj .usiaiis$ mriai lcACOkx kdu jS;jjslZX.dr;;a;whi,dl.~:dosks .fyFjd mrx myrs;`ldu;diosix fyd;s' tfidms ;j loafOd lsx lrsiai;s$ lsx f; iS,dosks jskdfi;x ilaLsiai;s$ ti w;a;fkd luzfuk wd.kaFjd w;a;fkd luzfufkj .usiai;s$ wmamgsjcs;mfyKlx jsh mgsjd;x Ls;a;rfcduqgzGs jsh j t;iafifji fldfOd uF:fl m;siai;S;s tjx w;a;fkd p mriai p luzuiail;x' mpzpfjlaLf;dms" WNh luzuiail;x mpzpfjlaLsFjd mgsiXLdfk Gs;iaidms" wiai.;a;f:riosfi fu;a;dNdjkdrf; l,HdKus;af; fijka;iaidms nHdmdfod mySh;s" GdkksicAcdoSiq fu;a;dksiais; imamdhl:dhms mySh;s' f;k jq;a;x P Ouzud nHdmdoiai mydkdh ixj;a;ka;S;s' bfuys mk Pys Ouzfuys myskiai nHdmdoiai wkd.dusu.af.k wdh;sx wkqmamdfod fyd;s' ixhq;a; ksldhgzGl:d v" us;a; iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgq 360 -375 19. ixhq;a; ksldh v" fu;a; iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 245 20' i.a. fuz jsia;rh fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok ;;ajhkays is|=jSuz is;d u;d is|=jk iajNdjfha wdfjzokhka g jvd jevsh' fu;a;d ixl,amh ksid us;@YS,S iajNdjfhys ufkda ixlSrAKhla yg.kakd w;r fuz ksid ksrka;rfhkau wuq;` mrsl,amkhla rys;ju f;fuz ieuf.au l,HdK us;`frla njg ksrdhdifhkau m;a fjz' b fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzok ixisoaOsuh ;;ajhka we.hSuz jsIh ;< widudkH ufkdajsoHd;aul fjkialuz j,g fya;`jkafka tajd we.hSuz olajd iuznJO lsrSuhs' fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzok lsisjsgl iuzu; jsOs l@uhka uZ.ska we.hSfuz l@shdj<shg ,la l< fkdyels jkafka tys wka;rA.; thgu wdfjzksl .`Khka yd iajNdjhka ksidh' fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzok ;`< wka;rA.; jkafka ffcj yeZ.Suz oekSuz l@shdldrSFjh nejska yd tu l@shdlrSFjh ms<snZoj ;ju usksia yeoErSuz ;`<ska ksis yZ|=kd .ekSula lr fkdue;s nejska wju ugzgul mj;skakd jQ udkj yeoErSuz uZ.ska tjka mqZM,a l@shdldrSFjhla ms<snZoj irAj iuzmQrAK ks.uhka lrd t<fUkakg ;e;a lsrSu fodaI iy.; fjz' fu;a;d ixl,amh wdfjzokh jSfuz l@shdldrSFjh tys .enzjk ffcj jsoHd;aul miqnsu ms,snZoj ksis Ydia;@Sh we.hSulg fuz olajd usksia .fjzIK fkdt<UjSfuz ;;ajh u; tjka Ydia;@Sh miqnsula u; msysgd l< hq;` huz huz ks.uk tfia fkdue;s miqnsula u; msysgd isg m<lsrSfuz fodaI iy.; ;;ajh tu ;;ajh ksishdldrfhka wjfndaO lr.ekSu uZ.ska j<lajd .;yelsh' c. thska we.hSfuz oDIaGsh f,i wmg jsjsOdldrfhka ,efnkakd jQ fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokhka woyia lrkq ,nhs' huz fyhlska fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzok me;slv we.hSug ,la lrkafka kuz tu we.hSug ,la lsrSu uZ.ska t<fUkakd jQ w;aoelSuz mrdihka o fuys oS uq,a fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokh jvd fjkia jQ ;j;a fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZoju jQ wdfjzokhla f,i yZ.skq ,nk nj mejfia' fuf,i tlu fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokh ms<snZoj huz weZ.hSfuz l@shdj<shla ;`<ska meusfKkakd jQ uq,a fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokg jvd fjkia jQ fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokhka o ;j;a tla fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzok jrA.hla f,iu yZ|=kd.kq ,nkjd jskd uq,a fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokfhysu fldgila f,iska fyda thska Nskak jQ wfklla f,i yZ|=kd fkd.kq we;' fu;a;d ixl,amfhys tla;rd wdfjzok iajrEmhla tu ixl,amh ksid thg wk;rej jdrj, yg.kS kuz tu fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokh uq,a fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokfhys fldgila fyda thska Nskak jQ wfklla f,i fkdj uq,a fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokfhka wkkH jQ wfkllau f,i jgyd .kshs' fuf,i ffu;@sh" iuZ.sh" ifydaorFjh" wdorh" fm@auh" lreKdj" uqos;dj" ohdj" fifkyi" mfrdamldrh" wfkHdakH f.