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8/10/2019 36778395 Analytical Instruments EI 338
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Two marks Questions & Answers
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Unit-I
1· What are the three types of membrane sensor?
Glass sensor
Solid state sensor
Solid matrix sensor
Gas sensin ele!trode &"io!atliti! ele!trodes are merely spe!ial desins that
in!oprate one of the three types#
$· %ow measurements are done in ion sele!tie ele!trodes?
'on sele!tie ele!trodes measure ion a!tiities(ie measures thethermodynami!ally effe!tie free ion !on!entration#'n dilute solutions(ion
a!tiity usually appro!hes ion !on!entration#
)· *efine !ondu!tiity of ele!trolite?
The !ondu!tiity of ele!trolite is a measure of the ability of the solution to !arryele!tri! !urrent#The !urrent throuh the solutin takes pla!e throuh the
moement of ele!tri!ally !hared patrti!les !alled ions#+· ie the methodes of measurin !ondu!tan!e?
,ull methode
*ire!t readin method#
-·Why temperature !ompensation ne!essary in !ondu!tiity measurement?
The !ondu!tiity of ele!trolyti! solution aries with temperation#this is be!ause(
the ioni! mobilites are temperature dependent#the temperature !oeffi!ent is ofthe order of 1#- to $. at room temperature# So !ontrole of temperature is ery
essential #
/· Gie the methodes of measurements of 0xyen?
ethodes used to measure 0xyen are !lassified as either 2hysi!al or 3hemi!almethodes #2hysi!al methode uses the paramaneti! property of 0xyen or
thermal !ondu!tiity as the basis for 4uanditatie determination#3hemi!al
methode in!ludes potentiometri! & !atlyti! !ombustion#5· Gie the workin prin!iple of ele!tri!al !ondu!tiity meter?
The instrument works on the follow in prin!iple (that the !ondu!tiity of an
a4ueous solution depent on the inorani! impurity(& the instrument measures
this in terms of resistense of a std6 water !olumn or tube throuh whi!h thesample is passed#the !ondu!tiity is the re!ipro!al of resistan!e#
7· Gie the appli!ation of Sili!a analyser ?
'n thermal power plants(sili!a !ontent is measured in steam beforeturbine#Sili!a analisers are used ffor anion ex!haner (efluent moniterin &efluents of mixed 8bed ex!haners#
9· What are the two measurements made in Sili!a analiser?
3hemi!al blank measurements
Quanditatie determination
1:· What is !hemi!al blank measurement?
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'n this see4uense the ammonia moiybdate solution (sulphuri! a!id&redu!tion
solution are simultaniously added to the mixin essel#This solution is diluted
with sample to a suitable olume & is then empited to the (easurin !uettewhere it is measured & drained away#This is known as !hemi!al blank
measurement#
11· What is the use of blank in sili!a analyser? The reason for the use of blank on ea!h !y!le is to ie the analyser lon term
stability by !ompensatin for the effe!t of ariables su!h as !oloration of the
sample or reaents(temperature(or ain of the lamp of photo !ell#1$· Gie the appli!ation of Sodium analyser?
Sodium analysers find appli!ations in thermal power plants for determinin
sodium ion !on!entration in boiler water ( moniterin !arry oer dete!tion of
!ondenser leakes &the exhaustion of water treatment plant !ation ex!haneunits#
1)· Why ammonia as is added to the sample in Sodium analyser?
The sodium sele!tie lass ele!trode !arries out the measurement in buffered
solution aboe 1:2% ( wher it responds spe!ifi!ially to alue of the sample issodium ion a!tiity # So the 2% must be ad;usted to with in desired rane #The
2% alue of the sample is maintained in the flow !ell by addin ammonia as tothe sample#
1+· %ow 2% of a solution is measured & ie the ,ernst e4uation?
2% is measured by ele!tro !hemi!al !ell ( !onsist of two ele!trodes
easurin <le!trode
=eferen!e <le!trode
easurin ele!trode is sensitie to hydroen ions &=ef6<le!trode is not
sensitie to hydroen ions#The 2% is !al!ulated by ,ernst e4un6 whi!h is ien as
E=E0 +2.303RT/F[PcH]
Where 2!% is the 2% alue deiation from 5#
= is the as !onstant T is the absolute temperature
> is the >aradays !onstant#
1-· Gie the different types of ele!trodes used for 2% measurements?
