361 · 2018. 2. 14. · Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-41653-5 — State Formations Edited by John L. Brooke , Julia C. Strauss , Greg Anderson Index More Information © in

Cambridge University Press978-1-108-41653-5 — State FormationsEdited by John L. Brooke , Julia C. Strauss , Greg Anderson IndexMore Information

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Index

Abbott, Nicholas, J., 355

Abrams, Philip, 6, 7

caste as colonial state effect, 20, 344

misrecognition, 334

state as enabling fiction, 334

state effect, 18, 346, 347

absolutism

vs. representation, 4

Adams, John, 145, 146

promoted U.S. domestic production, 144

Thoughts on Government, 142

Adams, Julia, 4, 5, 355, 356, 357, 359

Aden, and medieval African trade

Networks, 102

affirmative action, 343, See India:affirmative action

Africa

bidirectional trade in, 96

interaction spheres in, 99

not isolated from Eurasia, 95

social complexity in, 95

See also East Africa, medieval; Swahili

Coast, medieval

Africa, North

patriliny in, 305

Africa, Southeast

Pangani, 96

Rufiji Delta, 96

agha, 307, 310

agnatic kinship. See patrilinyAʾīn-i akbarī (The regulations of Akbar),

125

Akkadian empire, 351

Almond, Gabriel, 3

Ambedkar, B. R., 331, 340, 343

American Revolution, 138, 357

historiography of state weakness, 147

interventionist social and economic

policy, 148

issues of taxation, 230

policymaking as liberty or rights

narration, 148, 153, 154

as project of state formation, 139

and sovereign plurality, 14

state formation and consumer economy,

143

and strong American state, 357

strong British imperial model, 142

and theory of limited government, 140

American revolutionary state legislatures,

148, 151

colonial charters converted to state

constitutions, 358

controlled state political economy, 152

and federal activism for public welfare,

142

Madison’s critique of, 150

political and societal organization, 153

positive use of state power, 154

power against imperial authority, 153

precedents for strong American state, 150

Americas, pre-Columbian, 346

state formation in, 58

Anderson, Benedict, 290

imagined communities, 8, 356

on print media and nationalism, 292, 356

361

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Anderson, Greg, 13, 131, 276

“dividual” persons, 69, 121

enchantment in premodern state, 15, 16,

17, 345

on premodern polities, 345

Anderson, Perry, 4

Ando, Clifford, 346, 350

Ankersmit, Frank, 28

anthropocentrism, 62

disenchanted, 62, 66

apartheid, 53, 56

Arab Spring, 311, 316

Arabian Peninsula, 76, 79, 107

Arendt, Hannah, 139

Arezzo, 358

as divisible state, 118

delegitimation of Aretine state, 114

Guelf popolo shielded from Ghibellins,

121

parliament organized by Florence,

120

Saint Donatus, patron of, 117

Tarlati family, 114, 115, 121

Ubertini family, 121

Aristotelian approaches

ideals of city governance, 110

inductive method, 178

republicanism, 112

arms races, 235

Articles of Confederation, 142, 201

changes ratified by states, 154

as liberty or rights narrative, 147

national government to set weights and

measures, 193

Asia

arrival of firearms, 298

nationalism and democracy disconnected,

294

politicization of ethnicity, 294

Assyria

as vulture empire, 354

Athens, classical, 67

demokratia in, 69

demos in, 68interdependent households, 70

polis not disenchanted, 68

Austria, taxation and property surveys,

232

authoritarianism

and nationalism, 294

postcolonial, 316, 335

authority

bureaucratic, 3, 166

charismatic, 2, 3, 166

Awadh, 14, 133, 135, 136, 355

Bacon, Francis

New Atlantis, 220, 222Bailyn, Bernard, 140, 147, 151

Baker, Michael, Jr., Regulator of Weights

and Measures, 199, 200

Bali, 76, 89

Balkans, the

and the market for sovereignty, 115

patriliny in, 308

Baltic, the


Baluchistan, 84, 86

banditry, 175, 350

banks

banking families, 117, 118

banking networks, 119

collapse of, 29

mortgage, 237

and taxation, 234

Barbeyrac, Jean, 34

Baroda, 339

Bayly, C. A., 204

Beck, Ulrich, 217, 225, 226, 227

Becker, Martin, 119

bees

beehives as models of state, 227

the commonwealth of, 217

as exemplars of statecraft, 223

and the rational beehive, 217, 221, 222,

224, 225

as lesson in statecraft, 218

wooden beehives replace straw, 221

bees, colony collapse

causes of, 225

ecological significance of, 225

and separation of nature and society,

227

as social metaphor, 218

Bengal, 133, 134

Benin

Yoruba urbanism, 95

Yoruba, the, 75

Bensel, Richard, 357

Bentham, Jeremy, 41, 238

critique of Blackstone, 40

influence of, 223

362 Index


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Panopticon, analogous to beehive, 223

bills of rights, 64

population management, 223

bio-power

supporting the state, 222

Bisht, R. S., 84, 86

Blackstone, Sir William, 39

Blake, Stephen, 124, 125, 131, 132, 136

Blanton, Richard, 10, 13, 75, 93, 350

body politic, 312

in India, 334

patrilineal, 306, 312

and royal body, 7

Bologna, 117

Bolsheviks, 159, 160, 166

as Marxist vanguard, 163

Bonaiuti, Baldassare, 119

Bosanquet, Bernard, 25, 26

Boston, 358

forcible rendition of escaped slaves, 206

Botswana, 98

Boukalas, Christos, 47

boundaries, state, 54

Bourdieu, Pierre, 8

field theory of the state, 9

habitus and doxa, 9

Bowen, Catherine Drinker, 149

Boyle, Robert, 219

Brewer, John, 148

Britain, 293

Anglo-Dutch wars, 301

Anglo-French wars, 296

culture of gentility, 302

dominates Atlantic trade, 301

France, trade rivalries with, 301

Netherlands, trade rivalries with, 301

Tudor monarchsgl, 299

See also England

Britain and Burma compared, 295, 297,

299

displacement of alien populations, 295

economic growth, 301, 302

elites in capitals, 296

growth in trade and agriculture, 297

British East India Company, 14, 131, 132,

134, 355

acquisition of the Bengal dīwanī, 134

conflation of sarkar with state, 134as sarkar, 126, 133

sarkar both person and autonomous

institution, 135

British Empire

abandoned imperial Protestantism, 360

imperial constitution of, 144

in Iraq, 306, 315

social and economic imperial

infrastructure, 141

state formations in, 360

trade with North America, 298


weakness of imperial state, 140

British Empire in India, 124

Baroda, 339

Bombay, 339

bureaucracy, 135

census technologies and caste, 338

colonial authoritarianism, 335

enabled upper-caste elite, 338

Kolhapur, 339

Madras, 339

politicized caste and religious identity,

339

Rebellion of 1857/8, 136

sarkars and enlightened European

governance, 135

separate electorate in, 333

stratification of caste, 339

British Empire in North America, 358

colonial charters converted to state

constitutions, 358

Grenville Ministry, 144

imperial state nonfunctional, 142

North ministry, 144

patrimonialism in slave colonies, 359

restrictions on colonial trade, 139

slavery in, 359

taxation and liberty, 232

taxation suppressed colonial

consumption, 144

unmaking of, 145

weakness of colonial authority, 140

British Raj. See British Empire in India

Bronze Age, 15, 16, 349, 350

Buddhism, 296

and Burmese hegemony, 297

Theravada, 297, 300

bureaucracy, 251, 346, 351

in ancient Egypt, 352, 354

in ancient Mesopotamia, 352

autonomous, 2

in Bacon’s New Atlantis, 220

in Britain, 301

Index 363


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bureaucracy (cont.)