#rjh yd iudkd;au;djh jeks ixl,amka o fu;a;d ixl,amfhka W;amdolFjh ,enQj;a fu;a;d ixl,amhg wkHkH;djhla we;s ixl,amhka f,iska jgyd.ekSug W;aiy orkafkah' d. th iqjsfYaIs fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokuh ;;ajhka ms<snZo ixl,am we.hSuz ;ruzu fydZoska iy ufkda jsoHd;aul fjkialuz j,g wkql~,jk wkaouska wka;rA.; wNsudrA:hka jsh yelshs' fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZoj we.hSu tys fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzok me;slvg idfmaCIlj ufkda jsoHd;aul fjkialuzj,g wkql~, jk wkaouska iajlSh wNsu:drA:hka o imqrd .ekSug m@udKj;a ;ruska msgsjy,la bka ,ensh yels jkq we;' iEu cSjsfhl`f.au uqLH wNsu:drA:h jkqfha fuf,dj yels;dla ld,hla fiiq cSjska o iuZ. iyfhda.fhka hym;aj cSjs;h .;lsrSu uz tu wNsu:drA:h imqrd .ekSu Tiafia fy;u l@shd lrhs kuz ;ukaf.a wNsu:drA:h fiiq whf.au wNsu:drA:hkag ndOd fkdlrk yd tajdg wkql~, jk mrsos f.dv kZ.d .ekSug ;ruz mqoa.,hska ixfjzoSjSu YsIagnj hkqfjka wF:!l:kh lrkq ,nhs' cSjshd nqoaOs ugzgfuka oshqKq jkakg jkakg fulS yelshdj Tyq jrAOkh lr.kshs' fuz wdldrfhka fu,dj we;s m@d:usl cSjshdf.a isg Wiia cSjk ugzgula ysus usksid olajd fuu wNsu:drA: idOk l@shdj<sfhys oS fy;u wkq.ukh lrkakd jQ l@shdudrA.fhys we;s jsOsu;a Ndjh Tiafiau ish cSjk ;,h we.hSug ,la lrkq ,nk ksrAKdhlh mj;ajd .kshs' e. th uOH.; we.hSfuz oDIagSka fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokd;aul prAhdjg nqoaOsuh" iy ixidOkSh" wNs,dIhka iuZ. iuznJO;djhla wkql@ufhka Wiia njla ,nd fohs' wksjdrAhfhkau fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzok me;slv iuia; ffcj l@shdldrS iajNdjfhys nqoaOs mrsmdlh ms<snZo meyeos,s ksrAKdhlhla o fjz' tfukau fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokfhys ishquz nj jrAOkh jkakg jkakg tys oshqKq iajNdjh o jevs fjz' fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzok me;slv huzlsis oshqKq nqoaOs mrsmdlhu wjia:djl Wiia ugzgu ksfhdackh lrkakla f,i o fuys oS fmkS isgshs' ta ksid fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokh jv jvd;a ishquz jkakd jQ fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdNdih ,n;au ksrdhdifhkau tys ugzgu Wiia jsh hq;`h' ish,q foa iuZ. .egSuz jsrys; iuZ.sh ksYap,Fjh tuZ.ska uQrA;su;a lrk fyhsks'

136

f. th ilialrK we.hSuzlrKh huzlsis fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokhl isg tys uOHh olajd b;du;a ishquz iy jsIhdkqnoaO fkdjkakd jQ fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokhka woyia lrkq fkd,nhs' uska woyia lrkqfha fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokfhys jqjo nqoaOsuh ,CIK wka;rA.; jsh hq;` nj yd tu nqoaOsuh ,CIK wka;rA.; fkdjkakd jQ fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokhka we.hSuzlrK l@shdj<shg nZ|=ka fkdl< hq;` njhs' tfukau fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokhka wksjdrAfhhkau jsIhdkqnoaO iajNdjhla oersh hq;`uh hehs l;sldj;la o fuys jsoHudkh' bka i;H jYfhkau woyia lrkqfha fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokh lsishuz wruqKla f.k yg.eksh hq;` njhs' tfiau tys jsjsOFjh o tu wruqK Tiafiau ksrSCIK l< hq; njhs' iudOsh kdufhka wm jsiska idudkHfhka yZ|=kajkakd jQ udkisl ;;ajh o lsishuz fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokuh ;;ajhla nqoaOsuh jYfhka m@ldYhg m;a jSula jk w;r tys wka;rA.; wruqKq jYfhka ksYap,Fjh yd tlu wruqK jYfhka f.; os.ska os.gu fu;a;d