37962583 Manual for 3rd World Wooden House Construction

UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION

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UNITED NATIONS

UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna

: UNITED NAT,lONS New York, 1985

Abstract ---.

The Popular Manual for Wooden House Construction- presents a construction - system aimed at helping low-income families solve their housing needs. The system can be used in regions that have ample timber. The Manual is written in simple language and has many sketches to facilitate its use.

The first part of the Manual discusses the:

Design of the house

Quantities of materials needed

Pre-fabrication and pre-cutting of components

Construction of the house

Finishing

Adaptations and modifications

The major part of the Manual is devoted to the actual construction of the -- house :

Layout and putting up piles

Laying the floor frame and floorboards

Erecting the panels

Erecting the roof frame and putting on the roof

Windows and doors

Although the construction system was conceived and implemented in the Amazon region of Brazil, information on wood species found in Africa and Asia is also included, as are data on the required physical and mechanical characteristics of the wood used in the various parts of the house. Thus, the Manual can be of use in many regions of Africa, Asia and Latin America.

Preface --e-m

The Popular Manual for Wooden House Construction was originally prepared by the Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas (IPT), S%o Paulo, Brazil, for a self-help community building project at Coroados, Manaus, under a contract with the Housing Society for the Amazon State (SHAM). (Phorographs 1 to 4 show the project at various stages, including a view of completed houses.)

An experimental group of 40 houses was built during the period November 1981March 1982. The average cost was $US 49.70 to $US 59.50 per square metre (as of March 1982) * depending on the area, which averaged 40 square metres, and the type of foundation used (stone or ceramic blocks and a cement or wooden floor). All houses were equipped with bathrooms built with concrete blocks. The cost included the materials delivered at the construction site and the labour for manufacture and assembly and for masonry, electrical and pipe work. It did not include materials and labour for painting; electrical) water and sewerage installations; nails and tools; and land acqui- sition and infrastructure.

The purpose of this Hanual is to provide direct and simple assistance to -- people and communities that want to build their own houses either individually or on a co-operative basis. Complicated design calculations have been omitted and instructions are straightforward and easy to follow. The format used enables interested parties to reproduce the Manual in their own language by --- translating the captions and inserting them in the appropriate places. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is willing to make available good originals for this purpose to Governments, national bodies or groups. The only requirements are that full acknowledgement and credit must be given to UNIDO and to IPT for the original work and that UNIDO must receive two complimentary copies of any such reproduction.

Photo 1. Partial view of the IPT/SHAM houses under construction

in Coroados, Manaus, Brazil

Photo 2. The houses being painted with PVA-based paint

Photo 3. View of houses nearing completion. In the foreground,

house with ceramic block foundation and cement fioor

Photo 4. View of finished houses, already occupied

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Table 1. Wood species that can be used in wooden house construction

Name and species Where found Common local names

AFRICA

1. Piles and beams

Afzelia - Afzelia bipindensis (also A. pachyloba, A. africana and A. quanzensis)

West, Middle and East Africa

Lingue (Ivory Coast, Senegal); Papao (Ghana); Apa, Aligna (Nigeria); M’Banga, Doussie (Cameroon); N’Kokongo, Doussie (Angola, Congo); Bolengu (Zaire) ; Pau Conta (Guinea- Bissau); Mkora, Mbembakaft (United Republic of Tanzania); Chanfuta, Mussacossa (Mozambique); Beyo, Meli, Azza (Uganda)

Danta - Nesogordonia papaverifera

East Africa, from Sierra Leone to Cameroon and northern Gabon

Otutu (Nigeria); Kotibe <Ivory Coast) ; 0~06 (Cameroon); Arbor- bora (Gabon); Kondo findo (Zaire) ; Naouya (Angola); Abumana, Ajumaba, Epro (Ghana).