centralized, 124

in China, 18, 19, 250, 353, 354

defined, 244

depersonalized, 245

empowered by new technologies, 73

and early modern Protestant revolution, 4

exclusionary, 73

and exclusive sovereignty, 131

and experimental natural philosophy,

220

in France, 231

Incan, 352

in India, 14, 339

in Iran, 166

Indus Valley, 78

in Iraq, 315

legal-rational, 245, 247

limited, 245

in Mesopotamia, 273

monarchist, 9

of the modern state, 136

in Mughal Empire, 131

patrimonial, 124, 125, 126, 128,

132, 136

in Post-Ottoman states, 312

in Rome, 351

royal, 7

in the United States, 206, 235

and social remediation, 337

See also authority, bureaucratic;

governance, rational-bureaucratic;

Weberian approaches to the state

Burma, 293

Alaung-hpaya, 300

Buddhist identity, 296

Irawaddy basin, 295

isolation limited trade, 301

Kon-baung dynasty, 303

Mon minority, 296, 297

nationalism in, 19

patronage and royal authority, 303

social inequality in, 298

sovereignty remained royal, 303

trade with China and Indian Ocean,

296

wars against infidels, 296

See also Britain and Burma compared

cadasters, 232, 242, 248

Calvinism, 4, 356, 359

and post-Calvinist benevolism, 303

See also Protestant Reformation, the

Cambridge School, 12, 141

Canada, 240

Québec Act, the, 360

capitalism, 51, 217

anthropocentric, 62

and bourgeois social relations, 166

and liberal governmentality, 348

and liberal individualism, 63

materialist markers of, 13

of the modern state, 13, 58

and state alignment of individual lives, 61

and state-sponsored economic growth, 55

state support for, 355

state-sponsored economic growth, 56

state-systems and maximizing profit, 349

Caracol, 85, 87

Carroll, Patrick, 11, 221

Catholicism, Roman

abandonment of universal claims, 300

British opposition to French “popery and

tyranny,” 302

bureaucracy of the Church, 355

and English anti-Catholicism, 297, 300

English recusants, 300

mandate of the Church, 355

Protestant critique of, 296

recognized in Québec, 360

Cato’s Letters, 146CCP. See Chinese Communist Party

Chahar chaman-i brahman, 134

Childe, V. Gordon, 9, 13, 73, 74, 78, 88

China

bureaucracy in, 353, 354

early city-states, 353

and long-distance exchanges, 107

Longshan villages, 352

Mandate of Heaven, the, 66, 353, 354

Shang empire, 353


Sunan Province, 254

warlords in, 246

water management in, 73

Zhou empire, 353

China, Han dynasty, 353

China, Ming dynasty, 19

art of being governed, 287


capital in Nanjing, 65

conscription in, 279

364 Index


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conscription, abuse of system, 284

emperor the “Son of Heaven,” 66

everyday politics in, 278

family defines personhood, 67

genealogy and military households, 279,

282, 284, 285

government, 65

Grand Secretariat, 65

Great Ming Code (Da Ming lü), 66

household registration, 281, 282, 286

imperial apparatus, 66, 67

kin networks in, 353

kinship structures in, 288

Mao military household, 284

military households, 279, 282, 286

military recruitment in, 276

officials extensions of the Emperor’s

body, 66

ordered domains of reality, 66

regulatory arbitrage in, 287, 289

scholar-bureaucrats, 65

Six Ministries, 65

state as network of institutions, 278

state effect in, 18, 67, 278

state membership, 276, 277, 288

subjects’ experience of statehood, 289

Tian military household, 279

China, People’s Republic of, 294

and land reform, 17, 253

assigned class labels, 248

blurred boundaries of state and society,

256

Ming minority in, 288

public accusation show, 254

Shanghai Grain Company, 249

Shanghai Municipal Food Bureau, 249

China, Qin dynasty, 353, 354

China, Qing dynasty, 292, 353, 354

China, Republic of

and land reform, 17, 253

as a conservative state, 247, 248

clarified boundaries of state and society,

256

Guomindang, 248, 254, 256

Joint Commission on Rural

Reconstruction, 252

Land Office, 255

land reform in, 248

Land Tenancy Committees, 255

Land to the Tiller program, 254

New Life Campaign, 250

re-established central organization,

249

sorted historical records, 248

China, Song dynasty, 353

China, Tang dynasty, 353

China, Warring States period, 353

China, Wei dynasty, 353, 354

China, Yuan dynasty, 292

defeated by Burmese, 296

Chinese Communist Party, 250, 254,

256

Chinese Revolution, 357

Christianity

distinction between universal church and

kingdom, 300

introduction into Africa, 96

Papal Revolution, 300

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 180

civic humanism of, 110

ideal of harmony among ranks, 112

citizenship, 16, 179, 192, 203, 211, 265,

314, 316

allowing women to pass on, 316

British, 302, 311

in Iran, 311

in Iraq, 311, 316

Kurdish, 306

medieval Swahili Coast rules for, 103

metropolitan, 188

not passed on by women, 311

Ottoman, 313

patrilinear, 305, 311, 312

Roman, 16, 179, 188

Sicilian, 180

Swahili, 104

transition from subjecthood to, 300

universalized models of, 336

See also civil rights; exclusion; rights; state

membership

city-states, 244

in Greek and Roman tradition, 358

interdependent with hinterlands, 95

civic humanism

Bruni, Leonardo, 112

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 110

Florentine, 121

civil rights, 202, 211, 212, 213, 240, 334,

343, See also citizenship; exclusion;

rights; state membership

civil society, 348

and reembedding of modern state, 349

Index 365


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civil society (cont.)

undermines enchantment, 349

Clark, John C. D., 299, 356

Cold War, 3, 226

Colombia

ADEPAN and INA price agreement, 325

artisans vs. gentlemen bakers, 326

Bogotá, 321, 323

bread-making as public service, 318

Gómez, Laureano, 324

hegemony in, 318, 323, 329

historiography of, 319

industrialization in, 323

la Violencia, 324

legitimacy of state, 330

Medellín, 323

National Bread Makers’ Association

(ADEPAN), 317

National Folklore Survey, 322

National Front, 324, 329

National Supply Institute (INA), 317

political elites in, 320

politics of bread in, 20

state as mediator and guarantor of social

welfare, 326

tension between elites and popular actors,

323

the street, 321

Colombia, convivialismo in, 20, 320

breakdown of, 328, 329

complex social rules of, 323

and gentlemen bakers, 325

and hegemonic reciprocity, 329

and hegemony, 359

and political elites, 321

politically exclusive, 321

popular component of, 321

positive effects of, 327

speech and hierarchy, 322

colonialism, 124

cheap labor in Africa and the Americas, 93

Roman, 185

colony collapse. See bees, colony collapse

commission state, 206, 212, 213

commodification, 292

commonwealth, 32, 35, 221

communalism, 333

group identity, 335

in India, 314

in postcolonial Middle East, 314

Comte, Auguste, 2

Confederate States of America

collapse of, 207

secession of, 206

surrender of, 202

confessionalism, 313

Confucianism

Chinese people unitary family, 67

filial piety, 18, 67

in Han dynasty, 353

and Ming dynasty scholarship, 65

conquest states, 244, 245

Timurid, 126

conservation

resource preservation for state, 225

vs. environmentalism, 217

conservativism, 4

against increased control in welfare states,

27

Constitution of the United States, 149, 190

established power for state governments,

191

salus populi in, 155uniform weights and measures, 16

Constitutional Convention, 193

Continental Congress, 154

and state debt, 138

and the strong state, 154

Corrigan, Philip, 7, 355, 356

craft production, 13, 74

autonomous, 89

economies of, 78

in the Indus Valley, 350

urbanization of, 92

credit rating agencies, 237

Cuba, 294

cultural colonization, 7

cultural production, 8

Culturalist Approaches to the state, 2, 5, 11,

15, 21, 346

synthesis with Weberian approaches to

the state, 360

See also Abrams, Phillip; Anderson,

Benedict; Bourdieu, Pierre; Foucault,

Michael; Gramsci, Antonio; hegemony;