ixl,am wdfjzokhka yg.ekajSu nj meyeos,sju fmfkkag ;sfnz' fu;a;d ixl,amh wruqK jYfhka .kakd miqnsula ;< fuz ;;ajh fu;a;d Wmpdr fyda wrAmKd iudOs wjia:dj fukau f,#lsl yd f,daflda;a;r OHdkuh ;;ajhka f,iska jrA.SlrKhg ,la jS we;s whqre idudkHfhka wmg yZ|=kd .ekSug ,efnz' fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdfjzok me;slv f,daflda;a;r wxYfhka mrsiudma;shg m;ajSu oelafjkafka fu;a;d fpzf;da jsuqla;s kdufhks' fuhska fmfkkafka fu;a;d ixl,amh tys jsIh tkuz ffu;@Sh w;afkdyer wdfjzokka fkdlvjd ,nd fohs' kuz jsgloS tlS wruqfKys t<fUuska isf;ys we;sjk ixfjzo;dfjys ;Sj@ Yla;sh jsiskau flf,iqka m@ySk lsrSfuz Yla;sh is;g ,ndfok njhs' Hall Prentice, Educational Psychology, New Delhi, 1980, pp. 45 - 67 ii. ,hkaia Lyons " 1980" ms' 9 21' ucACOsu ksldh 1" uyd yF:smfodmu iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 460 22. ud NslaLfj mqZ[aZ[dKx NdhsF:" iqLiafi;x NslaLfj wOsjpkx hosox mqZ[aZ[ka;s wx.`;a;r ksldh iv" ud mqZ[aZ[Ndhs iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 412 23' fpz;kdyx NslaLfj luzux jodus" fpz;hsFjd luzux lfrd;s ldfhk jdpdh ukid wx.`;a;r ksldh v" ksnzfnzOsl iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 208 24' ixhq;a; ksldh 111" |=;sh .oa|=,noaO iq;a;" nq' c'uq" msgqj 258 25 ixhq;a; ksldh v" us;a; iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgq 290 - 291 26.ucACOsu ksldh 1"fldiuznsh iq;a;"nq'c'uq" msgq 753-756 27.bfuz fLd NslaLfj P idrdKShd Ouzud mshlrKd .relrKd" ix.;dh wjsjdodh idu.a.shd talSNdjdh ixj;a;ka;s ucACOsu ksldh 1"fldiuznsh iq;a;"nq'c'uq" msgq 756 28 wx.`;a;r ksldh 111" |=;sh iuzu;a;kshdu iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 284 29 bfu fLd NslaLfj P idrdKshd Ouzud mshlrKd .relrKd" ix.ydh wjsjdodh idu.a.shd talShNdjdh ixj;a;ka;s ucACOsu ksldh 1" fldiuznsh iq;a;a" nq'c'uq" msgqj 756 30 wx.`;a;r ksldh v" jH.a>mcAc iq;a;" nq' c' uq'" msgqj 236 31 ''''' wpzpdroaOx jsrshx WoaOpzpdh ixj;a;ka;s'w;s,Skx jsrshx fldicAcdh ixj;a;ka;s' ;iaud;sy Fjx fidK jsrsh iu;x wOsgzGy' wx.`;a;r ksldh iv" fidK iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 152 32 fid uspzPdosgzGshd mydkdh jdhu;s iuzud osgzGshd Wmiuzmodh iajdiai fyd;s iuzud jdhdfud ucACOsu ksldh 111" uydp;a;drSxil iq;a;a" nq'c'uq" msgqj 214 33 mqnzfnj fu NslaLfj iuxfndafOd wkNsiuznqoaOiai fndOsi;afiij if;d t;ofydis ixhq;a; ksldh 11" f.d;u iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 16 34 miai: bux ;dmix - cgs, W.a.;dmkx wmrsfuhH bf;d lmafm - nqoafOd f,dfl Njsiai;s nqoaO jxi" iqfuzO l:d" nq'c'uq" msgqj 30 .d:dj 60 35 ukqiai;a;x ,sXZ. iuzm;a;s - fy; iF:dr oiaikx mnzncAcd .`K iuzm;a;s - wOsldfrd p PJo;d wgzGOuzu ifudOdkd - wNsksNdfrd iuscACO;s nqoaO jxi" iqfuzO l:d" nq'c'uq" msgqj 30 .d:dj 58 36 f>dfidms fLd tfid |=,a,fNd f,dliausx hosox nqoafOd;s wd.;dks fLd mk wiaudlx ukaf;iq oaj;a;sxiuydmqrsi,laLKdks" fhys iukakd.;iai uyd mqrsiiai oafj .;sfhd Njka;s wk[a[d' ifn w.drx wcACOdji;s rdcd fyd;s plalj;a;s ''''' ifp fLd mkdhiaud wk.drshx mnznc;s wryx fyd;s iuzud iuznqoafOd f,dfl wjs;a;pzPfod iq;a; ksmd;" fi, iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 172 37 oimdruS ;hd OSr - lsosid f,dlkdhl l:x WmmdruS mqKakd - mruF:mdruS l:x nqoaO jxi" r;kpxluk lKafvd" nq'c'uq" msgqj 18 .d:dj 77 38 i. nqoaOjxigzGl:d" fyajdjs;drK uq|@K" msgqj 50 ii. OrAuisrs".`Kmd," fn#oaO iodpdrfha uQ,OrAu" fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" keosud, - foysj," fojk uq|@Kh" 1996"msgqj 112 39 tldhfkd whx NslaLfj u.af.d i;a;dkx jsiqoaOshd fidlmrsoaojdkx iu;slaludh" |=laL fodukiaix wF:.udh Z[Kiai wOs.udh ksnzndKiaiipzPslsrshdh hosox p;a;dfrd i;smgzGdkd

