3.building materials notes.doc

7/25/2019 3.building materials notes.doc

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3. BUILDING MATERIALS

(Stone, bricks, cement, reinforcing stee,

!ggreg!te"

Building material is any materialwhich is used for a constructionpurpose.

Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, sand, woodand rocks,

even twigs and leaves have been used to construct buildings. Apart from

naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some

more and some less synthetic. The manufacture of building materials is an

established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is

typically segmented into specic specialty trades, such as carpentry,

plumbing, roong and insulation work. They provide the make-up of

habitatsand structuresincluding homes.

ST#NE$ Stone is ! n!t%r!& !'!i!be b%iing m!teri!, )*ic* *!s been%se from t*e e!r& !ge of ci'ii+!tion. It is !'!i!be in t*e form of rock,)*ic* is c%t to t*e re%ire si+e !n s*!-e !n %se !s b%iing bock. Stone

*!s been %se to b%i sm! resienti! b%iings to !rges -!!ces, forts,

tem-es !n mon%ments. R!s*tr!-!t*i B*!'!n, !i-%r /!!ce, Re 0ort, Bir!

M!nirs !t De*i, B!n!r!s !n 1&er!b!, T!2 M!*!, G!te)!& of Ini! !n

Ini! G!te etc. !re t*e )or f!mo%s stone b%iings. Stone is ! n!t%r!&

!'!i!be m!teri! of constr%ction !n is obt!ine from rocks.

Classifcation o Rocks

Rocks !re c!ssie in foo)ing t*ree )!&s4. Geoogic! 5!ssic!tion6. /*&sic! 5!ssic!tion3. 5*emic! 5!ssic!tion

1. Geological ClassifcationB!se on t*e moe of form!tion, t*e rocks !re c!ssie !s$i. Igneo%s Rocksii. Seiment!r& Rocksiii. Met!mor-*ic Rocksi. Igneous Rocks: T*ese rocks !re forme b& t*e cooing of moten rock&

m!teri! c!eM!gm! )*ic* is insie t*e e!rt*7s s%rf!ce. If t*e m!gm! coos !t !consier!be e-t* from e!rt*7s s%rf!ce t*en it is c!e /%tonic rock. T*ecooing is so) !n *ence t*ese rocks -ossess co!rse& gr!ine cr&st!inestr%ct%re. eg. Gr!nite. If t*e m!gm! coos !t ! re!ti'e& s*!o) e-t* frome!rt*7s s%rf!ce t*en it is c!e 1&-erb&ss! rocks. T*e cooing is %ick !n*ence t*ese rocks -ossess ne& gr!ine cr&st!ine str%ct%re eg. Doerite. Ift*e m!gm! coos !t e!rt*7s s%rf!ce t*!n it is c!e 'oc!nic rocks. T*e
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_insulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_habitatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_insulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_habitatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture


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cooing is 'er& r!-i !n *ence t*ese rocks -ossess e8treme& ne gr!inestr%ct%re. eg. B!s!t.

ii. Sedimentary Rocks: Seiment!r& rocks !re forme b& t*e e-osition of-ro%cts of )e!t*ering on t*e -re9e8isting rock. A t*e -ro%cts of)e!t*ering !re %4tim!te& c!rrie !)!& from t*eir -!ce of origin b& t*e!gents of )in, r!in, frost, etc. eg. S!nstone, Limestone, G&-s%m, Gr!'e

etciii. Metamorphic Rocks: :*en t*e -re9e8isting rocks (i.e. Igneo%s !nSeiment!r& rocks" !re s%b2ect to gre!t *e!t !n -ress%re, t*e& !re c*!ngein c*!r!cter !n forms met!mor-*ic rocks. eg. S!te, M!rbe, Gneisses.