Ekki - Lophira alata West Africa Bongossi, Bakunda (Cameroon); Azobe (West Africa); Kabu (Ghana); Eba, Ekki, Aba (Nigeria); Esore (Ivory Coast); Endwei (Sierra Leone 1; Akoga (Gabon); Boukole (Congo)

Opepe - Nauclea diderrichii

From Sierra Leone to the Congo and, in the Yast to Uganda

Jusia, Kusiaba (Ghana); Badi (Ivory Coast); Bilinga, Akondoc (Cameroon); N’Gou, Masa (Angola, Congo, Zaire); Kilingi (Uganda); Aloma (Equatorial Guinea, Gabon)

2. Floor frame and platform

Idigbo - Terminalia ivorensis a/

From Guinea to Cameroon

Black afara (Nigeria); Framire (France, Ivory Coast); Emeri (Ghana)

Guarea - Guarea cedrata Ghana, ivory Coast, Boss6 (France, Ivory Coast); Kwabo G. Thompsonii southern Nigeria Koro (Ghana); Obobo (Nigeria),

Edoucid (Cameroon)

a/ Only for floors.

88 -1- .II. _


FSakor6 - Tieghemella heckelii

From Sierra Leone to Cameroon, Gabon and southern Cabinda

3. Panels, roof frames and finishinrs

Baku (Ghana); Douka, Ukola (Gabon); Flakore (Ivory Coast)

Abura - Mitragyna ciliata b/

Agba - Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum

Limba - Terminalia superba

Niangon - Tarrietia utilis

1. Piles and beams

Kapur - Dryobalanops

West Africa, from Sierra Leone tc the Congo and Angola

West Africa, southern Nigeria to the Congo basin

West Africa, from Sierra Leone to Angola and Zaire

From Sierra Leone to Ghana, Cameroon and Gabon

ASIA

Borneo, Sumatra, aromatica, D. lanceolata, Malaysia D. beccarii

Kempas - Koompassia malaccens is

Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Indonesia

Keruing - Dipterocarpus Indo-Malaysian region SPP

Bahia (Ivory Coast); Subaha, Baya (Ghana); M’Boy (Sierra Leone); M’Boy (Liberia); Elolom (Cameroon) ; Elelon (Gabon) , Vuku , M’Voukou (Zaire); Nzingu (Uganda, Zambia)

Achi, Egba, Emongi, Ayinre (Nigeria) ; Tola blanc (Congo); Tola branca (Angola), N’Tola (Zaire)

Ofram (Ghana) ; Akom (Cameroon); Limbo, ChBne-Limbo, Frake, Noyer du Hayombe, Korina (West Africa); Afara (Nigeria); Limba (Angola, (Zaire) ; N’ganga (Central African Republic)

Niankom (Ghana); Ogoue (Cameroon) De-Orh (Liberia); Yawe (Sierra Leone 1

Keladan, Kapur (Malaysia); Kapoer (Indonesia); Kapor ISabah)

Impas (Sabah); Mengaris (Sarawak)

Keruing (Indonesia, Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak); Gurjun (Burma, India); Yang (Thailand), Apitong (Philippines); Eng Or In (Burma); (Langan, Keroeing (Indonesia); Dau (Democratic Kampuchea, Viet Nam)

b/ A preservation treatment is advisable.

89

__-__---___ -__- ----- - -._- ---..--.----- ----_

Name and species

_ ------_

Where found Common local names

----.--1-------------------

Kerbau - Intsia Indo-Malaysian region, palembanica, I. bijuga Indonesia, Philippines

Australia and western Pacific Islands

2. Floor frame and platform_

Dark red meranti - Shorea Spp

Peninsular Halasia, Saya (Thailand); Red seraya Sabah and Sarawak, (Malaysia); Meranti, Merah Indonesia and (Indonesia); White lauan, Philippines Almon, Mayapis (Philippines)

Kohko - Albizzia lebbek South and South.-Eas t Asia, Burma, India, Indo-China, Malaysia and the Philippines

Siris, Siris tree, East Indian walnut

Mengkulang - Heritiera India, from Malaysia simplicifolia to Indonesia,

Philippines and other Pacific islands

Kembang (Malaysia); Kanze

(Burma) ; Chuprak (Theilandi ; Lumsayan, Lumbayau (Philippines); Huyah (Democratic Kampuchea)