137

oS> ksldh 11" i;smgzGdk iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 436 40 wjscAcd NslaLfj mqnznx.ud wl`i,dkx Ouzudkx iudm;a;shd wkajfoj wysrslx wfkd;mamx wjscAcd.;iai NslaLfj wjzoaoiqfkd uspzPd osgzGs mfyd;s ixhq;a; ksldh 1" wjscAcd iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 2 41 mqkp mrx NslaLfj uydkdu wrshidjfld w;a;fkd iS,dks wkqiair;s' wLKavdks" wpzCsoaodks" win,dks" wluzudidks" Ncsiaidks jsZ[aZC|QmamiF:dks" wmrdugzGdks iudOs ixj;a;ksldks" hiausx uydkdu iufh wrshidjfld iS,x wkqiair;s wx.`;a;r ksldh iv" uydkdu iq;a;a" nq' c'uq" msgqj 14 42 Jones Ken, Buddhism and Social Action, Kandy, 1981, 21 - 49 43 ixhq;a; ksldh v" us;a; iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgq 290 - 291 44 '''''''''''w;a;kd p mdKd;smd;d mgsjsrf;d fyd;s' mrZ[ap mdKd;smd;d fjruKshd iudofm;s' mdKd;smd;d fjruKShd p jKaKx Ndi;s' tjuiaidhx ldhiudpdfrd ;sfldgslmdrsiqoafOd fyd;s' ixhq;a; ksldh' 5(ii) " fjzZMoajdr iq;a;"nq' c 'uq' msgQj 156 45 De Silva Padmasiri, Value Orientations and Nation Building, Colombo, 1976, pp. 32 - 54 46 ixhq;a; ksldh v" us;a; iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgq 290 - 291 47 fu;a;d Ndfj;nznd jHdmdoiai mydkdh ixhq;a; ksldh iv" osgzGnzn iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 350 48 ;iai tjx cdkf;d tjx miaif;d ldudijdms ps;a;x jsuqpzp;s Njdijdms ''''' wjscAcdijdms '''''' jsuq;a;iausx jsuq;a; us;s Z[dKx fyd;s' LSKd cd;s jqis;x n@yauprshx l;x lrKSh kdmrx b;a;;dhd;s mcdkd;s oS> ksldh 1" iduZ[aZ[M, iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 144 49 lfrdkaf;ms f; rdyq, ldfhk luzux ;foj f; ldhluzux mpzpfjlaLs;nznx hkakq fLd wyx box ldfhk luzux lfrdus' box fu ldhluzux w;a;jHndOdms ixj;a;;s mrjHdndOdhms ixj;a;;s" WNhHdndOhms ixj;a;;s" wl`i,x box ldhuzux |=laLq|@hx |=laLjsmdlx' ucACOsu ksldh 11" wuzn,gzgsl rdyqf,djdo iq;a;" nq' c'uq" msgqj 132 50 iuzud osgzGsiai NslaLfj iuzud ixlmafmd mfyd;s' iuzud ixlmamiai iuzud jdpd mfyd;s iuzud jdpiai iuzud luzukaf;d mfyd;s' iuzud luzuka;iai iuzud wdcSfjd mfyd;s '''''''''' iuzud Z[dKiai iuzud jsuq;a;s mfyd;s' ucACOsu ksldh 111" uydp;a;rSil iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 218 51 fu;a;d iy.f;ak fpz;id talx osix MrsFjd jsyr;s ;:d |=;shx ;:d ;;shx ;:d p;;a:sx b;s WoaOufOda ;srshx inznOs inzn;a;;dh inzndjka;x f,dalx WfmalaLdiy.f;ak fpz;id jsmqf,ak uy.a.f;ak wmamudfkak wfjzfrAk wnHdmcAfCOk MrsFjd jsyr;s w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h uydj.a. ld,duiq;a; nq c uq 337--343 msgq 52 mdfKd k yka;nznd" woskakx kdod;nznx" ldfuiquzpzPd k prs;nznd" uqid k Ndis;nznd" ucAcx k mdm;nznx h:d N~;a;Z[ap N~Z[ac:d;s oS> ksldh 111" plalj;a;s iSykdo iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 104 53 i. hf;d fLd .ym;s mq;a; wrshidjliai p;a;dfrd luzulsf,id mySKd fydka;s p;~ysGdfkks mdmluzux k lfrd;s' P p fNd.dkx wmdhuqLdks k fij;s' fid tjx pqoaoimdmldm.f;d PoaosidmgspzPdos' WNhf,dljschdh mgsmkafkd fyd;s' ;iai whxfjj f,dfld wdroafOd fyd;s' mfrd p f,dfld' fid ldhiaifNod mruzurKd iq.;sx i.a.x f,dlx WmamcAc;s' oS> ksldh 111" isZ.d,l iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 290 ii. hx .ym;s mdKd;sm;S" mdKd;smd; mpzphd osgzGOuzusluzms Nhx fjrx mij;s' iuzmrdhsluzms Nhx fjrx mij;s fpz;isluzms |=laLx fodukiaix mgsixfjzosh;s mdKd;sm;d mgsjsr;iai tjx ;x Nhx fjrx jQmika;x fyd;s' ixhqla; ksldh 11" mxp Nh fjr iq;a;"nq'c'uq"msgqj 106 54 hf;d fLd .ym;s mq;a; wrshidjliai p;a;dfrd luzu lsf,id mySKd