2. hysical ClassifcationB!se on gener! str%ct%re t*e rocks !re c!ssie !si" Str!tie Rocksii" Un Str!tie Rocksiii" 0oi!te Rocks.i! Stratifed Rocks: T*ese rocks -ossess -!nes of str!tic!tion !n s%c*

rocks c!n e!si& be s-it %- !ong t*ese -!nes. eg. Seiment!r& Rocks.T*ese rocks m!& be cr&st!ine, gr!n%!r or com-!ct gr!n%!r. eg. Igneo%srocks.iii! "oliated Rocks:T*ese rocks *!'e ! tenenc& to be s-it %- in ! eniteirection on&. eg. Met!mor-*ic Rocks.

#. Chemical ClassifcationB!se on c*emic! constit%ents, t*e rocks !re c!ssie !si" Siicio%s Rocksii" Argi!ceo%s Rocksiii"5!c!reo%s Rocks.

i! Silicious Rocks: In t*ese rocks, Siic! is t*e m!in constit%ent. eg. Gr!nite;%!rt+ites etc.ii! $rgillaceous Rocks: In t*ese rocks, c!& or !rgi is t*e m!in constit%ent.eg. S!tes,L!terites etc.iii! Calcareous Rocks: In t*ese rocks, 5!ci%m 5!rbon!te is t*e m!inconstit%ent eg. Lime stones, M!rbes etc.

%ests or StonesT*e foo)ing !re t*e tests con%cte on stones to ecie constr%ction )ork4. Im-!ct test

6. 5r%s*ing strengt* test3. Attrition test


3/18

=. :!ter !bsor-tion test>. 0ree+ing !n t*!)ing test?. Microsco-ic test@. Smit*7s test

&'ualities o Good (uilding Stone:A goo b%iing stone s*o% *!'e t*e foo)ing %!ities$

4. T*e cr%s*ing strengt* of stone s*o% be gre!ter t*!n 4 Nmm6.6. Stones m%st be ecent in !--e!r!nce !n be of %niform coo%r.3. Stones m%st be %r!be. T*eir n!t%r! be m%st be -er-enic%!r to t*eirection of -ress%re.


4/18

. In moern !&s, -ois*e stone -!nes !re %se !s c!ing for!rc*itect%r! -%r-oses !n !so -ois*e stone s!bs !re re-!cing t*e iningt!be to-s in resienti! *o%ses !n rest!%r!nts.Stone is common& %se !s b!sic constr%ction m!teri! in b%iings, ret!ining)!s !n!ms. 1o)e'er it is )ort* noting t*!t t*e -o-%!rit& of stones !s b%iingm!teri! is going o)n %e to t*e foo)ing re!sons$

4. A'!i!biit& of stones )it*in ! re!son!be ist!nce from t*e cities isbecoming sc!re. As ! res%t of it, t*e cost of t*e stone !t constr%ction sites incities is incre!sing.6. L!bo%r cost for *!ning !n ressing of stones is *ig*.3. As t*e s%rf!ces of stones !re not %niform, mort!r cons%me in stonem!sonr& is *ig*.


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3. Dr&ing


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%esting o (ricks0or eciing t*e s%it!biit& of bricks t*e foo)ing tests !re to be con%cte.1. $-sorption test$ A brick is t!ken !n it is )eig*e r&. It is t*enimmerse in )!ter for ! -erio of 4> *o%rs. It is )eig*te !g!in !n t*eierence in )eig*t inic!tes t*e !mo%nt of )!ter !bsorbe b& t*e brick. Its*o% not, in !n& c!se, e8cee 6 -ercent of )eig*t of r& brick.

