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8/19/2019 3960.1001 IHS Thesis UMD9 Series7 Web
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Master Urban Management and Development2012-2013 umd 9
ihs - thesis series 7
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ihs thesis series
master urban management and development
2012-2013 umd 9
published by
Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies (ihs)
Rotterdam, the Netherlands 2014
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ihs research committee
Ogenis BrilhanteNigel Browne
Jurian Edelenbos Chairman
Maartje van Eerd
Alberto Gianoli
Carley Pennink
Carlos Morales Schechinger
Ronald Wall
Sharon N. Welsh
Maria Zwanenburg
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ihs thesis series
The Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies (ihs) is the international
institute for Urban Management at the Erasmus University Rotterdam. ihs works in urban
development in developing and transitional countries. It offers specialized post graduate
and accredited education and training, advisory services and applied research in the fields
of urban management, housing and urban environment. The institute works closely with
local governments, international and local non-governmental organizations and the private
sector in developing countries and Central and Eastern Europe. Its mission is to develop
human and institutional capacities to reduce poverty and improve the quality of life in cities
worldwide.
Disseminating information to a wider audience is important to ihs. The execution ofresearch activities and publications by ihs staff and partners has been a key focus point
on the ihs agenda: research is one of the three main services provided by the institution.
Research is used to develop knowledge in thematic areas, to spread knowledge and to
profile ihs in markets abroad.
The ihs Research Committee takes a role in promoting internal publications by staff and
partners and in disseminating information – in the form of working papers, articles and
project series – to our clients.
To promote, disseminate and strengthen the publication of the theses developed within
our Master’s programme and to provide an internal and external forum for the discussion of
issues in the fields of urban and regional management and development, the ihs Research
Committee publishes the publication series called the ihs Thesis Series.
One of the aims of this series is to help the participants of the Master in Urban Management
and Development (umd) programme make their research and final work accessible to a
wider audience. It also contributes to the development of ihs’s academic knowledge base
by providing theoretically and empirically informed analyses of the changes affecting the
urban and regional conditions in developing countries, as well as in developed nations.
In this issue, we present a selection of the theses of the umd Master’s programme:
2012-2013, umd 9.
A cd-rom is enclosed at the back of this publication that contains the full, uneditedversions of the selected theses.
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umd 9participants
6 ihs - thesis series 2012-2013
Endri Mënerialbania
Olga Lucía Gómez Charrycolombia
Sisi Niechina
Reza Firdausindonesia
Shuai Shichina
Sandra Paola Rincón Corralescolombia
Eva Agana Mmahghana
María Cristina Gomezjurado Jaramillo ecuador
Jemima Lomoteyghana
Angela Yerina Mandarikaindonesia
Carolina Maria Santosguatemala
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summary 1 12
Multi-unit housing in Tirana, Albania
The challenge of management
Author Endri Mëneri
Country Albania
summary 2 14
Urban competitiveness of Chinese cities in fdi and domestic investment networks
Author Shuai Shi
Country China
summary 3 16
Land value capture through market-oriented public land leasing
The case of metro system finance in Changsha City, China
Author Sisi Nie
Country China
summary 4 18
Urban competitiveness between regions of the Global South
Reshaping the global urban economic network
Author Olga Lucía Gómez Charry
Country Finland, Colombia
summary 5 20
The role of institutional factors on the implementation of the rights-based
approach in the resettlement projects
Case study: Resettlement Process in El Plumon, Columbia caused by the massivetransportation system project - Megabus
Author Sandra Paola Rincón Corrales
Country Colombia
summary 6 22
The sale of development rights as a land value capture tool in Ecuador
The case of the metropolitan district of Quito, Ecuador
Author María Cristina Gomezjurado Jaramillo
Country Ecuador
table of contents
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summary 13 36
Spatial characteristics of foreign direct investments
A classification of business districts
Author Mattijs van ’t Hoff
Country The Netherlands
summary 14 38
Effects of factor endowments on local economies of cities within the ecowas
Region, Nigeria
Author Kolawole Lanre Ma’aruf Sanni
Country Nigeria
summary 15 40
Indicator based assessment for sustainability benefits of urban light rail
transport
A case study of Abuja, Nigeria
Author Taslim Adebowale Alade
Country Nigeria
summary 16 42
The faith. The fight. The force. The flight.
An analysis of the interactive processes involving the self-organized community of
Buklod Tao in Banaba, San Mateo, Rizal Province, Philippines
Author Michelle Untalan Ardales
Country The Philippines
summary 17 44
fdi and city competitiveness within the Southern African Development
Community (sadc)
The case of Lusaka City, Zambia
Author Anthony Mwenya
Country Zambia
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The challenge of this research is to provide a clear view of a growing problem that is a major
threat to the longevity and quality of the Albanian housing stock. This study is focused on
the management of multi-unit buildings in Tirana, Albania. More specifically, this study
focuses on the way that the various financial, technical, social, legal and institutionalfactors affect the current management practice of the multi-unit housing stock, as applied
to its equally divided composition of privatized and newer buildings. The research aimed
at both compiling an extensive overview of the issues as well as providing a comparative
outlook on the two building types. A single embedded case study was conducted to assess
the impacts of the factors on a purposive sample of multi-unit residential buildings in the
city of Tirana.
Similar to other post-communist countries, a significant number of Albanian multifamily
houses are older, low-quality and dilapidated buildings that are markedly unmaintained. The
rapid privatization process after the regime change placed the management responsibilitiesin the hands of newly private owners. Since then, a series of legal and policy documents
have been compiled and approved to inform the way in which owners could manage their
joint-ownership spaces, with the latest being passed in 2009.
Despite the widely available legislation, the law has remained ‘on paper’ and has barely
been used by the public during these four years.
Following the introduction of the free market after the collapse of the totalitarian state,
the city of Tirana witnessed a large increase in construction activity. Owing to massive
internal migration, the newly built multi-unit housing stock rapidly increased to the point
of surpassing the older stock in 2011. However, this newer stock also suffers from the
same lack in endorsement of management law. Newly constructed buildings do not planfor the future management of the building, leaving the uninformed buyers poorly equipped
to establish a formal management system for their buildings. Additionally, population
Specialization
Urban Land Development
summary 1
Multi-unit housing in Tirana, AlbaniaThe challenge of management
Author Endri Mëneri
Country Albania
Supervisor Ellen Geurts, msc (ihs)
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movements have altered the social composition of the existing buildings, introducing more
renters and empty apartments that further complicate the building management issues.
The research reveals that the factors influencing building management differ significantlywhen comparing privatized buildings and newer buildings. The differences extend
beyond just physical characteristics and also include factors such as their maintenance
requirements, their social make up and dynamic, as well as financial considerations. Yet,
the legal framework provides a ‘one size fits all’ solution to the management issue in
the country. Municipal institutions seeking to implement the law do not anticipate these
differences. The public was not very aware of the law and the obligations regarding joint-
ownership areas, whereas impractical procedures of registration were a barrier to the
endorsement of legal management bodies.