Latour, Bruno; Mitchell, Timothy;

Scott, James; state, theories of;

Weberian approaches

Cushing, Caleb, 205, 211, 213

Dahl, Robert, 3

Dalits. See India, caste system in: Dalits

366 Index


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data mining, the birth of, 237

de Guidotti Filippo, 119

debt, public, 43

Declaration of Independence, 139, 142,

145, 148, 154

argues for strong state, 143

call for state formation, 142, 145

negative liberty in, 139

rejected ineffective British government,

14

and revenue for state-building, 145

summarizes failures of British state, 147

and theory of small government, 140

decolonization, 332

democracy

in classical Athens, 67

decoupling from nationalism, 294

nations’ claim to, 290

dendritic model, 91

Downs, Gregory, P., 359

Drucker, Peter, 225

Durkheim, Emile, 9, 236

Earle, Timothy, 10

East Africa, medieval

archaeological evidence of

interconnection, 95

Asian influences on, 94

emergence of chiefdoms and polities, 94

interactions with Indian Ocean

communities, 94

interactions with Mediterranean world,

94

Islamic identity in, 94

See also Swahili Coast, medieval

Easton, David, 3

eco-governmentality, 226

ecologism. See environmentalism

Egypt

British occupation of, 7

Egypt, ancient, 354


sacred enchantment, rule by, 351



elites, economic, 91, 92, 93, 102, 107, 322,

324

control of wealth-creating resources, 92

elites, military, 324

elites, political, 15, 91, 92, 96, 102, 107,

109, 133, 148, 156, 177, 178, 182, 185,

186, 187, 207, 212, 224, 245, 293, 295,

296, 297, 312, 314, 320, 321, 323, 324,

338

empires

as aggregations of subordinate

populations, 176

agrarian, 244

decentralized tributary, 353

infrastructural weakness of, 177

necessary to modern European state, 335

predatory or “vulture,” 354

seaborne, 357

sovereignty in, 346

states that have empires vs. states that are,

188

tributary, 358

empires, ancient

delegated power to local governments and

elites, 177

slowness of communication, 177

empiricism, 222

British, 300, 303

employment

and colonial trade, 143

for freedpeople, 210

globalism and control of, 26

necessary to sustain state, 91

sarkar as source of, 129

England

authority over British archipelago, 297

and British identity, 296

begins trade with Africa, 102

class, power, and culture in, 5

Corn Laws, repeal of the, 234

densely populated areas gain authority,

295

early modern growth in trade, 297

Glorious Revolution, 141, 299, 355

income tax in, 234

laws of, 39, 299

nationalism in, 19

patrimonialism in, 355

protestant Enlightenment in, 303

public sphere in, 19

revolution of 1640s, 357

right of privacy, 241

rise of the “middling sort,” 302

standard weights and measures in, 192,

193, 196

state and secular culture yoked, 291

state support of capitalism in, 355

Index 367


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England (cont.)