%ydreen ele!trode
Glass ele!trode
3alamel ele!trode
3ombination ele!trode
1/· Gie the !hara!terists of lass ele!trode?
Sensitiity is aboe 9-.
>aste response
ow meltin point
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=elatiely hih ele!tri!al !ondu!tiity
%ih hiros!opi!ity#
15· Gie the desin !riteria of 2% meter?
'nput impedan!e of 2% meter should be ery hih#
3urrent should not be drawn from the solution from the 2% !ell#
Temp6 !ompensation must be proided with resistee thermo meter or
by thermistor#
17· Gie the eneral !lassifi!ation of 2% !ell?
,ull defle!tion type or potentiometri! type#
*ire!t readin type#
19· *ifine humidity &*ew point?
%umidity is the measure of water apour present in a as#'t is usually measuredas absolute humidity(relatie humidityor dew point temperature#
*ew ppoint is the temperature at whi!h saturation of waterapour pressure
is e4ual to the partial pressure of waterapour in the atmosphere#
$:· %ow humidity or moisture is measured &ie the tyoes of it?
=esistie %yrometer
3apasitie %yrometer
i!rowae %yrometer
Aluminiumoxide %yrometer
3rystal %yrometer
Unit II
GAS ANALYSER
1) Define Thermal Conductivity of a gas?
Thermal 3ondu!tiity of a as is defined as the 4uantity of heat
@in !alories transferred in unit time @se!onds in a as between two
surfa!e 1 !m$ in area when the temperature differen!e the surfa!es is
1B3#
2) Why thermistors are used in thermal conductivity analyzer as a heat sensing
elements?
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Thermistors possess the adantae of bein extremely sensitie
to relatiely minute !hanes in temperature and hae a hih neatie
temperature !oeffi!ients# The speed of response is also hih#
) What are the appli!ations of thermal !ondu!tiity as analyCer?
a# 't is used in the measurement of hydroen in blast furna!e
ases
b# 'n the determination of aron in 0xyen in the pro!ess of air
de!omposition
!# 'n the determination of sulphur dioxide in roastin ases in
the produ!tion of sulphuri! a!id#
4) How is nitrogendio!ide "re"ared #y chemiluminescence? The nitri! oxide rea!ts with oCone to form nitroenDdiDoxide
with !hemilumines!en!e #
,0 E 0) DDDDF ,0$ E h @liht :#/D )
$) What are the advantages of Hydrogen %ulfide analyzer?
i) 't do not re4uire pumps or aspirators to pull in the sample
ii) They are unaffe!ted by wind or ariations in relatie
humidity#
&)What is the use of gold films in H 2% analyzer?
Gold films absorb hydroen sulfide and reister the !on!entration by a
proportional !hane in their resistan!e#
') Where are the electrochemical sensors used?
<le!tro!hemi!al sensors are preferred in appli!ations where the
atmosphere is oxyen( where ruedness is not important#
() What is the "rinci"le of H2% analyzer?
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Sample at a !onstant flow rate enters a humidifier where it
bubbles throuh a -. a!eti! a!id solution# The sample then flows into
the rea!tion window of the sample !hamber( where it passes oer an
exposed surfa!e of paper sensin tape imprenated with lead a!etate#
%$S rea!ts with lead a!etate to form lead sulfide !ausin a brown stain
on the paper# The rate of rea!tion and resultin rate of !olor !hane is
proportional to the !on!entration of %$S in the sample#
)What is the "rinci"le of C* analyzer?
't is based on the oxidation of !arbon monoxide# 't is oxidiCed by
hot mer!uri! oxide#
30 E %0 DDDDF 30$ E %@
The mer!ury apor released may be measured photometri!ally#
1+ ) What is the use of "rotective filter in ,ndustrial analyzer?
'n 'ndustrial analyCer asD handlin !omponents should always
in!lude a small prote!tie filter( pre!eded by a ma;or filter if the as
!ontains suspended matter that re4uires remoal#
11) What is the use of stream drying e-ui"ment?
'f a as sample has a water apour !on!entration hih enouh to
!ause !ondensation within the analyCer( or if moisture is an interferent(
stream dryin e4uipment is ne!essary#
12) What is the need of #y"ass "um"ing devices ?