Strikingly, it was observed that financial considerations did not have a predominant
effect on the choice of management and that management quality does not directly affect
the property’s value. Awareness of the necessity of management was considered the main
contributor towards better building management as well as the desire for transparency,
accountability and cost equality. Yet, the study found that the majority of administrators
are currently acting informally and that they possess no training with regard to their duties.
Relevant policymakers should make these issues their primary focus. Awareness
campaigns, viable means of training and information, as well as facilitating or subsidizing
the registration process are ways that may positively impact the management practices
in the city of Tirana. Furthermore, different tactics must be employed to tackle the
vastly different contexts of privatized and newer buildings, to ensure that formal, qualitymanagement can be endorsed by all.
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14 ihs - thesis series 2012-2013
Over the last three decades, the rate of urbanization in China has soared from 17.92 percent
in 1978 to 52.57 percent in 2012. There is no doubt that the city is the engine that drives
economic development. Investment largely impacts the economy and contributes to the
prosperity and dynamics of the city. Investment is also the main factor that promotestechnology. Among investment types, Foreign Direct Investment (fdi) and Domestic
Investment (di) are two key players that promote the economy on a large scale. Consequently,
Chinese cities compete with each other to strive for fdi and di and need to know how to
create competitive advantages.
The research focused on city competitiveness to attract fdi and di. First, on the basis of
network analysis, the research defines the positions of every city within the network. The
network analysis includes general analysis, sector analysis, centrality analysis and core-
periphery analysis in the fdi network and the di network respectively. In this part, ucinet
software is introduced. Second, the research focuses on finding the main competitors formajor cities. Third, the research concentrates on the location factors analysis by using
spss. The location factor analysis comprises a general analysis, category analysis, coastal
cities analysis and inland cities analysis for fdi and di respectively. Finally, the research
explores the relationship between fdi and di. The following methods were utilized during
the analysis: Trend Analysis, Network Analysis, Manhattan Distance Analysis, gis Analysis
and Multiple Regression Analysis.
The research identified seven clear findings: 1) International investors are retreating
from the Chinese market and di is upgrading from heavy industry and manufacturing to
technology and service sectors; 2) Based on network analysis, the research establishes the
performance of each city in the network and assigns a rank; 3) Based on core-peripheryanalysis, the research establishes the position of cities in the core-block and the periphery
block; 4) The number of Employed Persons in Urban Private Enterprises, Self-employed
Specialization
Urban Competitiveness and Resilience
summary 2
Urban competitiveness of Chinese cities infdi and domestic investment networks
Author Shuai Shi
Country China
Supervisor Dr. Ronald Wall, phd (ihs)
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Individuals and Average Wage of Staff and Workers are the most important indicators to
attract fdi and di, respectively; 5) The location factor analysis is governed by categories,
whereby Humanities Factors and Expenditure for Science Administration are the mostimportant for attracting both fdi and di. Park, Garden and Green Area and Number of Public
Transportation Vehicles contribute most to attract fdi and di respectively in Environment
Factors; 6) The number of Employed Persons in Urban Private Enterprises and Self-
Employed Individuals and Average Wage of Staff and Workers tended to attract most fdi
and di respectively for Economy Factors; 7) The research confirms that fdi and di positively
influence each other.
The research makes the following recommendations. If China intends to remain
competitive and attract fdi, it has to expand its value chain. Cities in the periphery block
should consolidate their linkages with core actors; on the other hand, they should cooperate
with each other so as to become more independent. To contribute to the improvement
of significant factors, cities should develop policies to encourage entrepreneurship and
open some economic sectors for private capital in order to improve market openness. In
order to attract talent, local governments should reform the Household Registration
System (hrs) and offer Comprehensive Social Services to outsiders, while simultaneously
developing local education that offers reliable and qualified human resources. Furthermore,
Academic Liberty is essential and it is important that the central administration authority
is decentralized and is distributed among academic institutions. Concerning Humanities
Factors, local governments should increase financial support to scientific institutions
and offer preferential policies to attract high-tech industries. For Environment Factors,governments should take account of green areas in urban planning. For Economy Factors,
market openness and employee welfare are the most important factors to attract fdi and
di respectively. Lastly, since di is more attractive to absorb fdi, cities can place particular
emphasis on di so that they can more efficiently attract both fdi and di.
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This research mainly focuses on the study of the land value capture instrument, namely
public land leasing. The research is based on the current situation in China, where a market-
oriented land leasing mechanism called the bidding, auction and listing leasing system
was introduced. In recent decades, local governments have generated revenue from landto finance infrastructure implementation. With respect to bidding, auction and listing
approaches, compared with the past land disposal methods, it generated considerable land
revenue. The purpose of this research was to understand the land market and the different
land transfer method in Changsha City. Moreover, the aim was to reflect upon the profitability
and value of bidding, auction and listing leasing approaches. The research took place against
the background of the construction of a the metro system in the city, which influenced land
values and revenues. This descriptive research intends to understand the land value capture
concept in context of Changsha City and to find out how market-oriented public land leasing
is working in this city through analysing and summarizing the merits and demerits.The data collection and analysis led to three major findings. Firstly, bidding, auction and
listing leasing approaches abide by market rules and generate more revenue than other
means, it also reflects the real relationship between land supply and demand. Secondly,
land value could be affected by the construction of the new metro system, which precisely
corresponds to the notion of land value capture that envisages government sharing the
incremental land value for public goods, which is a feasible option in this context, as the
metro stimulated land appreciation. Thirdly, the land revenue generated is adequate for
the short-term current metro construction, however, for long-term metro projects, land
revenue may not be sufficient to finance further expansion. In short, although the bidding,
auction and listing mechanism has certain imperfections for various reasons, it performsadequately as a land value capture instrument to generate sufficient revenue to finance the
initial stages (two metro lines) of the metro system in Changsha City.
Specialization
Urban Land Development
summary 3
Land value capture throughmarket-oriented public land leasingThe case of metro system finance in Changsha City, China
Author Sisi Nie
Country China
Supervisor Dr. Paul Rabé, phd
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world economy, the factors impacting the decisions of multinational enterprises to invest in
a given place and the consequences of such investments on specific countries and regions.
The analyses shows that during the ten-year period covered by the study the investmentsoriginating in the South were double the investments originating in the North, and continue
to grow even after the 2008 crisis, although they still represent a very small amount
(8 percent) of the total volume of investments worldwide. The outcome of this is that the
Global South’s share in the global economic urban network is beginning to grow in strength
and relevance, and as result the South-South and South-North links of the network are
rapidly being strengthened.