taxation and the right to privacy, 233

transforming Ireland, 297

England, Church of, 300

breaking Anglican monopoly on civic life,

355

Enlightenment, 303

entrepreneurialism, 92

by states, 29

environmentalism, 215

declensionist history, 218

and ecological crisis, 226

and the nature/society dichotomy, 217

green state, the, 228

green theory, 215, 227

makes contested science visible, 216

Ertman, Thomas, 4, 5, 355, 357

ethnicity, political, 291, 292, 293, 294

in England, 301

in Japan, 294

and nationalism, 304

and patrilineal denial of hybrid identities,

313

in Southeast Asia, 294

erritorialized, 301

Evans, Peter B., 4

excises, 233

exclusion, 161, 162, 295, 319, 321

economic, 336, 337

and oppression, 57

in patrimonial states, 13

political, 73, 74, 76, 88, 320, 321, 323,

336, 337, 350

religious, 332

restitution for exclusionary past, 337

social, 336

structural, 344

structural in state, 53

violent, 343

of women from patriliny, 309

See also citizenship; civil rights; state

membership

expertise, 98, 101, 245, 247

as mystery of state, 216

contradictory, 226

failure of, 227

fiscal, 233, 237

management of resources, 224

political, 217

religious, 165, 168

scientific, 216, 224

undemocratic, 226

fascism, 294

federalism

in the U.S., 190

modern federal states, 178

Florence, 108, 111, 117, 358

Acciaioli family, 119

and Arezzo, 14

as Burckhardtian-Individual state, 109

coalition with Perugia and Siena, 114

created territorial state identity

(distretto), 121divisible state-building, 113

emulation of Rome, 110

expansion of administrative territory, 118

exploitive patrimony in, 109

fiscal apparatus, 109

Ghibellines (magnates, nobles), 113

governed Arezzo as divisible state, 120

Guelf popolo (people of), 112

Guelf popolo vs. despotism, 112


network of financiers, 119

patrimonial oligarchy in, 14

payments to Naples, 118

precedent of Rome, 112, 121

purchase of Arezzo, 109, 113, 115, 119,

120

purchase of Prato, 118

right to rule, 121

Foscherari, Francesco, 117, 119

Foucault, Michel, 6, 8, 61

biopolitics, 7, 17, 223, 347–348

governmentality, 7, 8, 11, 12, 17,

18, 179, 221, 346, 347, 348,

354, 356

influence of, 7, 11, 242

Panopticon a mechanism of

power, 223

vs. the sovereign state, 28

France, 293

Anglo-French wars, 296

citizenship, 231

English claims in, 299

notion of state, 25

standard weights and measures

in, 192


France, New Regime

abandoned personal taxation, 232, 233

taxation, 229, 230

France, Old Regime

and calculable economy, 230

368 Index


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treasury vs. economy, 230

Frankfurt School, 8

French Revolution, 193, 357

Fukuyama, Francis, 351, 354

repatrimonialism, 354

Furet, François, 357

gabarbunds, 84, 85

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand

(Mahatma), 331, 340

gateway communities, 91, 96

genocide, 56

George III (king), 143, 147

Germany, 235

income taxes in, 238

mid-nineteenth century revolution in, 357

notion of state, 25

gerontocracy, 2, 13, 346

Gerstle, Gary, 204, 359

Ghibellinism, 121

gift exchange, 92

globalism, 26, 225, 348

GMD. SeeChina, Republic of: Guomindang

Gorski, Philip, 4, 356, 359

governance

Indo-Islamic theories of, 125

rational-bureaucratic, 4

shifting challenges of, 15

vs. government, 27, 60

governmentality, 7, 185, 262, 347, 349, 355


erosion of, 347

liberal, 348

and public text circulation, 262

See also eco-governmentality; Foucault,

Michel

Gramsci, Antonio, 1, 5, 6, 47, 55

on autonomous state, 230

on hegemony, 8, 47, 267, 348

influence of, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 17, 20, 346,

348

on modalities of state power, 47

state embedded in culture and society, 2

Great War, the. See World War I

Guelfism, 112, 121

Habermas, Jürgen, 8

public sphere, 8, 348, 356

Hamilton, Alexander, 143

Hammurabi, code of, 177

Hegel, G. W. F., 2, 8, 25, 238

on progress of human emancipation, 218

theory of the Rechstaat, 40

hegemony, 8, 47, 52, 56, 267, 348, See also

culturalist approaches

and active consent, 47

in African trade networks, 102

bourgeois, 6

Burmese, 297

of caste in India, 338

in Colombia, 323

in crisis, 53

defined, 318

demands reciprocity, 323

envisioning government, 55

hegemonic imaginaries, 13, 56

in Mexico, 319

and popular aspirations, 318

Roman Empire not conceived as, 180

soft, 18

and state-formation, 5

and subaltern resistance, 5

unstable, 20

See also culturalist approaches

heterarchy, 77

Hidden Imam, the, 160, 162, 163, 165, 167,

169, 170

hierarchy, 76, 244, 245, 247

Hitler, Adolf, 161, 168

infallible embodiment of German

historical destiny, 165

Mein Kampf, 169

Hobbes, Thomas, 2, 3, 14, 17, 58, 122, 131,

348

on absolute sovereignty, 30

on covenants, 31, 32, 33

on establishing political authority, 30, 31

hostile reception to, 33

influence of, 12, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,

244

Leviathan, 2, 4, 30, 219, 232, 355

sovereign and state, 32

on states vs. governments, 32, 42, 43

the state as person, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36,

38, 44, 219

Holy Roman Emperors

Charles IV, 113, 114, 118

claim to universal sovereignty, 113

Henry VII, 113

impermanence of, 113

Rupert, 113, 121

Sigismund, 113

Index 369


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Holy Roman Emperors (cont.)

sovereignty of, 120

Wenceslaus, 113

human nature

essentially innocent, 215

essentially presocial, 63

socially aligned with justice, peace,

stability, 215

unsocially sociable, 63

human rights, 27

Huntington, Samuel, 4

hybridity.

and colonialism, 14

in state formation theory, 15

of state theory and cultural analysis, 12

See also culturalist approaches; state,

theories of; Weberian approaches

Hyderabad, 133

hydraulic state, the, 13, 73, 75, 78

irrigation as causative agent, 79

immunity. See privacyIncan Empire


India, 19, 292, See also Mughal Empire

affirmative action in, 339, 342


Bombay, 102, 339

boundary with Pakistan, 79

case law addressing discrimination, 338

caste and Hinduism, 333

challenges to Portuguese commerce, 102

communalism in, 314

compensatory discrimination, 20, 333,

334, 337, 342

Congress Party, 331, 332, 340

Constitution of, 332

group identity, 336, 337, 344

Harayana, 20

historic inequities, 331

historic injustice, 332, 336, 337, 343

and long-distance exchanges, 79, 94–95,

97, 99, 100, 102, 105, 107

literacy vs. illiteracy, 332

Manipur, 296

Maratha, the, 102

minorities, 332, 333, 335, 336, 338,

341

Mughal, the, 102

Muslims in, 333, 340

Mysore State, 339

political commensuration in, 339

politicizing identity, 344

Poona Pact, 332

postcolonial redress, 332, 337,

343

secularization of Hinduism, 341

separate electorate, 333

separate representation for Dalit, 332,

340

Sidi, the, 102

Timurid invasion of, 126

weak state aggravated by Hindu-Muslim

divide, 335

See also British Empire in India; Indus

Valley, Mughal Empire

India, caste system in

“Backward Class,” 339

Brahmins, 339

British Empire reinforced patriarchy,

360

caste and Hinduism, 331

caste and secularism, 332

caste mobility, 342

caste translated into class, 341

census technologies, 338

Dalits, 331, 332, 340

“Depressed Class,” 340

and employment quotas, 338

and Hinduism, 338, 339

Harijans, 340hegemony of elites, 338

lower castes and untouchables numerical

majority, 342

and poverty, 342

non-Brahmins, 338

patrimonial-sarkar tradition, 355

renaming and group identity, 340

riots of Jat caste, 20

scheduled castes and tribes, 341

and secularism, 334, 338, 340

secularization of, 20

untouchability, 331, 333, 340

India, Constitution of, 331

abolition of caste in, 20

individual rights, 312

individualism, 237

French, 241

private life protected from public power,

64

individuality

as primordial human condition, 63

370 Index


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Indus Valley civilization

canals, no evidence of, 79, 81

craft production, 78, 350

Dholavira, 79, 84, 89

ecological diversity in, 76

gabarbund technology, 84

Great Bath of Mohenjo-daro, 83, 87

7-Harappa, 13, 78, 80, 85, 89

hydraulic theory. See South Asian rivers

irrigation systems in, 87

long-distance trade, 78

Mohenjo-daro, 81, 82, 86, 89

variation in city structure, 76


infrastructure, 74, 91, 142, 144,

235, 349

British imperial social and economic,

141

bureaucratic, 4

canals, 204

French, 232

hydraulic development, 84

in American Revolutionary era, 139

Mesopotamian, 262

of trade, 93

political and economic, 78

and political control, 93

power of, 176, 178, 204

railroads, 16, 204, 210, 356, 359

roads, 15, 177

Roman, 185

Roman roads, 351

ships and shipping, 204

telegraph, 16, 204, 356

innovation

enabled by governance, 27

Iran (Persia), 351, 354

and medieval African trade networks,

102

and Indus trade networks, 79, 97

See also sarkarIran, Islamic Republic of, 15, 294, 357

dedicated to prepare Shi’ia for Hidden

Imam, 162

ideological variation among clerics, 165

legitimated by representation of popular

will, 163

popular will resides with devout Shi’ia,

161

religious community unified with

leader, 161

rule by ulama (religious scholars),

159

Supreme Leader not to be opposed,

165

theocratic foundation, 160

theocratic inhabitation of state, 168

Iran, Shi’ite Revolution, 15, 357

clerical support, 163


rejected modernism, 168

religious vanguard, 159

and theocracy, 157

Iraq, 19, 306

Ba’thist, 313

Baghdad, 310

British Empire reinforced patriarchy in,

360

fragmentation of, 316

Hashemite dynasty, 315

Saddam Hussein, 312

Iraq, Kurdistan region of. See Kurdistan

Ireland, 141

the Anglo-Irish, 298

assaults on Gaelic culture, 297

and British identity, 298

Iron Age, 11, 15, 349, 353

Islam, 100

African patricians appropriate religious

regalia, 104

introduction into Africa, 96

Italian Wars, the, 108, 109

Italy

Burckhardtian-Individual Renaissance

states, 108

revolution in, 357

See also Arezzo, Florence, Pisa, Rome,

Roman Empire, Venice

Japan, 293, 298

colonization of China, 248

geographically protected from Inner

Asian conquest, 292

political ethnicity, 294

war with Russia, 240

Jefferson, Thomas, 144, 193

Jessop, Bob, 12, 13

strategic relations, 6, 8, 18, 20, 57, 276,

346, 347

Johnson, Andrew, 207, 212

Joseph, Gil

negotiation of rule, 7, 18, 20

Index 371


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Kenya, 100, 102

Khomeini, Sayyid Ruhollah Mūsavi, 161

infallible in spiritual matters, 163

tasked with purification of the people,

167

King, Diane E., 359

kinship, forms of

bilaterality, 306

matriliny, 305

patriliny, 305

social constructivist, 309

knowledge networks, 292

Korea, 293


Asian conquest, 292

Kotsonis, Yannis, D., 356

Ku Klux Klan, 212

Kurdistan, 19, 306

body politic in, 306

Hewler, 310

peshmerga, the, 310

Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP),

310

Latin America

and coercive state formation, 319


privileged peninsulars vs. creoles and

inidigenous people, 359

state formation in, 7, 359

Latour, Bruno, 217, 218, 226

Lebanon

post-Ottoman personal status law, 313

rebellion against Syrian occupation, 316

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 163

Lincoln, Abraham, 150

and national sovereignty, 205

literacy, 292, 295, 349

Biblical, 300

Burmese, 296, 297, 303

in Britain, 302

medieval Swahili Coast, 105

Mesopotamian, 262

Little Ice Age, 100, 219

Liu Zhiwei, 288

Lleras Camargo, Alberto, 324, 327

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 2, 3, 14, 58, 115, 348

Madison, James, 149, 194

Mann, Michael, 4, 10

Martoccio, Michael Paul, 131, 357

Marx, Karl, 2, 3, 8, 9, 47, 244

state as mechanism of class rule, 2

Marxist approaches to the state, 4, 5, 74

and archaeology, 9

and British colonialism, 124

as executive arm of ruling classes, 27

and historical destiny, 169

hydraulic theory, 75

non-Soviet, 5

sociological, 141

as a social relation, 47

and state autonomy, 5

materialism, 67

as foundation for social being, 61

matriliny, 305

Mayan cities

Caracol, 85

Tikal, 85, 86

medicine, history of

post-Black Death ordinances, 347

social contexts of disease, 223

Mesoamerica, 75, See also Mayan, cities of;