Ramin - Gonystylus bancanus b/

Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines

3. Panels, --- roof frame and finishings

Geronggang - Cratoxylon South-East Asia, arborescens h/ Malaysia, Indonesia,

Brunei

Krabak - Anisoptera Spp Burma, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand

Light red meranti - Shorea Spp

White seraya - Parashorea plicata

Indonesia, Halaysia and Philippines

Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and Philippines

Tat--Talum (Burma); Lumpha. Lumpho (Thailand); Kwila (New Guinea); Vesi (Fiji Islands) ; Ipil (Philippines); Merbau (Malaysia)

Helawis (Malaysia); Garu-Buaja (Indonesia); Janutan-Bagio

Serungan (Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei Darussalam)

Mersawa (Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia); Kanghmu Palosapis (Philippines); Phdiek (Democratic Kampuchea); Ven-Ven (Viet Nam)

Light red seraya, red seraya (Malaysia); Saya (Thailand); Meranti merah (Indonesia); Whit lauan , Almon , Mayapi s (Philippines)

Bagtikan (Philippines); Urak Ma (Malaysia)

90


LATIN AMERICA

1. Piles and beams

Balata - Manilkara bidentata

Courbaril - Iiymenaea courbaril

Manbarklak - Eschweilera longipes

Tonka - Dipteryr odorata

Wallaba - Eperua bijuga

West Indies, Central America and northern part of South America

South of Mexico, Central America, West Indies, Bolivia, northern part of Brazil and Peru

Amazon basin, Costa Rica, Guyanas and Trinidad

Brazilian Amazon Region, Colombia, Guyanas and Venezuela

Brazilian Amazon region, Guyanas and Venezuela

2. Floor frame and platform

Angelin - Andira inermis From south of Mexico through Central America and northern part of South America (Brazil and Peru). Also occurs in Guyana and Trinidad

Gronfoloe - Qualea albif lora

Tropical America, from south of Mexico to Peru. Abundant in Brazil and Guyanas

Chicozapote (Mexico); Ausubo (Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic); Nispero (Panama); Beefwood (Guyana) ; Bolletri (Suriname); Balate rouge (French Guyana); Maqaranduba (Brazil)

Cuapinol, Guapinol (Mexico); Guapinol (Central America); Locust, Kawanari (Guyana); Rode lokus (Suriname); Algarrobol (Spanish-speaking Latin America); Jutai, Jatobi, Jatai (Brazil 1

Oxito, Olleto (Panama); Coca de mono, Moutangero (Venezuela!; Coca cristal, Tete congo (Colombia); Haudan, Kakeralli (Guyana)

Almendro (Costa Rica, Panama); Serrapia (Colombia, Venezuela); Cumaru (Brazil); Charapilla, Cumarut (Peru)

Palo machete (Venezuela); Wallaba, Bijlhout (Suriname); Wapa (French Guyana); Apb, Apazeiro , JQbaro (Brazil 1

Hoca (Cuba, Puerto Rico); Cuilimbuco, Plaquilla (Mexico); Barbosquillo, Arenillo (Panama) ; Rodes kabbes (Suriname); Acapurana (Brazil)

Florencillo (Venezuela); Kouali, Gringnongou (French Guyana); Gronfoloe (Suriname); Quaruba, Mandioqueira (Brazil)


Kopie - Goupia glabra

Mahoe - Hibscus elatus

Manni - Symphonia globulifera

Nargusta - Terminailia amazon i a

Amazon, Colombia and Guyana

Brazil, Cuba, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru and West Indies

West Indies, Central America and northern part of South America

From south of Mexico to Central America and northern part of South America. Also occurs in Guyana and ?dest Indies

3. Panels. rc>,jf fsse and finishing

Determa - Ocotaa rubra Brazil’s lower -Amazon region, Guyana and Trinidad

Crabwood - Carapa guianensis

West Indies, from Cuba to Trinidad, from south Honduras, through Central America to Guyanas and Brazil, Colombia and Peru and high countries of the Orinoco in Venezuela