When observing the structure and geographical distribution of fdi flows, the research
revealed that the network has a strong hierarchical structure with its central elements
located in India and the uae. In addition, two established heterarchical patterns were
identified. The first is in a region constituted by Asia Pacific and part of the Middle East and
the second is in Latin America. Still at the periphery of the global economic urban network
are vast parts of Africa, which have only a few asymmetrical economic relations with a
limited number of core countries.
This study also demonstrates that location factors such as domestic market size,
innovation, technological readiness and the macroeconomic environment are key to
attracting investment flows to the Global South as well as being central to investments
from the South in the North. This set of location factors indicates that what is required
from the region nowadays is more sophisticated than the mere provision of raw materials
or cheap labour. The study also indicates that a country’s national state of affairs (localpolicies, economic and social conditions, politics, and so forth) matters for fdi attraction
and for becoming part of the global urban economic network.
This study can be considered a guideline for understanding the development of the
Global South as a whole, and as a part of the global system. This study also contributes
to closing at least one of the gaps in world city research. Further research could lead to a
deeper understanding of the structure of the global urban economic network in the Global
South, and to more accurate and resource conscious urban planning, management and
policymaking processes.
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20 ihs - thesis series 2012-2013
The rapid augmentation of population and the increasing level of urbanization have
precipitated an important challenge to public infrastructure. In this context, governments
around the world have implemented different development projects in order to cope
with the necessities of the population in the cities. Colombia has not been an exception.Among the services that have been affected by this situation have been the transportation
systems in the different cities. In this context, due to the necessity to improve the urban
transportation in different municipalities of the country, the national government started
the implementation of the National Project on Urban Mobility. In order to prepare cities
for the new transportation systems, the construction of different roads, central stations
for the new buses and other different infrastructure projects took place. Although these
processes were performed for the purpose of public interest, they generated involuntary
displacement processes. This situation resulted in the necessity to start resettlement
processes together with compensating the affected people for their socioeconomic losses. Different approaches have been used for the analysis of resettlement processes around the
world; one of them is the rights-based approach. Most of the time this approach, as Filmer-
Wilson (2005: p. 224) argued, ‘goes no further than rhetoric’. Due to the importance of this
approach, however, this study is focused on investigating how it can be applied to real
situations through institutional factors. With regard to this, the research aims to analyse
how institutional factors can facilitate or constrain the application of the rights-based
approach in resettlement projects. In order to achieve this main objective, this research has
structured its investigation into three different questions: 1) How has the rights-based
approach been included in norms and policies related to resettlement processes caused by
development projects? 2) What roles do national and local organizations play in the applicationof the rights-based approach in resettlement processes caused by development projects?
Specialization
Urban Housing and Livelihoods
summary 5
The role of institutional factors on theimplementation of the rights-based approachin the resettlement projectsCase study: Resettlement Process in El Plumon, Columbiacaused by the massive transportation system project -Megabus
Author Sandra Paola Rincón Corrales
Country Colombia
Supervisor Maartje van Eerd, phd (ihs)
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3) To what extent do the processes applied by local governments in resettlement processes
follow the rights-based approach?
In order to answer the questions of how the norms, the institutional arrangement and theprocesses facilitate or constrain the application of the rights-based approach, this research
used an explanatory case study, specifically a holistic single case. The case study chosen
was the resettlement process done by Megabus in El Plumon, a neighbourhood in Pereira,
Colombia. In this case study, the research took into account the national and the local
perspectives through semi-structured interviews with national officials and experts, local
officials and experts and the community. Moreover, this study included a policy analysis to
complement the findings.
The principal findings were organized in terms of the norms found in the rights-based
approach. The institutional arrangement and processes and the relation of those factors
are grouped according to five variables (universalism and inalienability, equality and non-
discrimination, indivisibility and interdependence, participation and accountability). In
terms of the norms, it is clear that although there were enough general norms, nevertheless
they were fragmented, which represented a threat in terms of upholding human rights. In
addition, the fact that the general laws did not include specific procedures also restricted
the application of the rights-based approach.
In relation to the institutional arrangements, it is important to highlight that each
organization should have sufficient human and financial reources in order to fulfil their
obligations. Moreover, an important finding in this respect is that it is very important that
all organizations that take part in the resettlement process understand that it is a humanmatter and not a property matter.
In terms of the processes, it is clear that in relation to this factor, the application of the
rights-based approach depends largely on how the norms, the policies and the institutional
arrangement work. Moreover, the stage of application of the variables included in the rights-
based approach by the processes depends on three elements: 1) the mandatory level of the
norms, policies and guidelines and how clear those aspects are; 2) the available resources in
order to implement the different activities; and 3) the level of commitment and will of the
officials in order to develop better processes.
In conclusion, by comparing the conceptual framework and summarized findings, thiscase study shows that the institutional factors play a crucial role in the application of the
rights-based approach in resettlement processes. The institutional factors can facilitate
the application of the rights-based approach if the country considers three factors: 1)
norms and policies that are based on the local realities from guidelines about general rights,
but also about specific processes; 2) understanding that the resettlement process needs a
strong institutional capacity in order to implement the different processes required; and 3)
processes that follow the established norms can assure the fulfilment of economic rights
and, at the same time, of social and procedural rights (participation, accountability and
information). The success of the rights-based approach implementation is a consequence
of the integration of the norms, institutional arrangement and processes, and how wellthese act together.
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The following research was conducted on the implementation of the Sale of Development
Rights as a land value capture instrument in Ecuador, more specifically in the Metropolitan
District of Quito. In general terms, the Sale of Development Rights is the concession to a
landowner, or developer, of building rights beyond what is established in the zoning plan, asa mechanism to capture the increase of the land value by the government.
This tool is relatively new in the country, and its implementation in Quito began in 2012,
therefore, an assessment of the first years of operation of the instrument seems necessary
in order to generate recommendations for a more efficient and effective execution towards
achieving its objectives.
This research intends to establish how the instrument has been applied in Quito by
analysing it through four dimensions: the economic dimension that refers to the land
market environment and the factors that affect land values; the legal aspects that enable
the instrument to be implemented; the financial outcomes of the instrument as a resultof its design; and the social validity of the instrument in terms of the achievement of the
objective of redistribution and infrastructure financing.
The methodology used in this exploratory research is the single-case study, where both
qualitative and quantitative data was collected and analysed. In June and July of 2013, the
field data was collected from primary and secondary sources in the form of field documents,
databases provided by the municipality of Quito and from interviews with private and public
sector actors. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted as a triangulation
strategy in order to ensure the validity of the research.