Teotihuacan, Tikal

Mayan cities of, 85, 86, 87

trading zones in, 91

Mesopotamia, ancient, 75

access to texts, 262

agricultural domestication in, 73

audience for state voices, 262

autonomy of state in, 273

bureaucracy in, 352

city laments, ambivalence to state in,

267

city laments, citizens vs. polity, 263

city laments, familial disruption in, 269

city laments, mortality in, 270

city laments, performativity of, 267

city laments, portray king as helpless, 270

city laments, subordinate state to divine

plan, 271

city laments, sympathy in, 268, 269, 273

claims to power, 261

debate texts, 264

genre, lampoon of, 271

genre, validity of, 261

hegemony, 267

Lugalzagesi (king), 266

propaganda vs. criticism, 264

proverbs and debates, 271

proverbs, critical of royal policy, 273

proverbs, critical of state, 263

372 Index


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proverbs, disenchanted with institutions,

273

royal literature, assimilative strategies in,

264

royal literature, fair conduct in, 265

royal literature, inscriptions, 264

royal literature, joy and gladness, 266

royal literature, sympathy in, 263, 273

scribal bureaucracy in, 264, 272, 273

sovereign monarchic power, 177

state capacity, 263

state claims, 263, 271

state formation in, 58, 261

Šulgi of Ur (king), 266

Sumerian proverbs, 264

textual genres in, 263

theocracy vs. kingship, 271

third dynasty of Ur, 351


metrological systems and state formation,

191

Mexican Revolution, 357

Mexico

hegemony in, 319

Middle East, the

linkage between nationalism and

democracy severed, 294

See also Iran; Iraq; Jordan; Kurdistan;

Lebanon; Turkey

Milan, 108, 109

Miliband, Ralph, 5, 6

misrecognition, 156, 157, 158, 160, 334

Mississippi, 204, 212

Mitchell, Timothy, 7, 17, 61, 65, 348

state effect, 8, 13, 18, 60, 64, 278, 346,

347

modernity

disenchanted, 64

separation of nature and society, 226

monarchy

and anti-absolutism, 299

as proto-nationalism, 19

collapse of kingship, 268

composite, 140

divine right, 30

end of, 3

familial politics of, 9


king as representative, 30

king’s household in Mesopotamia, 265

patrimonial, 2, 351

royal authority and patronage, 303

sacerdotal quality of, 300

sovereign power in, 177, 299

Mozambique, 96, 99

in trade networks, 102

Mughal Emperors

Akbar, 130

Aurengzeb, 131, 132

Babur, 126, 129, 130

Humayan, 130

Jahangir, 129

Muhammad Shah, 133

Shah Abbas, 129

Shah Alam, 135

Shah Jahan, 131

Mughal Empire, 358

Awadh, 135

bureaucracy in, 131

conquest of Indian sultanates, 129

households, formation of, 125

households, multiplicity of, 125

imperial authority, 132

as patrimonial-bureaucratic state, 132

patrimonialism in, 125

sarkar autonomous and bureaucratizing,

132

Shahjahanabad, 124

state as interlocking sarkars, 133

state extension of imperial household,

124

successor states, 132

and universal sovereignty, 133

Mughal Empire, states of

Arcot, 133

Awadh, 14, 133

Bengal, 133

Hyderabad, 133

Mughal vazīrs, 130

Qamar-ud-din Khand, 133

Safdar Jang, 133

Mukhlis, Anand Ram, 127, 133

myth of statelessness. See United States: as

weak state

Naples, Kingdom of, 109, 115, 117, 118

Acciaoli family, 119

national economy, 236, 298

National Socialist Party. SeeNazi Party, the

nationalism, 19, 290, 316

authoritarian, 294

British, 299, 303

Index 373


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nationalism (cont.)

cultural origins of before print, 292

cultural traits symbolize political

allegiance, 291

decoupling from democracy, 294

and disenchantment, 356


as medieval regnal loyalty, 291

modernist understanding of, 294

varieties of, 294

as version of political ethnicity, 291

nation-states, 29, 169, 204, 244, 347

as instruments of peace, 300

emergence of, 122

and natural philosophy, 220

patrilinear, 315

and popular will, 162

postcolonial, 136

undemocratic, 290

See also state, theories of

natural philosophy

legitimated political nation-states, 220

nature, 62

as rationally explicable machine, 219

ideas of, 215

modern separation of society from, 226

Nazi Party, the, 168

aligned people, race, and nation, 160

as extension of the Leader, 165


unified power of leader and popular will,

161

neo-liberalism, 29

democratic states inefficient and wasteful,

27

and the fading state, 12

Netherlands

Anglo-Dutch wars, 301

begins trade with Africa, 102

early modern pre-nationalism in, 291

United Provinces of the, 5

networks, 93, See also infrastructure: roads

of alliance, 93, 94

allow elite control of resources, 93

and state-formation, 12

bureaucratic, 65

of communities, 181

economic, 78, 92, 298

economic, elite control of, 93

of enmeshed institutions, 7

of exchange, 91

financial, 119

of gift exchange, 93

of households, 132

of institutions, 278

of interdependence, 92

of kinship, 94, 101, 353

of knowledge, 292

political, 48, 180, 181, 349

of power, 49, 93

social, 5, 78, 96, 295

social, elite control of, 93

of trade, 93, 98, 99, 102, 108

of trust in science, 216

New York (state)

credit rating in, 237

standardizing weights and measures in,

194

Newton, Isaac, 216, 219, 303

Novak, William, J., 9, 357, 359

infrastructural power, 178

Nugent, Daniel, 18

negotiation of rule, 7, 20

oligarchy, 351

in earliest state formation, 349

local, 16

patrimonial, 14

in Roman city-states, 15, 186, 187

oriental despotism, 13, 74, 299, See also

Wittfogel, KarlOttoman Empire, 292, 311, 315, 358

genealogy and patriliny in, 312

and Greece, 241

millet system, 312, 313

Nationality Law, 313

Pakistan, 76, 79

boundary with India, 79


Panadero Colombiano, El (The Colombian

Baker), 325Papal States, the, 109

patriarchy, 2

and bureaucracy, 135

colonial rule enforced, 360

in the Mughal Empire, 125

patriliny

in Arab-majority states, 311

control of reproduction, 307

definition of, 305

and gender, 307

374 Index


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legal structures questioned, 316

