37 SS OTEC Affirmative

OTEC AFF

DDI 08

1OTEC AFF

Bogan, Zavell, Kapustina, Seifeselassie

OTEC AFF

31AC

41AC

51AC

61AC

71AC

81AC

91AC

101AC

111AC

121AC

131AC

141AC

151AC

161AC

17No INvestment Now

18No Investment Now

19SQUO Investment Not Enough

20Competitive NOw

21Tech Timeframe

22Incentives Key

23Incentives Key

24Funding Key

25Funding Key

26Subsidies Key

27Depreciation Key

28Carbon Tax Key

29Government Support Key

30Commercializaiton Key

312AC Warming Module

322AC Water Module

332AC Water Module

34Fossil Fuel Transition Solvency

35Hydrogen Economy Solvency

36Oil dependence Solvency

37Oil dependence Solvency

38Oil Dependenc Solvency

39Oil Dependence Solvency

40Oil Dependence Solvency

41Integration Solvency

42Overfishing Solvency





47Famine Solvency

48Poverty Solvency

49Water Solvency

50Water Solvency

OTEC AFF51Warming Solvency

52Warming Solvency

53Coral Reef Solvency

54Environment Solvency

55Efficiency Solvency

56Competitiveness Solvency



59International Spillover

60OTEC Econ Feasible

61OTEC Key

62Extinction Impact

63Water Wars ImpactLaundry List

64Fishing ImpactFamine

65Fishing ImpactEcon

66Fishing ImpactEcon

67Fishing ImpactOverfhishing

68Fishing ImpactEcosystems

69Fishing ImpactsFamine

70Fed KEY

71Fed Key

72Fed Key

73STATE Jurisdiction Laws

74AT: OTEC Unsafe

75AT: Part Corrosion

76AT: OTEC Hurts Environment

77AT: Holes In TECh

78AT: OTEC Not Tested

79AT: OTEC inefficient

80AT: OTEC Affects Ocean Temperature

81AT: Climate Affects OTEC

82AT: Algae

83Plan Unpopular

Neg 84OTEC=Renewable

85OTEC Inefficient

86States Solvency

87India CP Solvency

88India CP Solvency

89Japan CP Solvency

90Canada CP Solvency

91No Tech

92OteC Inefficient/Expensive

1Ac

Contention 1 is Inherency:

Ocean energy is not eligible for incentives in the status quo, but a bill providing 50 million for ocean energy research is coming

Susan Combs, Texas Comptroller of Public Affairs The Energy Report May 2008http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/energy/pdf/20-OceanPower.pdf, Zavell

To date, ocean energy projects have received little assistance in the form of incentives Error! Bookmark not defined.

To date, ocean energy projects have received little assistance in the form of incentives Error! Bookmark not defined.

To date, ocean energy projects have received little assistance in the form of incentives Error! Bookmark not defined.or subsidies from the state or federal governments. EPRI considers Error! Bookmark not defined. According to EPRI, the U.S. governmenthas supported the development and demonstration of all electricity technologies except ocean wave energy.22 There is one recent, minor exception to that statement: the U.S. Navy is funding a wave power plant built by Ocean Power Technologies at a base in Hawaii. This installation eventually will have a capacity greater than 1 MW; its first wave power device was installed in 2004. 23 Nevertheless, this emerging technology has received little promotion in the U.S. The current federal renewable energy tax credits do not cover ocean energy, although Florida has included it in a state tax incentive for commercial electricity production. 24 The U.S. Congress, however, appears to be giving ocean energy some new attention. In June 2007, the House Committee on Science and Technology approved the Marine Renewable Energy Research and Development Act that would provide $50 million a year for the next four years to promote ocean energy research and projects. 25

OTEC will not be supported by subsidies

Richard Korman, Editor an award-winning journalist and author, is senior business editor of ENR.com 2005 (Tapping Ocean Temperature Change; http://energycentral.fileburst.com/EnergyBizOnline/2005-5-sep-oct/Ocean%20Temp%200905.pdf) ZavellOne of the most promising potential renewable energy methods, ocean temperature energy conversion (OTEC), was first conceived by a French scientist in 1881 and first used to generate electricity in a small project in Cuba in 1930. Since that time, a handful of small-scale plants mostly for demonstration purposes have been operated. But so far OTEC has made more of an impact in science encyclopedias than in world energy markets. There isnt a single major plant producing electricity for commercial purposes in the Western Hemisphere. Whats the holdup? Part of the trouble is that there has been no federal funding for OTEC research since the early 1990s, after a Department of Energy demonstration project debacle tarnished OTECs reputation. Unlike wind energy, OTEC developers cant take advantage of tax credits, grants or subsidies.1AC

