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39
Cross-over Youth as Adults• Cross-over Youth
– 50% experienced period of extreme poverty
– 66% had jail stay compared to 25% child welfare only
– 18% with adult probation– Highest rate of inpatient
and outpatient health services care
• Juvenile Justice Youth– 25% experienced
period of extreme poverty
– 50% had jail stay– 18% with adult
probation
Cross-over Youth
• Cross-over Youth• 40% enrolled in
community college• 10% utilized
outpatient mental health services
• Juvenile Justice Youth• 2% received AA
degree• 3% met transfer
requirements to 4 year college
• Less than 1% enrolled in 4 year school
40
Table Talk
• What should we consider in light of this information?
41
Impact of Foster Care
• View of youth as a separate member of family
• Attachment, grief and family privilege
• Constant themes of loss
42
Foster Care Survivalist• Former foster youth
demonstrate PTSD rates up to twice as high as U.S. war veterans
• Foster youth compared with others with maltreatment background but not placed report more severe/frequent mental health and behavioral problems
43
Foster Care Survivalist
• Premature conferral of adult status and independence
• Growing up without parents: learning to take care of oneself
• Disavowal of dependence: making meaning of loss and hardship
44
Youth perceive themselves as their most valuable advocate and source of hope while
also viewing themselves as greatest enemy and threat to survival.
45
Resilience in Transitioning Youth
• Resilience: developmental course characteristic of healthy adjustment despite the circumstance of considerable hardship
• Majority demonstrated resilience across multiple domains with female gender, older age at exit, less global stress and higher support significant for higher degrees of resilience
46
Complex Trauma• Combination of early and late-onset, multiple,
and sometimes highly invasive traumatic events, usually of an ongoing interpersonal nature.
• Often includes exposure to repetitive childhood sexual, physical and/or psychological abuse which may occur within the context of emotional neglect and
• Harmful social environments, including poverty, racism, sexism, violence ridden neighborhoods, as an example
47
Impact of Complex Trauma
• Attachment• Biology• Affect regulation• Dissociation• Behavioral regulation• Cognition
48
Adolescent Behaviors and Complex Trauma
• Tension reducing behaviors– Suicidal behavior– Intentional but
nonsuicidal self-injury
– Major substance abuse
– Eating disorders
49
Adolescent Behaviors and Complex Trauma
– Dysfunctional sexual behavior
– Excessive risk-taking
– Physical altercations
– PTSD– Revictimization
50
Placement Stability• Nearly 1 in 3 failed to
achieve any placement stability
• Placement stability strongly associated with behavioral outcomes
• Unstable placements had twice the odds of having behavior problems
51
Trauma Informed Practice Foci
• Safety• Self regulation• Self-reflective
information processing• Traumatic experiences
integration• Relational engagement • Positive affect
enhancement52
Developing Decision Making
53
Non-minor Dependent Rights
• Non-minor dependents retain all of his or her legal decision making authority as an adult (WIC 303(d)
• The decision about remaining in extended foster care is one of the first that they will make
54
Talking About Extended Foster Care
• Utilize the practice principles you have developed throughout the day
• Use the flyer on extended foster care
• Practice a brief conversation about extended foster care
• What will you emphasize?
55
Jurisdictional Status• May remain under
delinquency jurisdiction• If have met rehabilitative
goal, may move to Transition Jurisdiction
• May move to non-minor dependent status under dependency jurisdiction through 241.1 amended county protocol
56
Last hearing Before Age 18• Report must include:
– Plan to remain non-minor dependent
– ICWA participation– SSI and SIJS info– Transition Jurisdiction
recommendation– DPO efforts– Documents and information
provided to youth– TILP outlining planned
participation 57
Transition Jurisdiction
• Age and placement
• Ward or dependent status
• Rehabilitative status
• Reunification status
• Intent to participate
58
Opt Out
• Youth elects to exit foster care
• Must create the 90 day transition plan
• Youth must be informed about right to re-entry
59
Transitional Independent Living Case Plan and Transitional Independent Living Plan
• Submitted with court report 10 calendar days before hearing
• Must include:– Plan to meet criteria & placement– Alternative plan
• Housing• Education• Employment• Support system
60
Findings• Specific criteria to be satisfied• TILCP includes alternative plan• For ICWA eligible:
– Youth intends or does NOT intend to be considered Indian child
• Status of Supplemental Security application• Legal residency status• Information, documents and services required
391(e)• Understands rights• Continuance
61
Orders• If the youth is entering
extended foster care:– court must set a review
hearing within six months of current hearing
• If opting out:– Set hearing for date within
1 month after turns 18– Set 366.21, 366.22,
366.25 or 366.3 as dependent
62
Effects of Legal Adult Status
• Hearings can be attended only by those invited by youth WIC 295
• No protective custody warrants WIC 303(d)
• Court cannot order psychotropic medication WIC 303 (d)
• No caregiver consent for medical/education decisions WIC 303 (d)
63
Effects of Legal Adult Status
• NMD has privacy rights about medical information
• No discussion of educational limits on parents
• Personal rights of foster children DO apply (WIC 16001.9)
64
What Next?
• Mutual agreement
• Placement
• Eligibility documentation
65
Mutual Agreements
• Non-minor dependents must sign a mutual agreement within 6 months of turning 18 if they intend to remain in care
• Signed agreement is not a prerequisite to payment for placement
66
Placement Considerations
• Non-minor dependent youth are adults• Placements should be least restrictive• Encourage independence• Developmental needs and readiness for
independence• Decisions are made in conversation with
youth
67
Group Homes• Youth in extended foster care can remain in
group homes for a brief period if:– The placement is voluntary; and– Staying in the group home will help the youth complete
high school or obtain a GED; and– The youth plans to leave the group home care after
completing high school, obtaining a GED or turning age 19 whichever comes first.
OR– The group home provides treatment for a medical or
mental health condition that interferes the youth’s ability to meet any of the other participation conditions.
68
After Adolescence: Now What?
• Less than 50% of young adults graduate from college in 4 years
• Antidepressant use is highest among 21-32 years
• 40% of young adults 18-35 years are overly dependent on parents for financial, emotional, physical support
• 58% of 21-24 year olds live at home or have returned home in the last 2 years
69
A New Stage of Development
• Age range from 18 to 25 years
• Reflects changes prevalent in industrialized nations
• Time that is least structured and more heterogeneous
70
Emerging Adults
• A phase rather than a stage that overlaps with adolescence and early adulthood
• Five features are more common but not exclusively required
71
Emerging Adults
• Age of identity exploration
• Age of Instability• Self-focused age• Age of feeling in-
between• Age of possibilities
72
Emerging Adulthood
• Peak age period of behaviors that most try to discourage–Binge drinking– Illegal drug use–Risky sexual
behavior
73
Missouri Longitudinal Study• Majority of youth left by
age 19• Those who left earlier
tended to return to family and then to independent living situation
• Those who remained in care transitioned rapidly from group care to independent living situation
74
Why Youth Chose to Leave• 39% disliked or were
frustrated with the “system”
• 28% desire for independence
• 21% failure of Children’s Division to provide services
• 22% desired change in circumstances
• 3% other reasons75
Who Decided
• 45.8% youth’s idea• 35.4% social worker’s
idea• 9.9% judge’s idea• 4/2% family’s idea• 1.4% didn’t know• 3.3% someone else’s
idea
76
77
Table Talk
What does Missouri’s experience suggest to us?