limits female autonomy, 307

in the Middle East and North Africa, 305

paradox of, 308

and patrogenesis, 309

upheld by European colonizers, 314

patrimonialism, 2, 4, 13, 14, 346, 351, 358

in early modern England, 355

in exclusionary regimes, 350

See also repatrimonialism; Weberian

approaches

Patriots, British

opposed colonial policy, 144

strong state tradition, 143

Patriots, North American

promoted public good, 146

sought to replace imperial state, 144

state-supported economic diversification,

147

traditions of economic thought, 146

Pauketat, Timothy, 350

personification. See state personality theory

Philadelphia, 145, 154, 190, 193, 196

Pincus, Steven, 302, 357, 359

Pisa, 115

disputed Florentine claims, 119

Pitt, William, 144

PKK. See Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê

Polanyi, Karl

gateway community hypothesis, 91

political and societal organization, 50, 51,

52, 53

capital accumulation a principle of, 51

formal, 256

leaders consolidate power over lower

levels, 88

rival principles of, 57

weak states, 245

Weberian approach to, 59

See also bureaucracy; Hartlib, Samuel

political strategies

both corporate and coercive, 106, 229

both corporate and exclusionary, 88, 89

coercive, 93, 199, 244, 350

corporate, 75, 76, 93, 350

corporate vs. exclusionary, 77, 79

exclusionary, 73, 74, 75, 76

Popes

claim to universal sovereignty, 113


popular culture, not autonomous, 319

popular will, 157

Portugal

and Indian Ocean commerce, 102

postcolonial states, 306

authoritarian, 316

constitutionalism in, 344

and patrilineal descent, 19

post-modern approaches to the state, 109

Poulantzas, Nicos, 5, 6, 17, 47, 230

poverty, 322, 333

privacy, 231

right to be left alone vs. right to be

accounted for, 243

propaganda, 18

in ancient Mesopotamia, 262, 263, 264,

270

in China, 251, 252, 254

in early modern Florence, 121

Protestant Reformation, the

and disenchantment of the state, 19

in England, 297

and literacy, 300

and model of Protestant empire, 360

and national distinctiveness, 300

and tolerance, 300

See also Calvinism; England, Church of

Protestantism, 4, 296, 299, 302, 303, 356

and Bible, 297

and empire, 360

scripturalism in, 303

Prussia, 3, 9

income taxes in, 236, 238

and privacy, 239

scientific forestry in, 224

public sphere

as function of emerging modernity, 348

Pufendorf, Samuel, 33, 34, 37, 43, 122

discursive and associative, 19

agreement with Hobbes, 35, 37

disagreement with Hobbes, 35

distinction between state and

government, 37

on moral and natural persons, 35

state as compound moral person, 35, 36

Rakove, Jack N., 140, 148, 149

Rao, Anupama, 360

regulatory arbitrage, 287, 289, 353

Renaissance Italian states

capital-intensive, 119, 120

the city (civitas), 111

Index 375


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Renaissance Italian states (cont.)

the commune (comune), 111

delegation of sovereignty, 111

divisible, 122

as divisible, multiple persons, 110

divisible, relational form, 120

emulation of Greek and Roman ideals,

110

as interwoven merchant networks, 108

legitimating narratives, 110

legitimation of, 120

market for sovereignty, 119

multiple identities, 109

repatrimonialism, 351, 354, 355

in Tudor-Stuart England, 355

See also patrimonialism; Weberian

approaches

republicanism, 112, 240, 351

Richardson, Seth, 10, 14, 18, 321, 329, 347,

350, 351, 352

rights.

of citizenship, 113, 120

government protection of, 63

human, 33, 63, 69, 146

of individual states, 28

of land use, 103

narratives of, 147, 148

of the state, 36, 111

universal, 27, 343

See also citizenship; civil rights; exclusion;state membership

risk society, 218, 225

Roman Empire

alliance, language of, 180

Augustus (emperor), 181

autonomous polities within, 186

autonomous right to use one’s own laws,

182

autonomous subordinate polities within,

176, 180

cities competed for privileges, 184

city-states remained legally alien, 188

city-states within, 185

civic and imperial elites aligned, 187

Claudius (emperor), 182

collaboration with indigenous elites, 185

decentralization in, 350

delegated power to local governments,

178

democracy in city-states, 186

as federation of city-states, 15

First Punic War, the, 180


historiography of government, 178

indigenous elites, 186, 187

late claim to unified territory or

population, 179

and local elites, 178, 179

network of roads, 177

oligarchic elites rule subject city-states,

186, 187

ruled by delegation, 15

Sicily, province of. See Sicily

Syrian villages in, 181

transformation into empire, 188

as tributary empire of autonomous

provinces, 351

universalization of citizenship,

189


Rome

fall of, 4

influence of Roman law, 110

precedent of, 14

republican, 112

Rousseau, Jean-Jaques, 40

Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, 4

Russia, post-Soviet

linkage between nationalism and

democracy severed, 294

taxation in, 242

Russian Empire, 358

income tax in, 234, 238, 240

right of privacy, 233

soul tax, repeal of, 235

taxation and property surveys, 232

Russian Revolution, 157, 357

Bolsheviks, 159

salary revolution, 195

salus populi, 155

sarkar, 14, 123adopted by British colonial regime in

India, 126

definitions of, 126

as household, 127

precolonial usage, 128

of prominent noblemen, 133

registers of, 129

shifts in usage narrate history, 129

Timurid origins of, 125–126

Sayer, Derek, 7, 355, 356

376 Index


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science.

and biopolitics, 17

crisis of faith in, 226

positivist history and sociology of, 227

post-constructivist history and sociology

of, 218

the rise of scientific forestry, 224

thought to aid reason to rise above nature,

226

See also natural philosophy

Scientific Revolution, 216

Scotland, 141, 297

and British identity, 296, 298

Scott, James C., 5, 7, 8, 10, 193,

224, 288

all-seeing state, 8

art of being governed, 18

muscular state, 229

sectarianism, 313, 316

and strife, 219

Middle-Eastern, 314

toxic enthusiasm, 300

secularism, 62

and caste, 334

French, 303

in India, 341

secularization, 303, 352

and state-imposed oath-taking,

239

of civil society disenchanting, 349

of Hindu caste, 20, 338, 341

Service, Elman, 106

Siam. See ThailandSicily

legal jurisdictions (civitates) in, 180

and the right to use one’s own laws,

182

as Roman province, 180

disputed Florentine claims, 119

Skinner, Quentin, 12, 13, 58

on the Hobbesian state, 131

on premodern polities, 345

SLAVERY, 16

abolition of, in Britain, 206

in India, 134

in Rome, 184

See also British Empire in North America:

slavery; United States, slavery in

social complexity, 8, 91, 95

South Asia

never suffered prolonged wars, 354

Partition, 333

postcolonial nation-states of, 136

See also India; Pakistan; South Asian

Rivers

South Asian rivers

Beas, the, 79, 80

Chenab, the, 79

Ghaggar-Hakra, the, 76, 79, 82

Jhelum, the, 79

Lower Indus, the, 76, 81

Manhar torrent, the, 85

Nara Nadi, the, 82

Panjnad, the, 79

Ravi, the, 79, 80

Sutlej, the, 79

Upper Indus, the, 80

South Carolina, 209, 212, 243

Southeast Asia, 13


Asian conquest, 292

sovereign authority, 10, 220

monarchic power, 177

personating the state, 33

sovereignty

geographical, 209

no unitary Greek or Roman concept of,

182

of state diminished, 28

singular vs. composite, 346

Soviet Union, 3, 15, 163, 241, 357

Communist Party, 163

dedicated to international proletarian

revolution, 162

foundation of, 159

historical destiny a global communist

revolution, 166

income tax in, 240

popular will resided in proletariat,

161

united vanguard and proletariat,

161

vanguard acted in advance of popular

will, 167

Spain, 293

Spruyt, Hendrik, 4

Sri Lanka



Asian conquest, 292

Stasavage, David, 119

state, death of the, 33

Index 377


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state, disenchantment of the, 19, 345