Santa Maria - West Indies and from Calophyllum brasiliense south of Mexico,

Saino, Sapino (Colombia); Kopi (Suriname); Kabukalli (Guyana) ; Groupie (French Guyana 1; Cupiriba (Brazil)

Emajagua excelsa (Puerto Rico) ; Ma j agua , Ma j agua azul (Cuba) ; Mountain mahoe (Jamaica)

Barillo (Guatemala, Honduras); Cerillo (Costa Rica, Panama); Machare (Colombia); Mani, Paramin (Venezuela); Matalci (Suriname) ; Manni (Guyana) ; Breacaspi (Peru); Anani (Brazil)

Almendro (Honduras); Canshan (Mexico) ; Amarillo carabazuelo t Panama) ; Guayabo lean (Colombia) Pardillo negro (Venezuela); Pau, Mulato brancc (Brazil)

Louro vermelho (Brazil); Determa (Guyana) ; Wana, Wane (Suriname) ; Grignon rouge (French Guyana)

Cedro-macho (Venezuela); Kapra (Suriname); Figueiro, Tangare (Ecuador); Andiroba (Brazil, Peru)

Bari, Leche de Maria (Mexico); Calaba (Panama); Aceite Maria

through Central America (Colombia); Edaballi kurahara. to northern part of (Guyana) ; Balsa Maria (Bolivia); South America Guanandi , Jacareuba (Brazil)

Roble - Tabebuia rosea, West Indies, south of Roble (Spanish-speaking Latin T. heterophylla Mexico to Ecuador America); Amapa, Roble blanco

and Venezuela (Mexico) ; Roble blanco, Roble de sabana (Costa Rica); Roble do1 rio (Colombia); Apamate (Venezuela)

. ,

Table 2. Characteristics of woods from Acariguara (Minquartia guianensis) and Jacareuba (Calophyllum brasiliense)

Properties Acariquara Jacareuba

-

Specific mass (density) at 12% humidity

Volumetric shrinkage, green-dry

Static bending strength at 12% humidity - Rupture modulus (MOR) - Elastic modulus (MOE)

Compression strength along the grain at 12% humidity, maximum strength

Natural durability for fungus and termite attack

Preservability

912 kg/m2

14%

135 MPa 16,840 MPa

69 MPa

Very durable

Not treatable

624 kg/m2

12.3%

I-

101 MPa 12,630 MPa

48 MPa

Moderately durable

Sapwood treatable; heartwood not treatable

Easiness of mechanical fixing

Other observations

Regular

Difficult to work

Good

Tendency to split and to warp

Source : Tropical Woods, No. 94 (1954) and No. 103 (1955).

Note : You can compare the characteristics of these types of wood with those of wood found in your area.

Table 3. Requisites for each type of use

Beams

than

High to very high mechanical properties:

Bending strengh Rupture modulus 121 MPa Elastic modulus 15,000 MPa

Parallel compression maximum strength 56 MPa

Durability: high, resistant to more

12 years in contact with ground

Floor frame

Preservability: easy; permeable

Mechanical fixation: easy

Medium to high specific mass 500 kg/m3

Medium to very high mechanical properties:

Bending strength Rupture modulus 86 MPa Elastic modulus 12,000 FlPa

Parallel compression maximum strength 56 MPa

Durability: high, resistant to more than 12 years in contact with ground

Joists, windows and doors, joists’ header boards, inter-panel finishing boards, inter-panel studs, facias, purlins, beams, rafters and posts

Preservability: easy/permeable


Medium to low specific mass 700 kg/m3

Volumetric shrinkage (percentage of the dimension of green wood): 13.5 x

Medium mechanical properties

Bending strength Rupture modulus 86 MPa Elastic modulus 12,000 MPa

Use Requisites

Piles High specific mass 700 kg/m3

-

Use Requisites

Durability: high, resistant to more than

12 years in contact with ground

Preservability: easy/permeable


Workability: moderate to very easy

Source : Grupamento de Madeira da Amazbnia por similaridade de caracteristicas e usos (Sudam, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas, 1981).

Printed in Austria

V.84-94020-March 1985-3.500 I D/330

Documents

37962583 Manual for 3rd World Wooden House Construction