fydka;s' p;~ys Gdfkys mdmx luzux k lfrd;s' P p fNd.dkx wmdh uqLdks k fij;s' fid tjx pqoaoiaimdmldm.f;d PoaosidmgspzPdos WNhf,dljschdh mgsmkafkd fyd;s oS> ksldh 111" isZ.dd,l iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 290 55 ;iaisfu mZ[ap kSjrfK mySfK w;a;ks iukqmiaif;d mdfudcAcx cdh;s' muqosf;d mS;s cdh;s'mS;s ukiai ldfhd miaiuzN;s' miaioaOldfhd iqLx fjfo;s' iqLsfkd ps;a;x iudOsh;s' oS> ksldh 1" iduZ[aZ[M, iq;a;a" nq'c'uq" msgqj 128 56 l;fudp NslaLfj wrsfhd iuzud iudOs iWmksfid imrslaLdfrd fihH:sox iuzud osgzGs ''''''''' iuzud i;s' hd fLd NslaLfj bfuys i;;yfXzf.ys ps;a;iai tl.;d mrslaL;d' whx jqpzp;s NslaLfj wrsfhd iuzud iudOs iWmksfid n;sms imrslaLdfrd b;sms' ucACOsu ksldh 111" uydp;a;rSil iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 212 57 jSrisxy" fykars" wOHdmk orAYk m@fjzYh" ksmqK tkagm@hsiia"kqf.af.dv"1993" msgq'117-132 58 Stone E, Introduction to Educational Psychology, London, 1982, pp. 81 - 94 59 Social Learning and personaity development,A.Bandura and R.H.Walters,Holt,Rinchart & Winston, New York,1963,p.13-22. 60 i fLd fid ld,dud wrshidjfld tajx js.;dNscAfCOda js.;nHdmdfoda wiuzuQ<afyda iuzmcdfkd m;siaif;da fu;a;d iy.f;ak fpz;id w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' msgq 337-343

138

61 ixhq;a; ksldh v" us;a; iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgq 290 - 291 62 ;iaisfu mZ[ap kSjrfK mySfK w;a;ks iukqmiaif;d mdfudcAcx cdh;s' muqos;iai mS;s cdh;s' mS;s udkiai ldfhd miaiuzN;s' miaioaOldfhd iqLx fjfo;s mqLsfkd ps;a;x iudOsh;s oS. ksldh 1" iduZ[aZ[M, iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 128 63 The Development of moral values and behaviour in childhood,E.Maccoby,Boston,1968.p.71 64 fh ys flps NslaLfj" wkqluzfmHd: fh p fhd;nznx uZ[afZ[iq us;a;d jd wupzpd jd Z[d;S jd if,dys;d jd" f; fLd NslaLfj" p;kakx wrshpzpdkx h:dN~;x wNsiuhdh iudofj;nznd m;sgzGdfm;nznd' l;fuix p;kakx |=laLiai wrsipzpiai |=laL iuqofhd wrshipzpiai |=laL ksfrdfOd wrsipzpiai |=laL ksfrdO.dusKS mgsmod wrshiai' fh ys flps NslaLfj" wkqluzfmHd:" fh p fhd ;nznx ux[Z[hHqx us;a;d jd wupzpd jd Z[d;S jd idf,dys;d jd' f; fjd NslaLfj bfuix p;kakx wrshipzpld h:dN~;x wNsiuhdh iudofm;nznd ksfjfi;nznd m;sgzGdfm;nznd' ;iaud;sy NslaLfj box |=laLka;s fhdf.d lrKSfhd whx |=laL iuqofhd;s lrKSfhd" whx |=lafL ksfrdafOd;s fhdf.d lrKSfhd whx |=laL ksfrdafOd;s' fhdf.d lrKSfhd |=laL ksfrdO.dusKS mgsmod;s fhdf.d lrKSfhd;s' ixhq;a; ksldh v" us;a; iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgq 290 -291 65 wx.`;a;r ksldh v" ksnzfnzOsl iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 208 66 ixhq;a; ksldh v" us;a; iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgq 290 - 291 67 '''' hdjfoj Z[dKu;a;dh" m;siai;s u;a;dh: wksiaisf;d p jsyr;s" k p lsZ[aps f,dfl Wmdosh;s oS> ksldh 11" i;smgzGdk iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 440 68 ixhq;a; ksldh v" us;a; iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgq 290 - 291 69 bOdkkao NslaLq WmOs jsfjld wl`i,dkx Ouzudkx mydkd inznfid ldh |=gzGq,a,dkx mgsmamiaioaOshd jsjspzfpj ldfuys jsjspzfpj wl`if,ys Ouzfuys ijs;lalx ijspdrx jsfjzlcx mS;s iqLx mGucCOdkx WmiuzmcAc jsyr;s' fid hfoj ;F: fyd;s rEm.;x fjokd.;x" iz[aZ[d.;x idLdr.;x jsZ[aZ[dK.;x f; Ouzfu wkspzpf;d |=laLf;d frd.f;d .Kavf;d i,a,f;d w>f;d wdndOf;d" mrf;d mf,dlf;d iqZ[aZ[f;d w;a;kd iukqmiaika;s' fid f;ys Ouzfuys ps;a;x mgsjdfm;ajd wu;dh fid; Od;hd ps;a;x Wmixyr;s' t;x ika;x t;x mKS;x hosox inzn ixLdr iuf:d inznQmgsksiai.af.d ;KaylaLfhd jsrdf.d ksfrdfOd ksnzndKx ucACOsu ksldh 11" uyd ud,qxlH mq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgq 168 - 170 70 bOdjqfid NslaLq iu: mqnznx.ux jsmiaikx Ndfj;s' ;iai iu: mqnznx.ux jsmiaikx Ndjhf;d u.af.d iZ[acdh;s' fid ;x u.a.x wdfij;s" Ndfj;s" nyq,Slfrd;s ;iai ;x u.a.x wdfijf;d Ndjhf;d nyq,Slfrdf;d iZ[afZ[dckd myShka;s wkqihd jHka;S fydka;s wx.