2. Crushing strength test: 5r%s*ing strengt* of ! brick is fo%n o%t r& b&-!cing it incom-ression testing m!c*ine. It is -resse ti it bre!ks. Minim%m cr%s*ingstrengt* of bricks is 3.= Nmm6!n for s%-erior bricksH it m!& '!r& from ?.to 4


7/18

R!) m!teri!s re%ire for m!n%f!ct%re of cement !re$4. 5!c!reo%s !n6. Argi!ceo%s m!teri!Calcareous Materials$ 5!c!reo%s m!teri!s !re t*ose m!teri!s )*ic*cont!in c!ci%m or ime !s t*eir m!in constit%ents s%c* !s ime stone, c*!ketc.$rgillaceous Materials: Argi!ceo%s m!teri!s !re t*ose m!teri!s )*ic*cont!in !%min! !s t*eir m!in constit%ents s%c* !s s*!e, !terite etc. It-ro'ies t*e re%ire -ro-ortion of siic!, c!&, o8ie of iron to t*e cement.

roportion o mi3ingT*e ingreients !re gener!& mi8e in t*e r!tio of t)o -!rts of 5!c!reo%sm!teri!s !n one -!rt !rgi!ceo%s m!teri!. Limestone !n s*!e !re rstcr%s*e !n t*en t*e& !re mi8e eit*er in )et st!te or in r& st!te b&gro%ning t*em toget*er. T*e mi8t%re is t*en b%rnt in ! rot!r& kin !t !tem-er!t%re bet)een 4


8/18

Silica: It -ro'ies strengt* to t*e cement. In e8cess it so)s o)n t*esetting of cement.$lumina: It -ro'ies %ick setting -ro-ert& to t*e cement. In e8cess it)e!kens t*e strengt* of cement.Calcium Sulphate 4Gypsum!: It *e-s in incre!sing t*e initi! setting timeof cement.Iron 93ide: It -ro'ies coo%r, *!rness !n strengt* to t*e cement.

Magnesium 93ide: It -ro'ies coo%r !n *!rness to t*e cement. E8cessof it in free st!te m!kes t*e cement %nso%n.Sulphur %rio3ide: In sm! %!ntit& it m!kes t*e cement so%n !n ine8cess it m!kes t*e cement %nso%n.$lkalies: In e8cess it c!%ses eorescence.

&i6erent %ypes o Cement4. #rin!r& /ort!n cement.6. R!-i 1!rening /ort!n cement3. Lo) 1e!t /ort!n cement. Air entr!ining -ort!n cement?. :*ite !n coo%re cement@. 1ig* A%min! cement. /o++o!n! cement4. #i )e cement44. ;%ick setting cement46. E8-!ning cement1. 9rdinary ortland Cement: It is !so kno)n !s Norm! setting cement.It is gener!-%r-ose cement s%it!be for ! -%r-ose. It is %se in Ro! -!'ements,

b%iings, c%'erts, )!ter -i-es etc. In t*e ot*er sense it is %se e'er& )*eree8ce-t in -!ces )*ere s-eci! -ro-erties of ot*er t&-es !re re%ire. #%t oft*e tot! cons%m-tion of ierent t&-es of cement F of t*is t&-e is %se.2. Rapid /ardening Cement: Its m!n%f!ct%ring -rocess is s!me !s t*!t oforin!r& cement e8ce-t c*emic! com-osition, egree of grining !ntem-er!t%re of b%rning. It cont!ins ess %!ntit& of 5 6S !n more %!ntit& of53S. It is gener!& %se )*ere *ig* e!r& strengt* is re%ire !n so it issome times c!e !s 1ig* E!r& Strengt* /ort!n cement. It is %se b&concrete -ro%ct m!n%f!ct%res, *ig*)!& -!'ements )*ic* !re to be o-enee!r& for ro! tr!Cc !n in co )e!t*er concreting %e to its *ig* *e!t of*&r!tion e'eo-ment.

#. 8o5 /eat ortland Cement:T*is cement is so c!e bec!%se it e'eo-s o) *e!t !t t*e time of*&r!tion. It cont!ins 53A !nH 53S in ess %!ntit& bec!%se t*e& e'eo-e!r& *e!t. It e'eo-s strengt* %ite !te !n so not !'ise to concretestr%ct%res !s it re%ires s*%ttering !n c%ring, for ! onger -erio. It isgener!& %se in m!ssi'e concrete str%ct%res s%c* !s !ms, brige,!b%tments, ret!ining )!s etc.. (last "urnace Slag Cement:


9/18

As t*e n!me inic!tes in t*is cement gr!n%!te b!st f%rn!ce s!g is gr!ine!ong )it* cement cinkers. /ercent!ge of s!g '!ries from 6= to >=F. It isc*e!-er !s com-!re to orin!r& cement bec!%se )!ste -ro%ct is %se init. It c!n !so be %se in m!ssi'e concrete s%c* !s !ms, briges etc. It *!s!4so t*e c!-!cit& to resist s%-*!te be!ring sois, !n )!ter. 1ence goo for%se in m!rine str%ct%res !n constr%ction in m!rs*& !re!s.0. Sulphate Resistant ortland Cement:

It cont!ins 'er& o) -ercent!ge of 53A !n 5 *rs !n n! setting t!kes -!ce )it* in6 *o%rs of t*e Initi! set. Its setting times !re controe b& t*e r!te of cooingof t*e f%se -ro%ct. It is *ig*& resist!nt to *e!t !n t*e strengt* is more. Itis *ig* resist!nt to !tt!ck of s%-*!tes. It gi'es *ig* *e!t of *&r!tion !n, is!so costier t*!n orin!r& /ort!n cement. It is %se in str%ct%res s%b2ecteto t*e !ction of se! )!ter, c*emic! !n s%-*!te be!ring )!ter. It is


10/18

gener!& %se for c*emic! -!nts !n in ining of f%rn!ces. It c!n !so be%se in co )e!t*er concreting.>. o++olana Cement: /o++o!n! is ! n!t%r!& occ%rring m!teri! s%c* !s'oc!nic !s* or/%mice stone or !n !rtici! -ro%ct s%c* !s b%rnt c!& or s*!e cont!iningsiiceo%s !n!%mino%s miner! s%bst!nces. As -er BIS 4?, t*e -ro-ortion of

-o++o!n! m!teri! '!ries from 4 to 6=F b& )eig*t of cement. It incre!sest*e )ork!biit&, re%ces *e!t of *&r!tion, !n incre!ses t*e )!ter tig*tness.It !so oers gre!ter resist!nce !g!inst s%-*!tic !ction !n se! )!ter. It is%se in t*e constr%ction of m!ssi'e concrete str%ct%res s%c* !s !ms, brige!b%tments !n ret!ining )! etc. T*is cement *!s been !so %se in B*!kr!N!ng! D!m.

1?. 9il ,ell Cement: As t*e n!me inic!tes, it is %se for cementingH oi )es. It is %se !tgreeter e-t* %ner *ig* tem-er!t%re !n -ress%re. As !--ro8im!te& 3 *rs!re re%ire to, -%m- t*e cement to t*e s-!ce bet)een stee t%be ining

!n )! of t*e )e, so it s*o% not set %ring t*is -erio. Iron #8ie is so!2%ste t*!t ! t*e !%min! is con'erte into 5


11/18

A s!m-e me!nt for testing s*! be r!)n from !t e!st 46 ierent b!gs orb!rres or cont!iners or from 46 ierent -ositions in ! *e!- if cement isoose. 5*emic! com-osition of cement s*o% be c*ecke for B. I. S.s-ecic!tions.

S%8

Stee is -rob!b& t*e most 'ers!tie common& %se str%ct%r! m!teri!. Steeis %se to ! !rge e8tent in moern m%ti9storie b%iings. Stee is %se !sreinforcing b!rs)ires for concrete since concrete is )e!k in tension.Str%ct%r! stee is !'!i!be in '!rio%s forms !n s*!-es !n it is being %sefor '!rio%s str%ct%r! com-onents.

hysical roperties o Mild Steel:

4. M!ss ensit& 7850 Kg/m

3

6. o%ngs Mo%%s 2.04 x 105N/mm2

3. Mo%%s of Rigiit& 0.785 x 105N/mm2


12/18

1ig* strengt* eforme b!rs )ires !re !'!i!be in t*e foo)ing nomin!si+es$>,@,4,46,4>,4@,6,66,6=,6@,36,3>,


13/18

$ggregate:T*ese !re t*e inert or c*emic!& in!cti'e m!teri!s )*ic* formt*e b%k of cement concrete. T*ese !ggreg!tes !re bo%n toget*er b&me!ns of cement. T*e !ggreg!tes !re c!ssie into t)o c!tegories, 0ine !nco!rse.