The bypass pumpin dei!es are needed to keep fresh sample
rapidly supplied to the input of the analyCer#
1.) What are the a""lications of o!ygen analyzer?
i 't is used in the areas of oxyen absorption studies on plants
and tissues #
ii 't is used in food pro!essin industries#
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iii 't is also used in respiratory studies#
14) What are the sources of error in o!ygen analyzer?
i The filament temperature is affe!ted by !hanes in the thermal
!ondu!tiity of the !arrier as#
ii The !ross tube must be horiContal to aoid an error due to
raitational !himneyDflow effe!ts#
iii %ydro!arbons and other !ombustible ases in the sample stream
rea!t on the heated filaments !auses !hanes in temperature and
therefore their resistan!e( whi!h results in lare error#
1$) What is the "rinci"le of thermal conductivity analyzer?
't !onsists of a measurin !ell and referen!e !ell# When a aswhose thermal !ondu!tiity is lower is passed throuh the measurin !ell(
then the platinum wires in the measurin !hamber are !ooled less and their
ele!tri!al resistan!e be!omes more# The oltae a!ross the diaonols is
then proportional to the as bein measured#
1&) /!"lain the different analysis methods of 0itrogen *!ide?
i 'nfrared
ii Hltraiolet
iii 3hemilumines!ent
i 3olorimetri!
<le!tro!hemi!al
1') What are the a""lications of /lectrochemical and ,nfrared sensors?
i <le!tro!hemi!al sensors are used for ambient air monitorin
ii 'nfrared sensors are used for sta!k as !on!entration
1() /!"lain the detection methods of Car#on ono!ide nalyzer?
i ,on dispersie method
ii er!ury Iapour
iii 3atalyti! 0xidation
i <le!tro!hemi!al fuel !ell
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1) What is necessity of converting nitric o!ide to nitrogendio!ide?
This is be!ause nitri! oxide is essentially transparent in the isible and
ultraiolet reions( it must first be !onerted to ,0$ before it !an be measured#
2+) /!"lain the cali#ration methods used in 0*2 analyzer?
The !alibration methods are *ynami! !alibration & Stati!
!alibration
*ynami! !alibration re4uires preparation of inert as !ontainin
a known !on!entration of ,0$#This may be a!!omplished by as dilution
te!hni4ues#
Stati! !alibration is !arried out with standard solutions of nitrite#
UNIT - III
CHROMATOGRAPHY
1#*efine !hromatoraphy#
3hromatoraphy is defined as the physi!al and !hemi!al method of seperation between arious !omponents of a mixture into pure fra!tions or bands of ea!h
!omponent#
$#what are the different types of as !hromatoraphy?
The different types of as !hromatoraphy are
Gas li4uid !hromatorapry
Gas solid !hromatoraphy#
)#*efine retention time in a !hromatoraphy#
The time re4uired for ea!h of the !omponents to emere from sample ormixture is !alled as the retention time#
tmDtime for unretained !omponentt=1Dretention time of !omponent 1
t=$Dretention time of !omponent $
Amount
0f !omD
ponent
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T'<DDDD
+#What are the different parts of as !hromatoraphy? 3arrier as supply with reulators(aues and flow meters
Sample in;e!tion system
3hromatoraphi! !olumn
Thermostat
*ete!tor
=e!order#
-#Gie the seletion !riteria for !arrier as#
The seletion !riteria for !arrier as are
't should be ery !heap
't should hae hih thermal !ondu!tiity 't should be inert
The !arrier as should be sele!ted a!!ordin to the type of
dete!tor used#
/#Write short notes about as !hromatoraphi! !olumn#
The !olumn a!ts as the heartn of a as !hromatoraphy( where the fundamental
pro!ess of seperation takes pla!e#'ts a!tion is based on the fa!t that when a sample of
as or apour is introdu!ed into the !olumn( it spreads by mole!ular diffusion to ie a!on!entration profile#As the sample moes throuh the !olumn( additional spreadin
takes pla!e# "ut (the band maintains the eneral shape( whi!h is dete!ted and re!orded
as a !hromatoraphi! peak#The !hromatoraphi! !olumns are of two types as
2a!ked !olumn
3apillary or 0pen tubular !olumn#
5#What is pyrolysis in as !hromatoraphy ?2yrolysis is an a!!epted method of handlin solid samples# 't extends as
!hromatoraphi! analysis to !ompounds su!h as rubber ( soil( textiles( !oals( resins(
polymers( paint films et!#
The method lends itself to studies on heat stability and thermal de!omposition#'t is also !alled as !ontrolled thermal framentation#
7#ist some dete!tors in as !hromatoraphy #Thermal !ondu!tiity dete!tor
>lame ioniCation dete!tor Thermioni! emmision dete!tor
<le!tron !apture dete!tor
>lame photometer dete!tor
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2hoto ioniCation dete!tor
<le!trolyti! !ondu!tion type of dete!tion
*ual dete!tor
9#Gie the prin!iple of GasDSolid !hromatoraphy#
When a as or apour !omes in !onta!t with an adsorbent( !ertain amount of itet adsorbed on the solid surfa!e#this takes pla!e a!!ordin to a phenomenon !alled
anmuir phenomenon ien by JKm L k 1!Ek $!