state, early modern, 4, 58, 122, 131, 293,

356

See also British Empire; Reformation

and bureaucracy, 245

and empire, 357, 358

class, power, and culture in, 5

fused ethnicity, religion, and allegiance,

356

in the public sphere, 348

patrimonialism and, 5, 355

state, emergence of, 90

state, modern, 16, 17, 176, 216, 231, 240,

313, 338, 347, 349, 357, See also state

effect:modern

and analogy of colony collapse, 227

and anthropological archaeology, 9

autonomous, 347

bureaucratic, 357

capacity, 349

capitalist, 13, 58

as commonwealth, 221

coproduced with scientific revolution,

228

desacralized, 347

disenchanted, 11, 13, 357

enforces norms throughout territory,

175

environmental crique of, 217

forged in revolution, 357

and governmentaliity, 7

and green theory, 227

imperial past of, 314

indigenous practices in, 306

individualized, 109

and knowledge of nature, 218

and knowledge-making, 17

and obstacles to modernity,

289

patrilinear, 316

political authority in, 224

political struggle within, 20

population management in, 7

and body politic, 312

and sources of wealth, 236

state effects in, 347

and state personality theory, 122

and statecraft, 216

strategic relations in, 347

underpinned by science, 224

state, non-western, 58

state, post-modern, 109

over-reach of modern state and science,

225

state, premodern, 11, 58, 345

and enchantment, 13, 18, 345, 347, 352

patrimonial, 6, 9

patrimonial and enchanted, 357

processual archaeology and, 10

See also bureaucracy; city-states; empires;

empires, ancient; Athens, classical;

Bronze Age; Burma; China [dynasties];

East Africa, medieval; Egypt, ancient;

hydraulic state; Indus River

civilization; Incan Empire; Iron Age;

Mesoamerica; Mesopotamia; Roman

Empire; Rome; Swahili Coast,

medieval; Teotihuacan; Tika

state, quiddity of the, 59

state, spacial reach of the, 202

state, theories of.

absolute sovereignty, 30

as apparatus of rule, 26, 29, 40, 42, 59

autonomous, 1, 5, 11, 12, 60, 61, 64, 122,

230, 273, 347

Burckhardtian-Individual, 108, 120, 122,

123

as coercive apparatus of government, 25

composite polities, 358

in constant construction, 318

continuities from early modern to

modern, 293

culturalist, 5, 11, 346, 347

disenchantment, 347

distinct from government, 30, 42

divisible, 123

dual processual, 75, 93

dualistic, 229, 230

embedded, 5, 11, 12

enchantment, 347, 352

enmeshed power relations, 7

entrepreneurial, 29

evolution of nationalism, 294

field theory, 9

fiscal-military, 4, 11, 301

foundations technology-driven, 13

government and state synonymous, 40,

41

green, 215, 227, 228

hybridity of Weberian and culturalist

approaches, 11

interventionist, 29

378 Index


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liberal pluralistic, 3

Marxist, 27

material and ideal, 65

as modern phenomenon, 58, 70

as produced by material practices,

60

as structural effect, 61

neo-autonomist, 4

neo-liberal, 29

neo-Weberian, 11, 18

not universal in non-modern contexts,

70

patrimonial-bureaucratic, 125, 126, 128,

132, 136

personification, 122, 219

post-Hobbesian, 13

post-processualism, 10

presumptive, 14

processualism, 10, 75, 292

representing interests of all, 44

as a work of art, 108

See also culturalist approaches; Marxist

approaches; Weberian approaches

state, vanishing of the, 28, 29

state boundaries, 8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 47,

50, 79, 161, 162, 169, 256

state building

bureaucratic, 247

campaigns, 247, 250, 251

in China, 250

in early United States, 145

performance of, 253

social and economic networks, 78

state capacity, 15, 18, 246, 247, 251, 252,

349, 359

and boundaries, 12

in Colombia, 323

geography of, 16

Mesopotamia, ancient, 261

and strategic technologies, 349

state claims

to local police power, 16

national sovereignty, 16

state protection of freed people’s liberty,

16

state effect, 13, 19, 61, 65, 347, 350

colonial, 335

in Ming China, 18, 67

in postcolonial India, 343

modern, 64, 65

pre-modern, 278

variability of, 360

See also Abrams, Philip; Mitchell,

Timothy

state formation

effect of war on, 295

justification of right to rule, 156

and misrecognition of social purpose, 158

and political regulation, 157

and popular will, 156

presumptive state claims, 177

and resource extraction, 244

through slow cultural revolution, 356

variability of, 360

state formation, democratic

state as social contract between people

and political community, 170

state formation, modern

misrecognition of social purpose, 157

state formation, non-democratic, 15

exclusive definition of “the people,”

161

nation-states imperfect instruments,

170

no social contract, 170

popular will and historical destiny,

168

pre-existing historically destined

collective, 170

quietistic acceptance, 316

revolutionary elite’s role in, 157, 158

social purpose of, 156

starts with core revolutionary cadre, 166

transnational extensions of “the people,”

161

state formation, postcolonial

and imposition of European forms, 360

state membership, 18

See also citizenship; civil rights; exclusion;

rights

state personality theory, 26, 35, 36, 40, 108

Hobbes on fictional entity, 33

opposition to, 26, 59

state power, 29, 261

state purpose

safety of the people, 37

See also Salus populi

state sovereignty, 16

and humanitarian intervention, 29

and surveillance of citizens, 29

culture and community substitute for,

336

Index 379


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state vs. society, 60, 345

states, integrative principles of.