T*e m!teri! )*ic* is -!sse t*ro%g*


14/18

/ardness:T*e !ggreg!tes s*o% to *!r eno%g* to resist t*e )e!r %e to!br!si'e !ction of tr!Cc.%oughness: T*e !ggreg!tes s*o% *!'e s%Ccient resist!nce to im-!ct orto%g*ness %e to mo'ing )*ee o!s.ura-ility:T*e !ggreg!tes s*o% resist isintegr!tion %e to t*e !ction of)e!t*er. T*e -ro-ert& of t*e stones to )it*st!n t*e !'erse !ction of)e!t*er m!& be c!e so%nness.

Shape o $ggregates:T*e !ggreg!tes m!& be ro%ne, !ng%!r, c%bic!,!k& or eong!te s*!-e of -!rtices. T*e !k& !n eong!te -!rtices )i*!'e ess strengt* !n %r!biit& )*en com-!re )it* c%bic!, !ng%!r orro%ne -!rtices of t*e s!me stone.$dhesion 5ith (itumen:T*e !ggreg!tes m%st *!'e ess !Cnit& )it* )!ter)*en com-!re )it* bit%mino%s m!teri!sH ot*er)ise t*e bit%mino%s co!tingon t*e !ggreg!te )i be stri--e o in -resence of )!ter.

%ests on aggregatesT*e common tests on ro! !ggreg!tes in Ini! !re$

Aggreg!te Im-!ct Test

Los Anges Abr!sion Test Aggreg!te 5r%s*ing Test

:!ter Absor-tion Test !n B%k S-ecic Gr!'it& Test

0!kiness Ine8 Test

Aggreg!te /ois*ing Test

Stri--ing Test

S%R)C%)R$8 G8$@IG

efnition o Structural Gla+ingStr%ct%r! g!+ing is ! s&stem of boning g!ss to ! b%iings str%ct%r! fr!mingmembers %tii+ing ! *ig* strengt*H *ig* -erform!nce siicone se!!nt s-ecic!&esigne !n teste for str%ct%r! g!+ing.In str%ct%r! g!+ing !--ic!tions,&n!mic )in o!s !re tr!nsferre from t*e g!ss, b& t*e str%ct%r! siiconese!!nt, to t*e -erimeter str%ct%r! s%--ort. T*e net res%ts of t*is g!+ingtec*ni%e !re eit*er fo%r9sie s&stems, )*ic* &ie !n %nobstr%cte g!ss s%rf!ceHor t)o9sie s&stems, )*ere *ori+ont! or 'ertic! !ccents c!n be !c*ie'e.

$dAantages o Structural Gla+ingQ Ao)s for bro!er !rc*itect%r! esign e8ibiit&Q Incre!ses t*e t*erm! eCcienc& of b%iings, bec!%se t*e e8terior e8-os%re ofmet!

fr!ming is eit*er re%ce or eimin!teQ Re%ces or eimin!tes )!ter !n !ir intr!tionQ Re%ces t*e -otenti! for t*erm! bre!k!ge of g!ss


15/18

C9CR% %BS:CCD RCCD recast E Ready mi3concreteF

5oncrete is t*e most 'ers!tie m!teri! for ! t&-es of constr%ction )orks !n *!sbeen %se for inn%mer!be constr%ction )orks, eit*er !s -!in concrete or !sreinforce cement concrete or !s -rec!st concrete, or -restresse concrete or inm!n& ot*er forms. In b%iing in%str&, t*e concrete is m!in& %se for -%r-oses,