The results of this study showed that in the Ecuadorian legal context land value capture
tools are supported by the principles of the social and environmental properties of propertyand equitable distribution of benefits and costs of the urbanization process, stated in the
Constitution and in its supporting documents at the national and local level. In relation to
Specialization
Urban Land Development
summary 6
The sale of development rights as aland value capture tool in EcuadorThe case of the metropolitan district of Quito, Ecuador
Author María Cristina Gomezjurado Jaramillo
Country Ecuador
Supervisor Carlos Morales-Schechinger, mphil (ihs)
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the land market, although there has been a clear increase in land values in Quito over the
last decade, the research does not show conclusive results in relation to the impact of the
possibility of purchasing additional density by the payment of a fee. Regarding the financial aspects of the instrument’s implementation, theoretically, the
local government captures the entire increment in land value due to the increment in
density. However, this depends on how well cadastral values reflect market values of land,
given that cadastral values are the basis for the calculation of the fee for the additional
density rights. In this respect, the research revealed discrepancies between market values
and cadastral ones; where this occurs, this discrepancy allows the private party to retain
a portion of the increment in the value of land. Finally, in relation to the accomplishment
of its objectives, the instrument does not have a significant impact on the densification
of served areas, given the fact that its design allows the purchase of development rights
only up to two additional stories beyond what was previously established by zoning rules.
Additionally, not enough cases have occurred to achieve real densification.
In terms of raising revenue, the instrument had collected around 6 million usd in one
and a half years, which in comparison to the total budget does not have a significant
impact. However, considering that the implementation of the instrument does not require
additional investments to support the extra density, and considering that the instrument is
related to expenditures in infrastructure for services, this amount seems more substantial.
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Northern Ghana, consisting of the northern, upper east and upper west parts of the Brong-
Ahafo and Volta regions of Ghana, has over the years suffered from underdevelopment.
These regions enjoyed very limited economic advantages, unlike southern Ghana, which
is rich in cocoa and minerals and other natural resources. The focus of the colonial andpost-colonial governments was, therefore, concentrated on the south, neglecting the
north, which invariably resulted in huge inequalities between the two sections of Ghana.
Research shows that out of the 18 percent of Ghanaians who live in extreme poverty,
54 percent are from northern Ghana.
These conditions of widespread poverty and neglect led to the proliferation and
concentration of activity by all manner of Civil Society Organizations (csos) including
both local and International Non-Governmental Organizations (ingos) in the north, upper
west and upper east of northern Ghana. Various sectors include Water, Sanitation and
Hygiene (wash), which complement the efforts of the government in the provision ofservices and human development. However, after 20 years of ngo intervention in northern
Ghana, evidence shows an increase in poverty and an underdeveloped physical, human and
financial infrastructure. The residents of northern Ghana became apathetic and mistrustful
and were unappreciative of the third sector of the economy.
Using the sector of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene and Tamale Metropolis as points of
entry, the research objective was to explore the transition made in the 20-year-period of
the csos’ involvement and describe the role of ngos and csos in the process at different
historical time phases. The research questions were: What kind of strategies did the ngos
and csos employ in the water and sanitation transition in Tamale Metropolis? How do these
strategies impact the transition processes? Which factors support and which factors hinder
the strategies employed in the transition process? These questions were asked to uncover
data about their contribution to the field.
Specialization
Urban Environmental management and Climate Change
summary 7
Understanding the transition in the waterand sanitation Sector of Northern GhanaThe contribution of Civil Society Organizations (csos )
Author Eva Agana Mmah
Country Ghana
Supervisor Niki Frantzeskaki, phd (Drift)
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The method was qualitative and as such relied heavily on in-depth interviews and
observations of the activities of the ngos and csos. The same instruments were used to
validate the data from the communities where such ngos and csos operated and expertsfrom government agencies involved in WASH service provision. Secondary data was also
collected from both the ngos and csos and other governmental agencies.
The transition in the wash sector related to the strategies employed including service
delivery (physical infrastructure provision), capacity building, advocacy and the strategy
of funding employed. These strategies impacted the physical infrastructure increase,
institutional and behaviour change of actors in five historical time phases from 1994 to 2013.
The findings revealed increasing evidence of behaviour change, particularly at the community
level. These changes took the form of household latrine construction, practices of refuse
disposal into designated refuse pits, the practice of burying faecal matter, the construction
of soak-a-ways for waste water and the institution of communal clean-up days.
Institutional change was found to be directed at the policy level and, therefore,
recognizable at the national level. Some identified changes were the termination of the
5 percent capital cost down payment by communities before water services were provided,
the institution of the annual Mole Conference Series platform for sector-actor engagement,
and the joint representation of government and civil society representative at international
conferences. Although these have a bearing on the activities of regional, district and local
levels, the findings revealed very little behaviour and institutional change at the district
and regional levels even though these institutions, particularly the district assembly or local
authority, serves as both the political and approval authority regarding development at thelocal levels.
It was finally concluded that the wash sector transition arose from international actors
such as the World Bank, cida and danida and it took the path of a transformation whereby
the international actors pushed hard for change in the sector. Again the extent and magnitude
of contribution by ngos and csos to the sector was determined by the type and number of
strategies employed. However, the general influence of ngos and csos strategies on the
transition process was described as procedural and sensitizing where they participate in
formal decision making and by raising public awareness to wash related issues. This, coupled
with other factors, explains the reason for the widening case of inequality and poverty despitethe several years of cso involvement in the metropolis and the region at large.
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Participation has become a very important tool for the facilitation of development efforts.
Various development agencies, governments and non-governmental organizations have
employed participation in their planning and implementation of development interventions.
This has been because of the perceived benefits of participation which includes but is notlimited to the improvement of participants’ capacities, skills and knowledge due to continued
interactions and involvement in various development activities. Participation helps build
strategic alliances and networks to support programme and projects implementation.
Besides, participation helps improve decision making, development of better policies, plans
and programmes that are practicable to local people. It is believed to promote ownership for
sustainable development because decisions are made based on a broad consensus.
Mostly, it is assumed that stakeholders would participate automatically because they
understand the benefit of development and the participatory process. But theory posits
that other factors also influence participation, given especially the voluntary nature ofparticipation. This study viewed participation as a means or a tool for organizing, promoting
and mobilizing people as creative problem solvers. The focus was, therefore, on the
participatory planning process for the formulation of District Medium Term Development
Plans (mtdp) or Strategic Spatial Plans (ssp) in the Ga West Municipality of Ghana.
The main objective of the study was to understand and map out factors that influence the
quality of participation in the strategic planning process. The research, therefore, delves
into the factors that influence participation in the planning process and also investigates
stakeholder mobilization strategies, actions to facilitate self-organized initiatives and how
it influences participation.
The findings indicate that a lot of factors indeed influence stakeholder participation inthe strategic planning process. The provision of adequate financial resources and its timely
release was perceived as the most influential because respondents perceived funding as
Specialization
Integrated Planning and Urban Strategies
summary 8
Factors influencing stakeholder participationin the strategic planning process A case of Ga West Municipality, Ghana
Author Jemima Lomotey
Country Ghana
Supervisor Forbes Davidson, ma
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having a rippling effect on other factors, including the number of stakeholders that are
invited.
