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8/8/2019 37165086 Trade Union Ppt for Clg (2)
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CHANCHAL CHAUDHARY
SEM III
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` INTRODUCTION
` EVOLUTION OF TRADE UNION IN INDIA
` FEATURES
` OBJECTIVES` FUNCTIONS
` REASONS FOR JOINING TRADE UNION
` STRUCTURE OF TRADE UNION
` PROBLEMS AND WEAKNESSES FACED BY
TRADE UNIONS
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Section 2(h) of the Trade Unions Act, 1926 hasdefined a trade union as
Any combination, whether temporary or permanent,formed primarily for the purpose of regulating therelations between workmen and employers, or
between workmen and workmen, or betweenemployers and employers, or for imposingrestrictive conditions on the conduct of any tradeor business, and includes any federation of two ormore trade unions.
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1. All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)2. Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS)3. Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU)4. Hind Mazdoor Kisan Panchayat (HMKP)5. Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS)
6. Indian Federation of Free Trade Unions(IFFTU)7. Indian National Trade Union Congress
(INTUC)8. National Front of Indian Trade Unions (NFITU)
9. National Labor Organization (NLO)10. Trade Unions Co-ordination Centre (TUCC)11. United Trade Union Congress (UTUC) and12. United Trade Union Congress - Lenin Sarani
(UTUC - LS)
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` It is an organization formed by employees orworkers.
` It is formed on a continuous basis. It is apermanent body and not a casual or temporary
one.
` It is formed to protect and promote all kinds ofinterests economic, political and social-of itsmembers. The dominant interest with which a
union is concerned is, however, economic.
` It achieves its objectives through collective actionand group effort
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Emergence of TU in India can be defined in
three phases:
` The first phase falls between 1850 and 1900during which the inception of trade unions took
place. During this period of the growth of Indian
Capitalist enterprises, the working and living
conditions of the labor were poor and their workinghours were long.
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` Capitalists were only interested in their
productivity and profitability. In addition to long
working hours, their wages were low and general
economic conditions were poor in industries. Inorder to regulate the working hours and other
service conditions of the Indian textile labourers,
the Indian Factories Act was enacted in 1881
` As a result, employment of child labour wasprohibited. Mr. N M Lokhande organized people
like Rickshawalas etc., prepared a study report on
their working conditions and submitted it to the
Factory Labour Commission.
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` The Indian Factory Act of 1881 was amended in
1891 due to his efforts. Guided by educated
philanthropists(generous donors) and socialworkers like Mr. Lokhande, the growth of trade
union movement was slow in this phase. Many
strikes took place in the two decades following
1880 in all industrial cities. These strikes taught
workers to understand the power of united action
even though there was no union in real terms.
Small associations like Bombay Mill-Hands
Association came up.
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` The second phase of The Indian trade union
movement falls between 1900 and 1947. this
phase was characterized by the development oforganized trade unions and political movements of
the working class. It also witnessed the
emergence of militant trade unionism.
`
The First World War (1914-1918) and the Russianrevolution of 1917 gave a new turn to the Indian
trade union movement and organized efforts on
part of the workers to form trade unions.
`
In 1918, B P Wadia organized trade unionmovements with Textile mills in Madras.
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` He served strike notice to them and workers
appealed to Madras High Court because under
Common Law, strike is a breach of law.
` In 1919, Mahatma Gandhi suggested to let
individual struggle be a Mass movement. In 1920,
the First National Trade union organization (The
All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)) wasestablished. Many of the leaders of this
organization were leaders of the national
Movement. In 1926, Trade union law came up with
the efforts of Mr. N N Joshi that became operative
from 1927.
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` The third phase began with the emergence of
independent India (in 1947), and the Government
sought the cooperation of the unions for planned
economic development. The working class
movement was also politicized along the lines of
political parties. For instance Indian national trade
Union Congress (INTUC) is the trade union arm of
the Congress Party. The AITUC is the trade union
arm of the Communist Party of India. Besides
workers, white-collar employees, supervisors and
managers are also organized by the trade unions,
as for example in the Banking, Insurance and
Petroleum industries.
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` Wages salaries
` Working conditions
` Discipline
` Personnel policies
` Welfare
` Employee-employer relation
` Negotiating machinery
` Safeguarding organizational health and interest ofthe industry
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CONT.
` EDUCATION AND TRAINING.
` LEGAL ASSISTANCE.` FINANCIAL DISCOUNTS.
` WELFARE BENEFITS.
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` Functions of trade union can be broadly classified
into :
` MILITANT FUNCTIONS.
` FRATERNAL FUNCTIONS.
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One set of activities performed by trade unions leadsto the betterment of the position of their members inrelation to their employment. The aim of such activitiesis to ensure adequate wages, secure better conditionsof work and employment, get better treatment from
employers, etc. When the unions fail to accomplishthese aims by the method of collective bargaining andnegotiations, they adopt an approach and put up afight with the management in the form of go-slowtactics, strike, boycott, gherao, etc. Hence, these
functions of the trade unions are known as militant orfighting functions. Thus, the militant functions of tradeunions can be summed up as:
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CONT
` To achieve higher wages and better working
conditions
` To raise the status of workers as a part of industry
` To protect labors against victimization and
injustice
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` Another set of activities performed by trade unions
aims at rendering help to its members in times of
need, and improving their efficiency. Trade unions
try to foster a spirit of cooperation and promotefriendly industrial relations and diffuse education
and culture among their members. Thus, the
fraternal functions of trade unions can be summed
up as:
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CONT.