'i+., fo%n!tions, co%mns, be!ms, s!bs, st!ir c!ses, intes, oors, )ino) fr!mes,s%n9s*!es, stor!ge t!nks, etc. T*e '!rio%s constit%ents of concrete !re cement,)!ter, ne !ggreg!te, !n co!rse, !ggreg!tes. In Reinforce 5ement 5oncrete Steeis !so %se.Grades o Concrete5oncrete !s -er IS 6 is c!ssie into t*ree gro%-s !s orin!r& concrete,St!n!r concrete !n 1ig* strengt* concrete. M4, M4= !n M6 !re orin!r&concrete, M6=, M3, M3=, M


16/18

4. As be concrete beo) t*e )! footings, co%mn footings !n on )!s beo)be!ms.6. As si concrete to get ! *!r !n e'en s%rf!ce !t )ino) !n 'enti!tor sis.3. As co-ing concrete o'er t*e -!r!-et !n com-o%n )!s.


17/18

)ires before concrete is -o%re in t*e form )ork of be!m !n ree!sing t*e -% on&!fter concrete *!rens.

ii" osttensioning$ In -ost tensioning t*e )ires !re -!ce insie t*e concrete !nt*en stresse. T*e %se of -restresse concrete res%ts in s!'ing of concrete !nstee to t*e e8tent of =F !n @F res-ecti'e& com-!re to R55.In t*is met*o, it m!& be !c*ie'e b& -ro'iing ! %ct from en to en in t*e be!m)*ie c!sting t*e be!m. T*en *ig* tensie )ire is -!sse t*ro%g* t*e %ct !n !fter

stretc*ing, it is !nc*ore to t*e ens of be!ms. T*is is c!e -ost9tensioning-restress be!m. A5I committee enes -restresse concrete !s t*e one in )*ic*intern! stresses *!'e been intro%ce s%c* t*!t t*e stresses res%ting from gi'ene8tern! o!ings !re co%nter9!cte to ! esire egree. /restresse concrete iscommon& %se in m!king t*e foo)ing str%ct%r! eements.4. Be!ms !n girers.6. S!bs !n gri oors.3. /i-es !n t!nks


18/18

strengt*. T*e tenenc& of t*e )ires to ret%rn to t*eir origin! engt* sets %- !com-ression in concrete, )*ic* *e-s t*e concrete to resists more tensie stress.ii" /ost9tensioning$In -ost tensioning t*e )ires !re -!ce insie t*e concrete !n t*enstresse. T*e %se of -restresse concrete res%ts in s!'ing of concrete !n stee tot*e e8tent of =F !n @F res-ecti'e& com-!re to R55.

4. Ready-mix concrete$ Re!& Mi8e 5oncrete, or RM5 !s it is -o-%!r& c!e, refers

to concrete t*!t is s-ecic!& m!n%f!ct%re for ei'er& to t*e c%stomer7sconstr%ction site in ! fres*& mi8e !n -!stic or %n*!rene st!te. It is ! t&-e ofconcrete t*!t is m!n%f!ct%re in ! f!ctor& or b!tc*ing -!nt, !ccoring to ! setreci-e, !n t*en ei'ere to ! )ork site, b& tr%ck mo%nte tr!nsit mi8ers. T*isres%ts in ! -recise mi8t%re, !o)ing s-eci!t& concrete mi8t%res to be e'eo-e!n im-emente on constr%ction sites. Re!&9mi8 concrete is sometimes -referreo'er on9site concrete mi8ing bec!%se of t*e -recision of t*e mi8t%re !n re%ce)ork site conf%sion. 1o)e'er, %sing ! -re9etermine concrete mi8t%re re%cese8ibiit&, bot* in t*e s%--& c*!in!n in t*e !ct%! com-onents of t*e concrete.Re!& Mi8e 5oncrete is m!n%f!ct%re %ner com-%ter9controe o-er!tions !ntr!ns-orte !n -!ce !t site %sing so-*istic!te e%i-ment !n met*os. RM5!ss%res its c%stomers n%mero%s benets.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain

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3.building materials notes.doc