where k 1(k $!onstants
xmass of as or apour adsorbed
m mass of adsorbent
! apour !on!entration in as phase
1:# #Gie the prin!iple of GasDi4uid !hromatoraphy#
'f the apour or as !omes in !onta!t with a li4uid( a fixed amount of it etsdissoled in the li4uid# This takes pla!e a!!ordin to %enryMslaw of partion ien by
x Km Lk!
where m mass of li4uid used
!apour !on!entration in the as phase
x mass of as
k !onstant #
11#What are the adantaes of as !hromatoraphy?
The adantaes of as !hromatoraphy areGood a!!ura!y and pre!ision
%ih sensitiity Apparatus !ost is !heaper than li4uid !hromatoraphy
Shorter time of analysis
oner life of the instrument#
1$#Write the features of thermal !ondu!tiity dete!tor #
't is simple( inexpensie( nonDsele!tie and non destru!tie and displays a
uniersal respon!e
"ein non destru!tie (the !olumn effulent !an be passed throuh a T3* and
then into a se!ond dete!tor The sensitiity is :#) nKml # The linearty is between 1:+ to 1:-
't is parti!ularly suitable for fra!tion !orre!tion and preparatie as
!hromatoraphy #
1)#0n what fa!tor does the !hoi!e of dete!tor will depend on li4uid !hromatoraphy?
Good sensitiity
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"etter sele!tiity
The dete!tor must be able to operate in the presen!e of ba!kround
sinal The response time of the dete!tor must be !ompa!tible with
!hromatoraphy eent #
1+#What are the limitations of bulk property dete!tor?
imitations 6
't is insensitie't re4uires ood temperature !ontrol#
1-#Write the limitations of as !hromatoraphy #0nly about $:. of known !ompounds lend themseles to analysis by as
!hromatoraphy # This is be!ause the !ompounds are olatile and they !annot pass
throuh the !olumn# Also they are thermally unstable and de!ompose under !ertain!onditions of seperation#
1/# What are the different typesof li4uid !hromatoraphy?
The different typesof li4uid !hromatoraphy are i4uidDli4uid !hromatoraphy
i4uidDsolid !hromatoraphy
'on ex!hane !hromatoraphy or "onded phase !hromatoraphy
<x!lusion !hromatoraphy
15#,ame the different types of pumps used for mobileDphase deliery system in li4uid
!hromatoraphy #
The different types of pumps used for mobileDphase deliery system in li4uid!hromatoraphy are
• =e!ipro!atin pump
• Syrine type pump
• 3onstantDpressure pump#
17#What are the different types of !olumns used in li4uid !hromatoraphy ?
The different types of !olumns used in li4uid !hromatoraphy are
Standard !olumn
=adial !ompression !olumn
,arrowDbore !olumn
Short (fast !olumn
Guard !olumns and inDline filters#
19#Write short notes on thin layer !hromatoraphy @T3 #
%ere the stationary adsorbents are applied to a planar lass or a plasti! surfa!e
and the solent is made to flow oer them # All the basi! types of !tions like
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adsorption( partition( ion ex!hane and el filtration !an be used on T3 while solents
are applied in a !hamber#
$:#What are the typi!al !olumn appli!ation in li4uid solid !hromatoraphy ?
They are used in plasti!iCers( antioxidants( poly!y!li! aromati!s( orani!
peroxides#
Unit IV
1#State ambertMs law 0= "ouuerMs law#
The mathemati!al statement whi!h states that the radiant power absorbed is
proportional to the thi!kness traersed is !alled the lambertMs law ien by n p:Dln pLln @p:KpLkMb
where p: is the radiant power at xL: and
p represents the radiant power of the transmitted radiation that emeres from the
absorbin medium at xLb and b represents the thi!kness
k is a !onstant#
$#State "eerMs law#
The dependen!e of radiant power on the !on!entration of absorbin spe!ies !an beien by "eerMs law#
n p:KpLkMM3
Where p: is the radiant power at !L: and
p is is the radiant power at !L! and! is the !on!entration of absorbin spe!ies
#
)#State ambertD"eer law#The relation representin
np:KpLkb!