It was stated that 35 to 40 stakeholders are invited to zonal council planning meetingswhich in the view of respondents is not representative in a multi-stakeholder environment.
The inadequate funding was tied to the delays in the payment of incentives, especially
financial incentives like travelling and transport as well as sitting allowances. The study
revealed that the local government pays different incentives depending on the location of a
meeting and this very much influenced participation. The commitment of top management
was also perceived as a very influential factor. The leadership is not very involved in the
process and, therefore, the funding and implementation of agreed strategies and the
involvement of representative stakeholders is lacking. The inability to implement projects
was a major factor that is believed to discourage effective participation. This situation is
further increasing the distrust citizens have in local government. The limited stakeholder
involvement, inability to implement agreed strategies and its attendant distrust is
becoming a vicious cycle, which if not monitored could jeopardize the already fragile
participatory process.
The research also revealed that local government does not adequately mobilize
stakeholders to participate. There is no comprehensive stakeholder list that is representative
of all the stakeholder groups that need to be involved. Documents and information on the
process are not made available to stakeholders. Sensitization is done during the planning
meetings especially at the zonal council level planning activities. This was perceived as
constraining participation as well as its quality. Cultural beliefs and values were, however,perceived as not at all influential because in the urban setting there were no dominant
cultural practices and beliefs. The occupation or employment of stakeholders was perceived
as slightly influential on participation.
It was also found that some communities are self-organizing and initiate projects that are
called self-help projects. The main support given by the local government is financial and
technical advice. Despite this, however, the local authority is unable to adequately facilitate
and support such initiatives. Some requests for support are delayed for over two years; this
was the experience of a traditional leader who I interviewed.
On effective participation it was found that stakeholders were participating effectivelyin the fifth and sixth typology of Pretty (1995) which is functional and interactive
participation. Notwithstanding that, these stakeholders are not at all influential when
it comes to the allocation of financial resources for the implementation of programmes
and projects. On perceived ownership of the strategic spatial plan, respondents accepted
ownership, but could not assert fully that the document contained a lot of local knowledge.
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By selecting creative industries as the subject of this study, we support the argument
that the promotion of creative segments is beneficial to the general development of a
city and a society. The research seeks to understand the general dynamics of the creative
segments network by the profound study of a region of the world. The regional analysisin Latin America included the observation of trends, description of actors and evaluation
of indicators, which resulted in empirical evidence of important factors to attract creative
segments. Consequently, we present a tool to help cities identify factors that will improve
their competitiveness in creative segments.
To ensure the thoroughness of the study, we used analyses and techniques that
complemented each other’s results. The use of longitudinal and network analyses allowed
us to describe the development of the network over a period of time, as well as to present
a picture of the accumulated linkages. In our methodology, we argue that fdi can be useful
in regional analysis by using the number of investments as a measure of attractiveness.By relating location factors and fdi, we recognized significant factors that attract creative
segments.
The research confirmed the positions of São Paulo and Mexico City as the leading fdi
destinations of the region, however, these cities have limited participation in the regional
network. Through the evidence we identified a second group of cities that hold the place
of regional hubs and are among the top sources of investment; Buenos Aires, Santiago and
Bogotá. Even though the network within the region is relatively weak, we argue that the
promotion of creative segments can be a strategy to strengthen the regional city network.
Within the factors that positively effect the attraction of fdi we can recognize
connectivity, human capital and capacity for innovation. Human capital is a weaknessfor Latin America in general, but we found that the promotion of skills is more important
than higher education enrolment. Meanwhile, the capacity for innovation also relates to
Specialization
Urban Competitiveness and Resilience
summary 9
fdi in creative segments An opportunity to strengthen theLatin American city network
Author Carolina Maria Santos
Country Guatemala
Supervisor Ronald S. Wall, phd (ihs)
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of data analysis used SPSS for the quantitative analysis and coding for the qualitative
analysis.
This research found that there are commonalities and differences in the understandingof city branding between city administrators and business communities. In terms of the
general understanding of city branding, both of the relevant stakeholders for the most
part have a common understanding. However, in terms of their view of ‘Solo, The Spirit of
Java’, there are differences in how they see things. While for the other aspects stakeholder
involvement, the implementation and the performance of ‘Solo, The Spirit of Java’
commonalities have been found.
Furthermore, the differences and commonalities in the understanding of city branding,
the views on ‘Solo, The Spirit of Java’, stakeholder involvement during the process and
even the performance, all proved that it affects the implementation of ‘Solo, The Spirit
of Java’ in Solo City. However, the living area of the respondents and two different groups
of stakeholders (city administrators and business communities) have no influence on the
implementation.
This research then concluded that there are mostly commonalities in the understanding
of city branding between city administrators and business communities in Solo City, and
this common understanding has a positive effect on the implementation of ‘Solo, The Spirit
of Java’ in Solo City. However, this research could not find any proof of negative effects
resulting from the differences in the understanding of city branding between the two
groups.
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Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, has been implementing the Jakarta Spatial Plan 2030 since
2012. Jakarta 2030 is a statutory long-term plan that can be categorized as a comprehensive
spatial plan that provides the vision and goals for the city’s development over the next
20 years. One of the main and interesting issues in Jakarta 2030 is that it will increase thearea of green space to include 30 percent of Jakarta’s total area. The current green space only
covers around 12.2 percent of the total Jakarta area. In order to achieve the goal of providing
adequate green space in the next 20 years, the municipality, society and private entities
must together provide an additional 17.8 percent of green space to Jakarta as a whole.
The need, importance and awareness of green space in Jakarta have been emphasized
and made an integral part of Jakarta 2030, which promotes sustainable development and
mainstreams the importance of environmental aspects that should be considered in the
development plan of the city. Despite this, Jakarta has not provided adequate guidelines
to measure, value and quantify the level of benefit gained from the provision of greenspace to the city and its residents in the context of air quality and the reduction of carbon
emissions. The contribution of this research is to illustrate the importance of protecting
and promoting green space as part of the city’s development, especially by making the
benefits quantifiable, measurable and, ultimately, visible, with particular regard to the
health and economic benefits, which will be influenced by ghg emissions reduction and air
quality improvement.