`;a;r ksldh 11" wry;a;mam;s iq;a;a" nq'c'uq" msgqj 304 71 ''''' wrshidjliai k iqlrx mqZ[aZ[iai mudkx .fK;` tF:ld mqZ[aZ[dNsikafod l`i,dNsikafod mqniaidydfrd;s' w: fNd wixfLHd wmamfuhHd uyd mqZ[afZ[laLkafOd;afjj lXZLx .pzpka;s ixhq;a; ksldh v" wixfLhH iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 232 72 fhd NslaLfj tjx jfohH h:d h:dhx mqrsfid luzux lfrd;s ;:d ;:d kx jsmdlx mgsixfjzoh;s:s;s' tjx ika;x NslaLfj n@yauprshjdfid k fyd;s" tjx jfohH h:d h:d fjzokShx whx mqrsfid luzux lfrd;s ;:d ;:d.;iai jsmdlx mgsixfjzoh;S;s tjx ika;x NslaLfj jsmdlx n@yauprshjdfid fyd;s' Tldfid mZ[aZ[dh;s iuzud |=laLiai wka;lsrshdh' wx.`;a;r ksldh 1" f,dKM, iq;a;" fn#'iuz'ixia" msgqj 806 73 inznmdmiai wlrKx ;`i,iai Wmiuzmod ips;a;mrsfhdomkx t;x nqoaOdk idikx' Lka;s mrux ;fmd ;s;slaLd" ksnzndKx mrux joka;s nqoaOd k ys mnzncsf;d mrEm>d;s" k iufKd fyd;s mrx jsfyGhkaf;d' wkQmjdfod wkQm>df;d md;sfudlafL j ixjfrd' u;a;Z[aZC|=;d j N;a;iausx" mka;Z[ap ihkdikx' wOsps;af; j wfhdf.d" t;x nqoaOdk idikx' Lqoaol ksldh" Ouzu mo" 14 nqoaO j.a.h" nq'c'uq" .d:d 183" 184 yd 185 74 mqnzfnj fu NslaLfj iuzfndfOd wkNsiuznqoaOiai fndOsi;a;iafij if;d t;ofydis ixhq;a; ksldh 11" f.d;u iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 16 75 hod ;uzfy ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhHd: bfu Ouzud li,d bfu Ouzud wl`i,d bfu Ouzud idjcAcd bfu Ouzud jsZ[aZC|Q.rys;d bfu Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd wys;dh |=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s" w: ;`uzfy ld,dud mcfyhHd:' wx.`;a;r ksldh 1" ld,du iq;a;"nq'c'uq" msgqj 338 76 mqk p mrx nslaLfj fh f; ,dNd Ouzusld Ouzu ,oaOd wka;ufid m;a;mrshdmkaku;a;uzms ;:drEfmys mdfNys wmamgsjsNka; fNd.s fyd;s ucACOsu ksldh 1" fldiuznsh iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 514 77 msKavshdf,dm fNdckx ksiaidh mnzncAcd ''''''''''''' mxiql~, pSjrx ksiaidh mnzncAcd ''''''''relaLuQ,fikdikx ksiaidh mnzncAcd ''''''' mq;suq;a; fNaicACOx ksiaidh mnzncAcd uyd j.a. md,s 1" nq' c' uq" msgqj 238 78 wdrOhsxiq j; fu NslaLfj NslaLq tlx iuhx ps;a;x '''''''' k fu NslaLfj f;iq NslaLqiq wkqidikS lrKshd wfydis' i;mamdo lrKSfuj fu NslaLfj f;iq NslaLqiq wfydis ucACOsu ksldh 1" lljQmu iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 312

139

79 hf;d p fLd idrsmq;a; bfOlpzfpz wdijgzGdkShd Ouzud ixf> md;Njka;s" w: iF:d idjldkx islaLd mox mZ[aZ[dfm;s" Woaosi;s md;sfudlaLx f;iZ[afZ[j wdijgzGdkShdkx Ouzudkx mgs>d;dh' mdrdcsld md,s" nq'c'uq" msgqj 22 80 f;k ys Fjx .ym;s f; igzGs jsydfr wd.;dkd.;iai pd;oaosiiai iXZ>iai m;sgzGdfmyS;s pq,a,j.a. md,s 11" nq'c'uq" msgqj 130 81 ixf> f.d;uS foys ixf> f; oskafk wyZ[afpj mQcsf;d Njsiaidus ixf>djd;s ucACOsu ksldh 111" olaLsK jsNx. iQ;a;" nq' c' uq" msgqj 520 82 f;k ys Fjx mym;s f; igzGs jsydfr wd.;dkd.;iai pd;oaosiiai iXz>iai m;sgzGdfmyS;s pq,a,j.a. md,s 11" nq' c' uq" msgqj 130 83 pq,a,j.a. md,s 11" nq' c' uq" msgqj 131 84 Jayathilake K.N, Aspects of Buddhist Social Philosophy, Kandy, 1969, pp. 24 - 37 85 ucACOsu ksldh 1" pQ,f.disx. iq;a;" nq' c' uq" msgqj 498 86 pq,a,j.a. 11" fikdik j;a;x" nq' c' uq" msgq 362 - 368 87 pq,a,j.a. 11" jpzplgs j;a;x" nq' c' uq" msgqj 374 88 mqk p mrx NalaLfj fh f; ,dNd Ouzusld Ouzu,oaOd wka;ufid m;a;mrshdmkaku;a;uzms ;:drEfmys ,dfNys wmamgsjsN;a; fNd.S fyd;s iS,jkaf;ys in@yaupdrSys idOdrKfNd.S ucACOsu ksldh 1" fldaiuznsh iq;a;" nq' c' uq" msgqj 754 89 nO uydkdu wrshidjfld iS,jd fyd;s" md;sfudlaL ixjr ixjqf;d jsyr;s' wdpdrf.dpr iuzmkafkd wkqu;af;iq jcAfciq Nh oiaidjs iudodh islaL;s islaLdmfoiq ucACOsu ksldh 11" fiL iq;a;" nq'c'uq" msgqj 30 90 OrAuisrs".