` To take up welfare measures for improving the
morale of workers
` To generate self confidence among workers
` To encourage sincerity and discipline amongworkers
` To provide opportunities for promotion and growth
` To protect women workers against discrimination
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` GREATER BARGAINING POWER
` MINIMIZE DISCRIMINATION
` SENSE OF SECURITY
` SENSE OF PARTICIPATION` SENSE OF BELONGINGNESS
` PLATFORM FOR SELF EXPRESSION
` BETTERMENT OF RELATIONSHIP
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` GREATER BARGAINING POWER
The individual employee possesses very little
bargaining power as compared to that of hisemployer. If he is not satisfied with the wage andother conditions of employment, he can leavethe job. It is not practicable to continually resignfrom one job after another when he is
dissatisfied. This imposes a great financial andemotional burden upon the worker. The bettercourse for him is to join a union that can takeconcerted action against the employer. Thethreat or actuality of a strike by a union is a
powerful tool that often causes the employer toaccept the demands of the workers for betterconditions of employment.
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` MINIMIZE DISCRIMINATION
The decisions regarding pay, work, transfer,promotion, etc. are highly subjective in nature.The personal relationships existing between thesupervisor and each of his subordinates mayinfluence the management. Thus, there are
chances of favoritisms and discriminations. Atrade union can compel the management toformulate personnel policies that press forequality of treatment to the workers. All the labordecisions of the management are under close
scrutiny of the labor union. This has the effect ofminimizing favoritism and discrimination.
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` SENSE OF SECURITY
The employees may join the unions because oftheir belief that it is an effective way to secureadequate protection from various types ofhazards and income insecurity such as accident,
injury, illness, unemployment, etc. The tradeunion secure retirement benefits of the workersand compel the management to invest in welfareservices for the benefit of the workers.
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` SENSE OF PARTICIPATION
The employees can participate in management
of matters affecting their interests only if theyjoin trade unions. They can influence the
decisions that are taken as a result of collective
bargaining between the union and the
management.
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` SENSE OF BELONGINGNESS
Many employees join a union because their co-
workers are the members of the union. At times,
an employee joins a union under group
pressure; if he does not, he often has a verydifficult time at work. On the other hand, those
who are members of a union feel that they gain
respect in the eyes of their fellow workers. They
can also discuss their problem with the tradeunion leaders.
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` PLATFORM FORSELF EXPRESSION
The desire for self-expression is a fundamentalhuman drive for most people. All of us wish to shareour feelings, ideas and opinions with others.Similarly the workers also want the management tolisten to them. A trade union provides such a forumwhere the feelings, ideas and opinions of the
workers could be discussed. It can also transmit thefeelings, ideas, opinions and complaints of theworkers to the management. The collective voice ofthe workers is heard by the management and givedue consideration while taking policy decisions by
the management.
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` BETTERMENT OF RELATIONSHIP
Another reason for employees joining unions isthat employees feel that unions can fulfill the
important need for adequate machinery for
proper maintenance of employer-employee
relations. Unions help in betterment ofindustrial
relations among management and workers by
solving the problems peacefully.
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` Plant level Unions: The first level in the structurefrom below is the plant level union. This comprisesthe unions in one organization or factory. Onlyseven members are required to form a union. This
has lead to multiple unions in one factory.` Local Level federations. This is the second level
in the structure from below. The local trade unionfederation holds together the plant level unions atthe local level in a particular craft and industry.
These local level federations might be affiliated toeither some regional level or national levelfederation or these may be independent.
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CONT.` Regional level federations. These are the
organizations of all the constituent unions in aparticular state or region.
` National federations. These are national levelbodies to which plant level unions, local unions orregional level unions may get affiliated. These are
the apex bodies at the top of the structure. Theyact as coordinating bodies. These nationalfederations may have their own regional or statelevel coordinating bodies to which the plant levelunions may get affiliated.
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` Uneven Growth. The trade unionism in India ischaracterized by uneven growth, both industry-wise andarea-wise. Trade unions are popular in big industries andthe degree of unionization varies widely from industry toindustry. Besides, trade union activities are concentrated ina few states and in bigger industrial centers mainly due toconcentration of industries in those places.
` LimitedMembership. The number of trade unions in Indiahas increased considerably. But this has been followed bythe declining membership per union.
` Multiplicity ofUnions. There exist several trade unions inthe same establishment. The law permits and givessanctity to small unions. Any seven persons can form aunion under the Trade Unions Act, 1926. This Act confers
rights on such a union. It is allowed under the Act to raisedisputes, file suits, go to conciliation and even bargain withemployers. Therefore, small sections of workers areencouraged to form separate Unions. There is norestriction on the number of unions to be registered in oneestablishment.
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CONT.Outside Leadership. Trade unions in India are led largely by
people who themselves are not workers. These outsiders
are politicians, intellectuals and professionals having noexperience of work in industry. Outsiders continue todominate the trade unions to advance their personalinterests.
Financial Problems. The financial position of the tradeunions is weak because their average yearly income is
very low and inadequate. The subscription rates are verylow. Under conditions of multiplicity of unions, a unioninterested in increasing its membership figures keeps thesubscription rate unduly low. As a result, the funds with theunions are inadequate and they cannot undertake welfareprograms for their members. Another reason for the weak
financial position of union is that large amounts ofsubscription dues remain unpaid by the workers. Besidesthis, unions do not have proper staff and organization tocollect subscriptions.
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` IndifferentAttitude of Workers. In India, a largenumber of workers have not joined any union.Moreover, all the members of the trade unions donot show interest in their affairs. The attendance
at the general meetings of the unions is very low.Under such circumstance, trade unionism cannotbe expected to make much progress.
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THANK YOU