Where p: is the radiant power at distan!e&!on!entrationL:#and2 is the radiant power at distan!eLb&!on!entrationL! and
N is a !onstant is known as ambertO"eer law#
+#State the ma;or pro!ess inoled in AAS# The AAS phenomenon !an be diided into two ma;or pro!ess
1#The produ!tion of free atoms from the sample
$#The absorption of radiation from an external sour!e by these atoms
-#,ame the types of dete!tors used for '= spe!trometry#
1#Thermal dete!tors in whi!h the infrared radiations produ!es a heatin effe!t that alterssome physi!al property of the dete!tors
$#2hoton dete!tors
/#*efine spe!tros!opy#
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Spe!tros!opy is the measurement and interpretation of radiation
emitted(s!attered or absorbed by different atoms(mole!ules & other !hemi!al spe!ies
#5# ,ame the different types of spe!trophotometers#
1#HIO isible spe!trophotometers#$#'nfrared spe!trophotometers#
)#>'>= spe!trophotometers#
+#Atomi! absorption spe!trophotometers#-#>lame emission spe!trophotometers
7#What are the liht sour!es used for AAS?
1#%ollow !athode lamp
$#<le!trodeless dis!hare lamp
9#Gie any two appli!ations of flame emission spe!trometry#
1#><S is used in the determination of tra!e metals in li4uid samples#
$#><S finds wide appli!ation in ari!ultural and enironmental analysis(industrialanalysis of ferrous metal and alloy as well as lasses #
1:#Spe!ify the !lssifi!ation of '= reion of spe!trum#
1#photoraphi! reion
$#ery near '= reion@oertone reion)#near '= reion@ibration rotation reion
+#far '= reion@rotation reion
11#,ame the instruments used in '= spe!trometry#1#'= radiation sour!es
$#mono!hromators
)#sample !ells+#dete!tors#
1$#name few '= radiation sour!es#1#in!andes!ent sour!e
$#nernst lower
)#lobar sour!e
+#mer!ury ar!#
1)#Gie the adantaes of ratin mono!hromators
1#ratins !an be made with materials like aluminium whi!h are not affe!ted bymoisture#
$#ratin mono!hromators !an be used oer wide waelenth ranes
1+#Gie + different te!hni4ues used for samplin of solids#
1#solids run in solution
$#solid film te!hni4ues
)#null te!hni4ues
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+#pressed pellet te!hni4e
1-#,ame two different types of '= spe!trometers1#dispersie '= spe!trometers
$#nondispersie '= spe!trometers
1/#Gie the adantaes and disadantaes of fourier transform '= spe!trometers#
A*IA,TAG<S6
1#>'>= methods are faster than dispersie instruments and hen!e spe!iallyuseful in situations that re4uire fast repetitie s!annin#
$#>'>= proides in!reased enery throuhput#
*'SA*IA,TAG<S
1#it is expensie than se4uential dispersie instruments$#for the pre!ise moement of the mirror !omputer is also needed#
15#Spe!ify the ma;or desin re4uirements of mono!hromators#
1#simpli!ity$#resolution
)#spe!tral rane+#purity of exitin radiation
-#dispersion
17#,ame the different mountins used in ratin mono!hromators#
1#littrow mountin
$#ebert mountin
)#!CernyOturnermountin
19#,ame the fa!tors on whi!h the radiant power re!eied by a dete!tor depend#
1#number of photons present#$#path lenth of liht
)#!on!entration of the mole!ules absorbin liht
$:#State the prin!iple of operation of flame emission spe!trometry#
'n ><S the sample solution is nebuliCed and introdu!ed into the flame
where it is desolated(apouriCed and atomiCed(all in rapid su!!ession#
Subse4ently(atoms and mole!ules are raised to ex!ited states ia thermal !ollisions withthe !onstituents of the partially burned flames ases#Hpon their return to a lower or
round ele!troni! states the ex!ited atoms and mole!ules emit radiation !hara!teristi! of
the sample !omponents#
UNIT V
1# What is the basi! prin!iple of ,= ?