The main findings of this study are that provisioning 30 percent of Jakarta with green
space will reduce GHG emissions reduction by up to 1.67 million tonnes of co2, reduction of
pm10
concentration up to 33.27 µg/m3, so2 up to 6.39 µg/m3, no
2 up to 16.92 µg/m3 and o
3
up to 44.83 µg/m3. These reduction figures will significantly impact the health and economy
in Jakarta. Important impacts on health will be that: mortality will be reduced to 319 cases,
hospital admission related to air pollution will be reduced to 346 cases, emergency room
Specialization
Urban Environmental Management and Climate Change
summary 11
Benefits of green space for air qualityimprovement and ghg emissions reductionin Jakarta
Author Reza Firdaus
Country Indonesia
Supervisor Stelios Grafakos, msc (ihs)
Co-supervisor Somesh Sharma, msc (ihs)
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visits related to air pollution will be reduced to 5,807 cases, asthma attacks related to air
pollution will be reduced to 87,343 cases, chronic bronchitis related to air pollution will be
reduced to 1,510 cases, and respiratory symptoms among adults related to air pollution willbe reduced to 266,384 cases.
In total, the potential economic benefit due to 30 percent of Jakarta being provisioned
with green space by 2030, is estimated between 4.2 and 6.7 trillion rupiah, or about 435.2
and 697.1 million us dollars. By forecasting the local budget of Jakarta in 2030, the potential
economic benefit in 2030 is estimated around 2.8 percent to 4.6 percent of the local budget.
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This research attempts to find out how inclusionary housing is implemented in Indonesia
through the balanced residential ratio 1:3:6 regulation (Lingkungan Hunian Berimbang –
lhb). The regulation was introduced by the national government in 1992 for implementation
on a local level by all municipalities and regencies.There are two main objectives of the lhb 1:3:6 regulation: 1) to produce affordable
housing, and 2) to encourage more socially integrated development via mixed-income
residential areas and cross-subsidies. Henceforth, every new residential development by a
private developer should reflect the 1:3:6 ratio (one high-income, three middle-income and
six low-income units).
Using the case of Makassar City, the capital city of South Sulawesi Province and the largest
city in the eastern part of Indonesia, the author tries to assess the implementation of the
balanced residential ratio 1:3:6 regulation using four factors – legal, economic, financial and
social – in the period between 1993 and 2003. Those factors are discussed in the contextof the provision of affordable housing through the application of land value capture. Thus
other issues such as long-term affordability and social ethnic integration are not covered in
this research.
The general finding for the balanced residential ratio, lhb 1:3:6, which was adopted by
the Makassar Local Government in 1992, is that there has been a lack of implementation.
The local government simply adopted it without formulating more detailed local regulations
or adapting it to the city’s ordinances. Although the procedures and sanctions are clearly
stated, the absence of a dedicated institution or committee at national and local levels in
coordinating, controlling and monitoring the implementation of the regulation, results in
non-compliance.The legal basis provided by the national government, which is at ministerial level, and
the absence of specific local regulations, means that the sanctions stated in the balanced
Specialization
Urban Land Development
summary 12
Inclusionary housing in IndonesiaThe role of balanced residential ratio 1:3:6 in Makassar
Author Vera Yuniati
Country Indonesia
Supervisor Carlos Morales-Schechinger, mphil (ihs)
Co-supervisor Bakti Setiawan, phd (Universitas Gadjah Mada)
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During the last decades, we have seen the development of a global economy with
international networks of companies, people and cities. One of the main characteristics
of multinational enterprises is the split of their company activities in separate divisions
over different countries to profit from either ownership, location or internalization (suchas knowledge) benefits in the destination country. These Foreign Direct Investments
(fdi) play an important role in the development of cities and their international ties in the
global network. Within the global economy, cities are competing to attract fdi-capital and
companies, knowledge and highly educated people. Although capital brings immediate
benefits through investments and the presence of companies; knowledge and highly
educated people bring competitiveness and benefits in the long term.
Many theories and studies have focussed on not only the competitive characteristics of
cities, but also on the attraction of fdi, companies and people to these cities. Many studies
stress the importance of accessibility and international infrastructure, knowledgeableand creative people, and institutional and organizational aspects. Other studies stress
the importance of developing local or regional industries and knowledge clusters, being
influenced by face-to-face contacts, tacit knowledge spillovers and interaction. However,
almost none of the studies focussed on the spatial characteristics of the locations of
companies and cities. Locations bring characteristics of proximity, functionality, urbanity
and quality to the company and they ameliorate the interactive environments of these
districts. Focussing on these aspects gives insight into the spatial needs and determinants
of the companies.
Besides scientific relevance, this study is centred on policy recommendations for the
City of Rotterdam. The city is in transition, heading towards a more knowledge-basedeconomy and is developing its economic and spatial strategy to become more competitive,
both in local clusters of knowledge in different sectors and in global networks of cities.
Specialization
Urban Competitiveness and Resilience
summary 13
Spatial characteristics of foreigndirect investments A classification of business districts
Author Mattijs van ’t Hoff
Country The Netherlands
Supervisor Ronald Wall, phd (ihs)
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However, these strategies are not yet related to spatial developments and the spatial
needs of companies. This study aims to give insight into the characteristics of business
districts and cities for different knowledge intensive company activities, in order to developspatioeconomic policies for municipalities.
In this study, fdi Market data is used to analyse trends of fdi in knowledge intensive
activities over the years between 2003 and 2012, in six North- and West-European
countries. For 15 of the cities designated in the league of Rotterdam (same number
of investments) the fdi for knowledge intensive activities was geo-mapped and the
characteristics of these locations recorded, for example: aspects of proximity/accessibility,
functional districts, urban characteristics and spatial quality. Analyses of the data resulted
in the findings on spatial determinants for fdi in specific activities. Based on the data, a
classification of business districts was set up with seven distinctive districts characterized
by their proximity to either the city centre, airport or university, and characteristics in urban,
functional and quality aspects. Regression analysis showed that the availability of certain
districts is related to the presence of specialized company activities.
Development of a coherent spatio-economic strategy for a city should identify the
activities and sectors that the strategy is aimed at. Furthermore, the strategy should
focus on the development of the right type of business districts with the characteristics
these activities need. Finally, the study shows that international air access is one of the
most important conditions for the development of a strong business environment in a city
regarding ki fdi.
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This research focuses on the investigation of the effects of factor endowments on local
economies of cities in the ecowas region. As a measure of those effects, it uses the
attraction of inward Foreign Direct Investments (fdi) as the core determinant.
Analysing the pattern and trend of inward fdi into the region affords insights into thevolume, amount and growth of investments in the cities and countries of the region as well
as source cities and countries worldwide over a ten-year period. From this, knowledge was
gained of which cities and countries were receiving fdi, from which sources and sectors
and in what pattern and content. With the aid of appropriate software (Excel, ucinet
and NetDraw), growth models, positional networks and distribution maps were drawn to
produce the results in a graphic presentation.
By identifying the important city competitors in the region, the Manhattan Distance
calculation was used to determine the competitive distance between cities based on sector
investments. The closer the distance values, the more intense the competition is amongthe related cities. This forms the basis for the ranking of the competitor cities and the
sectors in which they are competing.