`Kmd," fn#oaO iodpdrfha uQ,OrAu" fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" keosud, - foysj," fojk uq|@Kh" 1996"msgq 86 - 123 91 f;k fLd mk iufh NslaLq wkqmcACOdhld wfkdjoshudkd wkkqidishudkd |=kaksj;a;d |=mamre;d wkdlmamiuzmkakd msKsvdh prka;s uyd j.a. md,s 1" nq' c' uq" msgqj 92' 92 wkqcdkdus NslaLfjz WmcACOdhx ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, 94 93 wkqcdkdus NslaLfjz wdprshx ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, 94 94 wkqmcCOdhlf;d jcAcdjcAcx WmkscACOdhflk .rEkd jsrys;d iuka;mdidosld 111" fya' uq'" msgqj 729 95 wkqcdkdus NslaLfj wdpdrshka;s wdpdriuzudr islaLdmklx wdprshx wkqcdkdus iuka;mdidosld 111" fya' uq" 735 96 WmcACOdfhd fu Nkaf; fNd.s uyd j.a. md,s 1" nq' c' uq" msgqj 94 97 wdprsfhd fu Nkaf; fNd.s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, 92' 98 WmdcACOfhd NslaL fj ioaOs jsydrsluzys mq;a; ps;a;x WmgzGdfmiai;s ioaOs jsydrsfld WmcACOdhuzys ms;` ps;a;x WmgzGdfmiai;s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, 94 99 wZ[aZ[uZ[aZ[ i.drjd ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, 94 100 imam;siaid ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, 94 101 iNd. jq;a;sfkd ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, 94 102 Tjdfod;s wfkd;sKafK jJ:qiausx box lfrdys' box ud lrsF:d;s jpkx" wkqidikS;s T;sKafK jF:qiausx" wms p T;sKafK jd wfkdKafKjd mGux jpkx Tjdfod mqkmamqkx jpkx wjqidikS;s iuka;mdidosld 111" fya' uq" 733 103 ioafOda fyd;s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, 94 104 ysrsud fyd;s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, 94 105 T;a;mamS fyd;s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, 94 106 wdroaO jsrsfhd fyd;s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, 94 107 WmamgzGs; i;s fyd;s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, 94 108 mgsnf,d fyd;s wkaf;jdisllx jd" ioaOsjsydrslx jd" .s,dkx WmgzGd;xjd" WmgzGdfmfm;x jd

140

,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, 94 109 wkNsr;sx jQmldfi;x jd jQmldidfm;xjd ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, 94 110 Wmamkx llal`pzpx Ouzuf;d jsfkdfo;x jd jsfkdodfm;x jd ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, 94 111 wdm;a;sx cdkd;s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, 94 112 wdm;a;s jqgzGdkx cdkd;s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, 94 113 wdNsiudjdrsldh islaLdh islaLdfm;x ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, 132 -142 114 wdos n@yauprshldh islaLdh jsfk;`x ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 115 i. wNsOuzfuz jsfk;`x wNsjskfh jsfk;`x ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, ii. Deerasekara, Jothiya, Monastic Dicipline, p. 132 116 Wmamkakx osgzGs.;x Ouzuf;d jsfjfp;x' ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 117 iuzudj;a;s;nznx ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 118 kSpx lFjd idOqlx wmrsixikaf;k fOdjsFjd mgsidfu;nznx ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 119 ud ucAfCO NZXzf.d wfydis;s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 120 