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<lementary parti!les su!h as ele!trons or nu!leus behae as if
rotatess about an axis and thus hae the property of spin # The anular momentum
asso!iated with the spin of parti!le will be an interal or a half interal multiple of h K$P( where h is 2lan!kMs !onstant#
"ased on the property of spin( nu!lei may be diided into three types#
@i 'f the number of neutrons and the number of protons are een( the spin would
be Cero#,u!lei of this type do not ie rise to an ,= sinal(neither do theyinterfere with an ,= sinal from other nu!lei# <xamples 31$(01+#
@ii ,u!lei hain either the number of protons or the number of neutrons as odd
hae halfDinteral spin#<xamples are %1("11(2)1(et!#
@iii ,u!lei whi!h hae both the number of neutrons and the number of protons asodd(would hae interal spin #>or example(%$ and ,1+#
$# *efine ,=? Gie the expresion for the !hemi!al shift#
The study of absorption of radio fre4uen!y radiation by nu!lei in a
maneti! field ia !alled ,u!lear aneti! =sonan!e@,=#
The expression for the !hemi!al shift is
% sample D % TSi 1:/
∧δ L % 1
where % sample and %TSi are the positions of the absorption peaks for the sample
and referen!e mate#
)#Write any three appli!ations of ,= Spe!trometer#
'# Quantitatie analysis 6 The ,= Spe!trometry is used to determine the molar ratio of
!omponents in a mixture#
''# %ydroen "ondin6 %ere the ,< is used to study %ydroen bondin in orani!
!ompounds proton sinal is
shifted towards low field in the !ase of hydroen bondin#
III. Elemental analysis:
%ere ,"= Spe!trometer is used for determination of the total
!on!entration of a ien kind of maneti! nu!leus in the sample#
+#ention the limitations of ,= (Spe!trometer#
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1# a!k of Sensitiity#
$# While !hara!tersin the orani! !ompounds( no information about themole!ular weiht is ien( but the relatie number of different protons present
are only known#
)# 'n some !ompounds( two different types of %$ atoms at similar resonan!efre4uen!ies resultin in an oerlap of spe!tra #This makes diffi!ult
interpretation of su!h oerlapped spe!tra#
+# 'n most of the !ases(only li4uids !an be studied by ,= spe!trometry#
-# What are the basi! !omponents of ,= Spe!trometry?
The basi! !omponents of the ,= sp!trometry are6
• A anet(produ!es maneti! field in the rane 1:(::: to $-(::: uass
• =adio fre4uen!y transmittin system#
• The sinal amplifier and dete!tor#• A display dei!e( whi!h may be a re!order or an os!illos!ope#
• A nonDmaneti! sample holder (whi!h holds ths sample#
/# What is ass Spe!trometry?
ass spe!trometry is the most !ommonly used method whi!h
proides 4ualitatie and 4uantatie information about the atomi! and mole!ular!omposition of orani! and inorani! materials#'t produ!es !hared parti!les that
!onsist of the parent ion and ioni! framents of the oriinal mole!ule(and it sorts these
ions a!ordin to their massK!hare ratio#
5# ention the adantaes of ass spe!trometry#
1#"etter Sensitiity# $# ore detailed understandin of kineti!s and me!hanisms of
unimole!ular de!omposition of
mole!ules# )#'mproed Spei!ifi!ity in identifyin unknowns or !onfirmin the
presen!e of suspe!ted
!omponents#
7# What are the arious parts of the ass spe!trometer?
1#Sample inlet system# $#'on sour!e#
)# 'on a!!eleration and ass analyser#
+# 'on !olle!tion system-#*ata handlin system#
/#Ia!!um system#
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9# %ow !an we obtain the ,= absorption spe!tra? ,= absorption spe!tra !an be obtained either by !hanin
the fre4auen!y of the =adio fre4uen!y os!illator or by !hanin the spa!ins of the
enery leels by aryin the manti! field#
1:#Sket!h the typi!al ,= Spe!trometer#
>i6"lo!k diaram of a ,= spe!trometer
11# What is the prin!iple behind the G !ounter?
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When an ioniCin parti!le enters the !ounter( !ollision with the
fillin as produ!es ion pairs# The formed ion pairs moe towards the appropriateele!trode under the oltae radient# The mobility of ele!tron is hih and under this
potential radient it a!4uires suffi!ient elo!ity to produ!e new ion pairs by !ollision
with atoms of aron# =epeatin of this pro!ess produ!es an aalan!he of ele!tronmoin towards anode# <le!trons when strikin enerates ioniCation throuhout the
tube( !alled dis!hare# <a!h dis!hare builds a !onstant pulse !ounted by s!ale
!ounter# #
1$# What is proportional !ounter?