The explanatory aspect of the research draws knowledge of factor endowments from
cities profiles while the location factors explaining the trend of fdi are drawn from the
Global Competitiveness Index Report of the World Economic Forum. This was chosen
because of its comprehensive assessment of indicators using common scale values across
countries. The data was found appropriate for this research; however, it was only applied
after conducting Variance Inflation Factor tests to check multi-collinearity. The relationship
between the two sets of variables was then determined through multiple regression
analysis to assess the significance level of all location factors in explaining fdi.A similar exercise was performed on the Asian data to pair results and draw further lessons.
It is common knowledge that Asian countries such as China, India, Singapore and Malaysia
Specialization
Urban Competitiveness and Resilience
summary 14
Effects of factor endowments on localeconomies of cities within the ecowas Region, Nigeria
Author Kolawole Lanre Ma’aruf Sanni
Country Nigeria
Supervisor Ronald Wall, phd (ihs)
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actively promote measures that attract fdi. This is, therefore, done in acknowledgement
of growth in the economies, and improved competitiveness of Asian countries and cities
over the years as a result of fdi flows. In addition, most of these countries have political,economic and social circumstances similar to those of ecowas countries.
As discovered, the growth of fdi into ecowas within the period of review between
2003 and 2012 is 11.5 percent. Although among the lowest in terms of volume compared
to similar Regional Economic Communities (rec), the growth was relatively steady. The
sectors with the most prospects are resource-based like agriculture, minerals and metals,
closely followed by the services sectors.
The cities’ and countries’ share of this inflow varies in total of investments depending on
various factor endowments and sector requirements. As discovered from the regression
analysis, 71 percent of all fdi to the region is attributable to market size and business
sophistication. While countries like Nigeria, Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana have attracted fdi
especially due to their domestic market size, others, like Senegal, Gambia and Liberia have
done so due to marketing and innovation. However, the extent to which the region can
capitalize on these location factors is limited by the inadequacies of others, such as strong
and viable institutions.
It was also discovered that the region lagged far behind in basic requirements for growth
and competitiveness. While market size and other efficiency enhancers in the region
are gradually improving, the state of infrastructure is deteriorating both in quantity and
quality. Out of the 15 member countries of ecowas, only Cape Verde has moved to the
efficiency driven stage of development. This is due primarily to vast investment andimprovement in its human capital. In basic infrastructure such as transportation, electricity
and communication, only Gambia scored barely average in the competitiveness ranking.
To sustain the modest growth, increased fdi which is largely needed to achieve the
Millennium Development Goals and enhance the positions of ecowas cities in the global
economy, this research recommends building on existing relationships and establishing
new ties to improve networks, developing fair policies on taxes and regulations,
instituting transparency in government businesses, engaging public private partnerships
in infrastructure provisions, developing human capital, building strong institutions and
structuring diversification from over reliance on natural resources.Major urban management interventions include: 1) creating industrial zones, farm
settlements, rural planning and land use planning to encourage urban agriculture as
response to the demands of the sector; 2) creating specialized export processing zones in
the harbours of the 12 port cities and taking advantage of maritime access; 3) developing
the peripheries to sustain core-periphery competition; and 4) city branding and marketing
for the core cities.
The ways to improve competitiveness among cities are never the same, hence it is realized
that these recommendations will suit the countries and cities differently.
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The real sustainability benefits of the urban mass transport system are still poorly
understood, especially in terms of how to quantify the determining indicators in specific
and empirical terms to measure the extent of these benefits. Sustainability evaluation and
enhancement can be accomplished in a scientific, reasonable and logical manner within thegeneral planning paradigm as the beginning of improving progress towards sustainability
development. Indicators are, for example: travel time (timesaving), affordability,
accessibility, employment, safety, congestion, modal shift, urban regeneration and air
pollutant emissions.
The research objective is to assess the sustainability (economic, social and environmental)
development benefits of the Abuja urban light rail transport system. The research methods
used are the questionnaire survey and experimental analysis. The data collected from
the questionnaire based on the ranking of indicators, is analysed quantitatively, using
the descriptive statistics tools of Excel. This describes the rankings by the experts andstakeholders for their required ranking score. The experiments performed were for the road
and rail modes of transport along the same route.
The concepts of the conceptual framework of the sustainability diamond and multi-
criteria assessment are used in this research to compare transport route alternatives of the
rail and corresponding road routes, measuring the time saved as an economic sustainability
benefit. Analyses here revealed how the economic measurement indicator, i.e. timesaving,
which was selected as the highest ranking indicator. This resulted in a different empirical
rate or level of contribution to the sustainability benefit, thus answering the question: How
are the sustainability benefits of the urban light rail system assessed?
Based on the concepts of the sustainability diamond and multi-criteria assessment, a setof nine indicators was selected. These are economic, social and environmental sustainability,
based on the highest common factor as found in the literature, especially as it relates to its
Specialization
Urban Environmental Management and Climate Change
summary 15
Indicator based assessment forsustainability benefits of urban light railtransport A case study of Abuja, Nigeria
Author Taslim Adebowale Alade
Country Nigeria
Supervisor Alberto Gianoli, phd (ihs)
Co-supervisor Somesh Sharma, MSc (ihs)
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applicability in a developing country. These nine selected indicators are scored by a ranking,
based on the most significant approach, by the participatory selection of experts. Thus, the
first indicator with the highest ranking scores among the selected indicators is used for thequantitative assessment to empirically determine its level of sustainability benefit using
the geo-information system and quantification calculus approach.
The main findings show that Lot 1A along Kubwa to Idu rail route stations is faster
compared to the road route between the same locations by 8.4 minutes during off-peak
hours and 38.4 minutes during peak hours. Lot 3A along Idu to Abuja metro route stations
is slower compared to the road route between the same two locations by 1.6 minutes during
the off-peak hours but faster by 28.4 minutes during peak hours. Lot 3B along Idu to Airport
route stations is faster compared to the road route between the same locations by 18.4
minutes during the off-peak period and 48.4 minutes during the peak period.
Another interesting finding is that lot 3A gave a negative number of minus 1.6 minutes
during the off-peak hours. This can be taken into cognisance for further perceptions
and re-planning, as a rail at 100km/hr compared to 75km/hr is ordinarily meant to get a
commuter to their destination faster during peak or off-peak hours on the same route.
Therefore, the description in empirical terms means that the number of minutes gained or
lost during the peak and off-peak periods provides precise answers to the research question
on how the sustainability benefits of the urban light rail system on timesaving can be
assessed. In specific terms, it is important to know to what extent a particular sustainability
indicator will benefit an urban city when a rail transport infrastructure is provided.
In generating empirical and valid levels of benefit to sustainability development, the newlydeveloped approach using the Geo-Information System (gis) approach for the timesaving
indicator has shown to be capable of reliable assessment, through the integration with
the conceptual framework to empirically ascertain the assessment of the sustainability
benefits of the Abuja light rail. Thus adding a new niche to the body of knowledge on the
subject matter.
