Cadastral Trends Security of tenure (ownership) Support for
land markets (value) Sustainable development (use) - Rights and
restrictions Efficient & effective land administration
Extending the use & value of the cadastre
Slide 5
Why do we need a 3D cadastre? Address the trends in cadastre
Urbanisation Complexity of structures & related rights - On
& above ground - Sub-surface
Slide 6
Not a new concept
Slide 7
No true 3D cadastres exist Register volumes in land (public)
registers, but not included in cadastral map Register only a subset
of objects - Apartment blocks - Utilities Register new
constructions only No widely accepted definition of 3D
cadastre
Slide 8
Definition (FIG) A 3D parcel is defined as the spatial unit
against which (one or more) unique and homogeneous rights (e.g.
ownership right or land use right), responsibilities or
restrictions (RRRs) are associated to the whole entity Homogeneous
= the same combination of rights equally apply within the whole 3D
spatial unit Unique = the largest spatial unit for which this is
true
Slide 9
GIS Technology How to Implement?
Slide 10
GIS Functionality Continues to Improve Mapping & Editing
Imagery LiDAR Mobile Cloud Apps 3-D 4-D & Real Time
Slide 11
CollectManage Visualise & Analyze Share ArcGIS is a 3D
GIS
Slide 12
3D Data types in the Geodatabase Vector feature classes with
X,Y,Z geometry - 3D Points - 3D Lines - 3D Polygons Elevation grid
rasters (DTM/DEM) Terrains (TIN, Point cloud, surface) Mosaics of
LAS LiDAR datasets Multipatch (volumetric bodies)
Slide 13
Introducing Multipatch A geodatabase feature type for 3D
objects. A geodatabase feature type for 3D objects. Collection of
triangles, triangle strips, triangle fans, and rings Collection of
triangles, triangle strips, triangle fans, and rings Stores texture
image, colour, transparency, and lighting vector information within
the geometry Stores texture image, colour, transparency, and
lighting vector information within the geometry
Slide 14
Triangles & Rings Basic units are 3D triangles and 3D rings
(polygons) Basic units are 3D triangles and 3D rings (polygons)
Triangles Rings
Slide 15
Triangle Strips & Fans Efficient storage of sets of
triangles Efficient storage of sets of triangles Triangle Strips
Triangle Fans
Slide 16
Collections can be complex A single composite multipatch can
contain multiple patches of varying types A single composite
multipatch can contain multiple patches of varying types
Slide 17
Textures can be applied Two rings and one triangle strip Two
rings and one triangle strip Different textures for roof, floor and
walls Different textures for roof, floor and walls
Slide 18
3D Cadastre
Slide 19
Concepts of 3D Cadastre Full 3D cadastre 3D tagging Hybrid 3D
Cadastre 4D Cadastre Time as the fourth dimension
Slide 20
The hybrid solution All in one database Supports the
identification of a land unit Supports boundary definitions
Supports and maintains topological relationships Allows maintenance
in both 2D and 3D Allows display of complex spatial relationships
Allows spatial analysis Allows maintenance of other types of
objects 2D 3D Survey network Identification Boundary Definition
Data Maintenance Spatial relationships Spatial analysis
Identification
Slide 21
3D Cadastre Hybrid Solution 2D Parcels; 3D Objects Legal &
Physical Objects Above & below ground
Slide 22
3D Cadastre Visualisation
Slide 23
3D Cadastre Spatial Analysis e.g for objective, market
valuation
Slide 24
Esris 3D Urban Information Model Simplifies the creation,
maintenance and usage of 3D cities Built Environment Buildings
& Building Interiors Transport & Utility Networks
Installations Trees Legal Environment 3D Zoning 3D Land Ownership
Natural Environment Land Cover Atmosphere Geology Template for
download
Slide 25
2D to 3D: Data Collection Photogrammetric data collection
direct into ArcGIS
Slide 26
2D to 3D: Add Heights to 2D Building Footprints Point clouds
from aerial LiDAR and from new sources like oblique imagery
stereomatching LiDAR point cloudGeoprocessing to extrude footprints
Best practice 3D workflows, example models and sample data,
available at
http://resources.arcgis.com/en/communities/city-engine/, and at
http://resources.arcgis.com/en/communities/3d/.
http://resources.arcgis.com/en/communities/city-engine/
http://resources.arcgis.com/en/communities/3d/
Slide 27
2D to 3D: Procedural modeling 3D model creation using rules /
algorithms iteratively refine a design by creating more and more
detail Base geometry Procedural rules Base geometry Final 3D
modelIterative refinement
Slide 28
3D models: CityEngine WebScene
http://www.arcgis.com/apps/CEWebViewer/viewer.html
?3dWebScene=9c0e319bfaff4d33a0fe2da97c2c3fd7
Slide 29
Analyze 3D routing Maximum visible building height Volumetric
Shadows Skyline analysis Volumetric Glare Security camera
coverage
Slide 30
Share Create screenshots Post to ArcGIS.com WebGIS Publish
Virtual Cities as 3D services KML Export video animations Mobile 3D
CityEngine Web Scenes
Slide 31
Extending use of Cadastre Urban planners / Emergency Response /
Public safety City of Portland Sydney Rotterdam Singapore
Philadelphia Brisbane Masdar city Pasadena
Slide 32
Other (non-technical) considerations Legal Institutional Needs
Costs and benefits
Slide 33
Conclusions Todays GIS technology allows us to: - Model the
world in 3D - Collect, manage, edit, visualise, analyse & share
3D models - Hybrid 2D/3D Cadastre offers cost effective solution
The bigger questions are: - What are the real needs? - Are the
costs justified by the benefits? - What changes are required to the
legislation?
Slide 34
For more information: FIG Com. 3 & 7 Working Group on 3D
Cadastre - http://www.gdmc.nl/3DCadastres/
http://www.gdmc.nl/3DCadastres/ www.esri.com Nick Land:
[email protected]@esri.com
Slide 35
Slide 36
Links City Engine The live CityEngine web scene in the browser
of Esri HQ: http://www.arcgis.com/apps/CEWebViewer/viewer.html?3d
WebScene=9c0e319bfaff4d33a0fe2da97c2c3fd7
http://www.arcgis.com/apps/CEWebViewer/viewer.html?3d
WebScene=9c0e319bfaff4d33a0fe2da97c2c3fd7 Downtown Redlands is at:
http://www.arcgis.com/apps/CEWebViewer/viewer.html?3d
WebScene=69e86e856b4845189d1d5de3101d8503
http://www.arcgis.com/apps/CEWebViewer/viewer.html?3d
WebScene=69e86e856b4845189d1d5de3101d8503 And if you go to
ArcGIS.com and search for content as CityEngine Web Scene, there
are several others.