When the ele!tri! field at the !entre ele!trode of an ioniCation
!hamber is in!reased aboe the saturation leel( but under that of the eier reion( the
siCe of the output pulse from the !hamber starts to in!rease but remains proportional to
the initial ioniCation# A dei!e operated in this prin!iple is !alled a proportional!ounter#
1)# What is depletion reion?
A surfa!e barrier dete!tor !onsists of a pDn ;un!tion formed at the
surfa!e of a sli!e of a sili!on# At the ;un!tion there is a planar reion where there are no
!hare !arriers and no ele!tri! field is !alled depletion reion#
1+# What are the two types of Semi!ondu!tor dete!tors?
1#Surfa!e barrier Sili!on dete!tor#
$#ithium drifted Sili!on and Germanium dete!tors#
1-# What is the dead time in G !ounter ?
When the ele!tron aalan!he is !olle!ted on the anode(the
positie ions( bein mu!h heaier(proress only a short distan!e on their way to!athode## Their time trael is about $::s# *urin most of this time their presen!e as a
irtual sheath around the anode effi!iently lowers the potential radient to a point
where the !ounter is insensitie to the entry of more ioniCin parti!le# This time is!alled dead time of G !ounter#
1/# *efine Absorption (>luores!en!e( *iffra!tion in JDray Spe!trometers?
Absorption of JDrays ies the information about the absorbin
material ;ust as in other reions of the spe!trum#
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>luores!en!e emission of JDrays enables to identify and measure
heay elements in the presen!e of ea!h other and in any matrix#
*iffra!tion of JDrays enables analysis of !rystalline materials witha hih deree of spe!ifi!ity and a!!ura!y#
15# What are the basi! instrumentation of JDray spe!trometer
1#JDray eneratin e4uipment
$#3ollimator )#ono!hromator
+#*ete!tor
17# Why do we o for a solid state dete!tor instead of s!intillation dete!tor(et!?
The ele!ri!al output from the solidstate is smaller hen!e a hih ain( low
noise amplifi!ation is re4uired# To diminish noise pi!kup a preamplifier is enerallylo!ated to the dete!tor#Also s!intilation !ounters sufer from poorer enery
resolution#therefore(solid state dete!tors are mostly used#
19# Types of ,u!lear radiation dete!tors6
1#2hoto raphi! <mulsions
$ #'oniCation !hamber
)#The Geier !ounter +#2roportional !ounter
-#S!intilation ounter
/# Semi !ondu!tor dete!tor
$:# Write short notes about the JDray eneratin e4uipment ?
JDrays are enerated in spe!ially desined hih a!!um sealedD
offf tubes(whi!h hae !opper or molybdenum as taret#Tarets are made of tunsten
(iron(!hromium(ni!kel are also sometimes used for spe!ial purposes #*ue to the
bombardment of ele!trons( under the influen!e of the hih oltae( the taret be!omeshot( whi!h !an either rotated or !ooled with !oolin water#
Big Questions
Unit I
1 *es!ribe in detail about the !onstru!tional details and workin prin!iples
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of ion sele!tie ele!trodes#
=ef 6 %andbook of Analyti!al 'nstrumentsD=#S# Nhandpur
2ae 6 +/+ 8 +5:
$ What are !ondu!tiity meters? <xplain the prin!iple of !ondu!tiitymeasurement by usin the !ondu!tiity meters in detail#
=ef 6 %andbook of Analyti!al 'nstruments
D=#S# Nhandpur
2ae 6 +$5 8+)1
) *efine p%# What are the desin !riteria of p% meters? <xplain anyone
type of p% meter in detail#
=ef 6 %andbook of Analyti!al 'nstruments
D=#S# Nhandpur
2ae 6 ++7( +-- 8 +-7
+ <xplain with neat diaram a method of measurin oxyen dissoled in
water#
=ef 6 %andbook of Analyti!al 'nstruments
D=#S# Nhandpur
2ae 6 +/+ 8 +5:
- With neat diaram( explain in detail the prin!iple of operation ofsodium analyser#