Contention 2: Overfishing

Overfishing is plaguing the status quoSara Goudarzi, 2-18-07, LiveScience Staff Writer, Caution: Don't Eat Fish as Old as Your Grandmother, http://www.livescience.com/environment/070218_overfishing_warning.htmlSAN FRANCISCOOver-fishing facilitated by new technologies is threatening the long-term survival of deep-sea fish populations, a panel of experts said here today. Many of the fish living in the depths of the ocean take 30 or 40 years to reach maturity and breed, so when too many of them are taken out, there is no way to replenish their population quickly, said Selina Heppell, a fisheries biologist from Oregon State University and panelist at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. "The harvest of deep-sea fishes is a lot like the harvest of old-growth timber," Heppell said, "except we don't replant' the fish. We have to depend on the fish to replenish themselves. And the habitat that used to provide them protectionthe deep oceanis now accessible to fishing because of new technologies." Stateof-the-art Global Positioning Systems are now used to easily target schools of fish, and powerful ships can drag big nets hundreds of feet below the waters surface. The over-fishing problem is compounded because most of the deep fish are in international waters where there are no set regulations for protection. Stimulates an upwelling of nutrient water that creates rich ocean fisheriesChristopher D. Barry, naval architect and co-chair of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 7-1-08, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/ate/story?id=52762, KAPUSTINAHowever, deep cold water is laden with nutrients. In the tropics, the warm surface waters are lighter than the cold water and act as a cap to keep the nutrients in the deeps. This is why there is much less life in the tropical ocean than in coastal waters or near the poles. The tropical ocean is only fertile where there is an upwelling of cold water. One such upwelling is off the coast of Peru, where the Peru (or Humboldt) Current brings up nutrient laden waters. In this area, with lots of solar energy and nutrients, ocean fertility is about 1800 grams of carbon uptake per square meter per year, compared to only 100 grams typically. This creates a rich fishery, but most of the carbon eventually sinks to the deeps in the form of waste products and dead microorganisms. This process is nothing new; worldwide marine microorganisms currently sequester about forty billion metric tonnes of carbon per year. They are the major long term sink for carbon dioxide. In a recent issue of Nature, Lovelock and Rapley suggested using wave-powered pumps to bring up water from the deeps to sequester carbon. But OTEC also brings up prodigious amounts of deep water and can do the same thing. In one design, a thousand cubic meters of water per second are required to produce 70 MW of net output power. 1Ac

Unresolved, overfishing will collapse the marine ecosystem and strip biodiversity

Christian Science Monitor, 6-19-08, How overfishing can alter an oceans entire ecosystem, http://features.csmonitor.com/environment/2008/06/19/how-overfishing-can-alter-an-ocean%E2%80%99s-entire-ecosystem/Scientists have documented versions of this story around the world. Overfishing has shifted entire ecosystems with often surprising, and occasionally unpleasant, results. In the tropics, seaweed often dominates where coral once reigned. Around the world, jellyfish and algae proliferate where finfish previously dominated. With big predators often gone or greatly depleted, organisms lower on the food web grow more abundant, reducing their own prey in turn. Some say this is worrisome evidence of a greatly changed and simplified marine ecosystem. Like investment portfolios with few holdings, simple ecosystems are prone to collapse; and collapsed or rearranged ecosystems dont necessarily provide what humans expect. Increasingly mindful of marine ecosystems complexity and wary of their collapse some people are calling for a holistic approach to managing ecosystems, one that aims to manage for the health of the entire system rather than that of a single stock. Just 4 percent of the worlds oceans remains free from human impact, according to a 2008 study in the journal Science. Forty percent of this is heavily impacted. Where intact ecosystems remain, scientists are often astounded by what they find. On the remote Palmyra Atoll in the equatorial Pacific, for example, large sharks and predatory fish dominate the reefscape an abundance of toothy things, says Callum Roberts, a professor of marine conservation at the University of York, England. Unlike terrestrial ecosystems, which are dominated by a few apex predators, pristine marine ecosystems support a large biomass at the top. Todays oceans have got far less in the way of biomass than they used to, Professor Roberts says. Were altering ecosystems in a way that reduces the level of productivity they can support. By one estimate, only one-tenth of the sharks, tunas, cods, and other large predatory fish that once swam the oceans remains. And their absence has ripple effects throughout marine food webs. In the eastern US, one study found that the loss of large predators (sharks) let medium-sized predators (skates) increase in bays and estuaries. They, in turn, decimated the bay scallop fishery. In tropical reefs, scientists think that fishing has removed fish that eat starfish. Starfish graze on coral. Eighty percent of Caribbean reefs have disappeared in the past 30 years. (Reefs in the Pacific are faring slightly better.) Around the world, loss of fish, combined with increased nutrient inflow from pollution, has caused a bloom of primitive organisms in the ocean: the same algae, bacteria, and jellyfish that dominated the seas before the explosion of complex life 600 million years ago. Jeremy Jackson, a professor of oceanography at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif., has dubbed it the rise of slime. You remove all the fish, and [coral reefs] look like a sewer, he says. Theyre green and slimy and covered with all this stuff the fish used to eat.In the Gulf of Maine urchin experiment, another feedback may have been at work. Without urchins, the ecosystems major grazer, seaweed grew thickly, providing more cover for crab populations. Were left with an oddly stripped ecosystem here in the Gulf of Maine absent our apex predators and absent our herbivores, says Robert Steneck, a professor of oceanography at the University of Maines Darling Marine Center in Walpole, and Lelands adviser on the urchin experiments. Weve steered this ecosystem to a place for which there is no evolutionary history. Scientists value diverse ecosystems for their redundancy. Redundancy lots of species doing the same thing equates to more ability to withstand natural or man-made shocks, from an El Nio to global warming. In the tropics, scientists have found that reefs with intact ecosystems recover faster from such disturbances. Theyve also found that areas off-limits to fishing have greater species richness compared with fished areas, and they experience less fluctuation in fish biomass when disturbed findings with implications not only for fishermen but also for climate change. As stocks of bigger fish have grown scarce, fishermen have moved down the food web, chasing invertebrates and small fish. (In Asia, marketers are trying to develop a market for jellyfish, a growing share of their catch.) In parts of eastern Maine where cod and other finfish once ruled, 90 percent of fishermen now rely on lobster. If lobster stocks crash, eastern Maine lobstermen would have nothing to fall back on.

1AC

Collapse of marine biodiversity means extinction

NOAA 98 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1998 (Year of the Ocean Report, http://www.yoto98.noaa.gov/yoto/meeting/mar_env_316.html)

Documents

37 SS OTEC Affirmative