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Titled ‘The Faith. The Fight. The Force. The Flight,’ this research is an urban governance-
related study that analyses the interactive processes that involve a self-organized
community called Buklod Tao in the urban municipality of San Mateo in Rizal Province, the
Philippines. It describes the evolution of interactions within the organization as well as interactions
with other organizations and institutions, including the local government. It explains how
these interactive processes led to positive outcomes such as an increase in knowledge,
producing win-win solutions for problems or issues and the creation of new institutional
structures for the benefit of the organization. It also maps out the build up of factors – such as;
rules, divergent perceptions on problems/issues and strategy formation, commitment and
collective action, and activities – that influenced the interactions and outcomes.
Data in this research reveals that, on the one hand, rules, divergent perceptions on
issues/problems and strategy formation, commitment and collective action influenced theinteraction processes. On the other hand, they have also directly influenced the outcomes
of the processes.
Hence, it is important to be aware of the underlying factors that contribute to the success
of an interaction process in any organization. These processes, especially in civil society
organizations such as Buklod Tao, help to leverage the kind of governance any city desires.
It is recommended that other institutions such as the local government and the private
sector decipher the dynamics of such processes in civil society or people’s organizations to
be able to have a better grasp of how to develop or form partnerships within the urban arena.
Specialization
Integrated Planning and Urban Strategies
summary 16
The faith. The fight. The force. The flight. An analysis of the interactive processes involving theself-organized community of Buklod Tao in Banaba,San Mateo, Rizal Province, Philippines
Author Michelle Untalan Ardales
Country The Philippines
Supervisor Carley Pennink, ma (ihs)
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Lusaka, the capital of Zambia, is urbanizing at a fast rate. The population of Lusaka has
increased from 1,391,329 in 2000 to 2,198,996 in 2010 at a growth rate of 4.7 percent
(Central Statistical Office, 2011). Zambia’s urban system is dominated by Lusaka, which
hosts 32 percent of the total urban population in the country (un-habitat, 2008). Thepoverty levels in the city have been steadily increasing over the last two decades mainly
due to the high levels of population growth, which are not matched by economic growth
and improved service delivery (Lusaka City Council, 2008). The economy of Lusaka city only
provides formal employment to about 9 percent of the labour force (un-habitat, 2008).
Therefore, one of the biggest challenges for Zambia in general, and Lusaka in particular,
is to attract more investments for economic growth and poverty reduction. Theoretically,
it is generally accepted that to a greater extent, the world-wide urban networks provide
crucial resources for the development of cities, while city systems form a set of resources
or locational attributes for Multinational Corporations (mncs). It is against this backgroundthat this study has been conducted with the overall objective of investigating the
current Foreign Direct Investments (fdis) and networks of cities in the Southern African
Development Community (sadc) region and how Lusaka city can improve its competitive
performance in order to attract fdi.
The study is quantitative and has analysed the fdi markets.com database (2003 to 2012)
through Excel, ucinet software and spss. Overall, the study shows that, though modest,
the number of fdi flows into sadc has been growing at a growth rate of 11.52 percent with
the top five growing sectors being financial services, metals, software it services, business
services and communication. The closest five competitors to Lusaka in terms of attracting
fdi to sectors in descending order are; Windhoek (Namibia), Kinshasa (Congo dr), Lubango(Angola), Harare (Zimbabwe) and Lobito (Angola). Lusaka occupies the twelfth position
among the top 20 sadc cities in attracting fdi dominated by seven South African cities.
Specialization
Urban Competitiveness and Resilience
summary 17
fdi and city competitiveness withinthe Southern African DevelopmentCommunity (sadc) The case of Lusaka City, Zambia
Author Anthony Mwenya
Country Zambia
Supervisor Ronald Wall, phd (ihs)
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Furthermore, market size is the most important location factor for attracting fdi in the
sadc region. In view of the above, Lusaka can learn a lot from its competitors, especially
Windhoek, in terms of policies, programmes and projects attracting fdi, which LusakaCity Council can then include in its integrated strategic and marketing plans. In order to
expand the market, Lusaka should pursue job creation policies to enhance the growth of the
middle class, which is critical for the domestic market. In addition, sadc countries (Zambia
included) need to aggressively continue to pursue policies for greater regional integration
to expand the market size and provide an important stepping stone to a more diversified,
inclusive and sustained growth to member states. Improving Lusaka’s competitiveness
will also require continued commitment to a prudent macroeconomic policy at the national
level, investing in infrastructure development, human resource development, information
communication technology (ict) and information management systems. Other measures
include the promotion of gender equity and equality, the rule of law and professional
management of both public and private business. Last but not least, targeted marketing
and branding of Lusaka city as a prime investment destination, in particular sectors and
activities, is crucial for fdi attraction.
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ihs publications
The ihs Research Committee produces a series of publications and would like to invite itspartners in client countries to submit work for publication in one of the series described
below.
Interested authors are invited to send their contributions to the chairman of the ihs
Research Committee, Prof Dr Jurian Edelenbos ( [email protected]).
A copy of the instructions for authors can be found on the ihs website (www.ihs.nl).
products
The ihs Research Committee publishes two series, the Working Paper Series and the ihs
Thesis Series. The ihs Thesis Series was set up in 2007 as a new publication. Other internal
publications are (text) books published by the Master specializations, training manuals and
outputs of projects.
The Working Paper Series provides the opportunity for ihs staff and their professional
associates (in special cases, graduates of the Master’s course) to document recent work
experience or a ‘work in progress’ (literature review, case study) and to make these
accessible to a wider audience.
The ihs Thesis Series: the objective is to publish the best theses of the Master’s Programme
in Urban Management and Development. The theses are also placed on the ihs website.
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correspondence
Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies (ihs)Publications
P.O. Box 1935
3000 bx Rotterdam
The Netherlands
p +31 (0)10 408 9843
f +31 (0)10 408 9826
www.ihs.nl
© Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies (ihs),Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 2014
Copying with reference to title, author and publisher is permitted
isbn: 978-90-6433-044-5
Layout
Ontwerpwerk, The Hague
Photo (cover)
Warren Goldswain
in collaboration with
Erasmus University Rotterdam (eur)
Gadjah Mada University
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy
Lund University,
Housing Development & Management
gadjah mada university
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Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies
The Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies (ihs),established in 1958, is an independent educational organization based in
Rotterdam, the Netherlands. ihs is active in the field of housing, urban
management and urban environmental management in Asia, Latin
America, Africa and Central and Eastern Europe. ihs offers a Master of
Science programme, postgraduate training, research and advisory services
to national and local governments, multilateral and bilateral agencies and
private companies.
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ihs , Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studiesof Erasmus Universit y Rotterdam
www.ihs.nl