production, 90

urbanism, 95

See also political and societal

organization stratification, social

states, modern

forged in revolution, 9

states, new, 246

steel

Age of, 356

and infrastructure, 359

and state capacity, 349

Steinmetz, George, 7

Stratification social, 90

by caste, 339

of theological power, 13

of wealth, 13

Strauss, Julia, C., 263, 357

subalternity, 8, 339

resistance to hegemony, 5

supernatural, the, 62, 68

surveillance, 29, 60, 66, 231, 234, 278

Swahili Coast, medieval

archaeological evidence of bead- and

cloth-making, 98

archaeological evidence of trade

networks, 94, 98

asymmetrical power, 106

bands, tribes, and chiefdoms predate

state, 90

beads and shells as trade goods, 100

bidirectional trade, 96

cemeteries, ancestry, and wealth, 104

city-states, 13, 99, 101

conflicts with Portuguese and Omani

trade, 102

elite control of social and economic

networks, 99

elite control of trade and communication,

107

elite investment in stone houses, 104

elite monopoly of resources, 90, 103

emergence of elites, 102

extractive technology, 90

food surplus and security, 106

increase in sedentism, 106

investments by elite, 98

ironworking in, 101, 107

Kenya, 96, 99

land ownership, 103

literacy reserved for patrician elite, 105

manufacturing trade goods, 105

migration and settlement, 103, 106

non-local trade goods as status symbols,

105

patrician elite in, 103

patricians and Pan-Islamic identity, 105

patricians appropriate Islamic regalia,

104

patricians monopolize means of

production, 105

patrimonial city-states in, 350

predatory commerce in, 100

resource organization in, 102

rise of city-states, 105

rules governing citizenship, 103

trade, 90, 92, 96

trade forbidden to commoners, 103

trade goods, 98, 99, 100

urbanism, 107

Syria, 306


occupation of Lebanon, 316

post-Ottoman personal status law,

313

See also Roman Empire: Syrian villages in

Szonyi, Michael, 263, 328, 347

Tally, Rebecca, 359

tax reform, 229, 238

and personhood, 237

taxation, 17

British income tax, 234

citizens both private and exposed, 231

and the economic personality, 237

equality in tax practice, 231, 232

and gap between person and state, 235

impersonal, 230, 233

intrusive upon privacy, 239

and juridical persons, 237

lack of surveillance machinery, 234

modern Greek resistance to, 242

personal, 231, 236

progressive, 231, 237

property surveys (cadasters), 232

and surveillance, 231

and transparency, 241

tax farmers, 233

technocracy, 64, 224, 226

Teotihuacan, 75, 87

Thailand, 293, 294, 296

380 Index


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theocracy, 51, 56, 160


Islamic, 157

priestly states, 244

Third Reich, the, 3, 15, 157, 357

consolidation and expansion of German

communities, 162

contempt for democracy in Nazi

elections, 168

election demonstrated acceptance of

Hitler, 168

individual identity subordinated to

collective destiny, 168

legitimated by representation of popular

will, 163

popular will in German “blood,” 161

Volkisch theory, 160, 169

Thompson, E. P., 5

Tikal, 85, 86, 87

Tilly, Charles, 4, 10, 14, 120, 244, 267, 356

Timurid Empire. See also Mughal Empire

conquest states, 126

sarkar in, 129

shared dynastic sovereignty in, 132

totalitarianism, 3

in democratic states, 27

Toulmin, Stephen, 216

trade, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 98, 99, 101, 102,

105, 106, 107, 350

alliance building, 92

American revolutionary states take

control of, 152

in ancient societies, 91

in Burma, 296, 301

colonial, 147

colonial and metropolitan, 143

colonial, British restrictions on, 139

and colonial employment, 143

bidirectional, 96

British imperial, withNorth America, 298

competition for, 102

elite monopoly on, 103

English, growth in, 297

establishes social ties, 91

gateway communities and, 91

infrastructure of, 93, 177

long-distance, 78, 91, 99, 107, 110

not protected by privacy, 233

ports of entry, 91, 99

in prestige goods, 92, 93

protection of, 295

regulation of, 91

routes, 93, 301

in state formation, 13

state-supported, 146

and state-formation, 91, 105

and urbanization, 105

transoceanic, 96, 101, 298

tribalism, 90

patrilineal, 306

pre-capitalist, 315

scheduled tribes (India), 341

See also agha; Tuareg, the

Trigger, Bruce G., 10

Tuareg, the, 305

Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, 231

Turkey, 294

citizenship may be conferred by mothers,

311

Ottoman nationalism in, 312

patriliny in, 314

unemployment, 222, 246

United States

banned federal tax assessment of

individuals, 232

Civil Rights Movement, 213

Continental Congress, 144

federal government ceded weights and

measures to states, 201

federal vs. state authority, 203

income tax in, 234, 240

national sovereignty in, 16

popular sovereignty in, 293

post-New Deal state, 204

as powerful national state, 214

and tariffs, 232

as weak state, 191

United States Constitution, 201

13th Amendment, the, 202

14th Amendment, 211

16th amendment, 240

United States, Civil War era, 16

Battle of Appomattox, 206

commission state, 205

emergency legislation during, 151

federal vs. state authority, 203

force in struggle for sovereignty, 203

limits of federal state, 202

military central to national sovereignty,

205, 206

precedents for statecraft in, 150

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United States, Civil War era (cont.)

Union Army and slave liberation, 16

war powers, 16, 206, 207

United States, founding documents.

See Articles of Confederation;

Constitution of the United States;

Declaration of Independence

United States, political parties

Democrats, 205

Republicans, 214

United States, Reconstruction era, 204

Civil Rights Act of 1866, 211

commission state, 212, 213

conditions for freedpeople, 204,

207, 208

Department of Justice, 213

Freedmen’s Bureau, 209

geographical sovereignty in, 209

Ku Klux Klan, 212

martial law, 206, 211

military enforcement of national

power, 209

military occupation of the South, 209,

210

Military Reconstruction Acts, 212

national sovereignty and enforcement,

359

occupation, end of, 212

Posse Comitatus Act, 213

rights contested, 211

slavery persisted during, 208

southern insurgency after surrender,

207, 212

southern resistance to federal authority,

208

spatial range, 208, 210

Stockade State, 204

struggle for state vs. national supremacy,

213

war powers, 208, 213

Zones of Access, 210

Zones of Occupation, 210

United States, slavery in

abolition, 16

abolition and federal sovereignty, 202,

204

American Patriots against slave trade, 147

capture and return of escaped slaves, 206

emancipation necessitated state of war,

207

Emancipation Proclamation, the, 202

federal military enforcement of

emancipation, 204, 206

Fugitive Slave Act, 205, 211, 213

military enforcement of emancipation,

202

post-slavery freedom, 202

slave labor for public works, 153

Union Army and liberation, 16

United States, weights and measures, 201

untouchability. See India, caste system in:

untouchability

urbanism, 105

in Britain, 302

in Colombia, 323

and craft production, 92

as integrative principle, 90

medieval Swahili Coast, 105

pre-industrial, 292

and trade, 105

Roman transformation of, 90, 185

Yoruba, 95

utilitarianism, 41, 42

influence on Anglophone legal and

political thought, 40

legal theory, 25

Vattel, Emer de, 34, 37, 38, 43, 122

Vietnam, 293

Wales, 297

and British identity, 296, 298

rise of the middling sort, 302

war, 53, 107

See also Anglo-Dutch Wars; Anglo-

French War; Cold War; Italian Wars,

the; United States, Civil War era; First

Punic War; World War I; World War II

in ancient states and empires, 18

Anglo-Dutch, 301

animated by commerce, 302

Burmese, 296

in China, 246, 277

civil (Colombia), 320

effect of, on state formation, 295

effort in American Revolution, 142

foreign, 3

increasingly global English, 141

in Ming China, 65

money the nerve of, 138

originating in fusion of ethnicity, religion,

and monarchism, 356

382 Index


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and Renaissance state-making, 14

Roman-style, 181

and the Roman Empire, 179

and shift in state priorities, 51

and taxation, 240

as transformative force, 353

and war powers, 206

Russo-Japanese, 240

warlords, 246

Washington, George, 144

on powerful American state, 138

on promoting the general welfare, 139

on strong American state, 139

wealth, 106, 185, 230, 233, 234, 235

access to, 98

British monarchs and, 299

of colonies transferred to metropole, 358

locating, 236

networks provide access to power, 92

and political patronage, 92

purchasing patronage to influence policy,

92

stratification of, 13

and taxation, 232

Weber, Max, 1, 2, 3, 9, 244

influence of, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, 148,

346

legal-rational bureaucracy, 245, 247

on state authority, 2, 3

on state capacity, 277, 349

on state monopoly of coercion, 26, 59,

177, 277

state as autonomous, 2

Weberian approaches to the state, 4, 9, 11,

12, 14, 21, 59, 124, 136, 346, 350

analytic categories, 136

depersonalized state hierarchy, 245

field theory of the state, 9

historicizing and indigenizing, 126

standardization, 248

state as coercive, 59

state autonomy school, 4

state capacity, 10, 15, 346

state formation in China, 17

synthesis with culturalist approaches to

the state, 360

See also Bourdieu, Pierre; bureaucracy;

culturalist approaches; Skocpol,

Theda; Tilly, Charles; state, theories of;

Weber, Max

weights and measures, 16, 177, 190, 201

fines for noncompliance, 196, 199, 200

heaping vs. stricken, 197

Pennsylvania Standard, 197

sealers of, 194

United States federal government ceded

authority to states, 201

See also metrological systems

welfare state, 7, 29, 235

conservative opposition to, 27

Wilson, Woodrow, 151

concentrated state actions, 150

Wittfogel, Karl, 13, 74

hydraulic theory, 13, 73, 75, 78, 79, 80,

84, 85, 88

oriental despotism, 13, 74

Wood, Gordon S., 140, 148, 149, 151

World War I, 150, 235, 240, 312, 315

World War II, 3, 27, 356

Yoffee, Norman, 10

yundong. See state building: campaigns

Zambezia, Southern

decline of Mapungubwe, 100

Zhu Yuanzhang (emperor), 65, 67

Zimbabwe, 98

Zimbabwe, Great, 99, 100

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