=ef 6 e!hani!al & 'ndustrial easurementsD=#N#Rain
2ae 6 7+/ 8 7+7
Unit II
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1 With neat diaram( explain in detail the workin prin!iple of 0$
Analyser based on maneti! sus!eptibility#
=ef 6 %andbook of Analyti!al 'nstruments
D=#S# Nhandpur
2ae 6 +91 8 +9)
$ *raw & explain the shemati! diaram of a ,0D,0$ analyser#
=ef 6 2ro!ess easurements and Analysis
D"#G#iptak
) With neat diaram( des!ribe the workin prin!iple of a %$S analyser#
=ef 6 2ro!ess easurements and Analysis
D"#G#iptak
+ *raw & explain the s!hemati! representation of the method ofmeasurement of dust !on!entration in sta!k#
=ef 6 e!hani!al & 'ndustrial easurementsD=#N#Rain
- <xplain in detail the prin!iple of workin of thermal !ondu!tiity
analyser with neat diaram#
=ef 6 %andbook of Analyti!al 'nstruments
D=#S# Nhandpur
Unit –III
1 *raw the s!hemati! diaram of a as !hromatoraph & explain the
!omponents#
=ef 6 'nstrumental methods of analysis
Willard( eritt( *ean( Settle
2ae 6 -+: 8 -++
$ *is!uss any two types of dete!tors used in Gas 3hromatoraphy#
@i Thermal !ondu!tiity dete!tor
@ii >lame ioniCation dete!tor
=ef 6 'nstrumental methods of analysis
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Willard( eritt( *ean( Settle
2ae 6 --$ 8 ---
) <xplain in detail the followin dete!tors used in Gas
3hromatoraphy#
@i Thermioni! emission dete!tor
@ii <le!tron !apture dete!tor
=ef 6 'nstrumental methods of analysis
Willard( eritt( *ean( Settle
2ae 6 --- 8 --5
+ *raw & explain the instrumentation of %23 in detail#
=ef 6 'nstrumental methods of analysis
Willard( eritt( *ean( Settle
2ae 6 -9$ 8 -9/
- *es!ribe in detail any two types of dete!tors used in i4uid
!hromatoraphy#
=ef 6 'nstrumental methods of analysisWillard( eritt( *ean( Settle
2ae 6 /:: 8 /:5
Unit IV
1 <xplain the sinle beam & double beam instruments used in HI
spe!trophotometer#
=ef 6 'nstrumental methods of analysis
Willard( eritt( *ean( Settle
2ae 6 1+7 8 1-+
$ *raw & explain the s!hemati! diaram of a typu!al double beam '=spe!trometer#
=ef 6 'nstrumental methods of analysisWillard( eritt( *ean( Settle
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2ae 6 ):: 8 ):1
) What are nonDdispersie spe!trometers? <xplain in detail the >T'=
spe!trometer# What are the adantaes of the same?
=ef 6 'nstrumental methods of analysis
Willard( eritt( *ean( Settle
2ae 6 ):1 8 ):-
+*raw & explain the arranement of the ma;or parts of sinle beam &
double beam Atomi! absorption spe!trometer#
=ef 6 'nstrumental methods of analysis
Willard( eritt( *ean( Settle
2ae 6 $+) 8 $+/
- <xplain with neat diaram about >lame emission spe!trometer#
=ef 6 'nstrumental methods of analysisWillard( eritt( *ean( Settle
2ae 6 $+) 8 $+/
Unit –V
1 What is the basi! prin!iple of ,=? *is!uss the workin prin!iple of
,= spe!trophotometer & ie its appli!ations#
=ef 6 'nstrumental methods of analysis
Willard( eritt( *ean( Settle
2ae 6 +$$( +)1 8 +)5
$ *raw the blo!k diaram of a pulsed >ourier Transform ,=
spe!trometer & explain its workin prin!iple#
=ef 6 'nstrumental methods of analysis
Willard( eritt( *ean( Settle
2ae 6 +)5 8 +)9
) *es!ribe the workin prin!iple of G !ounter & proportional !ounter
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in detail#
=ef 6 'nstrumental methods of analysisWillard( eritt( *ean( Settle
2ae 6 )-1 8 )--
+ *raw the blo!k diaram showin the ma;or !omponents of a assspe!trometer & des!ribe#
=ef 6 'nstrumental methods of analysis
Willard( eritt( *ean( Settle
2ae 6 +// 8 +/7
- <xplain the JD=ay spe!tros!opy in detail#
=ef 6 %andbook of Analyti!al 'nstrumentsD=#S# Nhandpur
2ae 6 )$+ 8 )$9