ud jsydfrd rfck W#yZ[aZ[S;s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 121 i. uyd j.a. md,s 1" WmcACOdh j;a;x" nq' c' uq" msgq 94 -104 ii. uyd j.a. md,s 1" wdprsh j;a;x" nq' c' uq" msgq 132 - 142 122 i. uyd j.a. md,s 1" ioaOsjsydrsl j;a;x" nq' c' uq" msgq 106 - 114 ii. uyd j.a. md,s 1" wkaf;jdisl j;a;x" nq' c' uq" msgq 142 - 150 123 k NslaLfjz ioaOsjsydrflk WmcACOdhuzys k iuzud j;a;nznx fid k iuzud j;af;hH wdm;a;s |=lalgiaid;s uyd j.a. md,s 1" wkaf;jdisl j;a;x" nq' c' uq" msgq 142 - 150 124 wkqcdkdus NslaLfjz wiuzud j;a;ka;x mkdusf;k k Ludfm;nznd" fhd k L udfmhH wdm;a;s |=lalgiai uyd j.a. md,s 1" ioaOsjsydrsl j;a;x" nq' c' uq" msgq 106 - 114 125 k NslaLfjz Ludmshudfkk k Lus;nznx" fhd k LfuhH wdm;a;s |=lalgiai ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 126 mlaluka;sms ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 127 jsnzNuka;sms ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 128 wZ[aZ[;s;a:sfhiqms ixluka;s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 129 k NslaLfjz iuzud j;a;kaf;d k mkdfu;nzfnd fhd mkdfuhH wdm;a;s |=lalgiai ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 130 kdOsu;a;x midfod fyd;s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 131 kdOsu;a;x ysrs fyd;s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 132 kdOsu;af;d .drfjd fyd;s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 133 kdOsu;a;d Ndjkd fyd;s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 134 mxpys NslaLfjz wxf.ys iukakd.;x ioaOs jsydrslx wmkdfukaf;d WmcACOfhd id;sidfrd fyd;s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 135 mkdfukaf;d wk;sidfrd fyd;ss ss ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 136 i. uyd j.a. md,s 1" ioaOsjsydrsl j;a;x" nq' c' uq" msgq 114 - 118 ii. uyd j.a. md,s 1" wkaf;jdisl j;a;x" nq' c' uq" msgq 152 - 154

141

137 wkqcdkdus NslaLfj nH;af;k NslaLqkd mgsnf,k mxp jiaidks ksiaidh jF:qx wnH;f;k hdjcSjx uydj.a. md,s 1" nq' c' uq" msgqj 196 138 k wfifLk iS,laLfJOk ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 139' k wfiafLk iudOslaLfJOk ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 140' k wfiafLk mZ[aZ[laLfJOk ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 141' k wfifLk jsuq;a;slaLfJOk ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 142' wiaioafOd ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 143' wysrsfld ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 144' wfkd;a;mamS ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 145. l`iSf;d ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 146' uqgzGiails ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 147' iS, jsmkafkd ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 148. wdpdr jsmkafkd ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 149. osgzGs jsmkafkd ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 150' wmamiaiqf;d ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 151' |=mamZ[afZ[d ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 152. wdm;a;sx k cdkd;s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 153' wdm;a;sx k cdkd;s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 154. ,yqldm;a;sx k cdkd;s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 155' .reldm;a;sx k cdkd;s ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 156. WNhdks fLd mkiai md;sfudlaLdks ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, 157' W#K mxp jiafid ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,,